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State of Emergency (video game)-Characters-Hector Soldado (AKA "Spanky") - Spanky remembers the way his neighbourhood used to be. Although it wasn't always the nicest place to live, it now seems like paradise compared to the veritable war zone that it has become. Overrun by state-sponsored death squads and gangs, The C... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
State of Emergency (video game)-Characters-Ricky Thang (AKA "Freak" or "Phreak") - Ricky was orphaned in high school when his parents were arrested as political dissidents and were never seen again. Ricky went into hiding with other runaways before he was recruited by agents of Freedom. As Ricky's father used to run a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
State of Emergency (video game)-Characters-Edward Raymonds (AKA "The Bull") - The Bull graduated from Mesa High and joined the armed forces before the Corporation takeover. He was discovered by a sports agent while playing for the army's football team, and was recruited to play professionally. The Bull enjoyed a legend... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
State of Emergency (video game)-Reception-By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of State of Emergency had sold 700,000 copies and earned $28 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 90th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
State of Emergency (video game)-Reception-FHM gave the PS2 version a score of four stars out of five and called it "Manic, frenzied and violent gaming at its gripping best." The Cincinnati Enquirer also gave the same version four stars out of five and stated that "This new 'bad boy' of the video game industry is extrem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
State of Emergency (video game)-Sequel-A sequel, State of Emergency 2, was released in 2006. This game was once again developed by VIS Entertainment; during production, the company became insolvent and the game was completed by DC Studios before being released by SouthPeak Games. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Netprimer-Netprimer-NetPrimer is a gratis web-based tool used for analysing primers used in PCR to amplify a DNA sequence. The software predicts the melting temperature of the primers using the nearest neighbor thermodynamic algorithm. The accurate prediction of the melting temperature (Tm) is one of the most important... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Netprimer-Netprimer-NetPrimer can be used to determine the best primer pairs for a given set of experimental conditions. The program assigns a rating to each primer analyzed. The rating is based on the proximity of the thermodynamic parameters to their ideal scores.
In addition to the primer quality, its molecular weig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Netprimer-Business model-Although Netprimer is provided without charge, it is not free software. Users must register for access and thereby receive advertising of Premier Biosoft's other products. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shelling (topology)-Shelling (topology)-In mathematics, a shelling of a simplicial complex is a way of gluing it together from its maximal simplices (simplices that are not a face of another simplex) in a well-behaved way. A complex admitting a shelling is called shellable. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shelling (topology)-Definition-A d-dimensional simplicial complex is called pure if its maximal simplices all have dimension d. Let Δ be a finite or countably infinite simplicial complex. An ordering C1,C2,… of the maximal simplices of Δ is a shelling if the complex := (⋃i=1k−1Ci)∩Ck is pure and of dimension dim ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shelling (topology)-Definition-For Δ not necessarily countable, one can define a shelling as a well-ordering of the maximal simplices of Δ having analogous properties. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shelling (topology)-Properties-A shellable complex is homotopy equivalent to a wedge sum of spheres, one for each spanning simplex of corresponding dimension.
