publicationDate stringlengths 10 10 | abstract stringlengths 0 37.3k | title stringlengths 1 5.74k | doi stringlengths 11 47 ⌀ |
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2000-01-01 | The Cryogenic Storage and Propellant Feed System (CSPFS) of the space propulsion systems needs to provide propellant in controlled amounts during engine burns of variable duration. Thus, lines connecting the CSPFS to the engine/thruster will be subjected to cyclic cooling and heating. Here we present a model for cryoge... | Modeling of Cryogenic Transfer Line Cool Down | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_34 |
2000-01-01 | KEKB (KEK B-Factory) is a double-ring electron-positron collider used for studies of CP-violation and other topics on decays of B mesons. Because of the high beam current of KEKB, installation of superconducting cavities has been proposed for the KEKB, and 4 niobium single-cell superconducting cavities were installed i... | Cryogenic System for KEKB Superconducting RF Cavities | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_50 |
2000-01-01 | A collaborative effort between the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) and Maxdem Incorporated has been undertaken to evaluate two high strength polymers for use in cryogenic and magnet applications. The polyphenylene based thermoplastic materials (henceforth referred to as Parmax−1000 and Parmax−1200) are ... | Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Polyphenylenes at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4293-3_19 |
2000-01-01 | In 1998 the first energy upgrade of the LEP Electron/Positron collider, LEP2, was completed at CERN. Sixty-eight superconducting modules supplied by four 12 kW @ 4.5 K equivalent power refrigerators have been operated allowing a colliding beam energy of 94.5 GeV. Meanwhile, the operation and maintenance responsibilitie... | Operation of the Four 12 KW at 4.5K Refrigerators for LEP | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_43 |
2000-01-01 | Large projects based on applied superconductivity, such as particle accelerators, tokamaks or SMES, require powerful and complex helium cryogenic systems, the cost of which represents a significant, if not dominant fraction of the total capital and operational expenditure. It is therefore important to establish guideli... | Economics of Large Helium Cryogenic Systems: Experience from Recent Projects at CERN | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_44 |
2000-01-01 | The Chemical Propulsion Information Agency (CPIA) and Technology Applications, Inc. (TAI), in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has reconstructed and updated the database of the former National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Cryogenic Data Center. NBS maintained a database of cryo... | Cryogenic Technology Information Database Program | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_29 |
2000-01-01 | The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), presently under construction at CERN, will require a helium cryogenic system unprecedented in size and capacity, with more than 1600 superconducting magnets operating in superfluid helium and a total inventory of almost 100 tonnes of helium. The objective of the Preliminary Risk Analysi... | Preliminary Risk Analysis of the LHC Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_45 |
2000-01-01 | The dielectric strength of vacuum insulation is reduced considerably when high voltage electrodes are bridged by solid insulation. Further reduction of strength can occur when the solid material outgases as in the case of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). Even when the overall vacuum is acceptable, the higher gas pressu... | Surface Flashover of Fiberglass Reinforced Epoxy Composite Insulation in Vacuum at Liquid Nitrogen and Room Temperatures using Power Frequency AC and Lightning Impulse Waveforms | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4293-3_38 |
2000-01-01 | Reliability is discussed during long-term operations of the cryogenic system for the Large Helical Device (LHD). The cooled objects of LHD are the helical coils, the poloidal coils, the supporting structure and the superconducting bus lines. The cryogenic system, which permits complicated cooling schemes for each coole... | Reliable Long-Term Operation of the Cryogenic System for the Large Helical Device | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_38 |
2000-01-01 | Relict perennial cryogenic mounds, (the remains of pingos or paisas) have long been identified in the UK and have been attributed to the Last Glacial or Younger Dryas cold periods. These features take the form of circular to oval depressions surrounded completely or partially by a raised rim or rampart. The depressions... | Relict Cryogenic Mounds in the UK as Evidence of Climate Change | 10.1007/0-306-48086-7_11 |
