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A time clock, sometimes known as a clock card machine or punch clock or time recorder, is a device that records start and end times for hourly employees (or those on flexi-time) at a place of business.
In mechanical time clocks, this was accomplished by inserting a heavy paper card, called a time card, into a slot on the time clock. When the time card hit a contact at the rear of the slot, the machine would print day and time information (a timestamp) on the card | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clock towers are a specific type of structure which house a turret clock and have one or more clock faces on the upper exterior walls. Many clock towers are freestanding structures but they can also adjoin or be located on top of another building. Some other buildings also have clock faces on their exterior but these structures serve other main functions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A travel clock, travel alarm clock and in some cases pouch alarm clock, is an alarm clock whose primary characteristic is that it must have a dimension, design, and weight that make it easily transportable during a trip, so it is usually contained in a box or case. In the case of an alarm clock, the box must let the acoustic signal pass through to wake up from sleep at the set time or remember a specific date.
History
For a long time, watches were luxury items | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A world clock is a clock which displays the time for various cities around the world.
The display can take various forms:
The clock face can incorporate multiple round analogue clocks with moving hands or multiple digital clocks with numeric readouts, with each clock being labelled with the name of a major city or time zone in the world. The World Clock in Alexanderplatz displays 146 cities in all 24 time zones on its head | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Dry pasta lines are machines that make dry pasta products such as spaghetti or penne on a commercial scale, used for high-volume continuous production ranging from 500 to 8,000 kg per hour capacity. A typical dry pasta line consists of an extruder and a dryer. Modern machines are highly automated using programmable logic controllers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A fortune teller machine (also known as a genie machine or mechanical genie) is a type of amusement automaton, which upon receiving credit gives out a card with a prediction of the reader's future. This is typically given by an automaton. They could be found in penny arcades, and can be seen in modern video arcades and amusement parks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An interactive kiosk is a computer terminal featuring specialized hardware and software that provides access to information and applications for communication, commerce, entertainment, or education.
By 2010, the largest bill pay kiosk network is AT&T for the phone customers which allows customers to pay their phone bills. Verizon and Sprint have similar units for their customers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device, usually a coin-operated machine, that plays a patron's selection from self-contained media. The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them, which are used to select specific records. Some may use compact discs instead | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A love tester machine (also called love meter or love teller) is a type of amusement personality tester machine, which upon receiving credit tries to rate the subject's sex appeal, love abilities or romantic feelings for someone. Many love testers measure the moisture on the skin surface of the subject's hands by electrically testing the skin conductance and rates accordingly. Others measure the temperature of the skin | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum, located in Farmington Hills, Michigan, is an arcade/museum devoted to a large collection of coin-operated animatronic dummies, mechanical games and other oddities. Exhibits include, for example, the classic Romani Fortune teller machine that used to grace many a carnival sideshow. Most of the machines still function, so visitors are encouraged to bring change | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Mutoscope is an early motion picture device, invented by W. K. L | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Park & Charge is a European infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. Park & Charge runs an open database LEMnet since 1998 that lists its own charging stations as well as that of other infrastructure providers in Europe.
History
In 1992, the first four locations of Park & Charge were established under the "pilot and demonstration project P & D" of the Federal Office of Energy in Bern | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A soda fountain is a device that dispenses carbonated soft drinks, called fountain drinks. They can be found in restaurants, concession stands and other locations such as convenience stores. The device combines flavored syrup or syrup concentrate and carbon dioxide with chilled and purified water to make soft drinks, either manually, or in a vending machine which is essentially an automated soda fountain that is operated using a soda gun | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Source London is a network of electric vehicle charging points in London.
