publicationDate stringlengths 10 10 | abstract stringlengths 0 37.3k | title stringlengths 1 5.74k | doi stringlengths 11 47 ⌀ |
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1997-03-01 | A new generation of aircraft requires materials giving welded joints capable of operation under extreme conditions including the effect of various embrittling factors and active media in addition to static and cyclic loads. New steels have been developed and conventional steels have been modified with allowance for req... | Ways to increase the reliability of welded joints of high-strength steels in a new generation of aircraft | 10.1007/BF02466281 |
1997-01-01 | Electronic subsystems operating at temperatures significantly below room temperature offer a wide variety of opportunities for performance improvements at lower operational power and smaller size. Semiconducting materials operate at higher speeds with low power consumption; superconducting materials offer zero (low) re... | Cryo-Electronics: The Promise and the Challenge | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_130 |
1997-01-01 | Development of new types of electrical machines with cryogenic cooling and superconducting windings is to be based on application of new materials and new technological processes. The superconducting field winding impregnation epoxies are to withstand a long-term operation with thermocycling, and the main coil insulati... | Investigation of Electrical Insulation Applied in Cryoalternators | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_30 |
1997-01-01 | Polyimide films has been used as insulating component in superconducting machinery^1. A full understanding of the property at low temperatures and the radiation effect is very important for stabilization of superconducting coils. The tensile properties of polyimide films have been measured at 4.2 K ~ 473 K. Stress-Stra... | The Tensile Properties of Polyimide Film at Cryogenic Temperatures and Radiation Effects On Polyimide Films | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_4 |
1997-01-01 | Copolyesters of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate(PEN) with composition of PET/PEN= 100/0, 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, 0/100 were prepared. The mechanical properties of uniaxial-drawn films were examined at 83 K and 296 K. PET/PEN=90/10 copolymer film pos... | Cryogenic Properties of Several Copolyesters | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_1 |
1997-01-01 | Two huge superconducting magnets are now under design for the future detectors of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN: the ATLAS toroidal system and the CMS solenoid. Both of them are designed to be wet impregnated with epoxy resin. Because of their large dimensions, and the indirect cooling of the superconductor, the st... | Epoxy Resin Developments for the Atlas and CMS Superconducting Magnets Impregnation | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_6 |
1997-01-01 | The large coercivities (exceeding 2 kOe) obtained in Fe based ceramic granular films are found to be sensitive to the type of matrix material used, being higher in the SiO_2 matrix. In this study the hysteresis behavior of Fe_x(SiO_2)_1-x granular films was studied as a fiinction of the preparation technique and condit... | Effect of Preparation Conditions on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Granular Fe-SiO_2
| 10.1007/978-94-011-5478-9_31 |
1997-01-01 | The critical module of all second generation thermal imaging systems is the Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly (SADA). To meet the requirements of advanced Infrared (IR) Imaging systems of the 1990s and beyond the Department of Defense (DOD) has established a family concept for the SADAs. The family concept for second ge... | The DOD Family of Linear Drive Coolers for Weapon Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_3 |
1997-01-01 | Some aspects of data analysis are discussed in gravitational wave (g. w.) experiments obtained with the presently working cryogenic detectors, resonant bars of the type invented by Joe Weber. Until now the main scientific goal has been the burst detection. The improved performances, in terms of duty cycles, of the exis... | Algorithms for the Detection of Monochromatic and Stochastic Gravitational Waves | 10.1007/978-1-4612-1968-2_22 |
1997-01-01 | The processes of defect formation in single crystals of gallium arsenide electron-irradiated at cryogenic temperatures (∼20 K) have been investigated by the luminescence method. It is shown that at such temperatures the primary radiation-induced defects, in particular, intrinsic interstitial atoms, can migrate in a cry... | Photoluminescence of gallium arsenide electron-irradiated at 20 K | 10.1007/BF02683502 |
1997-01-01 | CTI-Cryogenics is under contract with ARPA/NRL to develop a low cost, long life cryocooler to meet the cryogenic cooling needs of emerging applications for high temperature superconductive (HTS) microwave components. The design for this application was targeted to produce a minimum of 15 watts of refrigeration at 50K. ... | Low Cost Gifford-McMahon Cryocooler Development Program | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_69 |
1997-01-01 | The photosynthetic reaction center (RC) of purple bacteria is a large membrane protein which performs the primary steps of photo-induced electron transfer. After light excitation, a dimer of bacteriochlorophyll molecules (P) transfers an electron to an acceptor, and the oxidized species P^+ is then re-reduced by a seco... | Light-Induced Conformational Change at Low Temperature in the Protein Binding Site of Heme c556 in the Reaction Center of Rhodopseudomonas Viridis