2000-01-01 | The installation, initial cooldown, and cryogenic testing of the RHIC accelerator magnets and cryogenic system are complete. This paper covers the final phase of cryogenic equipment installation, performance of the system during the first accelerator cooldown, and difficulties encountered with cooling and commissioning... | RHIC Accelerator Commissioning, Cryogenic Tests and Initial Operating Experience of the 25 kW Refrigerator and Distribution System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_47 |
2000-01-01 | The cryogenic system of the large superconducting solenoid magnet for the BELLE detector system was constructed at KEK for B-meson physics. This system consists of a refrigerator, compressor and buffer tank, which were previously used and reassembled, and a recovery tank, subcooler and superconducting solenoid magnet, ... | Cryogenic System of a Superconducting Solenoid Magnet for the Belle Detector System in KEK | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_48 |
2000-01-01 | High performance transfer lines are key components for design and construction of cryogenic systems for superconducting magnets and cavities. We have developed two types of high performance transfer lines; main transfer lines with liquid helium flow and cold gas return dual path and sub-transfer line with single path, ... | Development of a High Performance Transfer Line System | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_56 |
2000-01-01 | The Large Helical Device (LHD), an experimental fusion apparatus, has conducted a second experiment cycle. The infrastructure of the LHD cryogenic control system (TESS) is a combination of a distributed control system with an integrated controller linked by multiple LANs. The integrated controller shares information wi... | LHD Cryogenic-Control System Performance Under Various Operating Conditions | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_49 |
2000-01-01 | Ongoing progress in manufacturing dielectric ceramics and single crystals with high dielectric constant and low microwave losses has turned out to be a challenge for the development of novel devices for satellite communication. From this development device performance is expected to benefit for possible device operatio... | Novel Cryogenic Dielectric Resonator Devices for Satellite Communication | 10.1007/978-4-431-66877-0_310 |
2000-01-01 | High-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable systems for power transmission are under development that will use pressurized liquid nitrogen to provide cooling of the cable and termination hardware. Southwire Company and Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been operating a prototype HTS cable system that contains many of... | Cryogenic System for a High-Temperature Superconducting Power Transmission Cable | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_58 |
2000-01-01 | A key feature of the cryogenic system for the proposed TeV Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) is a He II two-phase flow line that provides cooling for the superconducting RF cavities. Understanding the behavior of this line is vital to the proper functioning of the accelerator. A numerical model has been develo... | Numerical Study of Two-Phase Helium II Stratified Channel Flow | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_6 |
2000-01-01 | A thermoelectric element, known as a Peltier element, is evaluated as a heat flux sensor at cryogenic temperature. Several commercially available Peltier elements were tested at 77 K to detect heat flux generated by the heater. Preliminary experimental results show that an output voltage of the Peltier element is nearl... | Peltier Heat Flux Sensor for Cryogenic Use | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_120 |
2000-01-01 | CMOS-based computer processors will operate at increased frequencies when cooled to sub-ambient temperatures by a refrigeration system. This benefit must be weighed against many refrigerator considerations, the most noteworthy being thermal performance, efficiency, reliability, and cost. With this in mind a throttle-cy... | Performance of a Mixed-Refrigerant System Designed for Computer Cooling | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_84 |
2000-01-01 | Within the frame work of the VAMAS TWA 17 activity, J evaluation on tensile test (JETT) was performed as an international round robin test. 316LN plate with 30 mm thickness was supplied as a common test material, but it contained irregular microstructure around the center of the plate thickness supposed to be generated... | Local Fracture Toughness Evaluation of 316LN Plate at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-1-4615-4293-3_4 |
1999-10-01 | The solubilities of solid pentane, 2-methylbutane (isopentane), and cyclopentane in liquid argon at 87.3 K have been measured by the filtration method. The C_5 hydrocarbon content in solution was determined using gas chromatography. The solubilities of the C_5 hydrocarbons in liquid argon at 87.3K vary from 0.61 × 10^−... | Solubility of Solid Pentane, 2-Methylbutane, and Cyclopentane in Liquid Argon at 87.3 K | 10.1023/A:1021707826000 |