Charging points are located in residential streets, public car parks, at supermarkets, shopping centres and similar places. Use of a Source London branded charging point requires registration with the network's website and the payment of an annual fee of £48 per vehicle | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A strength tester machine is a type of amusement personality tester machine, which upon receiving credit rates the subject's strength, according to how strongly the person presses levers, squeezes a grip or punches a punching bag. In the past, strength testers could mainly be found in penny arcades and amusement parks, but they are now also common in pub-style locations as well as video arcades, bowling alleys, family entertainment centers and disco venues. Modern strength testing machines have become redemption games and use LCDs for a video feedback, while some such as Sega's K | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A vending machine is an automated machine that dispenses items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes, and lottery tickets to consumers after cash, a credit card, or other forms of payment are inserted into the machine or otherwise made. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries and, in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An abrasive saw, also known as a cut-off saw or chop saw, is a circular saw (a kind of power tool) which is typically used to cut hard materials, such as metals, tile, and concrete. The cutting action is performed by an abrasive disc, similar to a thin grinding wheel. Technically speaking this is not a saw, as it does not use regularly shaped edges (teeth) for cutting | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A bandsaw (also written band saw) is a power saw with a long, sharp blade consisting of a continuous band of toothed metal stretched between two or more wheels to cut material. They are used principally in woodworking, metalworking, and lumbering, but may cut a variety of materials. Advantages include uniform cutting action as a result of an evenly distributed tooth load, and the ability to cut irregular or curved shapes like a jigsaw | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive disc or blade to cut different materials using a rotary motion spinning around an arbor. A hole saw and ring saw also use a rotary motion but are different from a circular saw. Circular saws may also be loosely used for the blade itself | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A cold saw is a circular saw designed to cut metal which uses a toothed blade to transfer the heat generated by cutting to the chips created by the saw blade, allowing both the blade and material being cut to remain cool. This is in contrast to an abrasive saw, which abrades the metal and generates a great deal of heat absorbed by the material being cut and saw blade. As metals expand when heated, abrasive cutting causes both the material being cut and blade to expand, resulting in increased effort to produce a cut and potential binding | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of biomaterials in various contexts. The term refers to the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific situation. The ambiguity of the term reflects the ongoing development of insights into how biomaterials interact with the human body and eventually how those interactions determine the clinical success of a medical device (such as pacemaker, hip replacement or stent) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bioglass 45S5 or calcium sodium phosphosilicate, is a bioactive glass specifically composed of 45 wt% SiO2, 24. 5 wt% CaO, 24. 5 wt% Na2O, and 6 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biomaterials exhibit various degrees of compatibility with the harsh environment within a living organism. They need to be nonreactive chemically and physically with the body, as well as integrate when deposited into tissue. The extent of compatibility varies based on the application and material required | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biomesh (or biologic mesh) is a type of surgical mesh made from an organic biomaterial (such as porcine dermis, porcine small intestine submucosa, bovine dermis or pericardium, and the dermis or fascia lata of a cadaveric human). Biologic mesh is primarily indicated for several types of hernia repair, including inguinal and ventral hernias, hernia prophylaxis, and contaminated hernia repairs. However, it has also been used in pelvic floor dysfunction, parotidectomy, and reconstructive plastic surgery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomers used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides, polypeptides, and polysaccharides | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bioresorbable (also called biodegradable or bioabsorbable) metals are metals or their alloys that degrade safely within the body. The primary metals in this category are magnesium-based and iron-based alloys, although recently zinc has also been investigated. Currently, the primary uses of bioresorbable metals are as stents for blood vessels (for example bioresorbable stents) and other internal ducts | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bone cements have been used very successfully to anchor artificial joints (hip joints, knee joints, shoulder and elbow joints) for more than half a century. Artificial joints (referred to as prostheses) are anchored with bone cement. The bone cement fills the free space between the prosthesis and the bone and plays the important role of an elastic zone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Bone wax is a waxy substance used to help mechanically control bleeding from bone surfaces during surgical procedures.
It is generally made of beeswax with a softening agent such as paraffin or petroleum jelly and is smeared across the bleeding edge of the bone, blocking the holes and causing immediate bone hemostasis through a tamponade effect. Bone wax is most commonly supplied in sterile sticks, and usually requires softening before it can be applied | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Cobalt-chrome or cobalt-chromium (CoCr) is a metal alloy of cobalt and chromium. Cobalt-chrome has a very high specific strength and is commonly used in gas turbines, dental implants, and orthopedic implants.
History
Co-Cr alloy was first discovered by Elwood Haynes in the early 1900s by fusing cobalt and chromium | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Coex is a biopolymer with flame-retardant properties derived from the functionalization of cellulosic fibers such as cotton, linen, jute, cannabis, coconut, ramie, bamboo, raffia palm, stipa, abacà, sisal, nettle and kapok. The treatment effectiveness was also proven on wood and semi-synthetic fibers such as cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, viscose, modal, lyocell and cupro.