| 10.1007/978-94-011-5622-6_48 |
1997-01-01 | This paper presents the current status of both continuous and periodic operation sorption cryocooler development for astrophysics missions requiring refrigeration to 10 K and below. These coolers are uniquely suited for cooling detectors in planned astrophysics missions such as the Exploration of Neighboring Planetary ... | Continuous and Periodic Sorption Cryocoolers for 10 K and Below | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_66 |
1997-01-01 | Space cryogenics tries to solve the problems connected with cooling down components in space missions. Very low temperatures are required in particular to cool radiation detectors used in astrophysics. Up to now the cryogenic problems have been solved by using a reservoir containing a cryogen, say liquid helium, on boa... | Active Cooling Systems | 10.1007/978-94-011-5468-0_35 |
1997-01-01 | A new test method was developed to determine shear/compression properties of composite insulation systems used in superconducting magnets. It was developed specifically to enable in-situ testing (without warm-up) of insulation systems in a high flux neutron radiation and cryogenic (4 K) temperature environment at the M... | New Combined Shear and Compression Test Method | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_14 |
1997-01-01 | BEI is a manufacturer of Stirling-cycle cryocoolers based on the concept of clearance seal, pneumatically driven displacer and linear drive motors. Several cooler models are available covering refrigeration requirements ranging from 150 mW to 5.0 Watts of cooling at 78 K. This paper describes a computer simulation mode... | Experimental and Predicted Performance of the BEI Mini-Linear Cooler | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_15 |
1997-01-01 | The mechanical properties of several glass fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) were investigated prior to and following neutron and gamma irradiation using the short beam shear (ASTM D2344) and the three point bending test (ASTM D790). The irradiations were carried out at room temperature and at low temperature (5 K) with... | Interlaminar Shear and Flexural Strength of Fiber Reinforced Plastics at 77 K After Room and Low-Temperature Reactor Irradiation | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_15 |
1997-01-01 | Cryocooler thermal and vibrational performance is determined, fundamentally, by the dynamic interactions between the mechanical system and the working fluid. This paper explores the effect of working-fluid characteristics on the mechanical response of the cooler. Experimental data collected from two coolers characteriz... | Investigation of Gas Effects on Cryocooler Resonance Characteristics | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_49 |
1997-01-01 | The improvement of the fracture toughness of epoxy resin has been tried to perform from the molecular level with an aim to improve the cryogenic properties of GFRP and/or the stability of superconducting magnets. The ceramic filler, which was formed by hydrolysis of alkoxide, was dispersed in the epoxy and cured. A cou... | Improvement of Fracture Toughness of Epoxy Resins at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_3 |
1997-01-01 | Nb_3Sn tape, manufactured by the General Electric Company for cryocooled, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnets, was examined to determine the influence of strain on critical current, I_c, over a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. Copper stabilized Nb_3Sn tapes were strained by differential thermal cont... | Strain Studies on Superconducting Nb_3Sn Tape Using Differential Thermal Contraction and Other Methods | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_188 |
1997-01-01 | SCI’s advanced composite support structures are currently being utilized in numerous cryogenic systems. Advantages include low thermal conductivity, high strength and stiffness, lightweight, low outgassing, and integral fittings. Several types of fibers and resins are available to meet extreme structural and thermal re... | Composite Support Structures for Cryogenic Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_34 |
1997-01-01 | One hundred and ninety five strains of fungi were observed during freezing and thawing using a cryogenic light microscope. There was no obvious link between taxonomic position and their morphological response to freezing and thawing. The viability of seven of these strains was examined following freezing and thawing in... | Cryogenic light microscopy and the development of cooling protocols for the cryopreservation of filamentous fungi | 10.1023/A:1008820432471 |
1997-01-01 | We consider the transient thermal-mechanical response of cracked G-10CR glass-cloth-reinforced epoxy laminates with temperature-dependent properties. The glass-cloth-reinforced epoxy laminates are suddenly cooled on the surfaces. A generalized plane strain finite element model is used to study the influence of warp ang... | Transient Thermal-Mechanical Behavior of Cracked Glass-Cloth-Reinforced Epoxy Laminates at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_19 |
1997-01-01 | This paper considers rather usual methods for investigating the microstructure of the Nb_3Sn superconducting phase. These techniques deal with the quality and volume fraction of the Al 5 compound. Microhardness testing show very suitable in order to monotor a fabrication process. The metallurgical effects of each step ... | Quantity and Quality of the Nb_3Sn Intermetallics Formed by the Internal Tin Process | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_178 |