1999-09-01 | We propose an approach to determination of allowable stresses by a static-strength criterion for materials of structures that operate at very low temperatures (T≤20 K). This approach takes into account the qualitative change in the nature of deformation of the material, which has a significant effect on the mechanical ... | Standardization of the strength of metals under conditions of low-temperature instability of plastic deformation and the action of strong magnetic fields | 10.1007/BF02511164 |
1999-08-01 | A thin conductor is used to examine the principle of design of the sensitive element of a transducer for measuring the amount of a liquid randomly distributed in a tank. A method of evaluating the measurement error is proposed and the output characteristic of the transducer is determined. Results are presented from exp... | Principle of the design of the sensitive element of a radiowave transducer for measuring the amount of a liquid randomly distributed in a spherical tank | 10.1007/BF02504358 |
1999-06-01 | An experimental setup, including a cryogenic gas target with temperature control and gas filling systems, has been developed to study muon catalyzed fusion in gas mixtures of hydrogen and helium isotopes. | A cryogenic target to study charge nonsymmetric muonic molecules | 10.1023/A:1012601323424 |
1999-06-01 | A feasible scheme of a cryogenic reactor based on muon catalyzed fusion for an intense 14 MeV neutron source (INS) is considered. | Cryogenic reactor for the INS project | 10.1023/A:1012636903860 |
1999-05-01 | Cryogenic processes in engineering-geologic investigations for water-supply objects in transriverine regions of Central Yakutia | 10.1007/BF02764528 | |
1999-01-01 | Methane | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_37 | |
1999-01-01 | Ethylene | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_26 | |
1999-01-01 | Removal of surface contaminants by various cryogenic aerosol jets has been experimentally investigated. Simplified theoretical consideration of their removal mechanism has been also presented based on the impact power of the aerosol jets. Under atmospheric operation, water vapor and carbon dioxide could make their part... | Removal of surface contaminants by cryogenic aerosol jets | 10.1007/BF02699011 |
1999-01-01 | Gases expand uniformly to fill the volume of the container that holds them. | Gases and Class 2 | 10.1007/978-3-662-11890-0_35 |
1999-01-01 | This chapter provides an introduction to compressed gases. Included are descriptions of the various groupings and families into which gases are categorized, as well as information concerning standard units of measurement. This is useful background information especially to anyone unfamiliar with gases. | Compressed Gases Today | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_1 |
1999-01-01 | Many of the compressed gases produced such as chlorine and ammonia are shipped in bulk containers. Bulk containers are described by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as containers having a water capacity in excess of 1000 lb (454 kg). The most common types of bulk containers are tank cars, cargo tanks (tank t... | Bulk Containers for Compressed Gases | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_6 |
1999-01-01 | Air | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_13 | |
1999-01-01 | Carbon Monoxide | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_21 | |
1999-01-01 | Argon | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_15 | |
1999-01-01 | This chapter describes, with an emphasis on physical principles, satellite-borne instrumentation for cosmic X-ray spectroscopy. Both wavelength dispersive spectrometers and energy dispersive detectors are considered; the potential and problems of new forms of cryogenic detector are examined in particular detail. | Instrumentation for X-ray Spectroscopy | 10.1007/978-3-540-49199-6_7 |
1999-01-01 | Hydrogen Chloride | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_33 | |
1999-01-01 | This chapter describes and illustrates the major types of containers used to transport and store compressed gases, including those liquefied at very low or cryogenic temperatures. To keep pace with developments in the industry, CGA, through its technical committees, continually reviews and recommends changes to existin... | Compressed Gas Cylinders, Regulators, and Valves | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_5 |
1999-01-01 | The very properties that make compressed gases and cryogenic liquids useful in almost every area of modern life can also cause hazardous conditions if mishandled. These hazards may vary with the characteristics of the product and how it is stored. Storing gases under high pressure or at cold (cryogenic) temperatures ma... | Safety Considerations for Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Liquids | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_2 |
1999-01-01 | Nitrogen | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_43 | |
1999-01-01 | Rare Gases | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5285-7_51 | |
1998-12-01 | Within the last two decades, a number of experimental techniques have been developed to measure mean free paths and absolute and effective cross-sections for various processes related to the interaction of low-energy electrons with condensed matter. In all of the experiments, a monochromatic electron beam impinges on a... | Absolute and effective cross-sections for low-energy electron-scattering processes within condensed matter | 10.1007/s004110050125 |
