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Free-piston linear generator-Operation-In the combustion chamber, a mixture of fuel and air is ignited, increasing the pressure and forcing the moving parts (connection rod, linear generator and pistons) in the direction of the gas spring. The gas spring is compressed, and, while the piston is near the bottom dead cent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Operation-The gas spring pushes the moving parts assembly back to the top dead center (TDC), compressing the mixture of air and fuel that was injected and the cycle repeats. This works in a similar manner to the two-stroke engine, however it is not the only possible configuration.
The linea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Variations-The FPLG has been conceived in many different configurations, but for most applications, particularly for the automotive industry, focus has been on two opposed pistons in the same cylinder with one combustion chamber with a gas spring at the end of each cylinder. This balances o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Variations-The gas spring and combustion chamber can be placed on the ends of the connection rods, or they can share the same piston, using opposite sides in order to reduce space.
The linear generator itself has also many different configurations and forms. It can be designed as round tube... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Variations-The free-piston linear generator's great versatility comes from the absence of a crankshaft, removing a great pumping loss, giving the engine a further degree of freedom. The combustion can be two-stroke engine or four-stroke engine. However, a four-stroke requires a much higher ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Variations-Several variations are possible for combustion: Spark ignition (Otto) Compression ignition (Diesel) Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-The DLR research-The Institute of Vehicle Concepts of the German Aerospace Center is currently developing a FPLG (or Freikolbenlineargenerator - FKLG) since 2002, and has published several papers about this subject.During the first few years of research, the theoretical background along wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology-Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology-The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) is a group of experts who review, analyze, and discuss the terms of the morphological structures of the human body. It was c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology-Origins and history-This Committee was created in 1989, at the XIII International Congress of Anatomists, held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). It followed the old International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (IANC).
The professionals involved are renowned prof... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology-Objectives and scope-The main objective is to study the problem of morphological terms and its possible solutions.
The aim is to achieve a common scientific language that allows international integration, facilitating scientific exchange and progress in the v... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ptosis-Ptosis-Ptosis (from the Greek: πτῶσις 'falling', 'a fall', 'dropped') refers to droopiness or abnormal downward displacement of a body part or organ. Particular cases include: Ptosis (eyelid) Ptosis (chin) Ptosis (breasts) Visceroptosis, of the abdominal viscera Gastroptosis, of the stomach Nephroptosis, of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Solvent vapour annealing-Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) is a widely used technique for controlling the morphology and ordering of block copolymer (BCP) films. By controlling the block ratio (f = NA/N), spheres, cylinders, gyroids , and lamellae structures can be generated by forming a swollen an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Solvent vapour annealing-Ideally, the chamber in which SVA takes place is a metal chamber that is inert to reaction with the given solvent, allowing for high precision in forming the desired nanostructures. Computers with designed program control of the valves for solvent addition and withdrawa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Factors Affecting SVA-When looking at what affects SVA, one of the main things that come up first is the solvent that is used, and what nanostructure is wanted to be obtained. For example, if a hierarchical structure is desired, a solvent that has a vapor that can selectively mobilize the amorp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Factors Affecting SVA-Along with this, the selection of a specific type of block polymer is important for the process and its effectiveness. The main thing to consider is the original structure of the block at room temperature, as well as, temperatures in which each block will begin to change p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Factors Affecting SVA-Other factors that affect SVA are parameters such as vapor pressure, solvent concertation in the film, and evaporation rate of the solvent. Each of these factors contributes to the volatility and imprecision at times of this method, not possessing a set mechanism for the c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Applications-There are many applications in technology and lab work for this process to create desired morphologies of polymers. One of these applications is inscribing secondary nanostructures onto electrospun fibers. The use of poly(ε‐caprolactone) fibers, known as PCL, allows using solvents ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Applications-Another application of SVA is its use in helping create and improve photovoltaic device efficiency through the annealing of perovskite materials. For the greater performance of these energy cells, the keys lie with higher quality perovskite materials and on the use of SVA to create... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Challenges and Areas to Focus on for Improvement-There are some main areas of focus that can be looked at for the future of SVA to keep improving and being innovational in technology. Firstly, the chambers in which SVA takes place should continue to be improved on to allow precision of the proc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solvent vapour annealing-Challenges and Areas to Focus on for Improvement-Next off, SVA with the improvement of the apparatus in which the process takes place, in situ studies, through X-ray and neutron scattering methods, can give more highly accurate images of the swollen and dried states of the BCP. Using methods su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CHM-081-CHM-081-CHM-081 (SGT-4) is a recreational designer drug which is classed as a synthetic cannabinoid. It is from the naphthoylindole family, being the 1-cyclohexylmethyl instead of 1-pentyl analogue of JWH-081, and produces cannabis-like effects. It has been identified as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis prod... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SCIMP protein-SCIMP protein-SLP65/SLP76, Csk-interacting membrane protein, termed SCIMP, belongs to family of transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAP) which do not directly associate with a receptor, such as LAT, NTAL, LIME or LAX. SCIMP is expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC), namely B cells, bone marrow-derived d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SCIMP protein-Structure and interactions-Like other TRAPs, SCIMP has negligible extracellular domain and transmembrane domain followed by intracellular domain, containing several tyrosines and one proline-rich region (PRR). Upon phosphorylation, these tyrosines serve as docking domains for SH2 domains containing protei... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SCIMP protein-Membrane localization-Some of TRAPs are palmitoylated in a border region between transmembrane and intracellular domain. The aliphatic chain of Palmitic acid is anchored to the membrane bilayer and thus influence protein targeting to membrane microdomains. SCIMP is also palmitoylated and is associated wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SCIMP protein-In vitro studies and putative function-SCIMP becomes strongly phosphorylated after MHC II stimulation. Studies performed with fusion protein CD25-SCIMP showed its ability to induce calcium release and Erk phosphorylation upon anti-CD25 antibody treatment. The calcium release was even stronger in CD25-SCIM... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gardeau Formation-Gardeau Formation-The Gardeau Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knocking Piece II-Knocking Piece II-Knocking Piece II is a piece of music by Ben Johnston. It is a continuation of Knocking Piece I. In both pieces, Johnston calls to demonstrate unconventional methods of playing conventional instruments. In Knocking Piece II, percussionists use bouncy balls, brushes on their playing ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knocking Piece II-Knocking Piece II-In addition to some guidelines for allowing different qualities in the sound of the percussion instruments, a deck of cards is used to give further instructions. For example, suits determine loudness. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-KDE Plasma 4-KDE Plasma 4 is the fourth generation of the KDE workspace environments. It consisted of three workspaces, each targeting a certain platform: Plasma Desktop for traditional desktop PCs and notebooks, Plasma Netbook for netbooks, and Plasma Active for tablet PCs and similar devices.KDE Plasma 4... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-Features-Plasma features containments, which are essentially applets that contain other applets. Two examples of containments are the desktop background and the taskbar. A containment can be anything the developer wants: an image (either raster graphics or an SVG image), animation, or even OpenGL. Images a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-Features-Plasma separates components into "data engine" and their visualization counterparts. This is intended to reduce the total programming effort when there are multiple possible visualizations of given data; and to make it easier for the data engine and the workspaces to be written independently.
The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-Features-KRunner is a versatile tool for several functions. It replaces the dialog box "Run Command" from K Desktop Environment 3, and also inherits from the application launcher feature, expanding the possibilities through a modular plug. KRunner stores previously entered commands and searches, accessible... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-Features-These functions are handled by the plugin: Application launcher: Type at least three letters of the desired name or description. KRunner shows applications associated with the terms of the search and allows the selection of the desired one.