The material is obtained by sulfation and phosphorylation reactions on glucan units linked to each other in position 1,4 and in particular on the secondary and tertiary hydroxyl groups of cellulosic biopolymer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A copolyester is a copolymer synthesized by modification of polyesters, which are combinations of diacids and diols. For example, by introducing other diacids, such as isophthalic acid (IPA), or other diols, such as cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM) to the polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the material becomes a copolyester due to its comonomer content. Copolyesters retain their strength, clarity, and other mechanical properties even when exposed to a variety of chemicals that typically affect other materials, such as polycarbonates | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Elastin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELN gene. Elastin is a key component of the extracellular matrix in gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). It is highly elastic and present in connective tissue allowing many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Fluorosilicate glass (FSG) is a glass material composed primarily of fluorine, silicon and oxygen. It has a number of uses in industry and manufacturing, especially in semiconductor fabrication where it forms an insulating dielectric. The related fluorosilicate glass-ceramics have good mechanical and chemical properties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hydroxyapatite (HA), is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but it is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. Hydroxylapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH− ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Journal of Biomaterials Applications is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the development and clinical applications of biomaterials. The editor-in-chief is Jonathan Knowles (University College London). The journal was established in 1986 and is published by SAGE Publications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Magnetically assisted slip casting is a manufacturing technique that uses anisotropic stiff nanoparticle platelets in a ceramic, metal or polymer functional matrix to produce layered objects that can mimic natural objects such as nacre. Each layer of platelets is oriented in a different direction, giving the resulting object greater strength. The inventors claimed that the process is 10x faster than commercial 3D printing | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Materials that are used for biomedical or clinical applications are known as biomaterials. The following article deals with fifth generation biomaterials that are used for bone structure replacement. For any material to be classified for biomedical applications, three requirements must be met | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In materials science, a metal foam is a material or structure consisting of a solid metal (frequently aluminium) with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or interconnected (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of metal foams is a high porosity: typically only 5–25% of the volume is the base metal | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metal–organic biohybrids (MOBs) are a family of materials containing a metal component, such as copper, and a biological component, such as the amino acid dimer cystine. One of the MOB families first described was the copper-high aspect ratio structure called CuHARS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of CuHARS revealed linear morphology and smooth surface texture | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Metals in medicine are used in organic systems for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Inorganic elements are also essential for organic life as cofactors in enzymes called metalloproteins. When metals are scarce or high quantities, equilibrium is set out of balance and must be returned to its natural state via interventional and natural methods | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Minusheet perfusion culture system is used for advanced cell culture experiments in combination with adherent cells and to generate specialized tissues in combination with selected biomaterials, special tissue carriers and compatible perfusion culture containers.
The technical development of the Minusheet perfusion culture system was driven by the idea to create under in vitro conditions an environment resembling as near as possible the situation of specialized tissues found within the organism. Basis of this invention is therefore individually selected biomaterials for optimal cell adhesion mounted in Minusheet tissue carriers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nanocellulose is a term referring to nano-structured cellulose. This may be either cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF) also called nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), or bacterial nanocellulose, which refers to nano-structured cellulose produced by bacteria.
CNF is a material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width ratio) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nanotopography refers to specific surface features which form or are generated at the nanoscopic scale. While the term can be used to describe a broad range of applications ranging from integrated circuits to microfluidics, in practice it typically applied to sub-micron textured surfaces as used in biomaterials research.
In nature
Several functional nanotopographies have been identified in nature | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Nickel titanium, also known as nitinol, is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages. Different alloys are named according to the weight percentage of nickel; e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) are peptide-based molecules that self-assemble into supramolecular nanostructures including; spherical micelles, twisted ribbons, and high-aspect-ratio nanofibers. A peptide amphiphile typically comprises a hydrophilic peptide sequence attached to a lipid tail, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate. It is used as an engineering plastic, and it is a transparent thermoplastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux, Hesalite, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex, among several others (see below) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyanhydrides are a class of biodegradable polymers characterized by anhydride bonds that connect repeat units of the polymer backbone chain. Their main application is in the medical device and pharmaceutical industry. In vivo, polyanhydrides degrade into non-toxic diacid monomers that can be metabolized and eliminated from the body | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, is a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication. It is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. PDMS is optically clear and, in general, inert, non-toxic, and non-flammable | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polydioxanone (PDO, PDS) or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless, crystalline, biodegradable synthetic polymer.