1998-10-01 | This paper reviews various available powder-synthesis techniques being used in laboratories and industries for the production of high-critical-temperature superconductors. The powder characteristics that are desirable for various components, such as Levitators™, sputtering and laser ablation targets, and conductors (ta... | High-temperature superconductors: Synthesis techniques and application requirements | 10.1007/s11837-998-0346-y |
1998-09-01 | The characteristic features of the continuous-wave lasing spectra near 3.3 µm of multimode InAsSbP/InAsSb/InAsSbP double-heterostructure diode lasers are shown. The observation of mode switching to longer and shorter wavelengths at cryogenic temperatures is reported. It is shown that suppression of the longitudinal sid... | Spectral and mode characteristics of InAsSbP/InAsSb/InAsSbP lasers in the spectral region near 3.3 µm | 10.1134/1.1187537 |
1998-08-01 | The maturity of the gas chromatography technique belies the continuing search for improved operating methods. Cryogenic methods, applied in many forms, have been used for many years to trap volatile compounds in chromatography. Recent work has demonstrated an alternative approach to band accumulation. A small tube inco... | Modulation and Manipulation of Gas Chromatographic Bands by Using Novel Thermal Means | 10.2116/analsci.14.651 |
1998-06-01 | The solubilities of 1-pentene ice in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of 77.4 K and in liquid argon at 87.3 K have been measured by the filtration method. The 1-pentene content in solution was determined using gas chromatography. The experimental value of the mole fraction solubility of 1-pentene ice in liquid nitrogen... | Solubility of 1-Pentene Ice in Liquid Nitrogen and Argon at the Standard Boiling Points of the Solvents | 10.1023/A:1022662020454 |
1998-04-01 | A styrofoam layer is introduced to the cryogenic calibration load for microwave radiometers in order to keep the antenna at ambient temperature while calibrating. Obviously the insulation layer has nonuniform temperature profile. A novel approach based on the transmission-line theory is presented to calculate the emiss... | Radiation from the cryogenic calibration load for microwave radiometers | 10.1007/s11767-998-0054-3 |
1998-04-01 | Data on the vibrational spectra of noble gas fluorides in the gas phase and in cryogenic and nonaqueous solutions are considered in detail. Based on analysis of the IR spectra of xenon fluorides dissolved in liquid Kr and Xe, it is concluded that the XeF_6 molecule possesses the geometry of a distorted octahedron with ... | Vibrational spectra and structural features of noble gas fluorides in cryogenic and nonaqueous solutions | 10.1007/BF02495952 |
1998-03-01 | 1. It is necessary to revise urgently SNiP 2.06.05-84x with respect to the designs of dams being constructed in the northern construction-climatic zone, i.e., to remove all vagueness in understanding the basic design principles. 2. The top of watertight zones of dams should exceed the elevation of the HFL by amounts sp... | Contribution to the problem of so-called antiheave heads of crests of dams being constructed in the far north | 10.1007/BF02905897 |
1998-01-01 | The helium refrigeration system that will cool the superconducting magnets of the RHIC machine are discussed. Compressors, refrigerator, gas distribution, storage and handling equipment are summarized, noting the quantity of estimated excess capacity available for use by experimenters. Collaboration between RHIC cryoge... | A Brief Overview of the RHIC Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4612-2230-9_21 |
1998-01-01 | The Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) is manifested for flight on the Space Shuttle (STS-87) in November, 1997. The experiment was constrained to re-use a previously flown flight cryogenic system. However, the inherited system did not meet CHeX science requirements, nor current Shuttle launch requirements; enhancements... | Lifetime Enhancement of the CHeX Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_124 |
1998-01-01 | The g-2 Muon storage ring consists of three superconducting solenoids 15 meters in diameter, and a beam Inflector solenoid 1.7 meters in length. All superconducting solenoids are indirectly cooled by forced two-phase helium. Cryogenic cooling is accomplished via a J-T circuit and a LHe control dewar. The control System... | Cryogenic Control System for the g-2 Muon Ring | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_104 |
1998-01-01 | The present RHIC cryogenic process control system is a hybrid of centralized and distributed processing. The setup marries together a centralized sub-system that was designed, installed, and in operation since 1984 with six identical distributed sub-systems, whose installation began in 1996 and will be completed in 199... | Performance of the RHIC Cryogenic Control System During the First Sextant Test | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_63 |