Calculator: Simply enter the desired operation to show th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-Available Plasma Workspaces-Desktop Plasma Desktop was a standard desktop interface. It was declared mature with the release of KDE SC 4.2. It is designed for desktop PCs and larger laptops. In its default configuration it resembles K Desktop Environment 3 and Microsoft Windows XP but extensive configurabi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-Available Plasma Workspaces-From KDE 4.0 to KDE 4.2, the default theme Oxygen was characterized by dark tones. In KDE 4.3, replaced by the new Air theme, which predominates in transparency and white as base color. New themes for Plasma can be chosen and installed through software like Discover or online at... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
KDE Plasma 4-History-KDE 4.0 was released in January 2008. Linux.com described the reaction from users as a "revolt", writing that the backlash KDE 4.0 received was on a scale that was unprecedented for a FOSS project. Although it was a developer's release, several distributions made the KDE 4.0 desktop environment ava... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Biosurfactant-Biosurfactant-Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin. Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities. Some are of commercial interest. As a secondary metabolite of m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Biosurfactant-Classification-Biosurfactants are usually categorized by their molecular structure. Like synthetic surfactants, they are composed of a hydrophilic moiety made up of amino acids, peptides, (poly)saccharides, or sugar alcohols and a hydrophobic moiety consisting of fatty acids. Correspondingly, the signific... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Biosurfactant-Examples-Common biosurfactants include: Bile salts are mixtures of micelle-forming compounds that encapsulate food, enabling absorption through the small intestine.
Lecithin, which can be obtained either from soybean or from egg yolk, is a common food ingredient.
Rhamnolipids, which can be produced by som... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Biosurfactant-Applications-Potential applications include herbicides and pesticides formulations, detergents, healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, textiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore-processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat.
Oil spill remediation Biosurfactants enhance the emul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C++03-C++03-C++03 is a version of the ISO/IEC 14882 standard for the C++ programming language. It is defined by two standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), in standard ISO/IEC 14882:2003. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
C++03-C++03-C++03 replaced the prior version of the C++ standard, called C++98, and was later replaced by C++11. C++03 was primarily a bug fix release for the implementers to ensure greater consistency and portability. This revision addressed 92 core language defect reports, 125 library defect reports, and included onl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-T-norm fuzzy logics-T-norm fuzzy logics are a family of non-classical logics, informally delimited by having a semantics that takes the real unit interval [0, 1] for the system of truth values and functions called t-norms for permissible interpretations of conjunction. They are mainly used in applie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-T-norm fuzzy logics-T-norm fuzzy logics belong in broader classes of fuzzy logics and many-valued logics. In order to generate a well-behaved implication, the t-norms are usually required to be left-continuous; logics of left-continuous t-norms further belong in the class of substructural logics, am... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-T-norm fuzzy logics-Important examples of t-norm fuzzy logics are monoidal t-norm logic (MTL) of all left-continuous t-norms, basic logic (BL) of all continuous t-norms, product fuzzy logic of the product t-norm, or the nilpotent minimum logic of the nilpotent minimum t-norm. Some independently moti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-As members of the family of fuzzy logics, t-norm fuzzy logics primarily aim at generalizing classical two-valued logic by admitting intermediary truth values between 1 (truth) and 0 (falsity) representing degrees of truth of propositions. The degrees are assumed to be real numbers from th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-T-norm fuzzy logics impose certain natural constraints on the truth function of conjunction. The truth function ∗:[0,1]2→[0,1] of conjunction is assumed to satisfy the following conditions: Commutativity, that is, x∗y=y∗x for all x and y in [0, 1]. This expresses the assumption that the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-Neutrality of 1, that is, 1∗x=x for all x in [0, 1]. This assumption corresponds to regarding the truth degree 1 as full truth, conjunction with which does not decrease the truth value of the other conjunct. Together with the previous conditions this condition ensures that also 0∗x=0 fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-Continuity of the function ∗ (the previous conditions reduce this requirement to the continuity in either argument). Informally this expresses the assumption that microscopic changes of the truth degrees of conjuncts should not result in a macroscopic change of the truth degree of their ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-All left-continuous t-norms ∗ have a unique residuum, that is, a binary function ⇒ such that for all x, y, and z in [0, 1], x∗y≤z if and only if x≤y⇒z.
The residuum of a left-continuous t-norm can explicitly be defined as sup {z∣z∗x≤y}.
