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Lack-of-fit sum of squares-Probability distributions-The test statistic It then follows that the statistic lack-of-fit sum of squares degrees of freedom pure-error sum of squares degrees of freedom =∑i=1nni(Y¯i∙−Y^i)2/(n−p)∑i=1n∑j=1ni(Yij−Y¯i∙)2/(N−n) has an F-distribution with the corresponding number of degrees of fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lack-of-fit sum of squares-Probability distributions-One uses this F-statistic to test the null hypothesis that the linear model is correct. Since the non-central F-distribution is stochastically larger than the (central) F-distribution, one rejects the null hypothesis if the F-statistic is larger than the critical F v... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Lack-of-fit sum of squares-Probability distributions-The assumptions of normal distribution of errors and independence can be shown to entail that this lack-of-fit test is the likelihood-ratio test of this null hypothesis. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Four-Eyed Prince-Four-Eyed Prince-Four-Eyed Prince (Japanese: メガネ王子, Hepburn: Megane Ōji) is a four volume shōjo manga series by Wataru Mizukami (水上航, Mizukami Wataru). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Four-Eyed Prince-Reception-"Four-Eyed Prince has the depth of a reader letter to Cosmo, but if that sounds like icing on the bespectacled cake, then this is going to be a sweet enough dessert for the younger female crowd." — Joseph Luster, Otaku USA "For a first manga romance, perhaps for a young teen reader graduating... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Four-Eyed Prince-Reception-"If you have a glasses fetish, there's plenty of eye-candy here for you in the body of the manga and also in the Four Eyed Café Special Report in the extras." — Sakura Eries, Mania.
"It’s an ultra light and fluffy fun volume of Four-Eyed Prince." — Rachel Bentham, activeAnime. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Fibre satellite distribution-Fibre satellite distribution is a technology that enables satellite TV signals from an antenna to be distributed using an optical fibre cable infrastructure and then converted to electrical signals for use with conventional set-top box receivers. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Fibre satellite distribution-Particularly applicable to satellite TV distribution systems in a multi-dwelling unit, such as a block of flats (but useful in smaller domestic distribution systems too), such a hybrid fibre/electrical system reduces the cabling required, reduces signal noise an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Advantages-The primary benefit of using optical fibre for a satellite TV IF distribution system is that the fibre can carry the entire received spectrum on one cable, which can then be split to provide for multiple tuners, without requiring a separate feed from the antenna to each tuner. Ad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Advantages-Fibre cable is cheap in long run, retailing at about twice the price of equivalent copper coaxial cable, but replacing four runs of coaxial cable with a single fibre cable.
It is also much smaller than the coaxial signal cable used for electrical IF distribution, but robust and f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Development-While optical fibre has been used for telephone and Internet backbone data, and even for television and multimedia carriage for terrestrial cable, for many years, use for satellite IF distribution has been held back by considerations of cost and installation convenience. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Development-However, since about 2007, UK company, Global Invacom (which also markets domestic and communal satellite reception and distribution equipment, including SCR single cable distribution equipment) has developed a low cost standardised system of optical fibre distribution suitable ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-How it works-The complete spectrum of Ku-band satellite reception stretches from 10.70 GHz-12.75 GHz across two signal polarisations, or a bandwidth of about 4000 MHz. This cannot be carried on a single coaxial cable and so in a conventional satellite reception system, just one of four sub-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-How it works-The losses in the cable are extremely small (in the region of 0.3dB/km) and the Global Invacom optical LNB output can be split up to 32 ways with a cable length of up to 10 km between the LNB and the receiver.
At, or near, the receiver, the optical signal is converted back to t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Practical considerations-Although the hybrid optical fibre/electrical system provides many advantages over electrical IF distribution to widespread or complex systems, it also requires a new approach by installers familiar only with electrical installations. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Practical considerations-The single mode fibre cables use an 8μm fibre armoured with a steel wrap and Kevlar strands inside a plastic jacket. Fibre cable cannot be easily joined (an expensive fusion splicer is required for reliable joints) but pre-made cables with FC type screw-on connector... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fibre satellite distribution-Practical considerations-The cables must be properly prepared (the end of the fibre itself cleaned) before connections are made and provision must be made to attenuate the LNB signal, to avoid overloading the receiver, if it is not split between receivers as there is so little attenuation i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chambranle-Chambranle-In architecture and joinery, the chambranle is the border, frame, or ornament, made of stone or wood, that is a component of the three sides round chamber doors, large windows, and chimneys.