1998-01-01 | Experiments have been conducted with two type of gas lubricated foil journal bearings and a small cryogenic turboexpander. One of these bearings is named as a spirally-wound foil bearing and the another is named as a multi-leaves foil bearing. Both of them have much simpler construction and lower cost as compared with ... | A Feasibility Study on the Use of New Gas Foil Bearings in Cryogenic Turboexpander | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_81 |
1998-01-01 | Mechanical properties of zirconia and silica have been measured at cryogenic temperatures. To answer the demands for structural and/or insulation materials in a large scaled superconducting magnet, the ceramic materials were examined. Mechanical properties of certain ceramics such as zirconia, were confirmed to increas... | Mechanical Properties of Zirconia and Silica at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_30 |
1998-01-01 | Cryogenic centrifugal compressors are presently the only «industrial» machines used to reach temperatures lower than 4.4 K (Tore Supra, Fermilab, TJNAL)^1,2,3. When the full cryogenic power is not needed, the processed flow is reduced. But the flexibility of a centrifugal compressor train is limited: reducing the proce... | Operating a Train of Cryogenic Centrifugal Compressors at Lower Flow Rates and Constant Compression Ratio | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_79 |
1998-01-01 | The United States Antarctic Program (USAP) has experienced an increase in the use of cryogenic fluids over the past decade. This increased use requires that the USAP purchase or lease suitable equipment, retain competent personnel, provide training to increase the knowledge base and find adequate storage for the invent... | Cryogenic Safety in the United States Antarctic Program | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_132 |
1998-01-01 | Three approaches to the production of compressed natural gas (CNG) for a 3500 Nm^3/day [1750 diesel equivalent gallon (DEG/day)] transit bus fleet were compared using a life cycle cost analysis approach. Three currently available methods of CNG production were compared. The analysis considered direct compression of pip... | A Comparative Study of CNG Production Methods for a 1750 DEG / Day Vehicle Fleet | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_150 |
1998-01-01 | The molecular structure of epoxy resins has been studied to improve the fracture toughness of epoxies at cryogenic temperatures. The mechanical and the thermal properties were investigated at cryogenic temperatures together with the molecular structure of epoxy resins. It was found that for the improvement of fracture ... | Toughening of Epoxy Resin Systems for Cryogenic Use | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_37 |
1998-01-01 | Molecular dynamics simulation of polymeric material was carried out in order to obtain the selection standard for the polymers having better characteristics at cryogenic temperatures. Several hundreds of spherical particles which modeled CH2 group were chained linearly and the equations of motion of each sphere was sol... | Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Polymeric Materials at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_38 |
1998-01-01 | A simple and robust helium liqufier has been developed at CEA / SBT. It is a Collins type liquefier operated at atmospheric pressure in a standard commercial helium dewar. To increase reliability, the liquefaction circuit and the refrigerator are separated. Precooling and condensation temperature are provided by an hyb... | An Hybrid Cycle Helium Liquefier | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_216 |
1998-01-01 | To realize a 1GHz NMR magnet, superconductors with such features as high critical current, high n-value, high strength, enough weight of a continuous spool and so on are required. Two types of bronze-processed Nb_3Sn superconductors have been developed. One is the conductor for the inner coil with high critical current... | Development of Bronze-Processed Nb_3Sn Superconductors for 1GHz NMR Magnets | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_123 |
1998-01-01 | General Atomics is designing, testing and fabricating a system for supplying cryogenic targets for the University of Rochester’s OMEGA laser system. A prototype system has demonstrated the filling of 1 mm diameter, 3 μm wall plastic spheres to 111 MPa (1100 atm) with deuterium and then cooling to 18 K to condense the f... | Design of the Fill/Transfer Station Cryostat for the Omega Cryogenic Target System | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_73 |
1998-01-01 | The cryogenic system for the superconducting synchrotron Nuclotron consists of 3 – 1,600 W refrigerators operating at 4.5 K. Since the Nuclotron only requires the output of 2 of these refrigerators, a distribution system based on the “satellite” refrigerator concept was developed to maximize reliability of the overall ... | Thermodynamic Analysis and Operating Experience of the Nuclotron Helium Refrigerators in the “Satellite” Mode | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_67 |