This ensures that the residuum is the pointwise l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-The latter can be interpreted as a fuzzy version of the modus ponens rule of inference. The residuum of a left-continuous t-norm thus can be characterized as the weakest function that makes the fuzzy modus ponens valid, which makes it a suitable truth function for implication in fuzzy log... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-Truth functions of further propositional connectives can be defined by means of the t-norm and its residuum, for instance the residual negation ¬x=(x⇒0) or bi-residual equivalence x⇔y=(x⇒y)∗(y⇒x). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-Truth functions of propositional connectives may also be introduced by additional definitions: the most usual ones are the minimum (which plays a role of another conjunctive connective), the maximum (which plays a role of a disjunctive connective), or the Baaz Delta operator, defined in [... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Motivation-Formulae that always evaluate to 1 are called tautologies with respect to the given left-continuous t-norm ∗, or ∗- tautologies. The set of all ∗- tautologies is called the logic of the t-norm ∗, as these formulae represent the laws of fuzzy logic (determined by the t-norm) that hold ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-History-Some particular t-norm fuzzy logics have been introduced and investigated long before the family was recognized (even before the notions of fuzzy logic or t-norm emerged): Łukasiewicz logic (the logic of the Łukasiewicz t-norm) was originally defined by Jan Łukasiewicz (1920) as a three-valu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-History-Gödel–Dummett logic (the logic of the minimum t-norm) was implicit in Gödel's 1932 proof of infinite-valuedness of intuitionistic logic. Later (1959) it was explicitly studied by Dummett who proved a completeness theorem for the logic.A systematic study of particular t-norm fuzzy logics and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-History-Since then, a plethora of t-norm fuzzy logics have been introduced and their metamathematical properties have been investigated. Some of the most important t-norm fuzzy logics were introduced in 2001, by Esteva and Godo (MTL, IMTL, SMTL, NM, WNM), Esteva, Godo, and Montagna (propositional ŁΠ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Logical language-The logical vocabulary of propositional t-norm fuzzy logics standardly comprises the following connectives: Implication → (binary). In the context of other than t-norm-based fuzzy logics, the t-norm-based implication is sometimes called residual implication or R-implication, as its... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Logical language-Weak conjunction ∧ (binary), also called lattice conjunction (as it is always realized by the lattice operation of meet in algebraic semantics). In the context of substructural logics, the names additive, extensional, or comparative conjunction are sometimes used for lattice conjun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Logical language-Bottom ⊥ (nullary); 0 or 0¯ are common alternative signs and zero a common alternative name for the propositional constant (as the constants bottom and zero of substructural logics coincide in t-norm fuzzy logics). The proposition ⊥ represents the falsity or absurdum and corresp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Logical language-(Weak) disjunction ∨ (binary), also called lattice disjunction (as it is always realized by the lattice operation of join in algebraic semantics). In t-norm logics it is definable in terms of other connectives as Top ⊤ (nullary), also called one and denoted by 1 or 1¯ (as the c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Logical language-Truth constants are nullary connectives representing particular truth values between 0 and 1 in the standard real-valued semantics. For the real number r , the corresponding truth constant is usually denoted by r¯.
Most often, the truth constants for all rational numbers are added... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Logical language-Strong disjunction ⊕ (binary). In the context of substructural logics it is also called group, intensional, multiplicative, or parallel disjunction. Even though standard in contraction-free substructural logics, in t-norm fuzzy logics it is usually used only in the presence of invo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Semantics-Algebraic semantics is predominantly used for propositional t-norm fuzzy logics, with three main classes of algebras with respect to which a t-norm fuzzy logic L is complete: General semantics, formed of all L -algebras — that is, all algebras for which the logic is sound.
