publicationDate stringlengths 10 10 | abstract stringlengths 0 37.3k | title stringlengths 1 5.74k | doi stringlengths 11 47 ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|
1995-01-01 | Geographical locations of major, wild relative diversity in members of Brassicaceae such as Brassica nigra , Sinapsis alba , Raphanus sativus , and Eruca sativa are centered in the Mediterranean, particularly Spain. Other regions of diversity include France and southern Britain, a few Brassica species exhibit xerophyti... | Cryopreservation of Brassica Species | 10.1007/978-3-662-03096-7_21 |
1995-01-01 | The term “microfabrication” has been used to denote the technology for manufacturing integrated micro-circuits and microsystems. During the last 30 years the advanced micro-electronics could not maintain its place without microfabrication technology and this is also the case for the present and for the future. Integrat... | Lithography and Reactive Ion Etching in Microfabrication | 10.1007/978-94-011-0423-4_30 |
1995-01-01 | Developments are being carried out to extend the practical use of turbomachine-based reverse Brayton cycle cryocooler technology to lower capacity applications. These developments focus primarily on cooling loads in the range of 0.5 W to 2 W at temperatures from about 40 K to 70 K in a single stage cycle with neon. Wit... | Miniaturization of Components for Low Capacity Reverse Brayton Cryocoolers | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9888-3_52 |
1995-01-01 | The Cryo System Experiment (CSE), a NASA In-Space Technology Experiments Program (INSTEP) Class D Flight Experiment, was developed by Hughes Aircraft Company to validate in zero-g space a 65 K cryogenic system for focal planes, optics, instruments, or other equipment (gamma-ray spectrometers and infrared and submillime... | Lessons Learned during the Integration Phase of the NASA IN-STEP Cryo System Experiment | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9888-3_85 |
1995-01-01 | Small amounts of carbon dioxide are usually present in natural gas mixtures. The relatively high triple-point temperature of this contaminant necessitates its removal from natural gas prior to cryogenic processing in order to avoid formation of solids in the process piping, valves, and the heat exchangers. It may also ... | Phase Behavior of the Methane-Carbon Dioxide System in the Solid-Vapor Region | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_40 |
1995-01-01 | A cryogenic liquid, after being introduced into a warm transfer line or apparatus, expands to many times its original volume. In some systems the liquid and vapor flow smoothly, while in others significant flow and pressure oscillations develop. Additional factors which often are not negligible in cooldown of an appara... | Cooldown Transients in Cryogenic Transfer Lines | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_43 |
1995-01-01 | Recent advances in liquefied natural gas technology, especially in the storage of liquefied natural gas, have created new demands for accurate prediction of the thermal behavior of the stored product. With LNG being a mixture of methane, heavier hydrocarbons, nitrogen, and some lighter gases, the composition of the liq... | Effect of Weathering of LNG in Storage Tanks | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_31 |
1995-01-01 | Superconducting-coil systems are usually contained in metal dewars so that the liquid helium level cannot be viewed directly. The liquid level can be monitored at fixed points by means of various level detectors [^1–4]. However, a simple detector which can give a continuous indication of liquid level is more desirable ... | A Superconducting (Nb-Ti) Liquid Helium Level Detector | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_18 |
1995-01-01 | As a lead-in to the use of 5083 for liquefied natural gas tanks [^1], a special series of fracture tests was ran to substantiate that the alloy has high tear resistance in the relatively thick sections in which it would be used in the structure. These tests were similar in nature to the tear tests which have been made ... | Tear Tests of 5083 Plate and of 5183 Welds in 5083 Plate and Extrusions | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_14 |
1995-01-01 | Reliable phase equilibrium data are essential for the design of effective and economical gas treatment processes such as natural gas liquefaction. Data on cryogenic mixtures involving relatively simple molecules are also of theoretical interest. An apparatus and the techniques developed to obtain solid–liquid phase equ... | Solubility of Solid Benzene, Toluene, n-Hexane, and n-Heptane in Liquid Methane | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_39 |
1994-08-01 | Tolerances for deviations of shape in welded cryogenic vessels and plant | 10.1007/BF01147981 | |
1994-07-01 | The room temperature application of sapphire as window material at higher frequencies is not feasible since its absorption coefficient increases almost linearly with increasing frequency in the millimeter wavelength region. At cryogenic temperature the absorption coefficient value decreases only by a few factors (facto... | Window materials for high power gyrotron | 10.1007/BF02096072 |
