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|---|---|---|
[
"American English",
"has part(s)",
"New York Latino English"
] |
Other varieties
Although no longer region-specific, African-American Vernacular English, which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class African Americans, has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including hip hop culture. Hispanic and Latino Americans have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are Chicano English, spoken in the West and Midwest, and New York Latino English, spoken in the New York metropolitan area. Additionally, ethnic varieties such as Yeshiva English and "Yinglish" are spoken by some American Orthodox Jews, Cajun Vernacular English by some Cajuns in southern Louisiana, and Pennsylvania Dutch English by some Pennsylvania Dutch people. American Indian Englishes have been documented among diverse Indian tribes. The island state of Hawaii, though primarily English-speaking, is also home to a creole language known commonly as Hawaiian Pidgin, and some Hawaii residents speak English with a Pidgin-influenced accent. American English also gave rise to some dialects outside the country, for example, Philippine English, beginning during the American occupation of the Philippines and subsequently the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands; Thomasites first established a variation of American English in these islands.
| 9
|
[
"American English",
"has part(s)",
"Western American English"
] |
Several other phenomena serve to distinguish regional U.S. accents. Boston, Pittsburgh, Upper Midwestern, and Western U.S. accents have fully completed a merger of the LOT vowel with the THOUGHT vowel (/ɑ/ and /ɔ/, respectively): a cot–caught merger, which is rapidly spreading throughout the whole country. However, the South, Inland North, and a Northeastern coastal corridor passing through Rhode Island, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore typically preserve an older cot–caught distinction. For that Northeastern corridor, the realization of the THOUGHT vowel is particularly marked, as depicted in humorous spellings, like in tawk and cawfee (talk and coffee), which intend to represent it being tense and diphthongal: [oə]. A split of TRAP into two separate phonemes, using different a pronunciations for example in gap [æ] versus gas [eə], further defines New York City as well as Philadelphia–Baltimore accents.Most Americans preserve all historical /r/ sounds, using what is known as a rhotic accent. The only traditional r-dropping (or non-rhoticity) in regional U.S. accents variably appears today in eastern New England, New York City, and some of the former plantation South primarily among older speakers (and, relatedly, some African-American Vernacular English across the country), though the vowel-consonant cluster found in "bird," "work," "hurt," "learn," etc. usually retains its r pronunciation, even in these non-rhotic American accents. Non-rhoticity among such speakers is presumed to have arisen from their upper classes' close historical contact with England, imitating London's r-dropping, a feature that has continued to gain prestige throughout England from the late 18th century onwards, but which has conversely lost prestige in the U.S. since at least the early 20th century. Non-rhoticity makes a word like car sound like cah or source like sauce.New York City and Southern accents are the most prominent regional accents of the country, as well as the most stigmatized and socially disfavored. Southern speech, strongest in southern Appalachia and certain areas of Texas, is often identified by Americans as a "country" accent, and is defined by the /aɪ/ vowel losing its gliding quality: [aː], the initiation event for a complicated Southern vowel shift, including a "Southern drawl" that makes short front vowels into distinct-sounding gliding vowels. The fronting of the vowels of GOOSE, GOAT, MOUTH, and STRUT tends to also define Southern accents as well as the accents spoken in the "Midland": a vast band of the country that constitutes an intermediate dialect region between the traditional North and South. Western U.S. accents mostly fall under the General American spectrum.
Below, ten major American English accents are defined by their particular combinations of certain vowel sounds:General American
In 2010, William Labov noted that Great Lakes, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and West Coast accents have undergone "vigorous new sound changes" since the mid-nineteenth century onwards, so they "are now more different from each other than they were 50 or 100 years ago", while other accents, like of New York City and Boston, have remained stable in that same time-frame. However, a General American sound system also has some debated degree of influence nationwide, for example, gradually beginning to oust the regional accent in urban areas of the South and at least some in the Inland North. Rather than one particular accent, General American is best defined as an umbrella covering an American accent that does not incorporate features associated with some particular region, ethnicity, or socioeconomic group. Typical General American features include rhoticity, the father–bother merger, Mary–marry–merry merger, pre-nasal "short a" tensing, and other particular vowel sounds. General American features are embraced most by Americans who are highly educated or in the most formal contexts, and regional accents with the most General American native features include North Midland, Western New England, and Western accents.
| 10
|
[
"American English",
"has part(s)",
"African-American English"
] |
Other varieties
Although no longer region-specific, African-American Vernacular English, which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class African Americans, has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including hip hop culture. Hispanic and Latino Americans have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are Chicano English, spoken in the West and Midwest, and New York Latino English, spoken in the New York metropolitan area. Additionally, ethnic varieties such as Yeshiva English and "Yinglish" are spoken by some American Orthodox Jews, Cajun Vernacular English by some Cajuns in southern Louisiana, and Pennsylvania Dutch English by some Pennsylvania Dutch people. American Indian Englishes have been documented among diverse Indian tribes. The island state of Hawaii, though primarily English-speaking, is also home to a creole language known commonly as Hawaiian Pidgin, and some Hawaii residents speak English with a Pidgin-influenced accent. American English also gave rise to some dialects outside the country, for example, Philippine English, beginning during the American occupation of the Philippines and subsequently the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands; Thomasites first established a variation of American English in these islands.
| 12
|
[
"American English",
"has part(s)",
"Chicano English"
] |
Other varieties
Although no longer region-specific, African-American Vernacular English, which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class African Americans, has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including hip hop culture. Hispanic and Latino Americans have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are Chicano English, spoken in the West and Midwest, and New York Latino English, spoken in the New York metropolitan area. Additionally, ethnic varieties such as Yeshiva English and "Yinglish" are spoken by some American Orthodox Jews, Cajun Vernacular English by some Cajuns in southern Louisiana, and Pennsylvania Dutch English by some Pennsylvania Dutch people. American Indian Englishes have been documented among diverse Indian tribes. The island state of Hawaii, though primarily English-speaking, is also home to a creole language known commonly as Hawaiian Pidgin, and some Hawaii residents speak English with a Pidgin-influenced accent. American English also gave rise to some dialects outside the country, for example, Philippine English, beginning during the American occupation of the Philippines and subsequently the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands; Thomasites first established a variation of American English in these islands.
| 16
|
[
"American English",
"has part(s)",
"Midland American English"
] |
Several other phenomena serve to distinguish regional U.S. accents. Boston, Pittsburgh, Upper Midwestern, and Western U.S. accents have fully completed a merger of the LOT vowel with the THOUGHT vowel (/ɑ/ and /ɔ/, respectively): a cot–caught merger, which is rapidly spreading throughout the whole country. However, the South, Inland North, and a Northeastern coastal corridor passing through Rhode Island, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore typically preserve an older cot–caught distinction. For that Northeastern corridor, the realization of the THOUGHT vowel is particularly marked, as depicted in humorous spellings, like in tawk and cawfee (talk and coffee), which intend to represent it being tense and diphthongal: [oə]. A split of TRAP into two separate phonemes, using different a pronunciations for example in gap [æ] versus gas [eə], further defines New York City as well as Philadelphia–Baltimore accents.Most Americans preserve all historical /r/ sounds, using what is known as a rhotic accent. The only traditional r-dropping (or non-rhoticity) in regional U.S. accents variably appears today in eastern New England, New York City, and some of the former plantation South primarily among older speakers (and, relatedly, some African-American Vernacular English across the country), though the vowel-consonant cluster found in "bird," "work," "hurt," "learn," etc. usually retains its r pronunciation, even in these non-rhotic American accents. Non-rhoticity among such speakers is presumed to have arisen from their upper classes' close historical contact with England, imitating London's r-dropping, a feature that has continued to gain prestige throughout England from the late 18th century onwards, but which has conversely lost prestige in the U.S. since at least the early 20th century. Non-rhoticity makes a word like car sound like cah or source like sauce.New York City and Southern accents are the most prominent regional accents of the country, as well as the most stigmatized and socially disfavored. Southern speech, strongest in southern Appalachia and certain areas of Texas, is often identified by Americans as a "country" accent, and is defined by the /aɪ/ vowel losing its gliding quality: [aː], the initiation event for a complicated Southern vowel shift, including a "Southern drawl" that makes short front vowels into distinct-sounding gliding vowels. The fronting of the vowels of GOOSE, GOAT, MOUTH, and STRUT tends to also define Southern accents as well as the accents spoken in the "Midland": a vast band of the country that constitutes an intermediate dialect region between the traditional North and South. Western U.S. accents mostly fall under the General American spectrum.
Below, ten major American English accents are defined by their particular combinations of certain vowel sounds:
| 19
|
[
"American English",
"has part(s)",
"Northern American English"
] |
Regional accents
The regional sounds of present-day American English are reportedly engaged in a complex phenomenon of "both convergence and divergence": some accents are homogenizing and leveling, while others are diversifying and deviating further away from one another.Having been settled longer than the American West Coast, the East Coast has had more time to develop unique accents, and it currently comprises three or four linguistically significant regions, each of which possesses English varieties both different from each other as well as quite internally diverse: New England, the Mid-Atlantic states (including a New York accent as well as a unique Philadelphia–Baltimore accent), and the South. As of the 20th century, the middle and eastern Great Lakes area, Chicago being the largest city with these speakers, also ushered in certain unique features, including the fronting of the LOT /ɑ/ vowel in the mouth toward [a] and tensing of the TRAP /æ/ vowel wholesale to [eə]. These sound changes have triggered a series of other vowel shifts in the same region, known by linguists as the "Inland North". The Inland North shares with the Eastern New England dialect (including Boston accents) a backer tongue positioning of the GOOSE /u/ vowel (to [u]) and the MOUTH /aʊ/ vowel (to [ɑʊ~äʊ]) in comparison to the rest of the country. Ranging from northern New England across the Great Lakes to Minnesota, another Northern regional marker is the variable fronting of /ɑ/ before /r/, for example, appearing four times in the stereotypical Boston shibboleth Park the car in Harvard Yard.
| 22
|
[
"American English",
"has part(s)",
"General American English"
] |
American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and in most circumstances is the de facto common language used in government, education and commerce. Since the 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide.American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world. Any American or Canadian accent perceived as lacking noticeably local, ethnic or cultural markers is known in linguistics as General American, a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech. However, historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being one single mainstream American accent. The sound of American English continues to evolve, with some local accents disappearing, but several larger regional accents having emerged in the 20th century.History
The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the early 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, dialects from many different regions of England and the British Isles existed in every American colony, allowing a process of extensive dialect mixture and leveling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with the varieties in Britain. English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century's first immigration of non-English speakers from Western Europe and Africa. Additionally, firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English (particularly in contrast to the diverse regional dialects of British English) became common after the mid-18th century, while at the same time speakers' identification with this new variety increased.
Since the 18th century, American English has developed into some new varieties, including regional dialects that retain minor influences from waves of immigrant and enslaved speakers of diverse languages.Some racial and regional variation in American English reflects these groups' geographic settlement, their de jure or de facto segregation, and patterns in their resettlement. This can be seen, for example, in the influence of the Scotch-Irish immigration in Appalachia developing Appalachian English and the Great Migration bringing African-American Vernacular English to the Great Lakes urban centers.
| 30
|
[
"American English",
"partially coincident with",
"General American English"
] |
American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and in most circumstances is the de facto common language used in government, education and commerce. Since the 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide.American English varieties include many patterns of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world. Any American or Canadian accent perceived as lacking noticeably local, ethnic or cultural markers is known in linguistics as General American, a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. and associated nationally with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech. However, historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being one single mainstream American accent. The sound of American English continues to evolve, with some local accents disappearing, but several larger regional accents having emerged in the 20th century.
| 31
|
[
"Slovaks",
"indigenous to",
"Slovakia"
] |
The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovak.
In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.
| 2
|
[
"Slovaks",
"native language",
"Slovak"
] |
The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovak.
In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.
| 5
|
[
"Slovaks",
"instance of",
"ethnic group"
] |
The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovak.
In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.
| 12
|
[
"Slovaks",
"part of",
"West Slavs"
] |
The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovak.
In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.
| 14
|
[
"Slovaks",
"different from",
"Czechoslovaks"
] |
The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak Slovak.
In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.
| 18
|
[
"Cornhole",
"instance of",
"lawn game"
] |
Cornhole (also known regionally as sack toss, or bags) is a lawn game popular in North America in which players or teams take turns throwing fabric bean bags at a raised, angled board with a hole in its far end. The goal of the game is to score points by either landing a bag on the board (one point) or putting a bag through the hole (three points).
| 4
|
[
"Cornhole",
"uses",
"bean bag"
] |
Cornhole (also known regionally as sack toss, or bags) is a lawn game popular in North America in which players or teams take turns throwing fabric bean bags at a raised, angled board with a hole in its far end. The goal of the game is to score points by either landing a bag on the board (one point) or putting a bag through the hole (three points).History
The game was first described in Heyliger de Windt's 1883 patent for "Parlor Quoits" displays most of the features of modern cornhole, but with a square hole instead of a round one. Quoits is a game similar to horseshoes, played by throwing steel discs at a metal spike. De Windt's patent followed several earlier "parlor quoits" patents that sought to recreate quoit gameplay in an indoor environment. His was the first to use bean bags and a slanted board with a hole as the target.