When a chambranle is plain and without mouldings, it is called a band, case, or frame. The chambranle consi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chambranle-History-In ancient architecture, antepagmenta were garnishings in posts or doors, wrought in stone or timber, or lintels of a window. The word comes from Latin and has been borrowed in English to be used for the entire chambranle, i.e. the door case, or window frame. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Peripatric speciation-Peripatric speciation is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population.: 105 Since peripatric speciation resembles allopatric speciation, in that populations are isolated and prevented from exchanging genes, it can often be diff... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Peripatric speciation-The concept of peripatric speciation was first outlined by the evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr in 1954. Since then, other alternative models have been developed such as centrifugal speciation, that posits that a species' population experiences periods of geographic range ex... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Peripatric speciation-The existence of peripatric speciation is supported by observational evidence and laboratory experiments.: 106 Scientists observing the patterns of a species biogeographic distribution and its phylogenetic relationships are able to reconstruct the historical process by which... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-History-Peripatric speciation was originally proposed by Ernst Mayr in 1954, and fully theoretically modeled in 1982. It is related to the founder effect, where small living populations may undergo selection bottlenecks. The founder effect is based on models that suggest peripatric speciation can ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Models-Peripatric Peripatric speciation models are identical to models of vicariance (allopatric speciation).: 105 Requiring both geographic separation and time, speciation can result as a predictable byproduct. Peripatry can be distinguished from allopatric speciation by three key features:: 105... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Models-Quantum and budding speciation The botanist Verne Grant proposed the term quantum speciation that combined the ideas of J. T. Gulick (his observation of the variation of species in semi-isolation), Sewall Wright (his models of genetic drift), Mayr (both his peripatric and genetic revolution... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Models-Centrifugal speciation William Louis Brown, Jr. proposed an alternative model of peripatric speciation in 1957 called centrifugal speciation. This model contrasts with peripatric speciation by virtue of the origin of the genetic novelty that leads to reproductive isolation. A population of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Evidence-Observational evidence and laboratory experiments support the occurrence of peripatric speciation. Islands and archipelagos are often the subject of speciation studies in that they represent isolated populations of organisms. Island species provide direct evidence of speciation occurring ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Evidence-Hawaiian archipelago Drosophila species on the Hawaiian archipelago have helped researchers understand speciation processes in great detail. It is well established that Drosophila has undergone an adaptive radiation into hundreds of endemic species on the Hawaiian island chain;: 107 orig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Evidence-Other islands Phylogenetic studies of a species of crab spider (Misumenops rapaensis) in the genus Thomisidae located on the Austral Islands have established the, "sequential colonization of [the] lineage down the Austral archipelago toward younger islands". M. rapaensis has been traditio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Evidence-Species patterns on continents The occurrence of peripatry on continents is more difficult to detect due to the possibility of vicariant explanations being equally likely.: 110 However, studies concerning the Californian plant species Clarkia biloba and C. lingulata strongly suggest a pe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Evidence-Red spruce (Picea rubens) has arisen from an isolated population of black spruce (Picea mariana). During the Pleistocene, a population of black spruce became geographically isolated, likely due to glaciation. The geographic range of the black spruce is much larger than the red spruce. The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Peripatric speciation-Evidence-Laboratory experiments Peripatric speciation has been researched in both laboratory studies and nature. Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr in Speciation suggest that most laboratory studies of allopatric speciation are also examples of peripatric speciation due to their small population sizes a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclotriol-Cyclotriol-Cyclotriol (developmental code name ZK-136295; also known as 14α,17α-ethanoestriol) is a synthetic estrogen which was studied in the 1990s and was never marketed. It is a derivative of estriol with a bridge between the C14α and C17α positions. The drug has 40% of the relative binding affinity of e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ladle (spoon)-Ladle (spoon)-A ladle is a type of cooking implement used for soup, stew, or other foods.Although designs vary, a typical ladle has a long handle terminating in a deep bowl, frequently with the bowl oriented at an angle to the handle to facilitate lifting liquid out of a pot or other vessel and conveying ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ladle (spoon)-Ladle (spoon)-In modern times ladles are usually made of the same stainless steel alloys as other kitchen utensils; however, they can be made of aluminium, silver, plastics, melamine resin, wood, bamboo or other materials. Ladles are made in a variety of sizes depending upon use; for example, the smaller ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wrightiadione-Wrightiadione-Wrightiadione is an isoflavone that occurs in the plant Wrightia tomentosa and can also be synthesized. It is a novel template for the TrkA kinase inhibitors. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Clostridium enterotoxin-Clostridium enterotoxin-Clostridium enterotoxins are toxins produced by Clostridium species. Clostridial species are one of the major causes of food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses. They are anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rods that occur naturally in the soil. Among the family are:... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Exitron-Exitrons (exonic introns) are produced through alternative splicing and have characteristics of both introns and exons, but are described as retained introns. Even though they are considered introns, which are typically cut out of pre mRNA sequences, there are significant problems that arise when exitro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Alternative splicing-Exitrons are a result of alternative splicing (AS), in which introns are typically cut out of a pre mRNA sequence, while exons remain in the sequence and are translated into proteins. The same sequence within a pre mRNA strand can be considered an intron or exon depending on the desired pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Discovery-A previous study had looked at alternative splicing in Rockcress (Arabidopsis) plants and pinpointed characteristics of retained introns in sequences. They had a subset of what they called "cryptic introns" that did not contain stop codons and are now deemed exitrons. The same researchers conducted fu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Distinguishing these regions from typical introns-Transcripts with exitrons in their sequences can be distinguished from those with retained introns in several ways: (1) transcripts containing exitrons are transported out of the nucleus to be translated, whereas those containing introns are identified as incomp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Characteristics-Exitrons are considered introns, but have characteristics of both introns and exons. They originated from ancestral coding exons, but have weaker splice site signals than other introns. Exitrons have been found to be longer and have a higher GC content than intron regions and constitutive intron... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Characteristics-In Arabidopsis Exitron splicing affects 3.3% of Arabidopsis protein coding genes. 11% of intron regions were composed of exitrons and 3.7% of AS events detected in a sample were exitron splicings. The regulation of EIS in tissues is controlled by certain stresses, which serves as a regulatory ro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Characteristics-In human cancers A analysis showed that exitron splicing affected 63% of human coding genes and that 95% of those events were tumor-specific. It was found that exitron splicing occurred more frequently in cancer tissues (63%), compared to normal human tissue cells (17%), with the highest rate of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Exitron-Effects-Exitron splicing has been found to be a conserved strategy for increasing proteome plasticity in both plants and animals since it affects plant and human protein features in a similar manner. When exitrons are spliced out of a sequence, it has resulted in internally deleted proteins and affected protein... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Rhenium-Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-gray, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. Rhenium has th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Rhenium-Discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg in 1925, rhenium was the last stable element to be discovered. It was named after the river Rhine in Europe, from which the earliest samples had been obtained and worked commercially.Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in combustion chambers... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-History-Rhenium (Latin: Rhenus meaning: "Rhine") was the last-discovered of the elements that have a stable isotope (other new elements discovered in nature since then, such as francium, are radioactive). The existence of a yet-undiscovered element at this position in the periodic table had been first predicted... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Rhenium is a silvery-white metal with one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. It also has one of the highest boiling points of all elements, and the highest among stable elements. It is also one of the densest, exceeded only by platinum, iridium a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Isotopes Rhenium has one stable isotope, rhenium-185, which nevertheless occurs in minority abundance, a situation found only in two other elements (indium and tellurium). Naturally occurring rhenium is only 37.4% 185Re, and 62.6% 187Re, which is unstable but has a very long half-life (≈1010 yea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Compounds Rhenium compounds are known for all the oxidation states between −3 and +7 except −2. The oxidation states +7, +6, +4, and +2 are the most common. Rhenium is most available commercially as salts of perrhenate, including sodium and ammonium perrhenates. These are white, water-soluble co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Halides and oxyhalides The most common rhenium chlorides are ReCl6, ReCl5, ReCl4, and ReCl3. The structures of these compounds often feature extensive Re-Re bonding, which is characteristic of this metal in oxidation states lower than VII. Salts of [Re2Cl8]2− feature a quadruple metal-metal bond... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Like tungsten and molybdenum, with which it shares chemical similarities, rhenium forms a variety of oxyhalides. The oxychlorides are most common, and include ReOCl4, ReOCl3.