1994-06-01 | Fracture toughness measurement at cryogenic temperatures using chevron notched specimens | 10.1007/BF00035032 | |
1994-06-01 | Cryogenic Technology in the Ukraine | 10.1007/BF01149981 | |
1994-06-01 | Calculation of the heat protection of cryogenic vessels | 10.1007/BF01149980 | |
1994-05-01 | On the basis of the results of acid hydrolysis, chromatographic analysis of the hydrolysates, and a study of IR spectra, it has been established that the suspended particles liberated under the action of electrohydraulic shocks on heterodisperse water—plant systems consist of small fragments of the lignocarbohydrate co... | Electrohydraulic effect in heterodisperse water-plant systems. II. Chemical nature of the suspended particles | 10.1007/BF00629985 |
1994-02-01 | A homemade cryogenic system derived from readily available material is described, illustrating its usage as an accessory for adsorption/thermal desorption chromatography. A small Chromsorb-W-HP packing (1 cm) was introduced into a deactivated precolumn as a cryofocussing, preconcentrating unit. This was able to retain ... | Improved resolution and determination of ambient C_5−C_12 hydrocarbons by GC-coupled refocussing system | 10.1007/BF02290328 |
1994-02-01 | Some modern products operate under conditions of rapid loading at cryogenic temperatures. To evaluate the serviceability of structural materials under such conditions, it is important to know how their mechanical properties and the nature of fracture change. In the present work, we investigated the effect of the loadin... | Effect of the loading rate on the plastic deformation of corrosion-resistant martensitic-austenitic steels at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF01390298 |
1994-01-01 | Fermilabs superconducting Tevatron accelerator has reached its tenth year of operation. This year, three significant upgrades to the cryogenic system will become operational; a second central helium liquefier, a Tevatron satellite refrigerator lower temperature upgrade, and a satellite refrigerator controls system upgr... | Upgrade of the Tevatron Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_62 |
1994-01-01 | A significant upgrade to the Fermilab Central Helium Liquefier (CHL) facility’s 4000 liters/hour helium system has been made to support the Laboratory’s Tevatron superconducting accelerator. The upgrade includes a second helium liquefier with a rated capacity of 5400 liters/hour, a fourth reciprocating compressor rated... | Fermilab Central Helium Liquefier System Upgrade | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_63 |
1994-01-01 | The subcooler assembly installed in the MAGCOOL magnet test area at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been used for testing SSC dipoles, quadrupoles and a spool piece since 1989. A detailed description of the system, its steady state capacity and the performance after quenches of a 50 mm SSC dipole were given^1,2. Sub... | Performance of the Magcool-Subcooler Cryogenic System After SSC Quadrupole Quenches | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_22 |
1994-01-01 | The Accelerator System String Test (ASST) was a congressionally mandated milestone for the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory (SSCL) to demonstrate powered operation of a half-cell of industrially-fabricated collider magnets before mass production could begin. In this paper I describe the installation of the str... | The Accelerator Systems String Test: Objectives, Problems, Results, Anecdotes, and Reflections | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_15 |
1994-01-01 | Fermilab has tested a modified helium oil injected two-stage Mycom screw compressor for possible use in the Tevatron. The tests are part of a joint venture with Mycom. Modifications to the compressor include a new modified rotor profile and new generation lubricant which resulted in increased performance and efficiency... | Test of an Improved Oil Injected Helium Screw Compressor at Fermilab | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_107 |
1994-01-01 | Application of stable austenitic steels as structural materials in the temperature range 293 to 4.2 K requires development of welding technologies that provide structure and properties of welds close to those of the base metal. The main problem in welding stable austenitic steels is hot cracking. One the most common pr... | Effect of Delta-Ferrite on the Properties of Welds in Austenitic Steels at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_160 |
1994-01-01 | Electron emissions from synthetic quartz during and after the fracture process were observed at room and cryogenic temperatures. Fracture at room temperature caused a larger number of emitted electrons with a longer decay time than at cryogenic temperature. Specimens quarried perpendicular to the Z-axis of the quartz e... | Fracto-Emission from Single Crystals of Quartz at a Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_179 |
1994-01-01 | The Accelerator Systems String Test (ASST) was a major milestone in SSCL R&D. Phase I demonstrated that the smallest repetitive sequence of bending magnets (a half cell) could be installed, leak checked, cooled to liquid helium temperatures, energized, and safely quenched. To support this activity, a control system had... | Data Acquisition and Controls for the SSCL Accelerator Systems String Test Phase I | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_19 |