1998-01-01 | The largest installations for operation at liquid helium temperatures are presently being built in support of research in high energy physics or nuclear fusion. The associated refrigerators are normally being specified for peak refrigeration requirements. So they have spare capacity, which could be used for other inves... | European Large Scale Helium Refrigeration | 10.1007/978-1-4612-2230-9_3 |
1998-01-01 | This paper examines the results of long-life space cryocooler development and testing for various defense needs. For well over a decade, both the Air Force and the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (now Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, or BMDO) recognized the need for long-life space cryocoolers capable ... | Phillips Laboratory Space Cryocooler Development and Test Program | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_207 |
1998-01-01 | A cryogenic thermometer calibration facility has been designed and is being commissioned in preparation for the very stringent requirements on the temperature control of the LHC superconducting magnets. The temperature is traceable in the 1.5 to 30 K range to standards maintained in a national metrological laboratory b... | Cryogenic Thermometer Calibration Facility at CERN | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_92 |
1998-01-01 | Optical Dynamic RAM (ODRAM) is the first entry in an entirely new class of memory devices, offering price and performance levels that are unachievable with any other technology. ODRAM will have the capacity of magnetic hard drives but will allow up to a three order of magnitude improvement in access time. ODRAM will pr... | Cryogenically Cooled Optical Dynamic RAM | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_107 |
1998-01-01 | While liquid helium is an ideal fluid for obtaining precise thermal information on mean convective flow in Rayleigh-Bénard geometry, flow pattern details have until now only been measurable with room temperature fluids. We show that it is now possible to visualise convective flow patterns in a cylindrical sample of liq... | First images of controlled convection in liquid helium | 10.1007/978-1-4612-2230-9_33 |
1998-01-01 | For the international thermonuclear reactor (ITER), we developed a novel system for electrical insulation of the conductor turns. It consists of a tetrafunctional epoxy with an aromatic-amine cure preimpregnated in a satin-weave S-2 glass that is cowound with Kapton film. This preimpregnated system is fabricated into t... | Development of U.S./ITER CS Model Coil Turn Insulation | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_23 |
1998-01-01 | Three different conventional gas cooled power leads have been developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory for use in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The RHIC cryogenic system will contain over 500 leads, which will be responsible for as much as 24% of the total 4.5 K refrigerator heat load. Leads optimized ... | Performance of Magnet Leads for RHIC | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_30 |
1998-01-01 | A Linde-Hampson device has been developed, which incorporates the effects of positive and negative Joule-Thomson coefficients. Successive streams of pressurized gases, under and above their inversion temperatures (like nitrogen, argon, nitrous oxide on the one hand and neon or helium on the other), result in sequential... | Fast Joule-Thomson Cryocycling Device for Cryosurgical Applications | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_114 |
1998-01-01 | A single stage double inlet pulse tube refrigerator has been operated with two different types of regenerators, a conventional one, made from 200 mesh stainless steel screens, and a new type made from a stack of Chapaullel channels arranged in 0.1 mm thick stainless steel foils. The overall dimensions of both are the s... | Parallel Flow Regenerator for Pulse Tube Cooler Application | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_204 |
1998-01-01 | Previous superfluid Stirling refrigerators (SSR) using CuNi recuperators have experimentally achieved temperatures of 0.168 K and 0.296 K operating from high temperatures of 0.383 K and 1.05 K respectively. This article describes the theoretical performance of a single stage SSR and a two stage SSR which use Kapton rec... | Theoretical Performance of Single Stage and Two Stage Superfluid Stirling Refrigerators Using Kapton Recuperators | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_236 |
1998-01-01 | We present our new astronomical wide field imager, which consists of two 4k x 8k CCD mosaic cameras allowing simultaneous imaging in two focal planes with different color passbands. Each mosaic is maintained at 180K by using a fully automated original cryogenic system without LN2. A modular electronic system permits an... | The Two EROS 4k x 8k CCD Mosaic Cameras | 10.1007/978-94-011-5262-4_29 |