1997-01-01 | A single stage orifice pulse tube cryocooler incorporating one compressor and regenerator, but two pulse tubes has been constructed and tested. This development is directed toward use as cooling for superconducting current leads where the voltage insulation between the two leads is critical. The purpose of the present ... | An Experimental Investigation of a Single-Stage Two-Pulse-Tube Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_35 |
1997-01-01 | Future multi-TeV particle accelerators like the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will use superconducting magnets in which organic materials will be exposed to high radiation levels at temperatures as low as 2 K. A representative selection of organic materials comprising insulating films, cable insulations, epoxy resin... | Radiation Tests at Cryogenic Temperature on Selected Organic Materials for LHC | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_29 |
1997-01-01 | A Technical Working Area 17, cryogenic structural materials, has been organized in the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) to promote the prestandardization program on material properties tests of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials and alloys at liquid helium temperatur... | VAMAS Tests of Structural Materials on Aluminum Alloy and Composite Material at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_37 |
1997-01-01 | Electric motors with high temperature superconducting (HTS) field windings have been under development for several years^1. Previous studies concluded that air-core synchronous motors with superconducting field windings offer the best motor topology. A cryocooler is required to provide refrigeration such that the salie... | Cryocooler Integration with High Temperature Superconducting Motors | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_105 |
1997-01-01 | The replacement of the orifice and reservoir elements of a fixed orifice pulse tube cryogenic refrigerator with an expander piston results in a reversible cycle pulse tube machine. At the 7th International Cryocooler Conference, Ishizaki and Ishizaki presented the experimental performance of a machine where the phase r... | Reversible Cycle Piston Pulse Tube Cryocooler | 10.1007/978-1-4615-5869-9_37 |
1997-01-01 | The expansion bellows, used in the magnet interconnections of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), are designed for severe service conditions (cryogenic temperatures, high internal pressure, large cyclic deflections). According to the results of the material research, a stainless steel of grade AISI 316 exhibits a high duc... | Fatigue Life Prediction for Finite Ratchetting of Bellows at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_48 |
1997-01-01 | Despite the discovery of MACHO dark matter in our galactic halo, much of the inferred halo mass seems still to be missing [1]. If we assume that this missing mass is in the form of the weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) predicted by supersymmetry [2], then we expect to find a flux of 10^7/m_x cm^-2 in the sol... | The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) | 10.1007/978-94-009-0053-0_25 |
1997-01-01 | A two-stage 8–12 GHz (X-band) cryogenically-cooled Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) has been developed with a commercial pseudomorphic HEMT on AsGa substrate. In a first step, different commercial transistors have been fully characterized from 300 K to 20 K using a new method to measure the four noise parameters. Preliminary ... | A low-noise cryogenically-cooled 8–12 GHz HEMT Amplifier for future space applications | 10.1007/BF02677898 |
1997-01-01 | In this paper we will describe recent advances in the development of optical systems for future space infrared telescope and interferometer applications which will operate at very low or cryogenic temperatures (T≤77K) with emphasis on beryllium and silicon carbide optics. New material formulations and advanced processi... | Recent Advances in Cryogenic Optics Technology for Space Infrared Telescope and Interferometer Systems | 10.1007/978-94-011-5468-0_24 |
1996-11-01 | A cryogenic radiometer with electrical substitution has been developed for precise photometric measurements. The radiometer design and specifications are described. The radiometer has an accuracy of 0.02%. Its main use is to calibrate the spectral response of reference radiometers. | Absolute cryogenic radiometer for high-current photometric measurements | 10.1007/BF02375386 |
1996-09-01 | Thermometry of cryogenic equipment produced by the Kriogenmash Company | 10.1007/BF02416580 | |
1996-06-01 | It is shown that cryogenic deformation (77 K) speeds up the kinetics of particle precipitation in the second phase, using the subsequent heat treatments in order to form the structure with increased volume contents of α-phase. Studied is the microstructural parametric influence upon J_c. | The effects of low temperature deformation on the microstructure and J_c of Nb-49Ti superconductor | 10.1007/BF02548157 |
1996-06-01 | AA 2219 aluminium alloy is the material proposed for the construction of tanks for liquid cryogenic fuels like liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, in Indian launch vehicle programmes. To meet the material requirement, ISRO has developed the alloy AA 2219 indigenously on an industrial scale. Process development and struc... | Structure-property correlation on AA 2219 aluminium alloy weldments | 10.1007/BF02744827 |