1994-01-01 | An analytical model has been developed for the performance of a double inlet pulse tube cryocooler employing a stepped piston compressor. Numerical results are presented as a function of the area ratio of the stepped piston. In some cases, the double inlet pulse tube cryocooler is shown to have more refrigeration power... | Double Inlet Pulse Tube Cryocooler with Stepped Piston Compressor | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_175 |
1994-01-01 | In the SSC main collider up to five orders of superconducting corrector magnets will be incorporated into the spool pieces to correct for component and machine aberrations. Each order of corrector magnet will be separately powered. This will require a corrector element power lead (CEPL) with a single, room temperature-... | Development of A Corrector Element Power Lead | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_130 |
1994-01-01 | PSI has supplied three equal capacity helium cryogenic plants^1 (dubbed ASST, MTL, and N15B). The first two plants will provide the helium refrigeration and liquefaction required for magnet testing in the Accelerator System String Test (ASST) facility and the Magnet Test Laboratory (MTL). The third plant (N15B) will su... | Initial Operation and Performance Test Results of The Accelerator System String Test (Asst) Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_109 |
1994-01-01 | For purposes of testing the present LEP superconducting resonant cavities and the future LHC magnets, CERN built a test station the cryogenic power of which is presently supplied by a dedicated 6 kW at 4.5 K helium refrigerator. The thermodynamic cycle is discussed and special emphasis is put on a new cryogenic expansi... | A 6 kW at 4.5 K Helium Refrigerator for CERN’s Cryogenic Test Station | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_66 |
1994-01-01 | The design, implementation and use of a control system for the cryogenic magnet test stands at General Dynamics’ Hammond, Louisiana facility is discussed. Batch control techniques are used to automate and assist the testing of magnets in a production environment. The test stand control system is integrated into the ove... | The Control and Operation of A Test Stand for The Cryogenic Testing of Superconducting Magnets | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_112 |
1994-01-01 | The formation of liquid oxygen on the outside of liquid hydrogen vent lines poses a potential safety hazard on engine test stands at the NASA Stennis Space Center (SSC). Traditional foam insulations and other commercially available materials did not stand-up to the environment and were costly to install and re-install.... | A Spray-On Cryogenic Insulating Material for NASA Which Prevents the Formation of Liquid Oxygen on Liquid Hydrogen Vent Lines | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_149 |
1994-01-01 | The Magnet Test Laboratory (MTL) will test a considerable portion of the total SSC superconducting magnet production in order to control the manufacturing process and verify magnet performance requirements. With ten cryogenic test stands, MTL is capable of housing tests for 30 dipoles and 5 quadrupoles per month. For f... | Development of Cryogenic Instruments and Equipment For SSC Magnet Cryogenic Tests at The Mtl | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_113 |
1994-01-01 | Cryogenic systems constitute a rather unique set of chemical process plants. Although the basic unit operations are similar to those at warmer temperatures, cryogenic equipment have some distinctive features which influence their design procedure. The differences arise mainly due to (a) large absolute temperature range... | CRESP - A Steady State Simulator for Cryogenic Process Plants | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_152 |
1994-01-01 | In previous work we have proved that heavy rare earth compounds with low magnetic transition temperature T_c are very useful as regenerator materials in low temperature range. Applying the magnetic material Er_3Ni particles to the 2nd regenerator of the GM refrigerator, we were able to reach the 2 K range but could not... | Effect of High Entropy Magnetic Regenerator Materials on Power of the GM Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_83 |
1994-01-01 | The photon’s journey through the sensor ends with its conversion to an electronic signal at the focal plane. However, as seen in the previous chapter, focal plane arrays (FPAs) frequently require some type of cryogenic cooling. Cryogenic cooling is an integral part of infrared sensor architecture. Such cooling is inher... | Cryocooling Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4615-7664-8_5 |
1994-01-01 | A Magnet Test Facility (MTF) is currently being built by Babcock and Wilcox (B&W) to perform prototype and production testing of Superconducting Supercollider Laboratory (SSCL) Collider Quadrupole Magnets. The facility will consist of 3 major sections: the cryogenic (refrigerator) system, the magnet test area, and the ... | B&W’s Magnet Test Facility for SSC Collider Quadrupole Magnets | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_89 |