Chemistry
Chemically, polydioxanone is a polymer of multiple repeating ether-ester units. It is obtained by ring-opening polymerization of the monomer p-dioxanone | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyethylene glycol (PEG; ) is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, and thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins. In 2016, annual production of PET was 56 million tons. The biggest application is in fibres (in excess of 60%), with bottle production accounting for about 30% of global demand | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyglycolide or poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), also spelled as polyglycolic acid, is a biodegradable, thermoplastic polymer and the simplest linear, aliphatic polyester. It can be prepared starting from glycolic acid by means of polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization. PGA has been known since 1954 as a tough fiber-forming polymer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through bacterial fermentation of sugars or lipids. When produced by bacteria they serve as both a source of energy and as a carbon store. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyimide (sometimes abbreviated PI) is a polymer containing imide groups belonging to the class of high-performance plastics. With their high heat-resistance, polyimides enjoy diverse applications in roles demanding rugged organic materials, e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is a highly non-reactive thermoplastic fluoropolymer produced by the polymerization of vinylidene difluoride. Its chemical formula is (C2H2F2)n.
PVDF is a specialty plastic used in applications requiring the highest purity, as well as resistance to solvents, acids and hydrocarbons | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Radium silk was a commonly used name for a type of lightweight, lustrous silk primarily used in women's clothing and undergarments from the middle of the first decade of the 1900s until the term went out of vogue in the 1920s. Although the name references radium, a radioactive element first discovered in 1898, the substance is not contained in the fabric. As the deleterious effects of radium on the human body became better known in the middle-1920s, the use of the word as an adjective gained a negative connotation and fell out of favor among advertisers and consumers alike | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Self-healing concrete is characterized as the capability of concrete to fix its cracks on its own autogenously or autonomously. It not only seals the cracks but also partially or entirely recovers the mechanical properties of the structural elements. This kind of concrete is also known as self-repairing concrete | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The medical uses of silver include its use in wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used to treat external infections. The limited evidence available shows that silver coatings on endotracheal breathing tubes may reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Stainless steel, also known as inox or corrosion-resistant steel (CRES), is an alloy of iron that is resistant to rusting and corrosion. It contains at least 10. 5% chromium and usually nickel, and may also contain other elements, such as carbon, to obtain the desired properties | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Surface and bulk erosion are two different forms of erosion that describe how a degrading polymer erodes. In surface erosion, the polymer degrades from the exterior surface. The inside of the material does not degrade until all the surrounding material around it has been degraded | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
As with any material implanted in the body, it is important to minimize or eliminate foreign body response and maximize effectual integration. Neural implants have the potential to increase the quality of life for patients with such disabilities as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, depression, and migraines. With the complexity of interfaces between a neural implant and brain tissue, adverse reactions such as fibrous tissue encapsulation that hinder the functionality, occur | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biomaterials are materials that are used in contact with biological systems. Biocompatibility and applicability of surface modification with current uses of metallic, polymeric and ceramic biomaterials allow alteration of properties to enhance performance in a biological environment while retaining bulk properties of the desired device.
Surface modification involves the fundamentals of physicochemical interactions between the biomaterial and the physiological environment at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels (reduce bacterial adhesion, promote cell adhesion) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), better known by its trade name Teflon, has many desirable properties which make it an attractive material for numerous industries. It has good chemical resistance, a low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and a low coefficient of friction, making it ideal for reactor linings, circuit boards, and kitchen utensils, to name a few applications. However, its nonstick properties make it challenging to bond to other materials or to itself | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Surgical stainless steel is a grade of stainless steel used in biomedical applications. The most common "surgical steels" are austenitic SAE 316 stainless and martensitic SAE 440, SAE 420, and 17-4 stainless steels. There is no formal definition on what constitutes a "surgical stainless steel", so product manufacturers and distributors often apply the term to refer to any grade of corrosion resistant steel | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Up to now, various methods have been developed for the synthesis of bioglass, its composites, and other bioactive glasses, including conventional melt quench, sol–gel, flame synthesis and microwave irradiation. Bioglass synthesis has been reviewed by various groups. In this section we will majorly focus on sol-gel synthesis of bioglass