A shellable complex may admit many different shellings, but the number of spanning simplices and their dimensions do not depend on the choice of shelling. This f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shelling (topology)-Examples-Every Coxeter complex, and more generally every building (in the sense of Tits), is shellable.The boundary complex of a (convex) polytope is shellable. Note that here, shellability is generalized to the case of polyhedral complexes (that are not necessarily simplicial).There is an unshellab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Open vote network-In cryptography, the open vote network (or OV-net) is a secure multi-party computation protocol to compute the boolean-count function: namely, given a set of binary values 0/1 in the input, compute the total count of ones without revealing each individual value. This protocol was pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Description-All participants agree on a group G with a generator g of prime order q in which the discrete logarithm problem is hard. For example, a Schnorr group can be used. Assume there are n participants. Unlike other secure multi-party computation protocols that typically require pairwise secr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Description-Round 1: each participant i selects a random value xi∈RZq and publishes the ephemeral public key gxi together with a zero-knowledge proof for the proof of the knowledge of the exponent xi . Such proofs may be realized by using Schnorr non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs as described ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Description-After this round, each participant computes: gyi=∏j<igxj/∏j>igxj Round 2: each participant i publishes gxiyigvi where vi is either 0 or 1, together with a 1-out-of-2 zero knowledge proof for the proof that vi is one of {0,1} . Such 1-out-of-2 proofs may be realized by using Cramer, Ge... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Description-Overall, the 2-round efficiency is the theoretically best possible. In terms of the computational load and bandwidth usage, OV-net is also the most efficient among related techniques. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Maximum secrecy-The OV-net protocol guarantees the secrecy of an input bit unless all other input bits are known. The protection of secrecy is the maximum since when all other bits are known, the remaining bit can always be computed by subtracting the values of known input bits from the output of the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Applications-A straightforward application of OV-net is to build a boardroom voting system, where the election is run by voters themselves. For a single candidate election, each voter sends either "No" or "Yes", which correspond to 0 and 1. Every voter, as well as an observer, can tally the "Yes" vote... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Applications-There are standard methods to extend a single-candidate election to support multiple candidates. A straightforward method is to run the single-candidate election in parallel for multiple candidates, and each voter casts "Yes/No" to each of the candidates. Additional zero-knowledge proofs ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Open vote network-Implementation-A prototype implementation of OV-net was presented by McCorry, Shahandashti, and Hao at Financial Cryptography'17 as a smart contract over Ethereum's blockchain. The source code is publicly available. This implementation forms part of the Newcastle University team's solution on "Removin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Gateway Energy Storage-Gateway Energy Storage-Gateway Energy Storage is a large-scale lithium-ion battery, operated by grid infrastructure developer LS Power. It has a storage capacity of 250 MWh, and it is located in Otay Mesa, California, on the outskirts of San Diego. It uses cells from LG Chem.The purpose of the b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Pointer (rod)-Pointer (rod)-A pointer or pointing stick is a solid rod used to point manually, in the form of a stick, but always finished off or artificially produced.
The typical pointer is simply a long, slender, often flexible stick made in a strong material, designed to indicate places on maps, words on blackboard... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
H-stable potential-H-stable potential-In statistical mechanics of continuous systems, a potential for a many-body system is called H-stable (or simply stable) if the potential energy per particle is bounded below by a constant that is independent of the total number of particles. In many circumstances, if a potential i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
H-stable potential-Classical statistical mechanics-Definition Consider a system of particles in positions x1,x2,…∈Rν ; the interaction or potential between a particle in position xi and a particle in position xj is ϕ(xi−xj) where ϕ(x) is a real, even (possibly unbounded) function. Then ϕ(x) is H-stable if there e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
H-stable potential-Quantum statistical mechanics-The notion of H-stability in quantum mechanics is more subtle. While in the classical case the kinetic part of the Hamiltonian is not important as it can be zero independently of the position of the particles, in the quantum case the kinetic term plays an important role... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
H-stable potential-Quantum statistical mechanics-Classical H-stability implies quantum H-stability, but the converse is false.
The criterion is especially useful in statistical mechanics, where H-stability is necessary to the existence of thermodynamics, i.e. if a system is not H-stable, the thermodynamic limit does no... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Incremental encoding-Incremental encoding-Incremental encoding, also known as front compression, back compression, or front coding, is a type of delta encoding compression algorithm whereby common prefixes or suffixes and their lengths are recorded so that they need not be duplicated. This algorithm is particularly wel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Incremental encoding-Incremental encoding-For example: The encoding used to store the common prefix length itself varies from application to application. Typical techniques are storing the value as a single byte; delta encoding, which stores only the change in the common prefix length; and various universal codes. It m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Incremental encoding-Applications-Incremental encoding is widely used in information retrieval to compress the lexicons used in search indexes; these list all the words found in all the documents and a pointer for each one to a list of locations. Typically, it compresses these indexes by about 40%.As one example, incre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Intersection (road)-An intersection or an at-grade junction is a junction where two or more roads converge, diverge, meet or cross at the same height, as opposed to an interchange, which uses bridges or tunnels to separate different roads. Major intersections are often delineated by gores and may be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Types-Road segments One way to classify intersections is by the number of road segments (arms) that are involved.