1994-01-01 | In order to minimize parasitic heat loads and achieve a five-year mission lifetime, the NICMOS solid nitrogen dewar has been designed with a single fluid line serving as both fill and vent for the cryogen tank. A no-vent fill of liquid nitrogen (LN_2) is necessary to achieve a reasonable fill time with this configurati... | Demonstration of No-Vent Fill and Solidification of Nitrogen for the Nicmos Dewar | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_17 |
1994-01-01 | Experimental studies of catastrophic loss of insulating vacuum for RHIC dipoles to air and to helium have been performed in the Brookhaven MAGCOOL magnet test facility. A RHIC dipole was cooled to 4.5 Kelvin and powered to its 5000 Ampere design current prior to the test. Ambient air or helium was then introduced into ... | An Experimental Study of Catastrophic Loss of Vacuum for RHIC Dipole in MAGCOOL | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_120 |
1994-01-01 | Cryogenic systems for commercial superconducting magnetic energy storage systems must operate unattended at remote locations for extended periods of time. The magnet cryostat is a central element of these cryogenic systems. Superconductivity, Inc.’s (SI’s) energy storage system, called the SSD_®, is also designed to be... | Design and Operation of a Robust Cryostat for Commercial Superconducting Energy Storage Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_103 |
1994-01-01 | Thermal characteristics of the MAGCOOL cryogenic system after both natural and heater-induced quenches of the RHIC dipoles have been investigated. For natural quench currents around 6700 amperes, the pressure in the cooling loop exceeded the 15 atmosphere (15.2 MPa) setting of the quench relief valve causing helium to ... | Thermal Characteristics of the Magcool Cryogenic System After Quenches of Rhic Dipoles | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_42 |
1994-01-01 | This Report presents a method for calculating the Jc, B, T critical surface for commercial grade niobium tin given an effective T_c and B_c2 and J_c over a range of magnetic inductions B. Given the effective T_c and B_c2 and J_c, one can estimate the J_c over a range of magnetic inductions from 0.1 T to 0.8 times effec... | Calculating the J_c, B, T Surface for Commercial Niobium Tin Conductors Using a Reduced State Model | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_93 |
1994-01-01 | The 45 Tesla hybrid magnet system will consist of a 14 Tesla superconducting outsert magnet and a 31 Tesla water cooled insert. The magnet is planned for operation in early 1995 at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Its purpose is to provide the highest DC magnetic fields for the materials research community.... | Cryogenic System for the 45 Tesla Hybrid Magnet | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_44 |
1994-01-01 | Three liquid argon calorimeters were cooled down and operated as part of the D-Zero detector at Fermi National Accelerator laboratory. The largest vessel contains 248 metric tons of uranium and copper plates and 19 kL (5000 gal.) of liquid argon. The other two vessels are mirror images, each containing 185 metric tons ... | Thermal Information Regarding the Cooldown and Operation of Liquid Argon Calorimeters | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_132 |
1994-01-01 | The paper will report upon the final design, manufacturing and tests of CEBAF’s HMS Dipole cryogenic equipment. The liquid nitrogen circuits, the helium circuits and thermal insulation of the magnet will be addressed. The cryogenic reservoir and control module as an integral part of the HMS Dipole magnet will be presen... | Cryogenics in CEBAF HMS Dipole | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_45 |
1994-01-01 | The tensile properties and fracture characteristics of two kinds of Ag-containing Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloys with different aging conditions have been studied from 290 to 77 K. The results show that the tensile strength and ductility of the alloys improved significantly with a decrease in test temperature from 153 to 77 K, ... | The Tensile Fracture of Ag-Containing Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr Alloys | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_171 |
1994-01-01 | A new technique is proposed to provide a balanced representation of liquid-vapour coexistence densities by means of a cubic equation of state of the van der Waals type, without causing undue deviations in the calculated saturated vapor densities ( ρ ^ V ) due to the improvement in the saturated liquid density ( ρ ^ L )... | Balanced Representation of Liquid-Vapour Coexistence Densities at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_232 |
1994-01-01 | The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) Gammas, Electrons, Muons (GEM) magnet is a large superconducting solenoid with a total mass of 1.05×10^6 kg and a stored energy of 2.5 GJ. A cryogenic system to cool and to maintain the GEM magnet to liquid helium temperature is described. The system is designed to operate effec... | A Liquid Helium Cryogenic System Design for the Gem Magnet | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_46 |