He sold the rights to the game to a Massachusetts toy manufacturer that marketed a version of it under the name "Faba Baga." Unlike modern cornhole, which has one hole and one size of bags, a Faba Baga board had two different-sized holes, worth different point values, and provided each player with one extra-large bag per round, which could score double points.
In September 1974, Popular Mechanics magazine published an article written by Carolyn Farrell about a similar game called "Bean-bag Bull's-eye." Bean-bag bull's-eye was played on a board the same width of modern cornhole boards (24"), but only 36" long as opposed to the 48" length used in cornhole. The hole was the same diameter (6") but was centered 8" (rather than 9") from the back of the board. Each player threw two bags, weighing eight ounces each, "in succession." The boards in bean-bag bull's-eye were placed "about 30 ft. apart for adults, 10 ft. for kids." Scoring was essentially the same as that used in cornhole (three points for a bag in the hole, one point for a bag remaining on the board) and also used cancellation scoring.
In the Chicago area, a similar game is referred to as "bags," but uses rectangular bags. The game spread in Chicago, Illinois, and the Northwest region of Indiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s, perhaps due to the Popular Mechanics article mentioned above. Cornhole as it is now known originated and gained popularity on Cincinnati's west side (near Ferguson Avenue) in the 1980s and spread to surrounding areas in Kentucky and Southeast Indiana.
| 6
|
[
"Easy rider (slang)",
"indigenous to",
"United States of America"
] |
Great Depression
During the Great Depression a large population of Americans driven by poverty rode the railroad system and the term easy rider (along with hobo and bum) found its way into slang vocabulary to mean a slow moving train and the men that, even after the great depression, continued to live and travel along the rails. The majority of these trains, commissioned in the early 1920s, had the letters C.C. (for Colorado Central) or S.C. (for Southern Coastal) stenciled on them in bold white letters. This is most likely where the term C.C. rider originated.
| 1
|
[
"Easy rider (slang)",
"instance of",
"slang term"
] |
Great Depression
During the Great Depression a large population of Americans driven by poverty rode the railroad system and the term easy rider (along with hobo and bum) found its way into slang vocabulary to mean a slow moving train and the men that, even after the great depression, continued to live and travel along the rails. The majority of these trains, commissioned in the early 1920s, had the letters C.C. (for Colorado Central) or S.C. (for Southern Coastal) stenciled on them in bold white letters. This is most likely where the term C.C. rider originated.
| 3
|
[
"Zwarte Piet",
"uses",
"Strooigoed"
] |
Traditions
The Zwarte Piet character is part of the annual Feast of St. Nicholas that is celebrated on the evening of 5 December (Sinterklaasavond, which is known as St. Nicholas' Eve in English) in the Netherlands, Curaçao and Aruba. This is when presents and sweets are traditionally distributed to children. The holiday is celebrated on 6 December in Belgium. The Zwarte Piet characters appear only in the weeks before the Feast of Saint Nicholas, first when the saint is welcomed with a parade as he arrives in the country (generally by boat, having traveled from Madrid, Spain). The tasks of the various Zwarte Piets (Zwarte Pieten in Dutch) are mostly to amuse children and to distribute kruidnoten and pepernoten in the Netherlands, tangerines and speculoos in Belgium, and other strooigoed (special Sinterklaas-themed sweets) to those who come to meet the saint as he visits schools, stores, and other places.
| 6
|
[
"Zwarte Piet",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Zwarte Piet (Dutch: [ˈzʋɑrtə ˈpit]; French: Père Fouettard; Luxembourgish: Schwaarze Péiter; West Frisian: Swarte Pyt), also known in English by the translated name Black Pete, is the companion of Saint Nicholas (Dutch: Sinterklaas; French: Saint-Nicolas; West Frisian: Sinteklaas; Luxembourgish: Kleeschen) in the folklore of the Low Countries. The earliest known illustration of the character comes from an 1850 book by Amsterdam schoolteacher Jan Schenkman in which he was depicted as a black Moor from Spain.Those portraying the traditional version of Zwarte Piet usually put on dark make-up and colourful Renaissance attire in addition to curly wigs and bright red lipstick. Traditionally, Zwarte Piet distributes candy to well-behaved children, and punished the others – the punishment part fell out of use in the 1960s.In the Netherlands, and to a lesser extent in Belgium, the character has been increasingly controversial since the early 2010s and decreasingly prevalent at municipal holiday celebrations in the years that have followed. It has been argued that the character instills a negative image of black people into children from an early age; parallels have also been drawn to the American blackface. As of 2021, a revised version, dubbed Sooty Piet (Dutch: Roetveegpiet), has become more common than the traditional variant at public events, in addition to in television specials, films, social media, and advertising. Sooty Piet features the natural skin tone of the actors playing the character with soot marks created by streaks of dark makeup on their faces.
| 9
|
[
"Zwarte Piet",
"instance of",
"folklore character"
] |
History
Origins
The Dutch writer Arnold Jan Scheer has researched European traditions involving Sinterklaas and his assistants. He has published several books about the origin of these traditions and claims the origin of ones with black skin dates back to 1,100 BC in Northern Europe when pagan Shamans put on animal skins and painted their faces black with soot to portray mythical creatures of the underworld. According to Jan, these rituals evolved differently across Europe and eventually led to the development of characters including: Krampus, Schmutzli, Knecht Ruprecht, and Zwarte Piet.According to Hélène Adeline Guerber and other historians, the origin of Sinterklaas and his helpers have been linked by some to the Wild Hunt of Odin. While riding the white horse Sleipnir, he flew through the air as the leader of the Wild Hunt. He was always accompanied by two black ravens, Huginn and Muninn. These helpers would listen, just like Zwarte Piet, at the chimneys of the homes they visited to tell Odin about the good and bad behavior of the mortals below.
| 12
|
[
"Belgian French",
"indigenous to",
"French Community of Belgium"
] |
Belgian French (French: français de Belgique) is the variety of French spoken mainly among the French Community of Belgium, alongside related Oïl languages of the region such as Walloon, Picard, Champenois, and Lorrain (Gaumais). The French language spoken in Belgium differs very little from that of France or Switzerland. It is characterized by the use of some terms that are considered archaic in France, as well as loanwords from languages such as Walloon, Picard, and Dutch.French is one of the three official languages of Belgium alongside Dutch and German. It is spoken natively by around 40% of the population, primarily in the southern region of Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region.
| 5
|
[
"Folklore of Belgium",
"location",
"Belgium"
] |
Brussels
Brussels' identity owes much to its rich folklore and traditions, among the liveliest in the country.
| 1
|
[
"Sinterklaas",
"present in work",
"National Dutch entry parade of Sinterklaas"
] |
Celebration
Arrival from Spain
The festivities traditionally begin each year in mid-November (the first Saturday after 11 November), when Sinterklaas "arrives" by a steamboat at a designated seaside town, supposedly from Spain. In the Netherlands this takes place in a different port each year, whereas in Belgium it always takes place in the city of Antwerp. The steamboat anchors, then Sinterklaas disembarks and parades through the streets on his horse, welcomed by children cheering and singing traditional Sinterklaas songs. His Zwarte Piet assistants throw candy and small, round, gingerbread-like cookies, either kruidnoten or pepernoten, into the crowd. The event is broadcast live on national television in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Following this national arrival, other towns celebrate their own intocht van Sinterklaas (arrival of Sinterklaas). Local arrivals usually take place later on the same Saturday of the national arrival, the next day (Sunday), or one weekend after the national arrival. In places a boat cannot reach, Sinterklaas arrives by train, horse, horse-drawn carriage or even a fire truck.
Sinterklaas is said to come from Spain, possibly because in 1087, half of Saint Nicholas' relics were transported to the Italian city of Bari, which later formed part of the Spanish Kingdom of Naples. Others suggest that mandarin oranges, traditionally gifts associated with St. Nicholas, led to the misconception that he must have been from Spain. This theory is backed by a Dutch poem documented in 1810 in New York and provided with an English translation:
| 20
|
[
"Sinterklaas",
"present in work",
"St. Nikolaas en zijn knecht"
] |
Zwarte Piet
Sinterklaas is assisted by Zwarte Piet ("Black Pete"), a helper dressed in Moorish attire and in blackface. Zwarte Piet first appeared in print as the nameless servant of Saint Nicholas in Sint-Nikolaas en zijn knecht ("St. Nicholas and His Servant"), published in 1850 by Amsterdam schoolteacher Jan Schenkman; however, the tradition appears to date back at least as far as the early 19th century. Zwarte Piet's colourful dress is based on 16th-century noble attire, with a ruff (lace collar) and a feathered cap. He is typically depicted carrying a bag which contains candy for the children, which he tosses around, a tradition supposedly originating in the story of Saint Nicholas saving three young girls from prostitution by tossing golden coins through their window at night to pay their dowries.
Traditionally, he would also carry a birch rod (Dutch: roe), a chimney sweep's broom made of willow branches, used to spank children who had been naughty. Some of the older Sinterklaas songs make mention of naughty children being put in Zwarte Piet's bag and being taken back to Spain. This part of the legend refers to the times that the Moors raided the European coasts, and as far as Iceland, to abduct the local people into slavery. This quality can be found in other companions of Saint Nicholas such as Krampus and Père Fouettard. In modern versions of the Sinterklaas feast, however, Zwarte Piet no longer carries the roe and children are no longer told that they will be taken back to Spain in Zwarte Piet's bag if they have been naughty.
Over the years many stories have been added, and Zwarte Piet has developed into a valuable assistant to the absent-minded saint. In modern adaptations for television, Sinterklaas has developed a Zwarte Piet for every function, such as a Head Piet (Hoofdpiet), a Navigation Piet (Wegwijspiet) to navigate the steamboat from Spain to the Netherlands, a Presents Piet (Pakjespiet) to wrap all the gifts, and Acrobatic Piet to climb roofs and chimneys. Traditionally Zwarte Piet's face is said to be black because he is a Moor from Spain. Today, some children are told that his face is blackened with soot because he has to climb through chimneys to deliver gifts for Sinterklaas.
Since the 2010s, the traditions surrounding the holiday of Sinterklaas have been the subject of a growing number of editorials, debates, documentaries, protests and even violent clashes at festivals. Some large cities and television channels now only display Zwarte Piet characters with some soot smudges on the face rather than full blackface, so-called roetveegpieten ("soot-smudge Petes") or schoorsteenpieten ("chimney Petes").
In a 2013 survey, 92 per cent of the Dutch public did not perceive Zwarte Piet as racist or associate him with slavery, and 91 per cent were opposed to altering the character's appearance. In a similar survey in 2018, between 80 and 88 per cent of the Dutch public did not perceive Zwarte Piet as racist, and between 41 and 54 per cent were happy with the character's modernised appearance (a mix of roetveegpieten and blackface).
A June 2020 survey saw a drop in support for leaving the character's appearance unaltered: 47 per cent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance, compared to 71 per cent in a similar survey held in November 2019. Prime Minister Mark Rutte stated in a parliamentary debate on 5 June 2020 that he had changed his opinion on the issue and now has more understanding for people who consider the character's appearance to be racist.19th century
In the 19th century, the saint emerged from hiding and the feast became more secularised at the same time. The modern tradition of Sinterklaas as a children's feast was likely confirmed with the illustrated children's book Sint-Nicolaas en zijn knecht ('Saint Nicholas and his servant'), written in 1850 by the teacher Jan Schenkman (1806–1863). Some say he introduced the images of Sinterklaas' delivering presents by the chimney, riding over the roofs of houses on a grey horse, and arriving from Spain by steamboat, which at that time was an exciting modern invention. Perhaps building on the fact that Saint Nicholas historically is the patron saint of the sailors (many churches dedicated to him have been built near harbours), Schenkman could have been inspired by the Spanish customs and ideas about the saint when he portrayed him arriving via the water in his book. Schenkman introduced the song Zie ginds komt de stoomboot ("Look over yonder, the steamboat is arriving"), which is still popular in the Netherlands.
In Schenkman's version, the medieval figures of the mock devil, which later changed to Oriental or Moorish helpers, was portrayed for the first time as black African and called Zwarte Piet (Black Pete).
| 24
|
[
"French language",
"country",
"Canada"
] |
Americas
Canada
French is the second-most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. It is the first language of 9.5 million people or 29% and the second language for 2.07 million or 6% of the entire population of Canada. French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80% (2006 Census) of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal, which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario, the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are to be available in the language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario. Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of Ottawa, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English, and is across a river from Quebec, opposite the major city of Gatineau with which it forms a single metropolitan area.
| 0
|
[
"French language",
"writing system",
"Latin script"
] |
Writing system
Alphabet
French is written with the 26 letters of the basic Latin script, with four diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis) and the cedilla appearing in "ç".
There are two ligatures, "œ" and "æ", but they are often replaced in contemporary French with "oe" and "ae", because the ligatures do not appear on the AZERTY keyboard layout used in French-speaking countries. However this is nonstandard in formal and literary texts.
| 2
|
[
"French language",
"country",
"Monaco"
] |
Geographic distribution
Europe
Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English.Under the Constitution of France, French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992, although the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.
In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons, which are German-speaking) and one of the two official languages—along with Dutch—of the Brussels-Capital Region, where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language.French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and Romansh, and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called Romandy, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some cantons have bilingual status: for example, cities such as Biel/Bienne and cantons such as Valais, Fribourg and Berne. French is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50% of the population.
Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg, where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of Monaco.
At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in the Aosta Valley region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 30% of the population, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. It is also spoken in Andorra and is the main language after Catalan in El Pas de la Casa. The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of Saarland, with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French.
| 30
|
[
"Coup de grâce",
"has effect",
"active euthanasia"
] |
A coup de grâce (; French: [ku də ɡʁɑs] (listen) 'blow of mercy') is a death blow to end the suffering of a severely wounded person or animal. It may be a mercy killing of mortally wounded civilians or soldiers, friends or enemies, with or without the sufferer's consent.
| 5
|
[
"Krinos Foods",
"headquarters location",
"New York City"
] |
Krinos Foods, Inc. is a United States private company based in New York that imports and produces Greek and other Mediterranean foods. It is one of the largest Greek food importers in North America. The company headquarters are in the Long Island City section of Queens, but it has purchased a site to move to the Bathgate Industrial Park in the Tremont section of the Bronx. In addition to New York, the company has manufacturing facilities in Chicago, Toronto, and Montreal.
| 1
|
[
"Krinos Foods",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
Krinos Foods, Inc. is a United States private company based in New York that imports and produces Greek and other Mediterranean foods. It is one of the largest Greek food importers in North America. The company headquarters are in the Long Island City section of Queens, but it has purchased a site to move to the Bathgate Industrial Park in the Tremont section of the Bronx. In addition to New York, the company has manufacturing facilities in Chicago, Toronto, and Montreal.Products and history
Krinos both imports and manufactures Greek, Italian, Indian, and Middle Eastern foods, including "cheeses, peppers, olives, ... cookies", phyllo, olive and other vegetable oils, figs, halva, grape leaves, yogurt, wines and beers (including Mythos beer from Greece), coffee, tea, fruit juices and nectars. In the mid-2000s, the company was receiving approximately $18,000 a year in payments for the participation of its Long Island City plant in a remote power cut-off program with Enernoc of Boston.Together with two other food importers, Big Alpha Foods Inc. and Doric Foods Inc., Krinos was formerly controlled by John Moschalaidis, who founded it in 1985 or earlier. In 1988 he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment after pleading guilty to importing contaminated cheese and mislabeling dairy products. His son, Eric Moschalaidis, is currently chairman of the company. Krinos was also found in 1990 to be selling a banned dye for Easter eggs, and in 1997 to be selling mislabeled cooking oil. In 2005 an investigation by WABC reported on by ABC's Good Morning America showed that some of the company's extra-virgin olive oil contained cheaper ingredients.In 2004 Krinos acquired Hellas International, a Greek food company headquartered in Salem, Massachusetts.
| 2
|
[
"Norbest",
"product or material produced",
"Turkey"
] |
Norbest LLC is a Utah-based company producing and selling turkeys and turkey products.
The company was acquired by Pitman Family Farms in 2018.History
Norbest began in the early 1920s as a producer-owned marketing cooperative called Utah Poultry. In 1930, Utah Poultry, along with other related businesses from Utah, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and Nevada, combined to form the first regional turkey marketing co-op in the United States. Its headquarters were established in Salt Lake City, Utah, on October 9, 1930. The new cooperative was known as the Northwestern Turkey Growers Association.
The objectives of the new association were to "produce and pack a higher grade of birds, to establish a known quality…to eliminate as much speculation as possible...and pack a product, using federal grades, of uniform standard quality that will command both respect and the confidence of buyers." In its first year of operations, the co-op had revenues of $1 million on 3.5 million pounds of product; 125 million pounds are produced annually by Norbest today.
The Northwestern Turkey Growers Association was among the first to adopt federal grading standards. Throughout its second year of operation, Northwestern received a "Number One" grade, which proved to be a significant marketing advantage. Ever since, the co-op has adhered to the highest government and industry standards of quality. Today, all Norbest-branded whole birds are USDA Grade A — the highest grade possible.A familiar trademark was needed to help consumers recognize the new co-op's products. Someone suggested "Norwest", short for Northwestern Turkey Growers Association. This was soon changed to "Norbest". The new brand proved so popular that after a few years, the cooperative changed its name to "Norbest Turkey Growers Association", and later to Norbest, Inc.
Despite the Great Depression, Norbest stepped up promotional efforts. In 1936, Norbest hit a publicity jackpot with the presentation of a large turkey to President Franklin D. Roosevelt just before Thanksgiving. This holiday tradition continues today through annual presentations by the National Turkey Federation.
During World War II, turkey became a mainstay of U.S. troops serving both at home and abroad. Norbest earned the Armed Forces Meritorious Services Award for Outstanding Performance in supplying the Quartermaster Corps.
After the war, domestic demand for turkey lagged behind the production capacity built to cover wartime needs. Norbest researchers set about to improve the appeal of turkey as an everyday menu item. Norbest became an industry leader in improvements in breeding, growing, processing, and marketing of turkeys. It was the first marketing group to sell fully eviscerated, ready-to-cook turkeys. (Prior to this time, turkeys were sold "New York dressed", with the head, feet, and viscera still intact.)
During the following years, the whole-bird business expanded, as did marketing of bone-in breasts and parts. Based on successful wartime experience, an international expansion occurred, leading to the awarding in 1964 of the President's "E" award for excellence in exporting.Recognizing the homemaker's need for more convenient products, Norbest again became the leader in new product development in the 1960s and 1970s. Norbest was first with the Tender-Timer pop-up cooking gauge that pops its stem at precisely the time the turkey is done. Norbest also led the way with basted turkeys and bone-in breasts, and with boneless roasts and other products.
The company was purchased by Pitman Farms, which is supplier for Whole Foods Market.Today
Other product line extensions have followed over the years. Today, Norbest offers a full line of raw and cooked further-processed products including bone-in breasts and boneless roasts for both retail and foodservice; ground turkey; turkey steaks; cooked, roasted, and smoked deli breasts; turkey ham; and a host of other products. Norbest products are sold throughout the United States, as well as in Pacific Rim countries, Mexico, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. Membership in the Norbest cooperative has changed a few times over the 69 years of its existence, as local farmer co-ops have merged, dissolved, or changed focus.
| 0
|
[
"Norbest",
"industry",
"food"
] |
Norbest LLC is a Utah-based company producing and selling turkeys and turkey products.
The company was acquired by Pitman Family Farms in 2018.History
Norbest began in the early 1920s as a producer-owned marketing cooperative called Utah Poultry. In 1930, Utah Poultry, along with other related businesses from Utah, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and Nevada, combined to form the first regional turkey marketing co-op in the United States. Its headquarters were established in Salt Lake City, Utah, on October 9, 1930. The new cooperative was known as the Northwestern Turkey Growers Association.
The objectives of the new association were to "produce and pack a higher grade of birds, to establish a known quality…to eliminate as much speculation as possible...and pack a product, using federal grades, of uniform standard quality that will command both respect and the confidence of buyers." In its first year of operations, the co-op had revenues of $1 million on 3.5 million pounds of product; 125 million pounds are produced annually by Norbest today.
The Northwestern Turkey Growers Association was among the first to adopt federal grading standards. Throughout its second year of operation, Northwestern received a "Number One" grade, which proved to be a significant marketing advantage. Ever since, the co-op has adhered to the highest government and industry standards of quality. Today, all Norbest-branded whole birds are USDA Grade A — the highest grade possible.A familiar trademark was needed to help consumers recognize the new co-op's products. Someone suggested "Norwest", short for Northwestern Turkey Growers Association. This was soon changed to "Norbest". The new brand proved so popular that after a few years, the cooperative changed its name to "Norbest Turkey Growers Association", and later to Norbest, Inc.
Despite the Great Depression, Norbest stepped up promotional efforts. In 1936, Norbest hit a publicity jackpot with the presentation of a large turkey to President Franklin D. Roosevelt just before Thanksgiving. This holiday tradition continues today through annual presentations by the National Turkey Federation.
During World War II, turkey became a mainstay of U.S. troops serving both at home and abroad. Norbest earned the Armed Forces Meritorious Services Award for Outstanding Performance in supplying the Quartermaster Corps.
After the war, domestic demand for turkey lagged behind the production capacity built to cover wartime needs. Norbest researchers set about to improve the appeal of turkey as an everyday menu item. Norbest became an industry leader in improvements in breeding, growing, processing, and marketing of turkeys. It was the first marketing group to sell fully eviscerated, ready-to-cook turkeys. (Prior to this time, turkeys were sold "New York dressed", with the head, feet, and viscera still intact.)
During the following years, the whole-bird business expanded, as did marketing of bone-in breasts and parts. Based on successful wartime experience, an international expansion occurred, leading to the awarding in 1964 of the President's "E" award for excellence in exporting.Recognizing the homemaker's need for more convenient products, Norbest again became the leader in new product development in the 1960s and 1970s. Norbest was first with the Tender-Timer pop-up cooking gauge that pops its stem at precisely the time the turkey is done. Norbest also led the way with basted turkeys and bone-in breasts, and with boneless roasts and other products.
The company was purchased by Pitman Farms, which is supplier for Whole Foods Market.
| 1
|
[
"Norbest",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
Norbest LLC is a Utah-based company producing and selling turkeys and turkey products.
The company was acquired by Pitman Family Farms in 2018.History
Norbest began in the early 1920s as a producer-owned marketing cooperative called Utah Poultry. In 1930, Utah Poultry, along with other related businesses from Utah, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and Nevada, combined to form the first regional turkey marketing co-op in the United States. Its headquarters were established in Salt Lake City, Utah, on October 9, 1930. The new cooperative was known as the Northwestern Turkey Growers Association.
The objectives of the new association were to "produce and pack a higher grade of birds, to establish a known quality…to eliminate as much speculation as possible...and pack a product, using federal grades, of uniform standard quality that will command both respect and the confidence of buyers." In its first year of operations, the co-op had revenues of $1 million on 3.5 million pounds of product; 125 million pounds are produced annually by Norbest today.
The Northwestern Turkey Growers Association was among the first to adopt federal grading standards. Throughout its second year of operation, Northwestern received a "Number One" grade, which proved to be a significant marketing advantage. Ever since, the co-op has adhered to the highest government and industry standards of quality. Today, all Norbest-branded whole birds are USDA Grade A — the highest grade possible.A familiar trademark was needed to help consumers recognize the new co-op's products. Someone suggested "Norwest", short for Northwestern Turkey Growers Association. This was soon changed to "Norbest". The new brand proved so popular that after a few years, the cooperative changed its name to "Norbest Turkey Growers Association", and later to Norbest, Inc.
Despite the Great Depression, Norbest stepped up promotional efforts. In 1936, Norbest hit a publicity jackpot with the presentation of a large turkey to President Franklin D. Roosevelt just before Thanksgiving. This holiday tradition continues today through annual presentations by the National Turkey Federation.
During World War II, turkey became a mainstay of U.S. troops serving both at home and abroad. Norbest earned the Armed Forces Meritorious Services Award for Outstanding Performance in supplying the Quartermaster Corps.
After the war, domestic demand for turkey lagged behind the production capacity built to cover wartime needs. Norbest researchers set about to improve the appeal of turkey as an everyday menu item. Norbest became an industry leader in improvements in breeding, growing, processing, and marketing of turkeys. It was the first marketing group to sell fully eviscerated, ready-to-cook turkeys. (Prior to this time, turkeys were sold "New York dressed", with the head, feet, and viscera still intact.)
During the following years, the whole-bird business expanded, as did marketing of bone-in breasts and parts. Based on successful wartime experience, an international expansion occurred, leading to the awarding in 1964 of the President's "E" award for excellence in exporting.Recognizing the homemaker's need for more convenient products, Norbest again became the leader in new product development in the 1960s and 1970s. Norbest was first with the Tender-Timer pop-up cooking gauge that pops its stem at precisely the time the turkey is done. Norbest also led the way with basted turkeys and bone-in breasts, and with boneless roasts and other products.
The company was purchased by Pitman Farms, which is supplier for Whole Foods Market.
| 2
|
[
"Norbest",
"headquarters location",
"Moroni"
] |
Norbest LLC is a Utah-based company producing and selling turkeys and turkey products.
The company was acquired by Pitman Family Farms in 2018.
| 3
|
[
"Ursus Breweries",
"country",
"Romania"
] |
Ursus Breweries, a subsidiary of Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd., is a Romanian beer producer. The company is based in Bucharest and owns 3 breweries in Timișoara, Buzău and Brașov as well as a craft mini-brewery in Cluj-Napoca and employs around 1,400 people. Ursus Breweries’ brands are: Ursus, Timișoreana, Ciucaș, Grolsch, Peroni Nastro Azzurro, Redd's, Stejar, Azuga, Pilsner Urquell, St. Stefanus and cider brand Kingswood.
The company was owned by SABMiller from 1996 until March 2017, and by Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd since March 2017.
| 1
|
[
"Ursus Breweries",
"parent organization",
"SABMiller"
] |
History
In 1996, the South African Breweries purchased Vulturul Buzau. A year later, South African Breweries acquired Pitber Pitesti and Ursus S.A. Cluj-Napoca. In 2001, Ursus S.A. bought the majority stake of Timisoreana Beer S.A. In 2002, Ursus S.A. and Timisoreana SA merged into a single integrated company, named Romania Beer Company S.A. In 2004, SABMiller plc (formerly named South African Breweries) acquired the majority stake of Aurora Brasov, a company that merged in the same year with Romania Beer Company S.A. A year later, in 2005, the new name of SABMiller's operations in Romania becomes Ursus Breweries.