1998-01-01 | Cryosurgery is the destruction of tissue by freezing. Modern cryosurgical techniques were first introduced in the mid 1960’s, but, they only achieved modest application in selected medical specialties. This was in part due to limitations in cryosurgical devices which could not address the fundamental factors that influ... | A Review of Cryobiology and Cryosurgery | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_111 |
1998-01-01 | A two-stage 4 K Modified-Solvay cycle cryocooler^1, which is a pneumatically driven Gifford — McMahon cryocooler and will be used for the conduction-cooled low temperature superconducting magnets, has been optimized by numerical and experimental study. After the optimization, the maximum cooling capacity of 36.5 W at 3... | Numerical and Experimental Study of a 4 K Modified-Solvay Cycle Cryocooler | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_226 |
1998-01-01 | A phenomenon of gas separation owing to diffusion through polymeric films or membranes is known since last century, however it found practical application only as late in 1980s. At present it is considered as a prospective approach and as an alternative to such well-established methods of separation, as cryogenic disti... | Synthesis of Membrane Materials by Romp of Norbornenes | 10.1007/978-94-011-5188-7_11 |
1998-01-01 | Installation and testing of the first sextant of RHIC magnets has been completed. The tests consisted of temperature cycling, quenching magnets, and measuring important engineering parameters of a string of magnets totaling a length of over 500 meters. This represents one sixth of the 3.8 kilometer circumference of the... | Performance and Operating Experience of the RHIC First Sextant Test | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_27 |
1998-01-01 | A superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system for utility applications is planned for installation at Anchorage Municipal Light & Power in 2000. The system’s stored energy of 1800 MJ (0.5 MWh) will be delivered at power levels up to 31.5 MVA for spinning reserve, voltage support and electrical network stabili... | Alaska SMES: Form and Function for the World’s Largest Magnet | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_133 |
1998-01-01 | An Ic-B-T characteristic (critical current vs. magnetic field at various temperatures) for multifilamentary NbTi superconducting (SC) wire has been measured by using a conduction cooled critical current measurement apparatus up to 300A and up to 5T, in the temperature range from 5K to 7.5K. Two types of cryogen-free (C... | Development of Two Types of Cryogen Free Superconducting Magnets (5T-ϕ300min and 10T-ϕ100mm) | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_35 |
1998-01-01 | The installation and testing of most of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) cryogenic system is complete. The RHIC cryogenic system consisting of the modified ISABELLE refrigerator, and other new cryogenic components, has been completed from the 25 kW refrigerator through one sixth of the 3.8 km circumference RH... | RHIC 25 kW Refrigerator and Distribution System, Construction, Testing, and Initial Operating Experience | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_60 |
1998-01-01 | There is an increasing requirement for the use of composite materials in applications at cryogenic temperatures, especially in spacecraft and liquid propellant propulsion systems. This paper reports on a simple technique for measuring the in-plane thermal conductivity of composite laminate materials between 4K- 300K. T... | Simple Guarded Hot Plate Technique for Making Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Composite Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_46 |
1998-01-01 | Fermilab successfully installed and used off-the-shelf industrial controllers and software to operate five 600 Watt, one 90 Watt liquid helium refrigerators, seven strings of superconducting magnets and three liquid hydrogen targets and other miscellaneous Subsystems. The equipment is distributed over a 3 km by 3 km ar... | Application of Industrial Control Systems to a Large Scale Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_105 |
1998-01-01 | Until recently, the problem of low test Reynolds number has limited the usefulness of wind tunnels, especially at transonic speeds. For general-purpose testing, we achieve the best solution to the problem of low test Reynolds number when we operate a relatively big tunnel (2 × 2 m test section or larger) at a relativel... | Cryogenic Wind Tunnels for Aerodynamic Testing | 10.1007/978-1-4612-2230-9_4 |
1998-01-01 | The NICMOS dewar design was driven by requirements for long cryogen lifetime and minimal detector contamination. Several unique design features were implemented to meet the long-lifetime requirement, and are discussed. These include thermoelectric cooling, a single cryogen fill/vent line, and unique electrical cabling.... | Development of the Long-Lifetime Solid Nitrogen Dewar for NICMOS | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_116 |