1994-01-01 | Some of the proposed magnet case alloys for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (TIER) are metastable austenitic stainless steels. The case will be subjected to high loads and can be as much as 100 mm thick in some proposed designs. Case assembly will probably require thick section welding with its att... | Cryogenic Fracture Behavior of 316LN in Magnetic Fields up to 14.6 T | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_154 |
1994-01-01 | When complete, the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) will be centered on a 4 GeV recirculating linac. Each of the two linacs contains 160 superconducting radio frequency (SRF) 1497 MHz niobium cavities^1 in 20 cryomodules operating between 2 and 2.3 K. Minimization of the total heat load is critical... | Thermal Performance of the Cebaf Superconducting Linac Cryomodule | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_71 |
1994-01-01 | An oxygen deficiency exists when the concentration of oxygen, by volume, drops to a level at which atmosphere supplying respiratory protection must be provided. Since liquid cryogens can expand by factors of 700 (LN_2) to 850 (LH_e), the uncontrolled release into an enclosed space can easily cause an oxygen-deficient c... | ODH, Oxygen Deficiency Hazard Cryogenic Analysis | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_119 |
1994-01-01 | A trial forging for advanced cryogenic machinery, which was made of a modified 706-type Ni-base superalloy with reduced Nb, Ti and other minor elements such as C, Si and B to improve toughness and weldability, was manufactured from a 12-ton electro-slag remelted ingot with an 810 mm diameter. The tensile properties and... | Mechanical Properties of Large Ni-Base Superalloy Forgings at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_169 |
1994-01-01 | Piezoresistive pressure transducers are being used in cryogenic environments for measuring dynamic and absolute pressures without the use of capillary tubes. A common type of piezoresistive pressure transducer is constructed on a micromachined silicon diaphragm that has an implanted resistance bridge on its surface. It... | Self Heating in Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_137 |
1994-01-01 | An unrecrystallized structure is found to significantly improve the work hardening characteristics by lowering the work hardening rate during the early stages of deformation. This is in contrast to a recrystallized structure, which requires a higher work hardening rate to accommodate the greater degree of multiple slip... | Influence of Grain Structure and Solute Composition on the Work Hardening Behavior of Aluminum at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_172 |
1994-01-01 | Developmental or “model” SSC quadrupole cold masses and collared coils are successfully being tested at the Vertical Test Facility (VTF) in Lynchburg, Virginia. Within this facility, a vertical dewar maintains a pool boiling liquid helium environment of 3.85 K to 4.5 K in order to observe the quenching and magnetic fie... | B&W Vertical Test Facility for SSC Collider Quadrupole Magnets | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_90 |
1994-01-01 | The vibration produced by Stirling cryocoolers is incompatible with precision-pointing imaging instruments. This paper reviews vibration reduction techniques and then examines a vibration cancellation system that was designed for the displacer of a Hughes tactical cooler. This system uses a custom-designed multi-axis c... | Adaptive Vibration Cancellation for Split-Cycle Stirling Cryocoolers | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_169 |
1994-01-01 | The measurement of control parameters in cryogenic systems such as temperature, pressure, fluid velocity, mass flow, fluid density, liquid level etc is limited in accuracy by degradation of analogue signals passing from the cold sensors to ambient temperature data handling equipment. Recent developments at Southampton ... | Instrumentation of Cryogenic Systems and Plant to Accuracy of 0.01% Using Cold Electronics | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_123 |
1994-01-01 | A vital and integral part of the European fusion experiment JET is a large cryo-system consisting of large scale cryopumps, a nitrogen system ( 110 000 L storage capacity, daily usage of 25 000 L, and the ability to produce 1 500 m^3/h gaseous nitrogen), and two helium refrigerators (with a total capacity of 1300W/4.4K... | The JET Cryosystem, Overview and Experience | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_59 |
1994-01-01 | Cryogenic wind tunnels are capable of testing at flight equivalent conditions on scaled models to obtain full size results. To reach cryogenic temperatures the gas and much of the tunnel mass is cooled by injecting liquid nitrogen into the tunnel. During the cooling from ambient to cryogenic temperatures the thermal st... | Effects of Water Vapor on Cryogenic Wind Tunnels | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_11 |