1996-05-01 | An avalanche effect has been observed in a cryogenic detector based on the planar array of superheated superconductors (PASS). The indium PASS, fabricated by photolithography on a mylar substrate, consisted of 40 well-separated lines each containing about 175 spheres of diameter 18 μm and separation 20 μm with those at... | Avalanche effect in the planar array of superheated superconductors | 10.1007/BF02570428 |
1996-05-01 | This report presents our results of both investigation of electrical condution mechanisms in Ge films on GaAs at low temperatures and designing thin-film Ge resistance thermometers. The electrical properties of Ge films on GaAs are determined by potential fluctuations caused by random inhomogeneous distribution of impu... | Ge films on GaAs: low-temperature electrical properties and application to cryogenic resistance temperature sensors | 10.1007/BF02570414 |
1996-01-01 | Keeping the genetic integrity of Rhizoctonia spp. isolates is of great importance. When cultures are stored at inappropriate conditions and/or transferred many times on agar, they may undergo profound genetic changes and lose important characteristics such as: vigor, virulence (Butler, 1980), ability of certain non pat... | Culture Preservation Methods for Maintaning the Genetic Integrity of Rhizoctonia SPP. Isolates | 10.1007/978-94-017-2901-7_12 |
1996-01-01 | All cryogens can present the hazard of unwanted condensation of substances that boil at higher temperatures. Table 6.1 shows the estimated vapor pressures of some of the substances that, if present, can be condensed, usually to a solid, at cryogenic temperatures.^1 From the magnitude of these vapor pressures it can be ... | Condensation | 10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_6 |
1996-01-01 | Fermilab began operating a re-designed satellite refrigerator system in November 1993. Upgrades were installed to operate the Tevatron at a magnet temperature of 3.5K, approximately 1K lower than the original design. Refrigerator upgrades included new valve boxes, larger reciprocating expanders, the installation of col... | Initial Performance of Upgraded Tevatron Cryogenic Systems | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_90 |
1996-01-01 | Four sets of helium cryogenic systems for the mini-beta insertion quadrupole magnets were installed near the interaction points of the TRISTAN main ring in 1990. Each system consists of a helium compressor, a cold box, a subcooler, transfer lines, two magnet-cryostats, two helium gas tanks and a liquid nitrogen storage... | Operational Experience and Reliability of the Cryogenic Systems for the Tristan Insertion Quadrupole Magnets | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_93 |
1996-01-01 | CEBAF, The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, is centered on a 4 GeV recirculating linac which has recently started routinely producing beam to the first of three experimental halls. Hall A, the second of three experimental halls, houses two high resolution spectrometers, HRS, and is due to become operation... | Thermal Performance of the CEBAF Hall a Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_87 |
1996-01-01 | Collaborators on the design of a Tevatron Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) are working toward construction of a test cell consisting of four full length cryostats, 12 meters long, each consisting of eight, 9-cell superconducting RF cavities. The purpose of this facility is to test all aspects of the accelerat... | Tesla Test Facility Alternate Cryostat Design | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_108 |
1996-01-01 | We describe the capture cavity cryostat, for the Tesla Test Facility at DESY in Hamburg, which was designed and is presently under assembly in France. We also discuss the construction of an ancillary feed box which is required for a preliminary cryogenic test prior to delivery. | Status Report of the TTF Capture Cavity Cryostat | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_111 |
1996-01-01 | Liquid breakthrough and choked flow are important phenomena in the operation of phase separators in space. Breakthrough results in loss of liquid which can reduce the life time of, and potentially terminate a mission. Choked flow limits the amount of liquid boiloff which passes through the phase separator and can resul... | The Dependence of Choked Flow and Breakthrough on Pore Size Distribution in Vapor-Liquid Phase Separation of He II Using Porous Media | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_150 |
1996-01-01 | The T-15 cryogenics system has been designed for cooling down, cryostatting, warming up of superconducting, cryoresistive and cryogenics T-15 objects. Maintenance of the cryogenics system has been on going since 1988. For the mentioned period, in the cryogenics T-15 system The capacity of screw compressor was increased... | Tokamak-15 Modernization and an Analysis of Cryogenic System Operation for the Period from 1988 to 1994 | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_96 |
1996-01-01 | One of the vital problems in developing high-speed cryogenically cooled electrical machines with a cryostat common to rotor and stator is availability of reliable shaft seals. Depending on the electric machine design, reliable rotary seals are required both for working media sealing and for maintaining vacuum in rotati... | Development and Experimental Investigation of New Seals for Cryoalternators | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_130 |