Linear semanti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
T-norm fuzzy logics-Semantics-Standard semantics, formed of all standard L -algebras — that is, all L -algebras whose lattice reduct is the real unit interval [0, 1] with the usual order. In standard L -algebras, the interpretation of strong conjunction is a left-continuous t-norm and the interpretation of most prop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Tropical cyclone forecast model-A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast aspects of the future state of tropical cyclones. There are three types of models: statistical, dynamical, or combined statistical-dynamic. Dynamical models u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Tropical cyclone forecast model-Track models did not show forecast skill when compared to statistical models until the 1980s. Statistical-dynamical models were used from the 1970s into the 1990s. Early models use data from previous model runs while late models produce output after the of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Statistical guidance-The first statistical guidance used by the National Hurricane Center was the Hurricane Analog Technique (HURRAN), which was available in 1969. It used the newly developed North Atlantic tropical cyclone database to find storms with similar tracks. It then shifted the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Dynamical guidance-The first dynamical hurricane track forecast model, the Sanders Barotropic Tropical Cyclone Track Prediction Model (SANBAR), was introduced in 1970 and was used by the National Hurricane Center as part of its operational track guidance through 1989. It was based on a s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Dynamical guidance-The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model is a specialized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and is used to forecast the track and intensity of tropical cyclones. The model was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Dynamical guidance-Timeliness Some models do not produce output quickly enough to be used for the forecast cycle immediately after the model starts running (including HWRF, GFDL, and FSSE). Most of the above track models (except CLIPER) require data from global weather models, such as th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Consensus methods-Using a consensus of forecast models reduces forecast error. Trackwise, the GUNA model is a consensus of the interpolated versions of the GFDL, UKMET with quality control applied to the cyclone tracker, United States Navy NOGAPS, and GFS models. The version of the GUNA ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Consensus methods-For intensity, a combination of the LGEM, interpolated GFDL, interpolated HWRF, and DSHIPS models is known as the ICON consensus. The lagged average of the last two runs of models within the ICON consensus is called the IVCN consensus. Across the northwest Pacific and S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Ensemble methods-No model is ever perfectly accurate because it is impossible to learn exactly everything about the atmosphere in a timely enough manner, and atmospheric measurements that are taken are not completely accurate. The use of the ensemble method of forecasting, whether it be ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Sunspot theory-A 2010 report correlates low sunspot activity with high hurricane activity. Analyzing historical data, there was a 25% chance of at least one hurricane striking the continental United States during a peak sunspot year; a 64% chance during a low sunspot year. In June 2010, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tropical cyclone forecast model-Hurricane forecast model accuracy-The accuracy of hurricane forecast models can vary significantly from storm to storm. For some storms the factors affecting the hurricane track are relatively straightforward, and the models are not only accurate but they produce similar forecasts, while... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scalar electrodynamics-Scalar electrodynamics-In theoretical physics, scalar electrodynamics is a theory of a U(1) gauge field coupled to a charged spin 0 scalar field that takes the place of the Dirac fermions in "ordinary" quantum electrodynamics. The scalar field is charged, and with an appropriate potential, it has... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scalar electrodynamics-Matter content and Lagrangian-Matter content The model consists of a complex scalar field ϕ(x) minimally coupled to a gauge field Aμ(x) . This article discusses the theory on flat spacetime R1,3 (Minkowski space) so these fields can be treated (naïvely) as functions ϕ:R1,3→C , and Aμ:R1,3→(... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scalar electrodynamics-Matter content and Lagrangian-Lagrangian The dynamics is given by the Lagrangian density L=(Dμϕ)∗Dμϕ−V(ϕ∗ϕ)−14FμνFμν=(∂μϕ)∗(∂μϕ)−ie((∂μϕ)∗ϕ−ϕ∗(∂μϕ))Aμ+e2AμAμϕ∗ϕ, where Fμν=(∂μAν−∂νAμ) is the electromagnetic field strength, or curvature of the connection.
Dμϕ=(∂μϕ−ieAμϕ) is the covariant derivati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scalar electrodynamics-Higgs mechanism-If the potential is such that its minimum occurs at non-zero value of |ϕ| , this model exhibits the Higgs mechanism. This can be seen by studying fluctuations about the lowest energy configuration: one sees that the gauge field behaves as a massive field with its mass proportiona... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scalar electrodynamics-Higgs mechanism-These vortices are similar to the vortices appearing in type-II superconductors. This analogy was used by Nielsen and Olesen in obtaining their solutions.
Example A simple choice of potential for demonstrating the Higgs mechanism is V(|ϕ|2)=λ(|ϕ|2−Φ2)2.
The potential is minimized... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scalar electrodynamics-Scalar chromodynamics-This theory can be generalized from a theory with U(1) gauge symmetry containing a scalar field ϕ valued in C coupled to a gauge field Aμ to a theory with gauge symmetry under the gauge group G , a Lie group. The scalar field ϕ is valued in a representation space of t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Timpani concerto-Timpani concerto-A timpani concerto is piece of music written for timpani with orchestral or band accompaniment. It is usually in three parts or movements.