In 2014, Igor Tikhonov was appointed CEO of Ursus Breweries.On the 31st of March, 2017 Asahi Group Holdings Ltd. has completed the purchase of Ursus Breweries in a transaction that included the former SABMiller Central and Eastern European businesses and brands. Its CEO stated that the acquisition would not change Ursus Breweries' line of business.
| 2
|
[
"Ursus Breweries",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"Cluj-Napoca"
] |
Ursus Breweries, a subsidiary of Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd., is a Romanian beer producer. The company is based in Bucharest and owns 3 breweries in Timișoara, Buzău and Brașov as well as a craft mini-brewery in Cluj-Napoca and employs around 1,400 people. Ursus Breweries’ brands are: Ursus, Timișoreana, Ciucaș, Grolsch, Peroni Nastro Azzurro, Redd's, Stejar, Azuga, Pilsner Urquell, St. Stefanus and cider brand Kingswood.
The company was owned by SABMiller from 1996 until March 2017, and by Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd since March 2017.History
In 1996, the South African Breweries purchased Vulturul Buzau. A year later, South African Breweries acquired Pitber Pitesti and Ursus S.A. Cluj-Napoca. In 2001, Ursus S.A. bought the majority stake of Timisoreana Beer S.A. In 2002, Ursus S.A. and Timisoreana SA merged into a single integrated company, named Romania Beer Company S.A. In 2004, SABMiller plc (formerly named South African Breweries) acquired the majority stake of Aurora Brasov, a company that merged in the same year with Romania Beer Company S.A. A year later, in 2005, the new name of SABMiller's operations in Romania becomes Ursus Breweries.
In 2014, Igor Tikhonov was appointed CEO of Ursus Breweries.On the 31st of March, 2017 Asahi Group Holdings Ltd. has completed the purchase of Ursus Breweries in a transaction that included the former SABMiller Central and Eastern European businesses and brands. Its CEO stated that the acquisition would not change Ursus Breweries' line of business.
| 3
|
[
"Ursus Breweries",
"headquarters location",
"Cluj-Napoca"
] |
History
In 1996, the South African Breweries purchased Vulturul Buzau. A year later, South African Breweries acquired Pitber Pitesti and Ursus S.A. Cluj-Napoca. In 2001, Ursus S.A. bought the majority stake of Timisoreana Beer S.A. In 2002, Ursus S.A. and Timisoreana SA merged into a single integrated company, named Romania Beer Company S.A. In 2004, SABMiller plc (formerly named South African Breweries) acquired the majority stake of Aurora Brasov, a company that merged in the same year with Romania Beer Company S.A. A year later, in 2005, the new name of SABMiller's operations in Romania becomes Ursus Breweries.
In 2014, Igor Tikhonov was appointed CEO of Ursus Breweries.On the 31st of March, 2017 Asahi Group Holdings Ltd. has completed the purchase of Ursus Breweries in a transaction that included the former SABMiller Central and Eastern European businesses and brands. Its CEO stated that the acquisition would not change Ursus Breweries' line of business.
| 4
|
[
"Ursus Breweries",
"location of formation",
"Cluj-Napoca"
] |
Ursus Breweries, a subsidiary of Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd., is a Romanian beer producer. The company is based in Bucharest and owns 3 breweries in Timișoara, Buzău and Brașov as well as a craft mini-brewery in Cluj-Napoca and employs around 1,400 people. Ursus Breweries’ brands are: Ursus, Timișoreana, Ciucaș, Grolsch, Peroni Nastro Azzurro, Redd's, Stejar, Azuga, Pilsner Urquell, St. Stefanus and cider brand Kingswood.
The company was owned by SABMiller from 1996 until March 2017, and by Asahi Breweries Europe Ltd since March 2017.History
In 1996, the South African Breweries purchased Vulturul Buzau. A year later, South African Breweries acquired Pitber Pitesti and Ursus S.A. Cluj-Napoca. In 2001, Ursus S.A. bought the majority stake of Timisoreana Beer S.A. In 2002, Ursus S.A. and Timisoreana SA merged into a single integrated company, named Romania Beer Company S.A. In 2004, SABMiller plc (formerly named South African Breweries) acquired the majority stake of Aurora Brasov, a company that merged in the same year with Romania Beer Company S.A. A year later, in 2005, the new name of SABMiller's operations in Romania becomes Ursus Breweries.
In 2014, Igor Tikhonov was appointed CEO of Ursus Breweries.On the 31st of March, 2017 Asahi Group Holdings Ltd. has completed the purchase of Ursus Breweries in a transaction that included the former SABMiller Central and Eastern European businesses and brands. Its CEO stated that the acquisition would not change Ursus Breweries' line of business.
| 5
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"country of origin",
"Denmark"
] |
West Asia
In Israel, the Israel Beer Breweries in Ashkelon produces Carlsberg and Tuborg. Carlsberg and Tuborg were launched on the Israeli market in 1992. Initially they were imported from Copenhagen, but in 1995 local production began at a greenfield brewery. The brewery is situated above a large underground aquiferBeers
Carlsberg
Carlsberg is the flagship beer brand in Carlsberg Group's portfolio of 155 brands. It is a 5% abv pilsner beer (3.8% in the UK and branded as Carlsberg Danish Pilsner) with a global distribution to 140 markets.
It is also known as Carlsberg Lager, Carlsberg Beer and Carlsberg Pilsner. It was first brewed in 1904, and was created by Carl Jacobsen, son of Carlsberg's founder JC Jacobsen.
| 1
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"headquarters location",
"Copenhagen"
] |
Carlsberg A/S (; Danish: [ˈkʰɑˀlsˌpɛɐ̯ˀ]) is a Danish multinational brewer. Founded in 1847 by J. C. Jacobsen, the company's headquarters is in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since Jacobsen's death in 1887, the majority owner of the company has been the Carlsberg Foundation. The company's flagship brand is Carlsberg (named after Jacobsen's son Carl). Other brands include Tuborg, Kronenbourg, Somersby cider, Holsten, Neptun, Russia's best-selling beer Baltika, Belgian Grimbergen, Fix, one of Greece's oldest brands and more than 500 local beers. The company employs around 41,000 people, primarily in Western Europe, Russia and Asia.
| 7
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"product or material produced",
"beer"
] |
West Asia
In Israel, the Israel Beer Breweries in Ashkelon produces Carlsberg and Tuborg. Carlsberg and Tuborg were launched on the Israeli market in 1992. Initially they were imported from Copenhagen, but in 1995 local production began at a greenfield brewery. The brewery is situated above a large underground aquiferBeers
Carlsberg
Carlsberg is the flagship beer brand in Carlsberg Group's portfolio of 155 brands. It is a 5% abv pilsner beer (3.8% in the UK and branded as Carlsberg Danish Pilsner) with a global distribution to 140 markets.
It is also known as Carlsberg Lager, Carlsberg Beer and Carlsberg Pilsner. It was first brewed in 1904, and was created by Carl Jacobsen, son of Carlsberg's founder JC Jacobsen.
| 8
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"instance of",
"brewery"
] |
West Asia
In Israel, the Israel Beer Breweries in Ashkelon produces Carlsberg and Tuborg. Carlsberg and Tuborg were launched on the Israeli market in 1992. Initially they were imported from Copenhagen, but in 1995 local production began at a greenfield brewery. The brewery is situated above a large underground aquiferBeers
Carlsberg
Carlsberg is the flagship beer brand in Carlsberg Group's portfolio of 155 brands. It is a 5% abv pilsner beer (3.8% in the UK and branded as Carlsberg Danish Pilsner) with a global distribution to 140 markets.
It is also known as Carlsberg Lager, Carlsberg Beer and Carlsberg Pilsner. It was first brewed in 1904, and was created by Carl Jacobsen, son of Carlsberg's founder JC Jacobsen.
| 17
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"founded by",
"J. C. Jacobsen"
] |
Beers
Carlsberg
Carlsberg is the flagship beer brand in Carlsberg Group's portfolio of 155 brands. It is a 5% abv pilsner beer (3.8% in the UK and branded as Carlsberg Danish Pilsner) with a global distribution to 140 markets.
It is also known as Carlsberg Lager, Carlsberg Beer and Carlsberg Pilsner. It was first brewed in 1904, and was created by Carl Jacobsen, son of Carlsberg's founder JC Jacobsen.
| 19
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"owned by",
"Carlsberg Foundation"
] |
Carlsberg A/S (; Danish: [ˈkʰɑˀlsˌpɛɐ̯ˀ]) is a Danish multinational brewer. Founded in 1847 by J. C. Jacobsen, the company's headquarters is in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since Jacobsen's death in 1887, the majority owner of the company has been the Carlsberg Foundation. The company's flagship brand is Carlsberg (named after Jacobsen's son Carl). Other brands include Tuborg, Kronenbourg, Somersby cider, Holsten, Neptun, Russia's best-selling beer Baltika, Belgian Grimbergen, Fix, one of Greece's oldest brands and more than 500 local beers. The company employs around 41,000 people, primarily in Western Europe, Russia and Asia.
| 25
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"named after",
"Carl Jacobsen"
] |
Carlsberg A/S (; Danish: [ˈkʰɑˀlsˌpɛɐ̯ˀ]) is a Danish multinational brewer. Founded in 1847 by J. C. Jacobsen, the company's headquarters is in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since Jacobsen's death in 1887, the majority owner of the company has been the Carlsberg Foundation. The company's flagship brand is Carlsberg (named after Jacobsen's son Carl). Other brands include Tuborg, Kronenbourg, Somersby cider, Holsten, Neptun, Russia's best-selling beer Baltika, Belgian Grimbergen, Fix, one of Greece's oldest brands and more than 500 local beers. The company employs around 41,000 people, primarily in Western Europe, Russia and Asia.History
Carlsberg was founded by J. C. Jacobsen, a philanthropist and avid art collector. With his fortune he amassed an art collection which is housed in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in central Copenhagen. The first brew was finished on 10 November 1847, and the export of Carlsberg beer began in 1868 with the export of one barrel to Edinburgh, Scotland. Some of the company's original logos include an elephant, after which some of its lagers are named, and the swastika, the use of which was discontinued in the 1930s because of its association with political parties in neighboring Germany.
Jacobsen's son Carl opened a brewery in 1882 named Ny (New) Carlsberg forcing him to rename his brewery Gamle (Old) Carlsberg. The companies were merged and run under Carl's direction in 1906 and remained so until his death in 1914.Jacobsen set up the Carlsberg Laboratory in 1875, which worked on scientific problems related to brewing. It featured a Department of Chemistry and a Department of Physiology. The species of yeast used to make pale lager, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, was isolated by Emil Christian Hansen at the laboratory in 1883 and bears its name; this was shared freely by Carlsberg. The Carlsberg Laboratory also developed the concept of pH and made advances in protein chemistry. In 1972, the Carlsberg Research Centre was established and the Carlsberg Laboratory is an independent unit of the Centre.In 1876, J.C. Jacobsen established the Carlsberg Foundation, run by trustees from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, which managed the Carlsberg Laboratory as well as supporting scientific research within the fields of natural sciences, mathematics, philosophy, the humanities and social sciences in Denmark. Because of a conflict with his son Carl, Jacobsen's brewery was left to the Foundation upon his death in 1887.The first overseas license for brewing was given to the Photos Photiades Breweries, and in 1966 Carlsberg beer was brewed for the first time outside Denmark at the Photiades breweries in Cyprus. The first brewery to be built outside Denmark was in Blantyre, Malawi in 1968.Carlsberg merged with Tuborg breweries in 1970 forming the United Breweries AS, and merged with Tetley in 1992. Carlsberg became the sole owner of Carlsberg-Tetley in 1997.In 2008 Carlsberg Group, together with Heineken, bought Scottish & Newcastle, the largest brewer in the UK, for £7.8bn ($15.3bn).In 2013 the company joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers' commitments to reducing harmful drinking.In November 2014, Carlsberg agreed to take over Greece's third largest brewery, the Olympic Brewery, adding to its operations in the country already and effectively transforming the firm into the second biggest market player in Greece.The old brewery in Copenhagen was once open for tours. In January 2020, the brewery was closed for a complete refurbishment. It is not known when it will reopen.Beers
Carlsberg
Carlsberg is the flagship beer brand in Carlsberg Group's portfolio of 155 brands. It is a 5% abv pilsner beer (3.8% in the UK and branded as Carlsberg Danish Pilsner) with a global distribution to 140 markets.