1996-01-01 | An optical test Dewar has been constructed with the unique capability to test mirrors of diameter ≤ 1 m, f≤6, at temperatures from 300 to 5 K with a ZYGO Mark IV/V interferometer. The facility possesses extensive thermometry throughout for characterization of the test chamber thermal environment and Dewar performance. ... | Cryogenic Telescope Test Facility | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_146 |
1996-01-01 | The problem of construction of a space vehicle-borne 1 MVA cryogenic converter transformer, which provides serviceability of 12-pulse rectifying circuit has been studied. As a winding conductor pure aluminum foil is used, which is cooled by liquid hydrogen, which makes it possible to decrease the mass-to-power ratio se... | Physical Engineering Problems of Hyperconducting Transformer Construction | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_246 |
1996-01-01 | The cryogenic system for the 45-T Hybrid superconducting magnet employs an innovative design primarily driven by the requirement that it be a user-friendly, reliable facility. To achieve this requirement, the superconducting magnet is being built with highly stable cable-in-conduit conductors, operating at 1.8 K and in... | Design, Development and Testing of the Cryogenic System for the 45-T Hybrid | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_160 |
1996-01-01 | All oxygenic photosynthetic organisms contain a membrane protein complex, known as Photosystem I, that catalyzes a light-induced transfer of electrons from reduced plastocyanin to ferredoxin. This complex contains several bound electron carriers that are involved in the initial charge separation and stabilization. Thes... | Photosystem I Electron Transfer Reactions–Components and Kinetics | 10.1007/0-306-48127-8_16 |
1996-01-01 | A major milestone in the preparation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project is the testing and operation of a 50-m long superconducting magnet string, representing a half-cell of the machine lattice. This also corresponds to the length of the elementary cooling loops providing refrigeration at the 1.9 K, 4.5-to-20 ... | The Superfluid Helium Cryogenic System for the LHC Test String: Design, Construction and First Operation | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_100 |
1996-01-01 | Development of turbogenerators is associated with improvement of their cooling system, efficiency, size and weight parameters and operating characteristics. Application of cryogenic cooling and superconducting windings helps to achieve the best results, but there arises the problem of economical efficiency. Superconduc... | Superconducting Turbogenerators as a New Generation of High-Rated Electrical Machines | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_129 |
1996-01-01 | The X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) instrument has gone through numerous iterations, first as an instrument on NASA’s Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), then on AXAF-S, and now scheduled to fly on the Japanese Astro-E satellite. The Astro-E XRS is a high precision x-ray spectrometer with better than 20 eV resolution... | Design of the XRS Helium Insert | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_143 |
1996-01-01 | A superfluid Stirling refrigerator cooled to 168 mK using a 4.9% ^3He-^4He mixture and exhausting its waste heat at 383 mK. Cooling power versus temperature and speed is presented for 4.9%, 17%, and 36% mixtures. At the highest concentration, a dissipation mechanism of unknown origin is observed. | Measurements with a Recuperative Superfluid Stirling Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_192 |
1996-01-01 | The CEBAF End Station Helium Refrigerator (ESR) System ^1 provides refrigeration at 80 K, 20 K and 4.5 K to three End Station experimental halls. The facility consists of a two stage helium screw compressor system, 4.5 K refrigerator, cryogen distribution valve box, and transfer lines to the individual experimental hal... | Commissioning and Operation of the CEBAF End Station Refrigeration System | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_82 |
1996-01-01 | Two models of small free piston cryocoolers with the potential for low cost and high reliability have been developed for emerging commercial applications. Model M223 has been designed for applications ranging from 173 K to 273 K lifting up to 40 W at 223 K. The other, model M77, has been designed for operation from 65 ... | Low Cost Small Cryocoolers for Commercial Applications | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_196 |
1996-01-01 | In general, materials tend to increase in strength as their temperature is lowered. The deformation of metals occurs with the movement of crystal-lattice dislocations. As the temperature is raised, the thermal energy of the vibrating atoms assists this movement. Hence, as the temperature is lowered, the decreased therm... | Embrittlement of Materials | 10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_3 |
1996-01-01 | A cryogenic hydrogen maser has been designed and constructed which operates at temperatures near 10 K with a surface of frozen neon in the atom storage region. Cryogenic operation is expected to improve masers performance by orders of magnitude over room-temperature masers in frequency standard applications. The maser ... | A Cryogenic Hydrogen Maser Operating at 10K | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_222 |
1996-01-01 | A 5-kW/4.5-K helium refrigerator has been developed, which will be used for the test of ITER Central Solenoid Model Coil that is under fabrication by an international collaboration under the framework of the ITER Engineering Design Activity. Its acceptance test was recently finished and its specified refrigeration powe... | Cryogenic System for ITER CS Model Coil | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_92 |