1994-01-01 | A computer program to simulate the Fermilab Tevatron liquid helium satellite refrigeration system has been developed. The simulator program takes advantage of the Macintosh platform upon which it was developed to produce a unique, easy to use Macintosh interface to facilitate ease of cycle design and modification. The ... | Simulating the Tevatron Liquid Helium Satellite Refrigerators | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_151 |
1994-01-01 | A cryogenic system with the capacity of 200 l/h or 500 W at 4.4 K has been operated to develop the superconducting conductors and coils for the LHD. The system has contributed in various superconducting technologies along with the dc 75kA power supply and 10 MN mechanical testing machine, and completed the basic R&D wo... | Reduction of Hydrocarbon Impurities in 200 L/H Helium Liquefier-Refrigerator System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_76 |
1994-01-01 | The SSC cryogenic system consists of 12 sectors—ten in the collider and two in the HEB. Each sector, in turn, consists of a surface refrigerator system (SRS) and a tunnel refrigerator system (SRT), interfacing at a surface distribution box, where a cryogenic transfer line connects them. Proposals for the sector refrige... | Cryogenic Systems for the SSC and the Status of their Development | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_84 |
1994-01-01 | The cryogenic system of the HERA superconducting proton accelerator has a total cooling capacity of 3 times 6500 Watts at 4.3 K and 3 times 20 KW around 60 K. Its first operation started in 1987 and since the end of 1990 the complete system operated continuously at 4.3 K. We report on the experience gathered during 300... | Report on Operational Experience and Reliabllity of the HERA Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_69 |
1994-01-01 | Protons to the CERN LHC will be supplied from the SPS accelerator via two new injection lines. The lines include three bending arcs for horizontal beam deflection and are characterized by a strong inclination (7.2 % maximum slope) to overcome the difference in height (40 m) between the two machines. They will be equipp... | Design Criteria of the Cryogenic System for the CERN LHC Injection Lines | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_77 |
1994-01-01 | We employ a technique which uses superfluid ^4He as a delicate, low noise suspension medium. The goal is to create a new type of torsion balance for earth based gravitational experiments requiring very high sensitivity. As a fluid bearing replacing the classical torsion fiber suspension, liquid helium II offers several... | The Design, Construction and Testing of Floats for Use in Superfluid Helium | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_138 |
1994-01-01 | Composite insulation systems to be used in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) must meet demanding design requirements, including combined shear and compressive stresses, performance at cryogenic temperatures, and continued mechanical and electrical performance after exposure to high levels of n... | Properties of Candidate ITER Vacuum Impregnation Insulation Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_128 |
1994-01-01 | The analytical perturbed hard-sphere equation of state (EOS), recently developed from the square-well-linear-extension potential function, has been simplified. The resulting EOS is cubic in terms of volume while retaining the structure of the original equation. It was successfully applied to the prediction of thermodyn... | A Semi-Theoretical Cubic Equation of State for Calculating Properties of Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_230 |
1994-01-01 | There is, in all of us, a certain part that lives outside of time.^1 We become aware of our mortality only at exceptional moments, a mild indisposition, a sudden handicap, or an illness that forces us to change our lifestyle and restrict our activities. But most of the time we feel immortal. First, there was a belief t... | Life, Death, and the Pursuit of Destiny | 10.1007/978-1-59259-448-1_7 |
1994-01-01 | The dynamic behavior of fluids affected by asymmetric gravity jitter oscillations, in particular the effect of surface tension on partially-filled rotating fluids in a dewar tank, with and without installing baffle-board, imposed by time-dependent directions of background gravity have been investigated. Results show th... | Effect of the Baffle on the Cryogenic Helium Container Angular Momentum and Momentum Fluctuations due to Asymmetric Gravity Jitter Excited Slosh Waves | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_30 |
1994-01-01 | The variations of adhesive strength at cryogenic temperature of epoxy to polyimide (PI) or polyethylene (PE) films, which were exposed in plasma composed of one of nitrogen, argon and oxygen, were studied for the simulation of the interface strength between polymeric fibers and resins of advanced composite materials. P... | Effects of Surface Treatment with Plasma on Adhesive Strengths at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_131 |