A three-way intersection is a junction between three road segments (arms): a T junction when two arms form one road, or a Y junction, the latter also known as a fork if approached from t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Types-A four-way intersection, or crossroads, usually involves a crossing over of two streets or roads. In areas where there are blocks and in some other cases, the crossing streets or roads are perpendicular to each other. However, two roads may cross at a different angle. In a few cases, the junct... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Types-Six-way intersections usually involve a crossing of three streets at one junction; for example, a crossing of two perpendicular streets and a diagonal street is a rather common type of 6-way intersection.
Five, seven or more approaches to a single intersection, such as at Seven Dials, London, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Types-Traffic controls Another way of classifying intersections is by traffic control technology: Uncontrolled intersections, without signs or signals (or sometimes with a warning sign). Priority (right-of-way) rules may vary by country: on a 4-way intersection traffic from the right often has prior... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Types-Yield-controlled intersections may or may not have specific "YIELD" signs (known as "GIVE WAY" signs in some countries).
Stop-controlled intersections have one or more "STOP" signs. Two-way stops are common, while some countries also employ four-way stops.
Signal-controlled intersections depen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Types-Some (unconventional or alternative) intersections employ indirect left turns to increase capacity and reduce delays. The Michigan left combines a right turn and a U-turn. Jughandle lefts diverge to the right, then curve to the left, converting a left turn to a crossing maneuver, similar to th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Types-Other designs include advanced stop lines, parallel-flow and continuous-flow intersections, hook turns, quadrants, seagull intersections, slip lanes, staggered junctions (junctions consisting of two opposing T-junctions where one road intersects two sideroads located diagonally opposite each o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Turns-At intersections, turns are usually allowed, but are often regulated to avoid interference with other traffic. Certain turns may be not allowed or may be limited by regulatory signs or signals, particularly those that cross oncoming traffic. Alternative designs often attempt to reduce or elimi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Turns-Turn lanes allow vehicles, to cross oncoming traffic (i.e., a left turn in right-side driving countries, or a right turn in left-side driving countries), or to exit a road without crossing traffic (i.e., a right turn in right-side driving countries, or a left turn in left-side driving countrie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Turns-Turn signals Traffic signals facing vehicles in turn lanes often have arrow-shaped indications. North America uses various indication patterns. Green arrows indicate protected turn phases, when vehicles may turn unhindered by oncoming traffic. Red arrows may be displayed to prohibit turns in t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Turns-Lane management Alternative intersection configurations, formerly called unconventional intersections, can manage turning traffic to increase safety and intersection throughput. These include the Michigan left/Superstreet (RCUT/MUT) and continuous flow intersection (CFI/DLT), to improve traffi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Vulnerable road users-Vulnerable road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and individuals using motorized scooters and similar devices. Compared to people who are in motor vehicles (like cars and trucks), they are much more likely to suffer catastrophic or fatal injuries at an inters... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Vulnerable road users-Pedestrians Intersections generally must manage pedestrian as well as vehicle traffic. Pedestrian aids include crosswalks, pedestrian-directed traffic signals ("walk light") and over/underpasses. Traffic signals can be time consuming to navigate, especially if programmed to pri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Vulnerable road users-Some intersections display red lights in all directions for a period of time. Known as a pedestrian scramble, this type of vehicle all-way stop allows pedestrians to cross safely in any direction, including diagonally. All green for non motorists is known from the crossing at S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Vulnerable road users-Cyclists and motorcyclists Poor visibility at junctions can lead to drivers colliding with cyclists and motorcyclists. Some junctions use advanced stop lines which allow cyclists to filter to the front of a traffic queue which makes them more visible to drivers. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-Safety-A European study found that in Germany and Denmark, the most important crash scenario involving vulnerable road users was: motor vehicle turning right/left while cyclist going straight; motor vehicle turning right/left while pedestrian crossing the intersection approach.