composites, which is the highly efficient technique for bioglass composites for tissue engineering applications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Many opportunities exist for the application of synthetic biodegradable polymers in the biomedical area particularly in the fields of tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Degradation is important in biomedicine for many reasons. Degradation of the polymeric implant means surgical intervention may not be required in order to remove the implant at the end of its functional life, eliminating the need for a second surgery | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers, are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) that consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. While most elastomers are thermosets, thermoplastics are in contrast relatively easy to use in manufacturing, for example, by injection moulding. Thermoplastic elastomers show advantages typical of both rubbery materials and plastic materials | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Titanium was first introduced into surgeries in the 1950s after having been used in dentistry for a decade prior. It is now the metal of choice for prosthetics, internal fixation, inner body devices, and instrumentation. Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tricalcium phosphate (sometimes abbreviated TCP), more commonly known as Calcium phosphate, is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2. It is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL). It is a white solid of low solubility | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vitallium is an alloy of 65% cobalt, 30% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and other substances. The alloy is used in dentistry and artificial joints, because of its resistance to corrosion. It is also used for components of turbochargers because of its thermal resistance | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) (sometimes known as zirconia, not to be confused with zircon) is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. Its most naturally occurring form, with a monoclinic crystalline structure, is the mineral baddeleyite. A dopant stabilized cubic structured zirconia, cubic zirconia, is synthesized in various colours for use as a gemstone and a diamond simulant | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FreeSurfer is a brain imaging software package originally developed by Bruce Fischl, Anders Dale, Martin Sereno, and Doug Greve. Development and maintenance of FreeSurfer is now the primary responsibility of the Laboratory for Computational Neuroimaging at the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NeuroKit ("nk") is an open source toolbox for physiological signal processing. The most recent version, NeuroKit2, is written in Python and is available from the PyPI package repository. As of June 2022, the software was used in 94 scientific publications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) is a statistical technique for examining differences in brain activity recorded during functional neuroimaging experiments. It was created by Karl Friston. It may alternatively refer to software created by the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience at University College London to carry out such analyses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ADMIXTOOLS (or AdmixTools) is a software package that is primarily used for analyzing admixture in population genetics. The original version was developed as a set of standalone C programs by Nick Patterson and colleagues and published in 2012. A reimplemented version, ADMIXTOOLS 2, was developed as an R package by Robert Maier and colleagues and published in 2023 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BAli-Phy is a free software program for simultaneously estimating a multiple sequence alignment and its phylogenetic tree. BAli-Phy achieves high accuracy in alignment estimation by using information from the co-estimated phylogeny. BAli-Phy takes alignment uncertainty into account while estimating the phylogeny by averaging over possible alignments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BEAST 2 is a cross-platform program for Bayesian analysis of molecular sequences. It estimates rooted, timed phylogenies using a range of substitution and clock models, and a variety of tree priors. There is an associated tool, called BEAUTi, for setting up standard analyses (which are specified using XML) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In bioinformatics, BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) is an algorithm and program for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of proteins or the nucleotides of DNA and/or RNA sequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to compare a subject protein or nucleotide sequence (called a query) with a library or database of sequences, and identify database sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. For example, following the discovery of a previously unknown gene in the mouse, a scientist will typically perform a BLAST search of the human genome to see if humans carry a similar gene; BLAST will identify sequences in the human genome that resemble the mouse gene based on similarity of sequence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clustal is a series of widely used computer programs used in bioinformatics for multiple sequence alignment. There have been many versions of Clustal over the development of the algorithm that are listed below. The analysis of each tool and its algorithm is also detailed in their respective categories | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DECIPHER is a software toolset that can be used to decipher and manage biological sequences efficiently using the programming language R. Some functions of the program are accessible online through web tools.
Features
Sequence databases: import, maintain, view, and export sequences | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
DIALIGN-TX is a multiple sequence alignment program written by Amarendran R. Subramanian and is substantial improvement of DIALIGN-T by combining greedy and progressive alignment strategies in a new algorithm.