It is also known as Carlsberg Lager, Carlsberg Beer and Carlsberg Pilsner. It was first brewed in 1904, and was created by Carl Jacobsen, son of Carlsberg's founder JC Jacobsen.
| 32
|
[
"Carlsberg Group",
"owner of",
"Carlsberg Breweries"
] |
Carlsberg A/S (; Danish: [ˈkʰɑˀlsˌpɛɐ̯ˀ]) is a Danish multinational brewer. Founded in 1847 by J. C. Jacobsen, the company's headquarters is in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since Jacobsen's death in 1887, the majority owner of the company has been the Carlsberg Foundation. The company's flagship brand is Carlsberg (named after Jacobsen's son Carl). Other brands include Tuborg, Kronenbourg, Somersby cider, Holsten, Neptun, Russia's best-selling beer Baltika, Belgian Grimbergen, Fix, one of Greece's oldest brands and more than 500 local beers. The company employs around 41,000 people, primarily in Western Europe, Russia and Asia.
| 54
|
[
"Paulaner Brewery",
"product or material produced",
"beer"
] |
Paulaner is a German brewery, established in 1634 in Munich by the Paulaner Order of mendicant friars. Now owned by the Schörghuber family, it is one of the six breweries which provides beer for Oktoberfest.
Paulaner ranks number six among Germany's best-selling beers.History
The brewery was founded by the Paulaner Order (the name in Germany for the Order of Minims) after whom it was named. The monks in the Order's Neudeck ob der Au Monastery in Munich brewed a strong beer, the Paulaner Salvator, naturally according to the Purity Law of 1516. Whatever they did not drink themselves was given to the poor or sold in the cloister pub. As ever-larger numbers of people in Munich began drinking the beer, civilian brewers voiced their complaints to the city council on February 24, 1634, about competition from the monastery. This letter is considered the first documented evidence of the Paulaner Brewery and is to this day used as the founding date of the brewery.
In 1751, the Paulaner monks were officially allowed by elector Maximilian III Joseph to public serve their beer on the day celebrating the father of their order, Francis of Paola: April 2. This was named "fathers saint beer" (St. Vater Bier in german), which by time became slured into Salvator. As a show of gratitude, they invited the Bavarian Electors to enjoy their first sip of the eponymous brew, Salvator. It is a ritual that still takes place when the head of the Paulaner Brewery hands the first one-litre measure of Salvator to the Bavarian minister president at the kick-off of the Munich "Starkbierfest" (strong beer festival). In 1780 the brewery was granted an unrestricted license to serve its beer.
The Paulaner Brewery was always developing new techniques: One of the first Carl von Linde ice machines is used in 1881. From that point on, beer could be brewed all year round.
In World War II, large parts of the brewery were destroyed by bombs. Reconstruction lasted until 1950. In 1994, the merge to Paulaner Brauerei AG followed.
In 1979 the Schörghuber family took over the majority of Paulaner Brewery, and the entrepreneurial family maintains that majority to this day.
The first non-alcoholic Weissbier in the world, "Waitzinger Weissbier", began to be produced in 1986 by the Paulaner Brewery. Today it is called "Hefe Weißbier Non-Alcoholic".
Paulaner Bräuhaus Consult GmbH opened the first brewhouse on Kapuzinerplatz in Munich in 1989 as the headquarters of Paulaner taverns with its own in-house brewing operation. More brewhouses followed in Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore and St. Petersburg.
In 1999, the brewery was renamed to Paulaner GmbH und Co. KG. On July 4, 2017, the former Paulaner Brauerei GmbH & Co. KG was merged with Brau Holding International GmbH & Co. KGaA and was transferred to Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA.
The Paulaner Brewery is the management company of Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA. Seventy percent of the company is owned by the Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe and 30% by the Dutch Heineken International B.V.
For the first time in history, Paulaner exported one million hectolitres to the rest of the world in 2016. Paulaner is consumed in over 70 countries around the globe.
| 0
|
[
"Paulaner Brewery",
"country",
"Germany"
] |
Paulaner is a German brewery, established in 1634 in Munich by the Paulaner Order of mendicant friars. Now owned by the Schörghuber family, it is one of the six breweries which provides beer for Oktoberfest.
Paulaner ranks number six among Germany's best-selling beers.
| 1
|
[
"Paulaner Brewery",
"instance of",
"brewery"
] |
Paulaner is a German brewery, established in 1634 in Munich by the Paulaner Order of mendicant friars. Now owned by the Schörghuber family, it is one of the six breweries which provides beer for Oktoberfest.
Paulaner ranks number six among Germany's best-selling beers.History
The brewery was founded by the Paulaner Order (the name in Germany for the Order of Minims) after whom it was named. The monks in the Order's Neudeck ob der Au Monastery in Munich brewed a strong beer, the Paulaner Salvator, naturally according to the Purity Law of 1516. Whatever they did not drink themselves was given to the poor or sold in the cloister pub. As ever-larger numbers of people in Munich began drinking the beer, civilian brewers voiced their complaints to the city council on February 24, 1634, about competition from the monastery. This letter is considered the first documented evidence of the Paulaner Brewery and is to this day used as the founding date of the brewery.
In 1751, the Paulaner monks were officially allowed by elector Maximilian III Joseph to public serve their beer on the day celebrating the father of their order, Francis of Paola: April 2. This was named "fathers saint beer" (St. Vater Bier in german), which by time became slured into Salvator. As a show of gratitude, they invited the Bavarian Electors to enjoy their first sip of the eponymous brew, Salvator. It is a ritual that still takes place when the head of the Paulaner Brewery hands the first one-litre measure of Salvator to the Bavarian minister president at the kick-off of the Munich "Starkbierfest" (strong beer festival). In 1780 the brewery was granted an unrestricted license to serve its beer.
The Paulaner Brewery was always developing new techniques: One of the first Carl von Linde ice machines is used in 1881. From that point on, beer could be brewed all year round.
In World War II, large parts of the brewery were destroyed by bombs. Reconstruction lasted until 1950. In 1994, the merge to Paulaner Brauerei AG followed.
In 1979 the Schörghuber family took over the majority of Paulaner Brewery, and the entrepreneurial family maintains that majority to this day.
The first non-alcoholic Weissbier in the world, "Waitzinger Weissbier", began to be produced in 1986 by the Paulaner Brewery. Today it is called "Hefe Weißbier Non-Alcoholic".
Paulaner Bräuhaus Consult GmbH opened the first brewhouse on Kapuzinerplatz in Munich in 1989 as the headquarters of Paulaner taverns with its own in-house brewing operation. More brewhouses followed in Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore and St. Petersburg.
In 1999, the brewery was renamed to Paulaner GmbH und Co. KG. On July 4, 2017, the former Paulaner Brauerei GmbH & Co. KG was merged with Brau Holding International GmbH & Co. KGaA and was transferred to Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA.
The Paulaner Brewery is the management company of Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA. Seventy percent of the company is owned by the Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe and 30% by the Dutch Heineken International B.V.
For the first time in history, Paulaner exported one million hectolitres to the rest of the world in 2016. Paulaner is consumed in over 70 countries around the globe.
| 2
|
[
"Paulaner Brewery",
"owned by",
"Heineken"
] |
History
The brewery was founded by the Paulaner Order (the name in Germany for the Order of Minims) after whom it was named. The monks in the Order's Neudeck ob der Au Monastery in Munich brewed a strong beer, the Paulaner Salvator, naturally according to the Purity Law of 1516. Whatever they did not drink themselves was given to the poor or sold in the cloister pub. As ever-larger numbers of people in Munich began drinking the beer, civilian brewers voiced their complaints to the city council on February 24, 1634, about competition from the monastery. This letter is considered the first documented evidence of the Paulaner Brewery and is to this day used as the founding date of the brewery.
In 1751, the Paulaner monks were officially allowed by elector Maximilian III Joseph to public serve their beer on the day celebrating the father of their order, Francis of Paola: April 2. This was named "fathers saint beer" (St. Vater Bier in german), which by time became slured into Salvator. As a show of gratitude, they invited the Bavarian Electors to enjoy their first sip of the eponymous brew, Salvator. It is a ritual that still takes place when the head of the Paulaner Brewery hands the first one-litre measure of Salvator to the Bavarian minister president at the kick-off of the Munich "Starkbierfest" (strong beer festival). In 1780 the brewery was granted an unrestricted license to serve its beer.
The Paulaner Brewery was always developing new techniques: One of the first Carl von Linde ice machines is used in 1881. From that point on, beer could be brewed all year round.
In World War II, large parts of the brewery were destroyed by bombs. Reconstruction lasted until 1950. In 1994, the merge to Paulaner Brauerei AG followed.
In 1979 the Schörghuber family took over the majority of Paulaner Brewery, and the entrepreneurial family maintains that majority to this day.
The first non-alcoholic Weissbier in the world, "Waitzinger Weissbier", began to be produced in 1986 by the Paulaner Brewery. Today it is called "Hefe Weißbier Non-Alcoholic".
Paulaner Bräuhaus Consult GmbH opened the first brewhouse on Kapuzinerplatz in Munich in 1989 as the headquarters of Paulaner taverns with its own in-house brewing operation. More brewhouses followed in Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore and St. Petersburg.
In 1999, the brewery was renamed to Paulaner GmbH und Co. KG. On July 4, 2017, the former Paulaner Brauerei GmbH & Co. KG was merged with Brau Holding International GmbH & Co. KGaA and was transferred to Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA.
The Paulaner Brewery is the management company of Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA. Seventy percent of the company is owned by the Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe and 30% by the Dutch Heineken International B.V.
For the first time in history, Paulaner exported one million hectolitres to the rest of the world in 2016. Paulaner is consumed in over 70 countries around the globe.
| 3
|
[
"Paulaner Brewery",
"industry",
"brewing"
] |
Paulaner is a German brewery, established in 1634 in Munich by the Paulaner Order of mendicant friars. Now owned by the Schörghuber family, it is one of the six breweries which provides beer for Oktoberfest.
Paulaner ranks number six among Germany's best-selling beers.History
The brewery was founded by the Paulaner Order (the name in Germany for the Order of Minims) after whom it was named. The monks in the Order's Neudeck ob der Au Monastery in Munich brewed a strong beer, the Paulaner Salvator, naturally according to the Purity Law of 1516. Whatever they did not drink themselves was given to the poor or sold in the cloister pub. As ever-larger numbers of people in Munich began drinking the beer, civilian brewers voiced their complaints to the city council on February 24, 1634, about competition from the monastery. This letter is considered the first documented evidence of the Paulaner Brewery and is to this day used as the founding date of the brewery.
In 1751, the Paulaner monks were officially allowed by elector Maximilian III Joseph to public serve their beer on the day celebrating the father of their order, Francis of Paola: April 2. This was named "fathers saint beer" (St. Vater Bier in german), which by time became slured into Salvator. As a show of gratitude, they invited the Bavarian Electors to enjoy their first sip of the eponymous brew, Salvator. It is a ritual that still takes place when the head of the Paulaner Brewery hands the first one-litre measure of Salvator to the Bavarian minister president at the kick-off of the Munich "Starkbierfest" (strong beer festival). In 1780 the brewery was granted an unrestricted license to serve its beer.
The Paulaner Brewery was always developing new techniques: One of the first Carl von Linde ice machines is used in 1881. From that point on, beer could be brewed all year round.
In World War II, large parts of the brewery were destroyed by bombs. Reconstruction lasted until 1950. In 1994, the merge to Paulaner Brauerei AG followed.
In 1979 the Schörghuber family took over the majority of Paulaner Brewery, and the entrepreneurial family maintains that majority to this day.
The first non-alcoholic Weissbier in the world, "Waitzinger Weissbier", began to be produced in 1986 by the Paulaner Brewery. Today it is called "Hefe Weißbier Non-Alcoholic".
Paulaner Bräuhaus Consult GmbH opened the first brewhouse on Kapuzinerplatz in Munich in 1989 as the headquarters of Paulaner taverns with its own in-house brewing operation. More brewhouses followed in Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore and St. Petersburg.
In 1999, the brewery was renamed to Paulaner GmbH und Co. KG. On July 4, 2017, the former Paulaner Brauerei GmbH & Co. KG was merged with Brau Holding International GmbH & Co. KGaA and was transferred to Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA.
The Paulaner Brewery is the management company of Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA. Seventy percent of the company is owned by the Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe and 30% by the Dutch Heineken International B.V.
For the first time in history, Paulaner exported one million hectolitres to the rest of the world in 2016. Paulaner is consumed in over 70 countries around the globe.
| 6
|
[
"Paulaner Brewery",
"owned by",
"Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe"
] |
Paulaner is a German brewery, established in 1634 in Munich by the Paulaner Order of mendicant friars. Now owned by the Schörghuber family, it is one of the six breweries which provides beer for Oktoberfest.
Paulaner ranks number six among Germany's best-selling beers.History
The brewery was founded by the Paulaner Order (the name in Germany for the Order of Minims) after whom it was named. The monks in the Order's Neudeck ob der Au Monastery in Munich brewed a strong beer, the Paulaner Salvator, naturally according to the Purity Law of 1516. Whatever they did not drink themselves was given to the poor or sold in the cloister pub. As ever-larger numbers of people in Munich began drinking the beer, civilian brewers voiced their complaints to the city council on February 24, 1634, about competition from the monastery. This letter is considered the first documented evidence of the Paulaner Brewery and is to this day used as the founding date of the brewery.
In 1751, the Paulaner monks were officially allowed by elector Maximilian III Joseph to public serve their beer on the day celebrating the father of their order, Francis of Paola: April 2. This was named "fathers saint beer" (St. Vater Bier in german), which by time became slured into Salvator. As a show of gratitude, they invited the Bavarian Electors to enjoy their first sip of the eponymous brew, Salvator. It is a ritual that still takes place when the head of the Paulaner Brewery hands the first one-litre measure of Salvator to the Bavarian minister president at the kick-off of the Munich "Starkbierfest" (strong beer festival). In 1780 the brewery was granted an unrestricted license to serve its beer.