These findings are su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intersection (road)-At grade railways-In the case of railways or rail tracks the term at grade applies to a rail line that is not on an embankment nor in an open cut. As such, it crosses streets and roads without going under or over them. This requires level crossings. At-grade railways may run along the median of a hi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shoulder strap-Shoulder strap-A shoulder strap is a strap over a shoulder. They are often affixed to women's dresses to support its weight or as part of its style. The term is also applied to carrying bags. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shoulder strap-Dress shoulder strap-Dress shoulder straps are a length of fabric, usually in pairs, used to support clothing, especially women's clothing, such as a dress, camisole, apron or brassiere. Shoulder straps such as these are usually made of the same material as the garment, and may be quite flimsy, as they a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shoulder strap-Military shoulder strap-Many military uniform shirts, jackets, tunics, or greatcoats feature shoulder straps. They were originally designed to keep back packs, ammunition pouches or bayonets from slipping off the shoulder. They often display badges of rank, shoulder marks, regimental insignia or epaulett... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shoulder strap-Carrier shoulder strap-A carrier shoulder strap is a length of fabric or other flexible material (such as leather, vinyl, rubber), used to suspend an item, often of some weight, from the shoulder(s). The strap may be worn slung over one shoulder or across the body. In the interest of comfort, they often ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated spur-Truncated spur-A truncated spur is a spur, which is a ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline from a higher elevation, that ends in an inverted-V face and was produced by the erosional truncation of the spur by the action of either streams, waves, or glaciers. Truncated spurs can be found... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated spur-Formation-Truncated spurs Before glaciation, relatively immature rivers display a pattern of interlocking spurs. A valley glacier cannot avoid the interlocking spurs as a river can. As the valley glacier moves, abrasion and plucking erode the protruding tips of the spurs, leaving steep cliff-like truncat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Truncated spur-Formation-Faceted spurs In the most typical usage of this term, faceted spurs are formed by active faulting, especially normal faulting that produces well-defined triangular facets along either a mountain front or edges of a rift valley. These triangular facets provide evidence for recent fault movement ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dirac hole theory-Dirac hole theory-Dirac hole theory is a theory in quantum mechanics, named after English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. The theory poses that the continuum of negative energy states, that are solutions to the Dirac equation, are filled with electrons, and the vacancies in this continuum (holes) ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MicL sRNA-MicL sRNA-MicL RNA (mRNA-interfering complementary RNA regulator of Lpp) is a σ E transcription factor-dependent small non-coding RNA. It was discovered in E. coli. Together with MicA and RybB sRNAs, MicL sRNA down-regulates the synthesis of abundant outer membrane proteins in response to stress. MicL specifi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Poxvirus AX element late mRNA cis-regulatory element-Poxvirus AX element late mRNA cis-regulatory element-The Poxvirus AX element late mRNA family represents a cis-regulatory element present at the 3' end of poxvirus late ATI mRNA and is known as the AX element. The AX element is involved in directing the efficient pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-ICON (microcomputer)-The ICON (also the CEMCorp ICON, Burroughs ICON, and Unisys ICON, and nicknamed the bionic beaver) was a networked personal computer built specifically for use in schools, to fill a standard created by the Ontario Ministry of Education. It was based on the Intel 80186 CPU and r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-ICON (microcomputer)-The ICON was widely used in the mid to late 1980s, but disappeared after that time with the widespread introduction of PCs and Apple Macintoshes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-Development Origin In 1981, four years after the first microcomputers for mainstream consumers appeared, the Ontario Ministry of Education sensed that microcomputers could be an important component of education. In June the Minister of Education, Bette Stephenson, announced the need for com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-According to several contemporary sources, Stephenson was the driving force behind the project; "whenever there was a problem she appears to have 'moved heaven and earth' to get it back on the tracks."The Ministry recognized that a small proportion of teachers and other school personnel wer... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-The Ministry wanted to encourage uses of microcomputers that supported its curriculum guidelines and was willing to underwrite the development of software for that purpose. However, the wide variety of machines being used meant that development costs had to be spread over several platforms.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-Design selection Policy Memos 68–73 followed in early 1983, stating that none of the existing platforms had all the qualities needed to be truly universal. The idea of a new machine quickly gained currency, with the added bonus that it would help develop a local microcomputer industry. In o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-CEMCORP To deliver such a machine, Robert Arn, a member of the CATA team, set up CEMCORP, the Canadian Educational Microprocessor Corporation. When the specification was announced in 1983, CEMCORP was announced as the winner of a $10 million contract to develop and supply the initial machin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-Production The basic ICON design had reached "beta quality" after just over a year, using off the shelf parts, the hardware manufactured by Microtel and operating system from Quantum Software Systems. The original Microtel machines were first introduced to Ontario schools in 1984 in small n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-Cancellation Throughout the project's lifetime it was subject to continual debate and much political rhetoric. A 1992 article on the topic complained: Bette Stephenson favoured top-down decision making and as a result got trapped by her tunnel vision. Her ICON computer fiasco drained millio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-History-The Ministry ceased all support for the ICON in 1994, making it orphaned technology, and the Archives of Ontario declined to take ICON hardware and copies of the ICON software, which were destroyed. This was controversial in its own right, as others maintained that it could be sent to other... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Design-The ICON system was based on a workstation/file server model, with no storage local to the workstations. The workstations and servers were internally similar, based on Intel 80186 microprocessors running at 7.16 MHz, and connected to each other using ARCNET. Several upgrades were introduced ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Design-The original ICON workstations were housed in a large wedge-shaped steel case, with a full-sized keyboard mounted slightly left-of-center and a trackball mounted to the right. A rubber bumper-strip ran along the front edge, a precaution against a particular type of cut users sometimes got fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Design-The fileserver, sometimes referred to as the LexICON, was a simple rectangular box with an internal 10MB hard drive and a 5.25" floppy drive opening to the front, and parallel port for a shared printer. Later Lexicons included a 64MB hard disk, divided into two partitions. Unlike the PET's f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Design-Both the client and server ran the Unix-like QNX as their operating system with the addition of network file-sharing, the basic portions of it embedded in ROM. To this they added a NAPLPS/Telidon-based graphics system, which was intended to be used with the trackball to make interactive prog... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Design-The biggest problem for the machine was a lack of software. The ICON was originally designed to let teachers create and share their own lessonware, using a simple hypertext-based system where pages could either link to other pages or run programs written in C. The "anyone can create lessonwa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Design-The various Watcom programming languages were quickly ported to the system, but beyond that, the educational software teachers could expect was few and far between. The Ministry contracted for a number of applications, but the small target market and the sometimes difficult process required ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Software-The Bartlett Saga, a four-part game about the History of Canada; consisting of Part I: Refugees in the Wilderness: United Empire Loyalists, 1784-1793; Part II: The Rebels: Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1830-1844; Part III: United We Stand: Confederation, 1864-1873; Part IV: The Golden West: S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Software-Crosscountry Canada, a game of travelling across Canada in a truck, picking up and delivering cargo.
Ernie's Big Splash, a video game including Sesame Street characters.
Logo, an implementation of the Logo programming language.
Northwest Fur Trader, educational software simulating the fur ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Software-Offshore Fishing, A fishing game that utilizes both a top down map view to choose your fishing location, and a 2D side view when fishing. You try to catch fish using a trolling boat and net, and sell them for money. However, it is best to avoid the shark at all costs as he will break throu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ICON (microcomputer)-Software-Watfor, the WATCOM FORTRAN programming language.
Chat, the OS included facilities for sending system-wide messages, which students abused often.