1994-01-01 | The MTL’s function is to test prototype and industrially manufactured magnets for the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory (SSCL). The cryogenic system of the MTL has a main refrigeration system consisting of a two-stage compression system, a refrigerator/liquefier coldbox, a liquid helium dewar, warm gas storage,... | Operational Modes and Control Philosophy of the SSCL Magnet Test Lab (MTL) Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2439-7_214 |
1994-01-01 | Fermilab’s Tevatron accelerator is undergoing a major cryogenic system upgrade. This upgrade project is necessary to lower coil temperature of the accelerator’s magnets by approximately 1K. The new system configuration utilizes a new valve box containing a 130 liter subcooling dewar and a Cold Compressor at each of the... | New Cryogenic Controls for the Tevatron Low Temperature Upgrade | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_145 |
1994-01-01 | The performance of the MAGCOOL cryogenic system after low current strip heater quenches of the SSC dipoles has been investigated. For quench currents between 2000 and 3500 amperes, the loop pressure after a quench does not exceed the set relief pressure. The peak pressure and temperature in the magnet cooling loop were... | Peak Loop Pressure and Temperature and Comparison of Total Cooling Provided to the Energy Released after Low Current Quenches of SSC Dipoles in Magcool Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_95 |
1994-01-01 | A computer-controlled method that minimizes thermometric and radiation errors for the measurement of thermal conductivity of materials is presented. Initial runs with G-11 to “qualify” the apparatus brought us face to face with our naiveté when large contact resistance errors were observed. Various methods that failed ... | The Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Plastics at Cryogenic Temperatures — A Discussion of Contact Resistance and One’s Naiveté | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9053-5_139 |
1994-01-01 | With the use of the primary volumetric calibrator described in another paper presented at this Conference, two Venturi flowmeters of different sizes, and covering respectively the ranges 0.5 to 4 and 3.5 to 25 g/s, were tested and calibrated in cryogenic helium under several thermodynamic conditions. Designed by scalin... | Metrological Performances of Venturi Flowmeters in Normal, Supercritical and Superfluid Helium | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_128 |
1994-01-01 | The use of cryogenic technology has produced real progress in wind tunnel testing, permitting the attainment in high Reynolds numbers and precise replication of aerodynamic phenomena existing on aircraft in flight. | The T2 Cryogenic Transonic Wind Tunnel of Onera-Cert Toulouse France | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_8 |
1993-12-01 | Strengthening of steel 06Kh16N15M3B by drawing at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/BF00707643 | |
1993-11-01 | A nitrogen-strengthened austenitic stainless steel was tested in uniaxial tension at room temperature (295 K) and in liquid nitrogen (76 K). A transition in ductile fracture appearance from a cup-cone fracture at room temperature to shear fracture at cryogenic temperature is observed and correlated to deformation behav... | Temperature-Induced Transition in Ductile Fracture Appearance of a Nitrogen-Strengthened Austenitic Stainless Steel | 10.1007/BF02646531 |
1993-09-01 | Heat transfer by ejector pumps in gaseous cryogenic machines | 10.1007/BF01148692 | |
1993-08-01 | Vacuum characteristics of structural materials in cryogenic vacuum installations | 10.1007/BF01149643 | |
1993-06-01 | A hot wire anemometer using superconducting thin films has been developed for measurements in a gaseous^4 He turbulent round jet around 4 K . Localized velocity fluctuations, down to a few microns, and high frequency events, up to 1 MHz can be detected giving access to the study of turbulent subsonic flow with Reynolds... | A hot wire anemometer for cryogenic hydrodynamic experiments | 10.1007/BF01082528 |
1993-05-01 | Damping hydraulic impacts in cryogenic systems using vapor-hydraulic domes | 10.1007/BF01150101 | |
1993-02-01 | Dissipative losses in cryogenic transport tanks | 10.1007/BF01150384 | |
1993-02-01 | Comparative analysis of cryogenic cycles of systems for reverse condensation of nitrogen vapors | 10.1007/BF01150383 | |
1993-01-01 | In the reaction center (RC) of the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter (Rb.) sphaeroides , two closely overlapping bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl) molecules constitute the primary electron donor (P). Under normal conditions, charge separation occurs between P and the Q_A quinone acceptor. If Q_A is chemically prereduced, ... | FTIR Difference Spectrum of the Triplet State of the Primary Electron Donor in Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Centers | 10.1007/978-94-011-1934-4_114 |
1993-01-01 | Lazaroid belongs to a novel group of compounds — aminosteroids (AS) which are potent inhibitors of central nervous system tissue lipid peroxidation, and are devoid of classical glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activities. Recent studies have shown that aminosteroids possess cerebral-protective properties and are ef... | The Effect of Lazaroid on Cerebral Elastance and Edema in a Cryogenic Injury Model | 10.1007/978-3-642-77789-9_22 |