The Paulaner Brewery was always developing new techniques: One of the first Carl von Linde ice machines is used in 1881. From that point on, beer could be brewed all year round.
In World War II, large parts of the brewery were destroyed by bombs. Reconstruction lasted until 1950. In 1994, the merge to Paulaner Brauerei AG followed.
In 1979 the Schörghuber family took over the majority of Paulaner Brewery, and the entrepreneurial family maintains that majority to this day.
The first non-alcoholic Weissbier in the world, "Waitzinger Weissbier", began to be produced in 1986 by the Paulaner Brewery. Today it is called "Hefe Weißbier Non-Alcoholic".
Paulaner Bräuhaus Consult GmbH opened the first brewhouse on Kapuzinerplatz in Munich in 1989 as the headquarters of Paulaner taverns with its own in-house brewing operation. More brewhouses followed in Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore and St. Petersburg.
In 1999, the brewery was renamed to Paulaner GmbH und Co. KG. On July 4, 2017, the former Paulaner Brauerei GmbH & Co. KG was merged with Brau Holding International GmbH & Co. KGaA and was transferred to Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA.
The Paulaner Brewery is the management company of Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA. Seventy percent of the company is owned by the Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe and 30% by the Dutch Heineken International B.V.
For the first time in history, Paulaner exported one million hectolitres to the rest of the world in 2016. Paulaner is consumed in over 70 countries around the globe.
| 8
|
[
"Paulaner Brewery",
"industry",
"Manufacture of beer"
] |
Paulaner is a German brewery, established in 1634 in Munich by the Paulaner Order of mendicant friars. Now owned by the Schörghuber family, it is one of the six breweries which provides beer for Oktoberfest.
Paulaner ranks number six among Germany's best-selling beers.History
The brewery was founded by the Paulaner Order (the name in Germany for the Order of Minims) after whom it was named. The monks in the Order's Neudeck ob der Au Monastery in Munich brewed a strong beer, the Paulaner Salvator, naturally according to the Purity Law of 1516. Whatever they did not drink themselves was given to the poor or sold in the cloister pub. As ever-larger numbers of people in Munich began drinking the beer, civilian brewers voiced their complaints to the city council on February 24, 1634, about competition from the monastery. This letter is considered the first documented evidence of the Paulaner Brewery and is to this day used as the founding date of the brewery.
In 1751, the Paulaner monks were officially allowed by elector Maximilian III Joseph to public serve their beer on the day celebrating the father of their order, Francis of Paola: April 2. This was named "fathers saint beer" (St. Vater Bier in german), which by time became slured into Salvator. As a show of gratitude, they invited the Bavarian Electors to enjoy their first sip of the eponymous brew, Salvator. It is a ritual that still takes place when the head of the Paulaner Brewery hands the first one-litre measure of Salvator to the Bavarian minister president at the kick-off of the Munich "Starkbierfest" (strong beer festival). In 1780 the brewery was granted an unrestricted license to serve its beer.
The Paulaner Brewery was always developing new techniques: One of the first Carl von Linde ice machines is used in 1881. From that point on, beer could be brewed all year round.
In World War II, large parts of the brewery were destroyed by bombs. Reconstruction lasted until 1950. In 1994, the merge to Paulaner Brauerei AG followed.
In 1979 the Schörghuber family took over the majority of Paulaner Brewery, and the entrepreneurial family maintains that majority to this day.
The first non-alcoholic Weissbier in the world, "Waitzinger Weissbier", began to be produced in 1986 by the Paulaner Brewery. Today it is called "Hefe Weißbier Non-Alcoholic".
Paulaner Bräuhaus Consult GmbH opened the first brewhouse on Kapuzinerplatz in Munich in 1989 as the headquarters of Paulaner taverns with its own in-house brewing operation. More brewhouses followed in Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore and St. Petersburg.
In 1999, the brewery was renamed to Paulaner GmbH und Co. KG. On July 4, 2017, the former Paulaner Brauerei GmbH & Co. KG was merged with Brau Holding International GmbH & Co. KGaA and was transferred to Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA.
The Paulaner Brewery is the management company of Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA. Seventy percent of the company is owned by the Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe and 30% by the Dutch Heineken International B.V.
For the first time in history, Paulaner exported one million hectolitres to the rest of the world in 2016. Paulaner is consumed in over 70 countries around the globe.
| 16
|
[
"Sabeco Brewery",
"parent organization",
"ThaiBev"
] |
Sabeco (also SABECO, Saigon Alcohol Beer and Beverage Joint Stock Corporation, Vietnamese: Tổng Công ty Cổ phần Bia – Rượu – Nước giải khát Sài Gòn) is Vietnam's leading beer producer. It was under the authority of Vietnam's Ministry of Trade and Industry but is now a subsidiary of ThaiBev. In 2011, Sabeco produced 1.2 billion liters of beer, 51.4% of the national market. Its main brands are Bia Saigon (Saigon Beer) and 333 Beer.
Sabeco has several regional subsidiaries throughout Vietnam.
| 2
|
[
"Zambian Breweries",
"owned by",
"SABMiller"
] |
History
1963 – Started as Northern Breweries Limited, a private company formed by South African Breweries (SAB-80%) and Labatt Breweries of Canada (20%). Started brewing from plants in Ndola and Lusaka.
1968 – Nationalised by the government and split into Zambian Breweries (Lusaka) and Northern Breweries (Ndola). Renamed Zambian Breweries Limited.
1994 – Privatisation began.
1997 – Listed on the Lusaka Stock Exchange
1999 – Acquires Northern Breweries (Ndola) and the brand Rhino Lager.
2002 – Acquires the Coca-Cola franchise for Zambia, with bottling plants in Kitwe and Lusaka.
2016 - In December, after acquiring SABMiller, ABInBev agrees to sell African Coca-Cola bottling operations to Coca-Cola for an undisclosed sum. This includes the Zambia operation owned by Zambrew.
2022 - In July, Zambia Breweries announced an US$ 80.0 million expansion of its Lusaka plant that is expected to generate 5,000 direct jobs when complete in 18 months.
| 2
|
[
"Heinrich Reissdorf",
"legal form",
"GmbH & Co. KG"
] |
The private brewery Heinrich Reissdorf GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 1894 by Heinrich Reissdorf in Cologne. It produces a top fermented beer called Reissdorf Kölsch.
Since 1968, the brewery in Cologne has been advertising on Aachener Straße with a moving neon sign in which a male lifts a glass of Kölsch to his mouth at a 90-degree angle. As the glass is emptied, the man's body fills with Kölsch, represented by neon lights lighting up from bottom to top. The advertisement alternately depicts a male and a female person. As a landmark of Cologne, this is now a listed building.
| 3
|
[
"Grolsch Brewery",
"country",
"Netherlands"
] |
Grolsch Brewery (Koninklijke Grolsch N.V. - "Royal Grolsch"), known simply as Grolsch (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrɔls]), is a Dutch brewery founded in 1615 by Willem Neerfeldt in Groenlo. In 1895 the de Groen family bought the brewery. They had started their own brewery in Enschede the Netherlands in the early 19th century. It held a significant stake until November 2007. Today the main brewery is located in Enschede.
It was awarded the Koninklijk (Royal) title in 1995. The Grolsch brand became a part of the SABMiller group in March 2008.As part of the agreements made with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller, the company sold Grolsch to Asahi Breweries in late 2016. The deal was expected to close during the first half of 2017.
| 1
|
[
"Grolsch Brewery",
"parent organization",
"SABMiller"
] |
Change of ownership
On 19 November 2007 the board of Royal Grolsch NV accepted an €816 million offer for the company by SABMiller. The takeover was completed with the delisting of Grolsch's shares on 20 March 2008.
SABMiller subsequently sold the company to Anheuser-Busch InBev and in April 2016, the latter accepted Asahi Group Holdings Ltd.’s offer to buy not only Grolsch but also the Peroni and Meantime beer brands for €2.55 billion (US $2.9 billion).
| 2
|
[
"Grolsch Brewery",
"headquarters location",
"Enschede"
] |
Grolsch Brewery (Koninklijke Grolsch N.V. - "Royal Grolsch"), known simply as Grolsch (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrɔls]), is a Dutch brewery founded in 1615 by Willem Neerfeldt in Groenlo. In 1895 the de Groen family bought the brewery. They had started their own brewery in Enschede the Netherlands in the early 19th century. It held a significant stake until November 2007. Today the main brewery is located in Enschede.
It was awarded the Koninklijk (Royal) title in 1995. The Grolsch brand became a part of the SABMiller group in March 2008.As part of the agreements made with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller, the company sold Grolsch to Asahi Breweries in late 2016. The deal was expected to close during the first half of 2017.
| 3
|
[
"Grolsch Brewery",
"location of formation",
"Groenlo"
] |
Grolsch Brewery (Koninklijke Grolsch N.V. - "Royal Grolsch"), known simply as Grolsch (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrɔls]), is a Dutch brewery founded in 1615 by Willem Neerfeldt in Groenlo. In 1895 the de Groen family bought the brewery. They had started their own brewery in Enschede the Netherlands in the early 19th century. It held a significant stake until November 2007. Today the main brewery is located in Enschede.
It was awarded the Koninklijk (Royal) title in 1995. The Grolsch brand became a part of the SABMiller group in March 2008.As part of the agreements made with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller, the company sold Grolsch to Asahi Breweries in late 2016. The deal was expected to close during the first half of 2017.
| 4
|
[
"Grolsch Brewery",
"instance of",
"brewery"
] |
Grolsch Brewery (Koninklijke Grolsch N.V. - "Royal Grolsch"), known simply as Grolsch (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrɔls]), is a Dutch brewery founded in 1615 by Willem Neerfeldt in Groenlo. In 1895 the de Groen family bought the brewery. They had started their own brewery in Enschede the Netherlands in the early 19th century. It held a significant stake until November 2007. Today the main brewery is located in Enschede.
It was awarded the Koninklijk (Royal) title in 1995. The Grolsch brand became a part of the SABMiller group in March 2008.As part of the agreements made with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller, the company sold Grolsch to Asahi Breweries in late 2016. The deal was expected to close during the first half of 2017.
| 6
|
[
"Grolsch Brewery",
"owned by",
"Asahi Breweries"
] |
Change of ownership
On 19 November 2007 the board of Royal Grolsch NV accepted an €816 million offer for the company by SABMiller. The takeover was completed with the delisting of Grolsch's shares on 20 March 2008.
SABMiller subsequently sold the company to Anheuser-Busch InBev and in April 2016, the latter accepted Asahi Group Holdings Ltd.’s offer to buy not only Grolsch but also the Peroni and Meantime beer brands for €2.55 billion (US $2.9 billion).
| 7
|
[
"Grolsch Brewery",
"industry",
"beverage industry"
] |
Grolsch Brewery (Koninklijke Grolsch N.V. - "Royal Grolsch"), known simply as Grolsch (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrɔls]), is a Dutch brewery founded in 1615 by Willem Neerfeldt in Groenlo. In 1895 the de Groen family bought the brewery. They had started their own brewery in Enschede the Netherlands in the early 19th century. It held a significant stake until November 2007. Today the main brewery is located in Enschede.