1996-01-01 | As part of the TESLA-Collaboration, components of a 1.8 K cryogenic plant, designed for testing superconducting RF cavities at the DESY laboratory, have been designed and built at the CEN SACLAY, LAL ORSAY, FERMLAB, INFN FRASCATI and DESY. Some additional components are being fabricated at IHEP PROTVINO and industry. T... | Status of the TTF Cryogenic System | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_109 |
1996-01-01 | For the production of the liquid helium and realization of technological operation modes of cooling down, steady state and warming up cryogenic objects at Tokamak T-15 facility liquefiers with the present flow rate, 0.222 L/s (800 L/h) each, are used. In 1988 the Liquefier was put into operation under conditions withou... | An Experience in the Maintenance of a Liquefier from the T-15 Cryogenic System, Results of Its Reliability and Capacity Enhancement | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_95 |
1996-01-01 | There are several mechanisms by which contact of cryogenic fluids with a person can present a physiological hazard. The most obvious of these mechanisms is that the low temperature can cause freezing of living tissue. Also, in the case of cryogens other than oxygen, the large expansion that occurs upon evaporation and ... | Physiological Hazards | 10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_2 |
1996-01-01 | Fermilab’s superconducting Tevatron accelerator is cooled to liquid helium temperatures by 24 satellite refrigerators, each of which uses for normal operations a reciprocating “wet” expansion engine. These expanders are basically Process System (formerly Koch) Model 1400 expanders installed in standalone cryostats desi... | Operation and Maintenance of Fermilab’s Satellite Refrigerator Expansion Engines | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_123 |
1996-01-01 | Superconducting digital microelectronics require multi-gigahertz bandwidth performance of the signal I/O system, including multi-channel flat flexible I/O cables. The limited information on the thermal conductivity of modern engineering materials available to the designer of low temperature, high performance systems an... | The Thermal Conductivity of Some Modern Engineering Materials Used in High Bandwidth I/O Systems at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_17 |
1996-01-01 | Many documents, both formal and informal, exist to advise on or specify methods for the design, construction, and operation of cryogenic systems. These documents are variously known as rules, guidelines, standards, codes, and regulations, and any of them can address any facet of the handling of a cryogenic fluid. A gen... | Guidelines, Standards, and Regulations | 10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_11 |
1996-01-01 | The detection of new physics signals at the highest luminosities available in proton-proton collisions at LHC requires identification and precise measurement of muons, photons and electrons. Toroidal and solenoidal fields were considered at the beginning of the design. For the CMS detector, the choice of a compact desi... | Conceptual Design of the CMS 4 Tesla Solenoid | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_106 |
1996-01-01 | At 5:46 a.m. on 17 January 1995, a big earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale struck the Kansai area in western Japan. It was a shallow dislocation earthquake and resulted in huge damages in this area. Kobe, with a population of one million, was greatly affected by this disastrous earthquake. There are... | What Happened to Cryogenic and Superconducting Equipment in the Great Hanshin Earthquake | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_238 |
1996-01-01 | Operation of most temperature sensors requires the dissipation of power in the sensor. The flow of the heat generated by the measurement creates a temperature difference and a potential temperature measurement error. The self-heating temperature difference is directly proportional to the thermal resistance. A procedure... | Thermal Resistances of Mounted Cryogenic Temperature Sensors | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_213 |
1996-01-01 | The High-Temperature-Superconductivity (HTS) group of the RF Technology Branch, Space Electronics Division, is actively involved in the fabrication and cryogenic characterization of planar microwave components for space applications. This process requires fast, reliable, and accurate measurement techniques not readily ... | A Single-Block TRL Test Fixture for the Cryogenic Characterization of Planar Microwave Components | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_217 |
1996-01-01 | Between 1990 and 1994 CERN procured, installed and commissioned six large-scale helium cryoplants for its programme of superconducting acceleration cavities in the electron-positron collider LEP. Two European suppliers were selected to each provide one plant of 6 kW and two plants of 12 kW equivalent cooling power at 4... | Conclusions from Procuring, Installing and Commissioning Six Large-Scale Helium Refrigerators at CERN | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_98 |
1996-01-01 | The superconducting 2 x 250 GeV e^+e^- linear accelerator TESLA is composed of a series of high frequency resonators (cavities), fabricated of high purity niobium. It has to be operated at a temperature of ca. 2 K. A nominal refrigeration power of about 51 KW at 2 K, 37 KW at 4.5 K and 314 KW at 40/80 K is required. Th... | The TESLA 500 Cryogenic System Layout | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_117 |