Oxides and sulfides The most common oxide is the volatile yellow Re2O7. The red rhenium trioxide ReO3 adopts a perovskite... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Organorhenium compounds Dirhenium decacarbonyl is the most common entry to organorhenium chemistry. Its reduction with sodium amalgam gives Na[Re(CO)5] with rhenium in the formal oxidation state −1. Dirhenium decacarbonyl can be oxidised with bromine to bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I): Re2(CO)10 + ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Nonahydridorhenate A distinctive derivative of rhenium is nonahydridorhenate, originally thought to be the rhenide anion, Re−, but actually containing the ReH2−9 anion in which the oxidation state of rhenium is +7. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Characteristics-Occurrence Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust with an average concentration of 1 ppb; other sources quote the number of 0.5 ppb making it the 77th most abundant element in Earth's crust. Rhenium is probably not found free in nature (its possible natural occurrence is uncertai... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Production-Approximately 80% of rhenium is extracted from porphyry molybdenum deposits. Some ores contain 0.001% to 0.2% rhenium. Roasting the ore volatilizes rhenium oxides. Rhenium(VII) oxide and perrhenic acid readily dissolve in water; they are leached from flue dusts and gasses and extracted by precipitati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Applications-Rhenium is added to high-temperature superalloys that are used to make jet engine parts, using 70% of the worldwide rhenium production. Another major application is in platinum–rhenium catalysts, which are primarily used in making lead-free, high-octane gasoline. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Applications-Alloys The nickel-based superalloys have improved creep strength with the addition of rhenium. The alloys normally contain 3% or 6% of rhenium. Second-generation alloys contain 3%; these alloys were used in the engines for the F-15 and F-16, whereas the newer single-crystal third-generation alloys ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Applications-For 2006, the consumption is given as 28% for General Electric, 28% Rolls-Royce plc and 12% Pratt & Whitney, all for superalloys, whereas the use for catalysts only accounts for 14% and the remaining applications use 18%. In 2006, 77% of rhenium consumption in the United States was in alloys. The r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Applications-Catalysts Rhenium in the form of rhenium-platinum alloy is used as catalyst for catalytic reforming, which is a chemical process to convert petroleum refinery naphthas with low octane ratings into high-octane liquid products. Worldwide, 30% of catalysts used for this process contain rhenium. The ol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Applications-Other uses The isotopes 186Re and 188Re are radioactive and are used for treatment of liver cancer. They both have similar penetration depth in tissue (5 mm for 186Re and 11 mm for 188Re), but 186Re has the advantage of a longer half life (90 hours vs. 17 hours).188Re is also being used experimenta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rhenium-Precautions-Very little is known about the toxicity of rhenium and its compounds because they are used in very small amounts. Soluble salts, such as the rhenium halides or perrhenates, could be hazardous due to elements other than rhenium or due to rhenium itself. Only a few compounds of rhenium have been teste... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rombo syndrome-Rombo syndrome-Rombo syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized mainly by atrophoderma vermiculatum of the face,: 580 multiple milia, telangiectases, acral erythema, peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis, and a propensity to develop basal cell carcinomas.The lesions become visible in late ch... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rombo syndrome-Rombo syndrome-Histologic sections showed the dermis to be almost devoid of elastin in most areas with clumping of elastic material in other areas. The disorder had been transmitted through at least 4 generations with instances of male-to-male transmission. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acanthocyte-Acanthocyte-Acanthocyte (from the Greek word ἄκανθα acantha, meaning 'thorn'), in biology and medicine, refers to an abnormal form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to thorny projections. A similar term is spur cells. Often they may be confused with echinocytes or schistocytes.
Acanthoc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acanthocyte-Usage-Spur cells may refer synonymously to acanthocytes, or may refer in some sources to a specific subset of 'extreme acanthocytes' that have undergone splenic modification whereby additional cell membrane loss has blunted the spicules and the cells have become spherocytic ('spheroacanthocyte'), as seen in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acanthocyte-Pathophysiology-Acanthocytes arise from either alterations in membrane lipids or structural proteins. Alterations in membrane lipids are seen in abetalipoproteinemia and liver dysfunction. Alteration in membrane structural proteins are seen in neuroacanthocytosis and McLeod syndrome.
In liver dysfunction, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acanthocyte-Differential diagnoses-The diagnosis of acanthocytosis should be differentiated from: acute or chronic anemia, hepatitis A, B, and C, hepatorenal syndrome, hypopituitarism, malabsorption syndromes, and malnutrition.Acanthocytosis secondary to malnourishment, such as anorexia nervosa and cystic fibrosis, rem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hardware certification-Hardware certification-Hardware certification is the process through which computer hardware is tested to ensure it is compatible with specific software packages, and operates as intended in critical situations. With ever dropping prices of hardware devices, the market for networking devices and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hardware certification-Certification process-Vendor certification To obtain certification, the hardware or software has to conform to a set of protocols and quality standards that are put in place by the original creator of technology. Usually the certification process is done by a "certification partner." Certificatio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hardware certification-Certification process-The process of certification ensures that the products made by different manufacturers are standardized and are compatible with each other as indicated in hardware or software platform.