It was awarded the Koninklijk (Royal) title in 1995. The Grolsch brand became a part of the SABMiller group in March 2008.As part of the agreements made with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller, the company sold Grolsch to Asahi Breweries in late 2016. The deal was expected to close during the first half of 2017.
| 11
|
[
"Cölner Hofbräu Früh",
"country",
"Germany"
] |
Cölner Hofbräu Früh (German pronunciation: [ˈkœlnɐ ˈhoːfbʁɔʏ ˈfʁyː]; or just Früh) is a private brewery for top-fermented beer called Kölsch. The brewery was founded in Cologne in 1904 by Peter Joseph Früh. Since 1987, the beer is no longer brewed directly in the house, but in a brewing facility in Cologne-Feldkassel. The former brewery area and the former living quarters of the Früh family were redesigned and restored. In the medieval vaults of the fermentation and storage cellars, new guest rooms were created and on the second floor the Hofbräustuben for more sophisticated tastes.In March 2019, Früh announced a cooperation with the company Haus Kölscher Brautradition GmbH. The subsidiary of the Radeberger Group will have all bottled beers produced at Früh's Feldkassel brewery from 2020 and all draft beers of the Sion, Gilden, Peters, Dom, Sester, and Küppers Kölsch brands from 2021.
| 1
|
[
"Cölner Hofbräu Früh",
"headquarters location",
"Cologne"
] |
Cölner Hofbräu Früh (German pronunciation: [ˈkœlnɐ ˈhoːfbʁɔʏ ˈfʁyː]; or just Früh) is a private brewery for top-fermented beer called Kölsch. The brewery was founded in Cologne in 1904 by Peter Joseph Früh. Since 1987, the beer is no longer brewed directly in the house, but in a brewing facility in Cologne-Feldkassel. The former brewery area and the former living quarters of the Früh family were redesigned and restored. In the medieval vaults of the fermentation and storage cellars, new guest rooms were created and on the second floor the Hofbräustuben for more sophisticated tastes.In March 2019, Früh announced a cooperation with the company Haus Kölscher Brautradition GmbH. The subsidiary of the Radeberger Group will have all bottled beers produced at Früh's Feldkassel brewery from 2020 and all draft beers of the Sion, Gilden, Peters, Dom, Sester, and Küppers Kölsch brands from 2021.
| 2
|
[
"Cölner Hofbräu Früh",
"industry",
"brewing"
] |
Cölner Hofbräu Früh (German pronunciation: [ˈkœlnɐ ˈhoːfbʁɔʏ ˈfʁyː]; or just Früh) is a private brewery for top-fermented beer called Kölsch. The brewery was founded in Cologne in 1904 by Peter Joseph Früh. Since 1987, the beer is no longer brewed directly in the house, but in a brewing facility in Cologne-Feldkassel. The former brewery area and the former living quarters of the Früh family were redesigned and restored. In the medieval vaults of the fermentation and storage cellars, new guest rooms were created and on the second floor the Hofbräustuben for more sophisticated tastes.In March 2019, Früh announced a cooperation with the company Haus Kölscher Brautradition GmbH. The subsidiary of the Radeberger Group will have all bottled beers produced at Früh's Feldkassel brewery from 2020 and all draft beers of the Sion, Gilden, Peters, Dom, Sester, and Küppers Kölsch brands from 2021.
| 5
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"product or material produced",
"beer"
] |
Beer brands
Heineken International owns a worldwide portfolio of over 170 beer brands, mainly pale lager, though some other beer styles are produced. The two largest brands are Heineken and Amstel; though the portfolio includes Cruzcampo, Affligem, Żywiec, Starobrno, Tiger Beer, Zagorka, Red Stripe, and Birra Moretti. Heineken has added a cider blend named Jillz to their list of brands. Since mid-2007, Heineken has also taken ownership of former S&N International brands such as Strongbow and Bulmers Ciders and John Smith's and Newcastle Brown Ale. Heineken owns the Czech brand Dačický, which was brewed in Kutná Hora from 1573 until Heineken took ownership of it, and closed the brewery. In 2010, Heineken bought Mexican brewery FEMSA Cerveza, including brands Tecate, Sol, Dos Equis, Indio and Kloster.
| 0
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"country",
"Netherlands"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 3
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"owner of",
"Heineken"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 8
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"legal form",
"naamloze vennootschap"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 15
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"owner of",
"Heineken Brewery"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 28
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"headquarters location",
"Amsterdam"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 32
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"location of formation",
"Amsterdam"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.History
Gerard Adriaan Heineken
The Heineken company was founded in 1864 when the 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery known as De Hooiberg (the haystack) in Amsterdam. In 1869 Heineken switched to the use of bottom-fermenting yeast. In 1873 the brewery's name changed to Heineken's Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij (HBM), and opened a second brewery in Rotterdam in 1874. In 1886 Dr. H. Elion, a pupil of the French chemist Louis Pasteur, developed the "Heineken A-yeast" in the Heineken laboratory. This yeast is still the key ingredient of Heineken beer.
| 33
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"instance of",
"brewery"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 34
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"founded by",
"Gerard Adriaan Heineken"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.History
Gerard Adriaan Heineken
The Heineken company was founded in 1864 when the 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery known as De Hooiberg (the haystack) in Amsterdam. In 1869 Heineken switched to the use of bottom-fermenting yeast. In 1873 the brewery's name changed to Heineken's Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij (HBM), and opened a second brewery in Rotterdam in 1874. In 1886 Dr. H. Elion, a pupil of the French chemist Louis Pasteur, developed the "Heineken A-yeast" in the Heineken laboratory. This yeast is still the key ingredient of Heineken beer.
| 40
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"named after",
"Gerard Adriaan Heineken"
] |
History
Gerard Adriaan Heineken
The Heineken company was founded in 1864 when the 22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken bought a brewery known as De Hooiberg (the haystack) in Amsterdam. In 1869 Heineken switched to the use of bottom-fermenting yeast. In 1873 the brewery's name changed to Heineken's Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij (HBM), and opened a second brewery in Rotterdam in 1874. In 1886 Dr. H. Elion, a pupil of the French chemist Louis Pasteur, developed the "Heineken A-yeast" in the Heineken laboratory. This yeast is still the key ingredient of Heineken beer.
| 41
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"has subsidiary",
"Brau Union"
] |
Europe
Breweries in Europe:
Brau Union Österreich in Austria
Syabar Brewing Company in Belarus
Alken-Maes in Belgium
Zagorka Brewery in Bulgaria
Karlovačka pivovara in Croatia
Starobrno in the Czech Republic
Federation Breweries in Gateshead, England (closed 2010)
H. P. Bulmer in Hereford in England
John Smith's in Tadcaster, England
Royal Brewery in Manchester, England
Heineken France:
Brasserie de l'Espérance in Schiltigheim
Brasserie Pelforth in Mons-en-Baroeul
Brasserie de la Valentine in Marseille
Brasserie Fischer in Schiltigheim (closed 2009)
Brasserie Adelshoffen in Schiltigheim (closed 2000)
Brasserie Mutzig in Mutzig (closed 1989)
Athenian Brewery in Greece
Heineken Hungária in Hungary
Heineken Ireland at Lady's Well Brewery in Cork, Ireland
Heineken Italia in Italy
Heineken Nederland in the Netherlands
Żywiec Brewery in Poland
Central de Cervejas in Portugal
Heineken Romania in Romania
Heineken Brewery LLC in Russia
Heineken Srbija in Serbia
Caledonian Brewery, Edinburgh, Scotland
Heineken Slovensko in Slovakia
Heineken España in Spain, with breweries in Seville, Valencia, Jaén and Madrid
Heineken Switzerland in Switzerland
Calanda Bräu in Switzerland
Pivovarna Laško Union in Slovenia
| 42
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"owned by",
"FEMSA"
] |
Present
With the part acquisition of Scottish and Newcastle in 2007/2008 Heineken became the third-largest brewer based on revenues, behind the Belgian-Brazilian AB InBev and the British-South African SAB.
Since the merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller in October 2016, Heineken became the second largest brewer in the world.On 12 January 2010, Heineken International successfully bought the brewery division of Mexican giant FEMSA in all-stock deal expanding its reach throughout Latin America. The deal brought brands such as Dos Equis XX, Bohemia and Sol under Heineken ownership. Thru the deal, Heineken also started selling its products in Latin America through FEMSA's distribution network. The deal made FEMSA 20% owner of Heineken N.V. essentially becoming its largest single shareholder after the Dutch families (Heineken family and Hoyer family) who owns 25.83% and public shareholders owning 54.17%.The FEMSA acquisition is expected to keep Heineken in its strong position by growing its market share in the Latin American markets. FEMSA has a massive distribution network and owns Mexico's largest convenience store chain OXXO, which has thousands of locations throughout the country.
In September 2014, it was announced that Heineken would sell its Mexican packaging business Empaque to Crown for around $1.23 billion. Also during that month, Heineken revealed it was in talks to sell its Czech operations to Molson Coors.On 10 September 2015, Heineken International announced it would acquire a 50% stake in Lagunitas Brewing Company of Petaluma, California as part of an effort to allow Lagunitas to expand its operations globally. As part of the deal Lagunitas will no longer be considered a craft brewer as the Heineken stake is greater than 25%.In January 2017, Heineken announced it was in negotiations to buy the Kirin Company's 12 breweries in Brazil. The following month, Heineken closed the deal and bought Brasil Kirin for US$700 million.After previously acquiring 50% of Lagunitas Brewing Company, Heineken announced, on 4 May 2017, it would be purchasing the remaining 50%—making it the sole owner of Lagunitas.In June 2018, Heineken named Maggie Timoney as the CEO of Heineken USA, making her the first woman to become the CEO of a major United States beer supplier.In 2018, Heineken signed an agreement with China Resources Enterprises to purchase a 40% stake into the company.Ownership
The shares of Heineken International are traded on the NYSE Euronext Amsterdam and OTCQX under the symbols: HEIA and HEINY respectively. As at 31 December 2013, the shareholding in the group's stock was as depicted in the table below:
Heineken Holding N.V is a public company listed on the NYSE Euronext Amsterdam. Its single investment is Heineken International. It is majority owned by L’Arche Green N.V an investment vehicle of the Heineken family and the Hoyer family.
Fomento Económico Mexicano, S.A.B. de C.V (FEMSA) holds an additional 14.935% in Heineken Holding N.V bringing the total direct and indirect shareholding in Heineken International to 20%.
| 48
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 58
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"instance of",
"enterprise"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.
| 63
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"has subsidiary",
"Lao Asia Pacific Brewery"
] |
Asia Pacific
Breweries in Asia Pacific:
Cambodia Brewery Ltd (CBL) in Cambodia
Shanghai Asia Pacific Brewery in China
Hainan Asia Pacific Brewery Company Ltd in China
Guangzhou Asia Pacific Brewery in China (under construction)
Multi Bintang Indonesia in Indonesia
Lao Asia Pacific Brewery in Laos
Sungai Way Brewery in Malaysia
DB Breweries in New Zealand
South Pacific Brewery Ltd (SPB) in Papua New Guinea
Asia Pacific Breweries in Singapore
Asia Pacific Brewery Lanka Limited (APB Lanka) in Sri Lanka
Thai Asia Pacific Brewery in Thailand
Heineken Vietnam Brewery Co Ltd in Vietnam
Heineken Hanoi Brewery Co Ltd in Vietnam
United Breweries Ltd Bangalore in India
| 71
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"has subsidiary",
"Asia Pacific Brewery Lanka"
] |
Asia Pacific
Breweries in Asia Pacific:
Cambodia Brewery Ltd (CBL) in Cambodia
Shanghai Asia Pacific Brewery in China
Hainan Asia Pacific Brewery Company Ltd in China
Guangzhou Asia Pacific Brewery in China (under construction)
Multi Bintang Indonesia in Indonesia
Lao Asia Pacific Brewery in Laos
Sungai Way Brewery in Malaysia
DB Breweries in New Zealand
South Pacific Brewery Ltd (SPB) in Papua New Guinea
Asia Pacific Breweries in Singapore
Asia Pacific Brewery Lanka Limited (APB Lanka) in Sri Lanka
Thai Asia Pacific Brewery in Thailand
Heineken Vietnam Brewery Co Ltd in Vietnam
Heineken Hanoi Brewery Co Ltd in Vietnam
United Breweries Ltd Bangalore in India
| 72
|
[
"Heineken N.V.",
"owned by",
"Heineken Holding"
] |
Heineken N.V. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛinəkə(n)]) is a Dutch multinational brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. As of 2019, Heineken owns over 165 breweries in more than 70 countries. It produces 348 international, regional, local and speciality beers and ciders and employs approximately 85,000 people.With an annual beer production of 24.14 billion litres in 2019, and global revenues of 23.894 billion euro in 2019, Heineken N.V. is the number one brewer in Europe and one of the largest brewers by volume in the world. Heineken's Dutch breweries are located in Zoeterwoude, 's-Hertogenbosch and Wijlre. The original brewery in Amsterdam, closed in 1988, is preserved as a museum called Heineken Experience.
Since the merger between the two largest brewing empires in the world, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller, in October 2016, Heineken has been the second-largest brewer in the world.Ownership
The shares of Heineken International are traded on the NYSE Euronext Amsterdam and OTCQX under the symbols: HEIA and HEINY respectively. As at 31 December 2013, the shareholding in the group's stock was as depicted in the table below:
Heineken Holding N.V is a public company listed on the NYSE Euronext Amsterdam. Its single investment is Heineken International. It is majority owned by L’Arche Green N.V an investment vehicle of the Heineken family and the Hoyer family.