The first timpani concertos were written in the Baroque and Classical periods of music. Important concertos from these eras include Johann Fischer'... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-International Society for NeuroVirology-The International Society for NeuroVirology (ISNV) was founded to promote research into disease-causing viruses that infect the human brain and nervous system. The ISNV membership includes scientists and clinicians from around the world who... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-History-The ISNV was conceived during the 1st International Symposium on NeuroVirology, which was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, in 1997. The ISNV was officially established in 1998 as a non-profit organization by Kamel Khalili, Ph.D, with Brian Wigdahl, Ph.D., and Stev... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-Mission-The ISNV provides an international forum for researchers and clinical scientists working in the field of neurovirology. By promoting collaborative interactions among scientists with common interests, the ISNV supports advances in the field of neurovirology and related dis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-Membership-The ISNV currently has approximately 330 members, who collectively represent 15 countries around the world. Approximately one-quarter of its members reside outside the United States. Annual memberships are available to faculty members, research scientists, and clinicia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-Governance-The ISNV is managed through its board of directors, which meets bi-annually and in conjunction with the International Symposium on NeuroVirology. The board of directors is responsible for choosing the society's executive officers, which include a president, vice-presid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-Symposia-The ISNV regularly sponsors an International Symposium on NeuroVirology and concurrent Conference on HIV in the Nervous System. These meetings involve more than 350 basic and clinical scientists and trainees working in the areas of neurology, neuropathology, neuropathoge... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-Publications-The ISNV periodically publishes a newsletter, which is distributed electronically to all members. The goal of the newsletter is to provide a forum through which information about current Society issues as well as "hot" news in the field of neurovirology can be dissem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-Publications-The official journal of the ISNV is the Journal of NeuroVirology. The Journal of NeuroVirology (JNV) provides a unique platform for the publication of high-quality basic science and clinical studies on the molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral infections of the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Society for NeuroVirology-Pioneer in NeuroVirology-The Pioneer in NeuroVirology award is presented by the ISNV in recognition of outstanding individual achievement in the field of neurovirology. Each International Symposium on NeuroVirology honors a worthy recipient of this award. Pioneers in NeuroVirolog... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-Section restoration-In structural geology section restoration or palinspastic restoration is a technique used to progressively undeform a geological section in an attempt to validate the interpretation used to build the section. It is also used to provide insights into the geometry of earlier stages... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-2D restoration-Development of technique The earliest attempts to produce restored sections were on foreland fold and thrust belts. This technique assumed a stratigraphic template with unit thicknesses either constant or smoothly varying across the section. Line lengths were measured on the present-d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-2D restoration-Deformation algorithms In order to calculate the change in shape of an element within the section, various deformation algorithms are used. Initially many of these were applied manually, but are now available in specialist software packages. It is worth mentioning that these deformati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-2D restoration-Vertical/inclined shear This mechanism deforms an element to accommodate a change in shape by movement on closely spaced parallel planes of slip. The commonest assumption is vertical shear although comparisons with well understood examples suggest that antithetic inclined shear (i.e. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-2D restoration-Flexural slip In a flexural slip algorithm deformation occurs by unfolding the deformed fault bounded horse by slip along bedding planes. This modelling mechanism does represent a real geological mechanism, as shown by slickensides along folded bedding planes. The shape of the unfolde... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-2D restoration-Trishear A trishear algorithm is used to model and restore fault-propagation folds as other algorithms fail to explain thickness changes and strain variations associate with such folds. The deformation within the tip-zone of the propagating fault is idealised to heterogeneous shear wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-Forward modelling-Section restoration involves undeforming a natural example, a form of inverse modelling. In many cases carrying out forward modelling helps to test out concepts for all or part of the section. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Section restoration-3D restoration-A basic assumption of 2D restoration is that the displacement on all faults is within the plane of the section. It also assumes that no material enters or leaves the section plane. In areas of complex multi-phase or strike slip deformation or where salt is present, this is rarely the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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