Robot R&D, a game of creating robots of various properties from various parts, then testing them through dropping, crushing and dunking Peggy's W... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Meldonium-Meldonium (INN; trade name Mildronate, among others) is a limited-market pharmaceutical, developed in 1970 by Ivars Kalviņš at the USSR Latvia Institute of Organic Synthesis, and now manufactured by the Latvian pharmaceutical company Grindeks and several generic manufacturers. It is primarily distri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Medical use-Meldonium may be used to treat coronary artery disease. These heart problems may sometimes lead to ischemia, a condition where too little blood flows to the organs in the body, especially the heart. Because this drug is thought to expand the arteries, it helps to increase the blood flow as well as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Physio-pharmacology-To ensure a continuous guarantee of energy supply, the cell's energy-producing mitochondria oxidise considerable amounts of fat along with glucose. Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids (FA) from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential for fatty acid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Physio-pharmacology-The main cardioprotective effects of meldonium are mediated by the inhibition of GBB. By subsequently inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis, fatty acid transport is reduced and the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of fatty acid beta-oxidation in ischemic tissues to produce energ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Physio-pharmacology-In fatty acid (FA) metabolism, long chain fatty acids in the cytosol cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane because they are negatively charged. The process in which they move into the mitochondria is called the carnitine shuttle. Long chain FA are first activated via esterification with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Physio-pharmacology-In the mitochondria themselves, meldonium also competitively inhibits the carnitine shuttle protein SLC22A5. This results in reduced transportation and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria (this burden is shifted more to peroxisomes). The final effect is a decreased ris... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Physio-pharmacology-Pharmacology The mechanism of action of meldonium is to act as a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, presumably by inhibiting enzymes in the carnitine biosynthesis pathway such as γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Although initial reports suggested meldonium is a non-competitive and non-hydroxylata... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Chemistry-The chemical name of meldonium is 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydraziniumyl) propionate. It is a structural analogue of γ-butyrobetaine, with an amino group replacing the C-4 methylene of γ-butyrobetaine. γ-Butyrobetaine is a precursor in the biosynthesis of carnitine.Meldonium is a white crystalline powder, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Society and culture-Doping Meldonium was added to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances effective 1 January 2016 because of evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. It was on the 2015 WADA's list of drugs to be monitored. A high prevalence of meldoni... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Society and culture-Affected athletes On 7 March 2016, former world number one tennis player Maria Sharapova announced that she had failed a drug test in Australia due to the detection of meldonium. She said that she had been taking the drug for ten years for various health issues, and had not noticed that it... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Society and culture-Debates A December 2015 study in the journal Drug Testing and Analysis argued that meldonium "demonstrates an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activation of central nervous system (CNS) functions"... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Society and culture-The manufacturer, Grindeks, said in a statement that it did not believe meldonium's use should be banned for athletes. It said the drug worked mainly by reducing damage to cells that can be caused by certain byproducts of carnitine. Meldonium "is used to prevent death of ischemic cells and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meldonium-Society and culture-Approval status Meldonium, which is not approved by the FDA in the United States, is registered and prescribed in Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Lithuania, Albania, and Kyrgyzstan.
Economics Meldonium is manufactured by Grindeks, a L... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Free-piston linear generator-The free-piston linear generator (FPLG) uses chemical energy from fuel to drive magnets through a stator and converts this linear motion into electric energy. Because of its versatility, low weight and high efficiency, it can be used in a wide range of applicati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Description-The free-piston engine linear generators can be divided in 3 subsystems: One (or more) reaction section with a single or two opposite pistons One (or more) linear electric generator, which is composed of a static part (the stator) and a moving part (the magnets) connected to the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Description-One (or more) return unit to push the piston back due to the lack of a crankshaft (typically a gas spring or an opposed reaction section)The FPLG has many potential advantages compared to traditional electric generator powered by an internal combustion engine. One of the main ad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Description-The linear generator also allows the control of the resistance force, and therefore a better control of the piston's movement and of the reaction. The total efficiency (including mechanical and generator) of free-piston linear generators can be significantly higher than conventi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Development-The first patents of free-piston linear generators date from around 1940, however in the last decades, especially after the development of rare-earth magnets and power electronics, many different research groups have been working in this field.
These include: Libertine LPE, UK.
... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Development-Free-Piston Linear Generator, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany - since 2002 Free Piston Power Pack (FP3), Pempek Systems, Australia - 2003 Free Piston Energy Converter, KTH Electrical Engineering, Sweden - 2006 Linear Combustion Engine, Czech technical university - 2004 In... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Free-piston linear generator-Operation-The free-piston linear generator generally consists of three subsystems: combustion chamber, linear generator and return unit (normally a gas spring), which are coupled through a connecting rod. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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