Fomento Económico Mexicano, S.A.B. de C.V (FEMSA) holds an additional 14.935% in Heineken Holding N.V bringing the total direct and indirect shareholding in Heineken International to 20%.
| 73
|
[
"Licher Brewery",
"product or material produced",
"beer"
] |
Products
In 2006 the brewery produced 780,000 hectoliters of beer utilizing water from a deep natural spring and the highest quality wheat. Current beers and drinks from Licher include "Licher Premium Pilsener", "Licher Export", "Licher Alkoholfrei" (Alcohol-Free), "Licher Leicht" (Low-carb beer), "Licher x² Cola" (A drink containing 40% Pilsener beer and 60% cola), "Licher x² Fresh Lemon" (A drink made with half Pilsener beer and half lemonade), "Licher Radler" (Similar to the Fresh Lemon variety with an added citrus flavour and a more subtle lemon flavour). In 2006 a new variety was added "Licher Weizen Hefe Hell" (Light Wheat Beer) and in 2007 another alcohol free Pilsener variety was added, in addition to this a seasonal brew was introduced called "Doppelbock". Starting in 2010, the brewery began producing "Licher x² Energy" (A drink containing 40% Pilsener beer and 60% energy drink).
| 0
|
[
"Licher Brewery",
"product or material produced",
"wheat beer"
] |
Products
In 2006 the brewery produced 780,000 hectoliters of beer utilizing water from a deep natural spring and the highest quality wheat. Current beers and drinks from Licher include "Licher Premium Pilsener", "Licher Export", "Licher Alkoholfrei" (Alcohol-Free), "Licher Leicht" (Low-carb beer), "Licher x² Cola" (A drink containing 40% Pilsener beer and 60% cola), "Licher x² Fresh Lemon" (A drink made with half Pilsener beer and half lemonade), "Licher Radler" (Similar to the Fresh Lemon variety with an added citrus flavour and a more subtle lemon flavour). In 2006 a new variety was added "Licher Weizen Hefe Hell" (Light Wheat Beer) and in 2007 another alcohol free Pilsener variety was added, in addition to this a seasonal brew was introduced called "Doppelbock". Starting in 2010, the brewery began producing "Licher x² Energy" (A drink containing 40% Pilsener beer and 60% energy drink).
| 2
|
[
"Licher Brewery",
"headquarters location",
"Lich"
] |
Founding and beginnings
J.H. Ihring Brauerei
In 1854, brewer Johann Heinrich Ihring started the J.H. Ihring Brewery in Lich am Hardtberg. At this location there is a natural spring and a fermentation cellar for chilling the beer. Johann's father was known to provide the beer to the guests and residents of his guesthouse, which was called "Zum goldenen Löwen" ("The Golden Lion"). Since 1873, the steam-brewing process has been powered by a 6 HP motor. At the turn of the century, the company had brewed a total of 22,000 hectoliters. In 1911 the beer of the brewery was transported between locations with a single truck belonging to the brewery.
| 4
|
[
"Cardinal Brewery",
"owned by",
"Feldschlösschen"
] |
Cardinal is a Swiss brand of beer and a former brewery founded in 1788 by François Piller, located in Fribourg. The brewery was acquired by Feldschlösschen in 1991, which itself was acquired by the Carlsberg Group in 2000.The brewery in Fribourg was closed in 2011, and today Cardinal is brewed at the Feldschlösschen brewery in Rheinfelden, Aargau.The flagship beer of the Cardinal brand is Cardinal Blonde, a pale lager, which is heavily promoted in the country. The state and the city of Fribourg took over the factory site on June 1, 2012, for 21.5 million Swiss francs to build a technology and innovation park there.
| 5
|
[
"Föroya Bjór",
"country",
"Faroe Islands"
] |
Föroya Bjór is a Faroese brewing company based in Klaksvík. Apart from beers the company also produces soft drinks. It was established in 1888 in Klaksvík.History
In 1883 Símun F. Hansen went to Denmark to learn the art of brewing and baking. Upon his return in the Faroe Islands in 1888, he established his own brewery in Klaksvík, the second to be established in the country. The first brewery was Restorffs Bryggjarí.
In 2009 Föroya Bjór opened an office in Reykjanesbær and started exporting its products in Iceland.
| 1
|
[
"Föroya Bjór",
"location of formation",
"Klaksvík"
] |
Föroya Bjór is a Faroese brewing company based in Klaksvík. Apart from beers the company also produces soft drinks. It was established in 1888 in Klaksvík.History
In 1883 Símun F. Hansen went to Denmark to learn the art of brewing and baking. Upon his return in the Faroe Islands in 1888, he established his own brewery in Klaksvík, the second to be established in the country. The first brewery was Restorffs Bryggjarí.
In 2009 Föroya Bjór opened an office in Reykjanesbær and started exporting its products in Iceland.
| 6
|
[
"Unibroue",
"country",
"Canada"
] |
Unibroue is a brewery in Chambly, Quebec, Canada, that was started by Serge Racine and Quebec native André Dion. The company was purchased by Sleeman Breweries Ltd. in 2004, which was itself taken over by Sapporo in 2006. The company was incorporated in 1993 and is the first of three microbrewing companies in Greater Montreal area (followed by "Brasseurs RJ" and "McAuslan"), both chronologically and in terms of sale benefits.History
Unibroue was founded by business partners André Dion and Serge Racine who had acquired 75% of La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. of Lennoxville in 1990. The two purchased the remainder of the shares at the end of 1991 when they transferred their interest in La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. to Unibroue.
By 1992, La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Unibroue. Afterward, it changed its corporate name to Brasserie Broubec Inc. and in July 1993 merged with Unibroue. It was bought by Canadian brewer, Sleeman Breweries Ltd., in 2004. Sleeman, in turn, was purchased in 2006 by Sapporo.
| 0
|
[
"Unibroue",
"instance of",
"brewery"
] |
Unibroue is a brewery in Chambly, Quebec, Canada, that was started by Serge Racine and Quebec native André Dion. The company was purchased by Sleeman Breweries Ltd. in 2004, which was itself taken over by Sapporo in 2006. The company was incorporated in 1993 and is the first of three microbrewing companies in Greater Montreal area (followed by "Brasseurs RJ" and "McAuslan"), both chronologically and in terms of sale benefits.History
Unibroue was founded by business partners André Dion and Serge Racine who had acquired 75% of La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. of Lennoxville in 1990. The two purchased the remainder of the shares at the end of 1991 when they transferred their interest in La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. to Unibroue.
By 1992, La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Unibroue. Afterward, it changed its corporate name to Brasserie Broubec Inc. and in July 1993 merged with Unibroue. It was bought by Canadian brewer, Sleeman Breweries Ltd., in 2004. Sleeman, in turn, was purchased in 2006 by Sapporo.
| 3
|
[
"Unibroue",
"owned by",
"Sapporo Breweries"
] |
Unibroue is a brewery in Chambly, Quebec, Canada, that was started by Serge Racine and Quebec native André Dion. The company was purchased by Sleeman Breweries Ltd. in 2004, which was itself taken over by Sapporo in 2006. The company was incorporated in 1993 and is the first of three microbrewing companies in Greater Montreal area (followed by "Brasseurs RJ" and "McAuslan"), both chronologically and in terms of sale benefits.History
Unibroue was founded by business partners André Dion and Serge Racine who had acquired 75% of La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. of Lennoxville in 1990. The two purchased the remainder of the shares at the end of 1991 when they transferred their interest in La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. to Unibroue.
By 1992, La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Unibroue. Afterward, it changed its corporate name to Brasserie Broubec Inc. and in July 1993 merged with Unibroue. It was bought by Canadian brewer, Sleeman Breweries Ltd., in 2004. Sleeman, in turn, was purchased in 2006 by Sapporo.
| 5
|
[
"Unibroue",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
Unibroue is a brewery in Chambly, Quebec, Canada, that was started by Serge Racine and Quebec native André Dion. The company was purchased by Sleeman Breweries Ltd. in 2004, which was itself taken over by Sapporo in 2006. The company was incorporated in 1993 and is the first of three microbrewing companies in Greater Montreal area (followed by "Brasseurs RJ" and "McAuslan"), both chronologically and in terms of sale benefits.History
Unibroue was founded by business partners André Dion and Serge Racine who had acquired 75% of La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. of Lennoxville in 1990. The two purchased the remainder of the shares at the end of 1991 when they transferred their interest in La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. to Unibroue.
By 1992, La Brasserie Massawippi Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Unibroue. Afterward, it changed its corporate name to Brasserie Broubec Inc. and in July 1993 merged with Unibroue. It was bought by Canadian brewer, Sleeman Breweries Ltd., in 2004. Sleeman, in turn, was purchased in 2006 by Sapporo.
| 6
|
[
"A. Le Coq",
"product or material produced",
"beer"
] |
A. Le Coq (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈɑ.le ˈkokˑ]) is an Estonian brewery. The company was founded in 1807 by a Prussian family of the same name, who were descendants of the Huguenots who had fled France in the 17th century. The company was bought in 1997 and is currently owned by Finnish company Olvi. It produces many types of drinks including beers, long drinks, ciders and soft drinks. The best known beer is the A. Le Coq Premium, which is the most popular beer in Estonia, according to the latest AC Nielsen results in October 2008. A. Le Coq Arena in Tallinn was named after the beer.
Its motto is Asi on maitses, meaning 'it's about the taste'. A song with this name by rock band Smilers was also specifically written and is used in commercials.
| 0
|
[
"A. Le Coq",
"instance of",
"enterprise"
] |
A. Le Coq (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈɑ.le ˈkokˑ]) is an Estonian brewery. The company was founded in 1807 by a Prussian family of the same name, who were descendants of the Huguenots who had fled France in the 17th century. The company was bought in 1997 and is currently owned by Finnish company Olvi. It produces many types of drinks including beers, long drinks, ciders and soft drinks. The best known beer is the A. Le Coq Premium, which is the most popular beer in Estonia, according to the latest AC Nielsen results in October 2008. A. Le Coq Arena in Tallinn was named after the beer.
Its motto is Asi on maitses, meaning 'it's about the taste'. A song with this name by rock band Smilers was also specifically written and is used in commercials.History
Direct predecessors of the oldest Estonian brewery that has been continuously operating – A. Le Coq – in Tartu are the breweries of B. J. Hesse (1800) and J. R. Schramm (1826). In course of time, a large enterprise Tivoli Ltd. formed from these companies, the owner of which called it in 1913 A. Le Coq Ltd.
Company A. Le Coq & Co. dealing with beverage trade was established in Prussia in 1807 by a family bearing the same name. In the 1820s, Albert von Le Coq settled in London to trade with the products of the family's wine manor. He soon started to bottle and export under his name Russian Imperial stout. He ordered that special dark and strong top-fermented beer from the big breweries in London where the drink was bottled, especially taking into consideration the taste preferences of Russian market.
High customs duties levied in Russia and increasingly more frequent forging of the reputable trademark forced A. Le Coq & Co. (Russia) Ltd. that had been transformed into a private limited group in 1904 to move its headquarters and bottling plant from London to St. Petersburg.
The owners of A. Le Coq were looking for many years for a suitable brewery to manufacture Imperial stout in Russia, in the end Tivoli Ltd. in Tartu proved to be chosen, where the company is operating today.Over the last 200 years, A. Le Coq has passed through the hands of many owners and many managers, but the trademark itself endures. During the Soviet era the company's name was changed to Tartu Õlletehas ('Tartu Brewery'), but it became A. Le Coq once again in 1997, when it was privatised by Olvi. Since then, the A. Le Coq brand has been reintroduced and significant investments have made the company (and its trademark) one of the leading and most recognised brands in Estonia.
| 5
|
[
"A. Le Coq",
"owned by",
"Olvi"
] |
A. Le Coq (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈɑ.le ˈkokˑ]) is an Estonian brewery. The company was founded in 1807 by a Prussian family of the same name, who were descendants of the Huguenots who had fled France in the 17th century. The company was bought in 1997 and is currently owned by Finnish company Olvi. It produces many types of drinks including beers, long drinks, ciders and soft drinks. The best known beer is the A. Le Coq Premium, which is the most popular beer in Estonia, according to the latest AC Nielsen results in October 2008. A. Le Coq Arena in Tallinn was named after the beer.
Its motto is Asi on maitses, meaning 'it's about the taste'. A song with this name by rock band Smilers was also specifically written and is used in commercials.
| 9
|
[
"Sapporo Breweries",
"country",
"Japan"
] |
Sapporo Breweries Ltd. (サッポロビール株式会社, Sapporo Bīru Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese beer brewing company founded in 1876. Sapporo is the oldest brand of beer in Japan. It was first brewed in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, in 1876 by brewer Seibei Nakagawa. The world headquarters of Sapporo Breweries is in Ebisu, Shibuya, Tokyo. The company purchased the Canadian company Sleeman Breweries in 2006.
The company has five breweries in Japan, the Sleeman brewery in Canada, and Sapporo Brewing Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S. The main brands are Sapporo Draft (Premium in North America); Yebisu; and Sleeman Cream Ale. Sapporo Premium has been the #1 selling Asian beer in the United States since Sapporo U.S.A., Inc. was first founded in 1984.
Sapporo Breweries is a member of the Mitsui keiretsu.
| 0
|
[
"Sapporo Breweries",
"product or material produced",
"beer"
] |
United States
Sapporo beers are brewed, canned, and bottled by Sapporo Brewing Company by City Brewing Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin, for Sapporo U.S.A.
On 3 August 2017, it was announced that Sapporo Breweries would acquire the Anchor Brewing Company. In June 2022, Stone and Sapporo announced that they had reached an agreement for Sapporo to purchase Stone Brewing for $168 million, with the purchase expected to close in August 2022. The acquisition has since closed.Vietnam
The Sapporo Vietnam brewery is situated in Đức Hòa, Long An. Its products include 650 mL cans of Premium Beer for the Australian and Mexican market.
| 1
|
[
"Sapporo Breweries",
"named after",
"Sapporo"
] |
Sapporo Breweries Ltd. (サッポロビール株式会社, Sapporo Bīru Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese beer brewing company founded in 1876. Sapporo is the oldest brand of beer in Japan. It was first brewed in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, in 1876 by brewer Seibei Nakagawa. The world headquarters of Sapporo Breweries is in Ebisu, Shibuya, Tokyo. The company purchased the Canadian company Sleeman Breweries in 2006.
The company has five breweries in Japan, the Sleeman brewery in Canada, and Sapporo Brewing Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S. The main brands are Sapporo Draft (Premium in North America); Yebisu; and Sleeman Cream Ale. Sapporo Premium has been the #1 selling Asian beer in the United States since Sapporo U.S.A., Inc. was first founded in 1984.
Sapporo Breweries is a member of the Mitsui keiretsu.
| 2
|
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