1993-01-01 | The development of the magnetically levitating vehicle using the superconducting magnet(Maglev) was started in 1972, for the purpose of realizing a high speed railway system. The running tests of Maglev have been executed at Miyazaki test line these 15 years, setting a speed record of 517km/h on Dec. 1979. Now, a new t... | Current Status of Superconducting Magnet for a Maglev System | 10.1007/978-4-431-68305-6_270 |
1993-01-01 | A hot wire anemometer using superconducting thin films has been developed for measurements in a gaseous ^4 He turbulent round jet around 4 K . Localized velocity fluctuations, down to a few microns, and high frequency events, up to I MHz can be detected giving access to the study of turbulent subsonic flow with Reynold... | A Hot Wire Anemometer for Cryogenic Hydrodynamic Experiments | 10.1007/978-94-011-1689-3_24 |
1993-01-01 | We report the first subpicosecond shock-waves ever generated and measured by electronic circuits. We have used these circuits with integrated antennas to generate and detect freely-propagating THz radiation. The circuits are monolithic nonlinear transmission lines fabricated on GaAs and, for peak efficiency, they opera... | All-Electronic Subpicosecond Pulses for A 3-Terahertz Free-Space Signal Generation and Detection System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-2870-8_7 |
1993-01-01 | The climate in the northern hemisphere witnessed significant cooling and aridity between 23,000 and 16,000 B.P., with the furthest extension of the Weichsel (Valdai) glaciers occurring between 22,000 and 18,000 years ago. This period saw a two-stage process of accelerated loess formation—the Desna and Altyn—with each s... | The Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary | 10.1007/978-1-4899-1112-4_14 |
1993-01-01 | Aramid/aluminium laminates (ARALL^® laminates) are a family of new hybrid composites made of alternating layers of thin aluminium alloy sheets with plies of epoxy adhesive prepreg containing unidirectional aramid fibres. The effect of elevated and cryogenic temperatures on these materials is critical to aerospace appli... | Temperature dependence of the tensile behaviour of aramid/aluminium laminates | 10.1007/BF00349028 |
1992-11-01 | An a priori assessment of the number of measuring devices and their locations in an experimental evaluation of the efficiency of a cryogenic plant | 10.1007/BF01821922 | |
1992-11-01 | We have constructed and used two dimensional arrays of both unstressed and stressed Ge:Ga photoconductive detectors for far-infrared astronomy from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). The 25 element (5×5) arrays are designed for a new cryogenically cooled spectrometer, the MPE/UCB Far-Infrared Imaging Fabry-Perot In... | Stressed and unstressed Ge:Ga detector arrays for airborne astronomy | 10.1007/BF01010739 |
1992-11-01 | Effect of axial thermal conductivity on efficiency of heat exchangers in cryogenic refrigerators | 10.1007/BF01150924 | |
1992-10-01 | Organization of information provisions for automated planning of cryogenic pipelines of storage systems | 10.1007/BF01148862 | |
1992-10-01 | Cutting tool materials belong to a group of nonductile materials. Chipping and breaking of the cutting edge and fracturing of the tool are common types of tool failure even under conventional machining conditions. This leads to a concern about whether cutting tool materials are able to maintain their strength and tough... | Cryogenic properties of some cutting tool materials | 10.1007/BF02649252 |
1992-07-01 | Results are presented for an experimental study of the effect of cooling to 77 K on resistance to crack development of chromium-nickel steels 12Kh18N10T and 03Kh20N16AG6 with impact loading. The crack resistance characteristics with a rate of crack growth of 1.5 m/sec were determined from the deformation diagram record... | Crack resistance of chromium-nickel steels with impact loading under cryogenic temperature conditions | 10.1007/BF00777174 |
1992-02-01 | Application of optical superheating of a surface to investigation of the onset of boiling of cryogenic liquids | 10.1007/BF00851787 | |
1992-01-01 | The fracture toughness of heat treated austenitic stainless steel is measured. The data collected using a simple dynamic bend test at 77 K are compared and scaled with values measured on CT specimens at 4 K. It shows that the toughness depends strongly on the temperature and time of the heat treatment and that — as lon... | Influence of Aging on the Fracture Toughness of Cryogenic Austenitic Materials, Evaluated by a Simple Test Method | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9050-4_24 |
1992-01-01 | Progress toward the realization of a medium size multipurpose biomagnetic system is described. Eleven second-order gradiometers are coupled with as many dc-SQUIDs manifactured in our laboratory. The geometry of the detecting coils consists of seven sensors arranged in a straight line and four sensors placed around the ... | 11-Channel Multipurpose Biomagnetic System for Operation in Unshielded Environment | 10.1007/978-3-642-77457-7_90 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.