1998-01-01 | The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), currently under construction at CERN, will make use of superconducting magnets operating in superfluid helium below 2 K. The reference cryogenic distribution scheme was based, in each 3.3 km sector served by a cryogenic plant, on a separate cryogenic distribution line which feeds elemen... | A Simplified Cryogenic Distribution Scheme for the Large Hadron Collider | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_47 |
1998-01-01 | The construction and the cooling schemes of the cryogenic system for the Large Helical Device (LHD) are reported. The LHD is the first fully superconducting heliotron type experimental fusion device, which is under construction at the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS). The cryogenic system for the LHD consis... | Development of a Cryogenic System for the Large Helical Device | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_71 |
1998-01-01 | The LHC interaction region (IR) inner triplet cryostats are under development at Fermilab. The inner triplet consists of four 70 mm aperture superconducting quadrupole magnets manufactured at Fermilab and KEK. These magnets are cooled with pressurized static superfluid helium at 1.9 K which transports the heat to satur... | Cryogenic System and Cryostat Design for the LHC IR Quadrupole Magnets | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_48 |
1998-01-01 | A cryogenic system has been operational in TJNAF’s Hall C for four years. The design of this system is presented and the operational and control philosophy is discussed. The system consists of conventional rigid transfer lines and a unique flexible transfer line. The features and heat load measurements of this flexible... | Cryogenic System for TJNAF’s Hall C | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_72 |
1998-01-01 | Within the framework of the European Fusion Technology Programme, a cryopump system for ITER is being developed. The pumping characteristics of cryosorption panels coated with activated carbon are investigated under ITER relevant operating conditions. The underlying design of the panels described in this paper is gener... | Pumping Performance of Cryopanels Coated with Activated Carbon | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9047-4_166 |
1997-12-01 | The microstructure of a fine grained 16.5 mol% CeO2-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Ce-TZP) has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy observations. The results show that the samples fractured at 298, 77 and 4.2 K change significantly. At 298 K, there is no stress-induced martensite but a few... | Microstructure of a sintered 16.5 mol% CeO2-ZrO2 alloy at cryogenic temperature | 10.1023/A:1018626219676 |
1997-12-01 | Centrally released arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been implicated in the regulation of the brain water content and is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ischaemic and traumatic brain injuries. The protective effect of RU51599, which is a selective kappa opioid agonist as an AVP release inhibitor, on b... | Attenuation of cryogenic induced brain oedema by arginine vasopressin release inhibitor RU51599 | 10.1007/BF01410979 |
1997-11-01 | We analyze the behavior of metallic barlike structural elements with triangular and trapezoidal cross sections reinforced with unidirectional epoxy boron plastic and subjected to tension and compression under conditions of liquid nitrogen and at room temperature. We describe methods for evaluation of the load-carrying ... | Load-carrying capacity of barlike elements reinforced with boron plastic | 10.1007/BF02767610 |
1997-09-01 | A developed physicomathematiccd model of pipeline cooling by a liquid cryoagent is presented; some results of mathematical simulation of the process are given; the results are compared with experimental data to determine the adequacy of the description of real physical processes by the model. | Hydrodynamics of pipeline filling with cryogenic fluid | 10.1007/BF02657626 |
1997-08-01 | Cryogenic thermoelectric coolers have been fabricated from an active element (polycrystalline Bi_0.88Sb_0.12) and three different passive elements, a high-T_c superconductor (polycrystalline YBa_2Cu_3O_7-δ), and lengths of high purity copper and aluminum wires. The results for a single couple show that for low, hot jun... | Cryogenic thermoelectric cooler with a passive branch | 10.1007/s11664-997-0274-6 |
1997-07-01 | Multilevel system for planning cryogenic equipment operating under transitional conditions | 10.1007/BF02416730 | |
1997-05-01 | On the basis of the proposed method of additional pulse loading of static preloaded specimens at temperatures of 293 and 77 K, we theoretically and experimentally established the possibility of effects similar to the effects of low-temperature discontinuous yield. The obtained effects are caused by operating-technologi... | Simulation of low-temperature discontinuous yield by the method of additional pulse loading | 10.1007/BF02767444 |
1997-04-01 | Authors’ reply | 10.1007/s11661-997-0238-8 | |
1997-04-01 | Hotspot | 10.1007/s11665-997-0003-6 |
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