1996-01-01 | As mentioned in Chapter 1, in order to have a safe operation, the system must be both designed and constructed to be safe, and it must also be operated in a safe manner. Safe operation requires excellent maintenance and housekeeping. Because new and different applications of cryogenics are frequently encountered, the p... | Accidents: Prevention and Examples | 10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_13 |
1996-01-01 | One of the most feared hazards in any system is that of unwanted combustion. The possibility of fire and explosion is a legitimate cause for concern and for additional attention to system safety. Although carbon monoxide, as well as oxygen and condensed air (see Chapter 9), can present a combustion hazard, here we will... | Combustion Hazards | 10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_7 |
1996-01-01 | The 29th Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC) was held as a joint conference with the International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) in Columbus, Ohio, during July of 1995. The CEC is the largest regularly held conference in the United States dedicated to all topics in cryogenic engineering. This paper briefly e... | Directions in Cryogenic Technology — 1995 | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_252 |
1996-01-01 | Although there are exceptions over limited temperature ranges, materials generally have positive thermal expansion coefficients. Usually, the temperature change from ambient to cryogenic temperature will amount to as much as 200 K (360 °F) or greater. This large temperature decrease will cause a significant thermal con... | Stresses Caused by Thermal Contraction | 10.1007/978-1-4899-0307-5_4 |
1996-01-01 | We have developed a cryogenic NMR probe using HTS detection coils for high resolution chemical spectroscopy and have demonstrated a signal-to-noise improvement by more than a factor of four over conventional technology. The probe is cooled by a remotely located closed-cycle refrigeration system and coil temperatures be... | Cryogenic System for a High Temperature Superconductor NMR Probe | 10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_235 |
1995-06-01 | The gyrotron system for ECH and burn control on ITER requires at least 50MW of RF power at frequencies near 170GHz operating in CW . To meet these requirements, high efficiency gyrotron tubes with ≥ 1MW power output capability are necessary, as well as simple coupling to either a quasi-optical or waveguide transmission... | Feasibility study of the eu home team on a 170GHz 1MW CW gyrotron for ECH on ITER | 10.1007/BF02068283 |
1995-04-01 | Critical conditions for the direct initiation of self-sustained detonation in cryogenic hydrogen-oxygen mixtures are examined experimentally. These initial conditions are expected to depend mainly on four parameters: the equivalence ratio of the mixture, the amount of the initial energy deposition, the initial temperat... | Direct initiation of detonation in cryogenic gaseous H_2-O_2 mixtures | 10.1007/BF01413875 |
1995-04-01 | The viability of 252 wood-inhabiting strains of Basidiomycetes was tested after storage under liquid nitrogen, using 10% glycerol as cryoprotectant. 164 strains survived the process: 103 Aphyllophorales (out of 138) and 60 Agaricales (out of 113). The results indicate that the process of freezing is rather complex and ... | Viability of wood-inhabitingBasidiomycetes following cryogenic preservation | 10.1007/BF02815422 |
1995-02-01 | Modern cryogenic helium systems. Development potentials | 10.1007/BF01147395 | |
1995-02-01 | The rates of recovery from cryogenic storage of suspension cultures of the Japonica rice cultivar Taipei 309, as determined by the reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and cell regrowth, were significantly influenced by the embryogenic potential of the non-frozen cultures. | The embryogenic potential of rice cell suspensions affects their recovery following cryogenic storage | 10.1007/BF00023966 |
1995-01-01 | With the increased use of cryogenics in both technical and theoretical applications, there is an increased requirement for reliable phase equilibrium and related thermodynamic data for cryogenic fluids and their mixtures. For this reason a new apparatus has been constructed which is capable of providing phase equilibri... | A Multipurpose Phase Equilibrium Apparatus to Study Mixtures of Cryogenic Fluids: Application to Argon-Methane | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_6 |
1995-01-01 | Experimentation in the temperature range 1 to 4°K in liquid helium requires very little skill or sophistication. An experimentalist of very modest dexterity can learn to conduct experiments in liquid helium in a very short time. Considering the ease of this first step into this temperature range, it is only natural tha... | Simon Helium Liquefaction Method Using a Refrigerator and Thermal Valve | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_52 |
1995-01-01 | Cryogenic coolers for small satellites require low power and minimum weight. In this paper we report on the status of both our miniature flight-qualified pulse tube cooler as well as our miniature flight-qualified Stirling cooler. Both integral linear coolers are small, efficient, low-power, and vibrationally balanced,... | Miniature Long-Life Space-Qualified Pulse Tube and Stirling Cryocoolers | 10.1007/978-1-4757-9888-3_33 |