The original DIALIGN-T is a reimplementation of the multiple-alignment program DIALIGN | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
FASTA is a DNA and protein sequence alignment software package first described by David J. Lipman and William R. Pearson in 1985 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
HYPHY ( HY-fy) is a free multiplatform (Mac, Windows and UNIX) computational phylogenetics software package intended to perform maximum likelihood analyses of genetic sequence data and equipped with tools to test various statistical hypotheses. The HYPHY name is an abbreviation for "HYpothesis testing using PHYlogenies". As of March 2018, about 2,000 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles cite HYPHY | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Jalview is a piece of bioinformatics software that is used to look at and edit multiple sequence alignments. The program was originally written by Michele Clamp whilst working in Geoff Barton's group at the University of Oxford and European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). Jalview 2, a re-engineered version produced by Andrew Waterhouse and Jim Procter whilst working in Geoff Barton's group at the School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, was released in 2005, and its development is supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and Wellcome Trust | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In bioinformatics, MAFFT (for multiple alignment using fast Fourier transform) is a program used to create multiple sequence alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences. Published in 2002, the first version of MAFFT used an algorithm based on progressive alignment, in which the sequences were clustered with the help of the Fast Fourier Transform. Subsequent versions of MAFFT have added other algorithms and modes of operation, including options for faster alignment of large numbers of sequences, higher accuracy alignments, alignment of non-coding RNA sequences, and the addition of new sequences to existing alignments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mesquite is a software package primarily designed for phylogenetic analyses. It was developed as a successor to MacClade, when the authors recognized that implementing a modular architecture in MacClade would be infeasible. Mesquite is largely written in Java and uses NEXUS-formatted files as input | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The OneZoom Tree of Life Explorer is a web-based phylogenetic tree software. It aims to map the evolutionary connection of all known life. As of 2023 it includes over 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PAUP* (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony *and other methods) is a computational phylogenetics program for inferring evolutionary trees (phylogenies), written by David L. Swofford. Originally, as the name implies, PAUP only implemented parsimony, but from version 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PHYLogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP) is a free computational phylogenetics package of programs for inferring evolutionary trees (phylogenies). It consists of 65 portable programs, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (PANGOLIN) is a software tool developed by Dr. Áine O'Toole and members of the Andrew Rambaut laboratory, with an associated web application developed by the Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance in South Cambridgeshire. Its purpose is to implement a dynamic nomenclature (known as the PANGO nomenclature) to classify genetic lineages for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PSI Protein Classifier is a program generalizing the results of both successive and independent iterations of the PSI-BLAST program. PSI Protein Classifier determines belonging of the found by PSI-BLAST proteins to the known families. The unclassified proteins are grouped according to similarity | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SplitsTree is a popular freeware program for inferring phylogenetic trees, phylogenetic networks, or, more generally, splits graphs, from various types of data such as a sequence alignment, a distance matrix or a set of trees. SplitsTree implements published methods such as split decomposition, neighbor-net, consensus networks, super networks methods or methods for computing hybridization or simple recombination networks. It uses the NEXUS file format | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
T-Coffee (Tree-based Consistency Objective Function for Alignment Evaluation) is a multiple sequence alignment software using a progressive approach. It generates a library of pairwise alignments to guide the multiple sequence alignment. It can also combine multiple sequences alignments obtained previously and in the latest versions can use structural information from PDB files (3D-Coffee) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
T-REX (Tree and Reticulogram Reconstruction) is a freely available web server, developed at the department of Computer Science of the Université du Québec à Montréal, dedicated to the inference, validation and visualization of phylogenetic trees and phylogenetic networks.
The T-REX web server allows the users to perform several popular methods of phylogenetic analysis as well as some new phylogenetic applications for inferring, drawing and validating phylogenetic trees and networks.
Phylogenetic inference
The following methods for inferring and validating phylogenetic trees using distances are available: Neighbor joining (NJ), NINJA large-scale Neighbor Joining, BioNJ, UNJ, ADDTREE, MW, FITCH and Circular order reconstruction | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
UGENE is computer software for bioinformatics. It works on personal computer operating systems such as Windows, macOS, or Linux. It is released as free and open-source software, under a GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Biskit is an open source software package that facilitates research in structural bioinformatics and molecular modelling. Written in Python, it consists of:
An object-oriented programming library for manipulating and analyzing macromolecular structures, protein complexes and molecular dynamics trajectories
A set of programs for solving specific tasks, such as automatic prediction of protein structures by homology modeling, and possible prediction of protein complex structures through flexible protein-protein dockingThe library delegates many calculations to more specialized third-party software. It currently utilizes 15 external applications, including X-PLOR, Hex, T-Coffee, DSSP and MODELLER | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
I-TASSER (Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement) is a bioinformatics method for predicting three-dimensional structure model of protein molecules from amino acid sequences. It detects structure templates from the Protein Data Bank by a technique called fold recognition (or threading). The full-length structure models are constructed by reassembling structural fragments from threading templates using replica exchange Monte Carlo simulations | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Jpred v. 4 is the latest version of the JPred Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Server which provides predictions by the JNet algorithm, one of the most accurate methods for secondary structure prediction, that has existed since 1998 in different versions. In addition to protein secondary structure, JPred also makes predictions of solvent accessibility and coiled-coil regions | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PSI-blast based secondary structure PREDiction (PSIPRED) is a method used to investigate protein structure. It uses artificial neural network machine learning methods in its algorithm. It is a server-side program, featuring a website serving as a front-end interface, which can predict a protein's secondary structure (beta sheets, alpha helixes and coils) from the primary sequence | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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