1995-01-01 | The first industrial application of superconducting materials appears to be their use as the field windings of rotating electrical machines. Research is being carried on throughout the world on this application, and many reports have appeared in the literature on the testing of ac and dc machines. A research group at t... | Superconducting Alternator Test Results | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_7 |
1995-01-01 | During the course of an earlier investigation to determine the. minimum insulation that would prevent the formation of liquid air on bare cryogenic transfer lines carrying liquid hydrogen and liquid nitrogen, it was evident that ambient conditions were extremely important and that frost had some insulating value. | Frost Formation on a Cylinder at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_58 |
1995-01-01 | Vuilleumier was granted a patent in 1918 on a refrigeration method which produces cold directly from heat. For many years this method was completely ignored and only very recently efforts were begun [^1,2] to explore the practical possibilities of the cycle. The present paper describes a further contribution to the stu... | Miniature Vuilleumier-Cycle Refrigerator | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_56 |
1995-01-01 | Thermal-acoustic oscillations are thermally driven oscillations in low rate and fluid pressure and temperature which sometimes occur in forced convection. The oscillations are sustained and occur at frequencies which can be related to acoustic frequencies. A possible cause of these oscillations are perturbations during... | A Time-Delay Analog for Thermal-Acoustic Oscillations | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_44 |
1995-01-01 | Recent research in this laboratory has led to the identification of a group of ferritic alloys from the iron-nickel-titanium system which show an unusual combination of strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures. The details of this research are reported elsewhere [^1]. This presentation provides some of the best... | An Iron-Nickel-Titanium Alloy with Outstanding Toughness at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_46 |
1995-01-01 | A differential thermal analysis (DTA) apparatus for use in the temperature range from 20 to 300 K has been constructed and put into operation. This apparatus has multiple sample cells for simultaneous testing of up to twelve samples. Both temperature control and data sampling are handled by a minicomputer using a modif... | A Differential Thermal Analysis Apparatus for Use at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_49 |
1995-01-01 | Knowledge of mechanical properties of industrial materials at cryogenic temperatures is essential for designing cryogenic equipment such as superconducting magnets. To augment available data [^1,2] an apparatus for tensile tests was designed and constructed to perform in the temperature range from room temperature to 4... | Tensile Properties of Various Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_15 |
1995-01-01 | The largest LNG project, the El Paso project, was finally approved by the Federal Power Commission (FPC) in October 1972, some fifteen months after the hearings were held; but it took El Paso Natural Gas until March 1973 to finalize the liquefaction plant financing and an additional three months to order the three ship... | Status Report on LNG Tanker Designs | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_35 |
1995-01-01 | Efficient tensile cryostats for some years have been used at temperatures as low as boiling liquid helium [^1]. It seems appropriate, however to extend the low-temperature capabilities, since millidegree equipment design, potential space applications, and fundamental deformation studies all may profit from tensile data... | Cryostat and Strain Measurement for Tensile Tests to 1.5°K | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_16 |
1995-01-01 | A research and development program has been conducted since 1962 to develop new electrical machines using high-purity metals as conductors. This program is principally aimed at the development of high-rating and consequently high-voltage electrical machines. In support of this program it was decided to undertake high-v... | The Dielectric Strength of Cryogenic Fluids and Solid Insulators | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_12 |
1995-01-01 | The goal of controlled fusion research is to eventually produce electric power; after some twenty years of worldwide research effort, there has been much progress toward this goal. We can now outline a reasonable timetable for the U. S. fusion program which leads to the possibility of commercial power in about thirty y... | Cryogenic Engineering and Fusion Power | 10.1007/978-1-4613-9847-9_4 |
1995-01-01 | Citrus rank second after grapes as the major fruit crop. Commercial citrus are grown in tropical and subtropical climates, mainly in a uniform belt from 35°N to 35°S. Under mild environmental conditions such as those found in the Mediterranean regions, citrus may be grown as far as 44°N. About 90 countries produce citr... | Cryoconservation of Germplasm of Citrus | 10.1007/978-3-662-03096-7_4 |
1995-01-01 | The general methods for obtaining low-temperature refrigeration under laboratory conditions are: boil-off of a bath of liquefied gas such as helium, closed-cycle refrigeration employing expansion engines alone, and closed-cycle refrigeration employing a Joule-Thomson expansion loop tied thermally to an expansion engine... | Operation and Application of a Three-Stage Closed-Cycle Regenerative Refrigerator in the 6.5°K Region | 10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_53 |
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