Third-party certification Third-party certification is undertaken by an independent body.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Journal of Sensor Networks-International Journal of Sensor Networks-The International Journal of Sensor Networks (IJSNet) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on distributed, wired, and wireless sensor networks. It is published by Inderscience Publishers. The journal was establi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
International Journal of Sensor Networks-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology, Scopus, Academic OneFile, and the ACM Digital Library. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Proteans-Proteans-Proteans (or the Proteus effect) are unpredictable, subtle, often subconscious, flirting signals, such as a woman's touching of her hair when first meeting a man. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Proteans-Proteans-The term was coined by Humphries and Driver in 1970 for unpredictable behaviour exhibited by prey animals. It was used in the context of human courtship behaviour by Grammer et al. in 2000.The researchers named the ritual for the shape-shifting Greek god because of the ambiguity of the signals. The n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Proteans-Proteans-One study found that women tend to exhibit interest in the first few minutes of their interactions with strangers regardless of their level of attraction, and only indicated their true level of interest after this time.These signals often indicate that the sender is trying to decide whether they are i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2,2′-Bipyridine-2,2′-Bipyridine-2,2′-Bipyridine (bipy or bpy, pronounced ) is an organic compound with the formula C10H8N2. This colorless solid is an important isomer of the bipyridine family. It is a bidentate chelating ligand, forming complexes with many transition metals. Ruthenium and platinum complexes of bipy ex... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2,2′-Bipyridine-Preparation, structure, and general properties-2,2'-Bipyridine was first prepared by decarboxylation of divalent metal derivatives of pyridine-2-carboxylate: M(O2CC5H4N)2 → (C5H4N)2 + 2 CO2 + ...It is prepared by the dehydrogenation of pyridine using Raney nickel: 2 C5H5N → (C5H4N)2 + H2Although bipyrid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2,2′-Bipyridine-Reactions-A large number of complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine have been described. It binds metals as a chelating ligand, forming a 5-membered chelate ring. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Mash ingredients-Mash ingredients, mash bill, mashbill, or grain bill are the materials that brewers use to produce the wort that they then ferment into alcohol. Mashing is the act of creating and extracting fermentable and non-fermentable sugars and flavor components from grain by steeping it in hot w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Mash ingredients-A typical primary mash ingredient is grain that has been malted. Modern-day malt recipes generally consist of a large percentage of a light malt and, optionally, smaller percentages of more flavorful or highly colored types of malt. The former is called "base malt"; the latter is known... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Mash ingredients-The grain bill of a beer or whisky may vary widely in the number and proportion of ingredients. For example, in beer-making, a simple pale ale might contain a single malted grain, while a complex porter may contain a dozen or more ingredients. In whisky production, Bourbon uses a mash ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Each particular ingredient has its own flavor that contributes to the final character of the beverage. In addition, different ingredients carry other characteristics, not directly relating to the flavor, which may dictate some of the choices made in brewing: nitrogen content, diastatic power,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Nitrogen content The nitrogen content of a grain relates to the mass fraction of the grain that is made up of protein, and is usually expressed as a percentage; this fraction is further refined by distinguishing what fraction of the protein is water-soluble, also usually expressed as a percen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Distillers, by contrast, are not as constrained by the amount of protein in their mash as the non-volatile nature of proteins means that none is included in the final distilled product. Therefore, distillers seek out higher-nitrogen grains to ensure a more efficiently-made product. Higher-pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Diastatic power Diastatic power (DP), also called the "diastatic activity" or "enzymatic power", is a property of malts (grains that have begun to germinate) that refers to the malt's ability to break down starches into simpler fermentable sugars during the mashing process. Germination produc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Diastatic activity can also be provided by diastatic malt extract or by inclusion of separately-prepared brewing enzymes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Diastatic power for a grain is measured in degrees Lintner (°Lintner or °L, although the latter can conflict with the symbol °L for Lovibond color); or in Europe by Windisch-Kolbach units (°WK). The two measures are related by Lintner WK 16 3.5 WK 3.5 Lintner 16 .A malt with enough power to s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Color In brewing, the color of a grain or product is evaluated by the Standard Reference Method (SRM), Lovibond (°L), American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) or European Brewery Convention (EBC) standards. While SRM and ASBC originate in North America and EBC in Europe, all three systems ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Modification The quality of starches in a grain is variable with the strain of grain used and its growing conditions. "Modification" refers specifically to the extent to which starch molecules in the grain consist of simple chains of starch molecules versus branched chains; a fully modified g... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Variables-Conversion Conversion is the extent to which starches in the grain have been enzymatically broken down into sugars. A caramel or crystal malt is fully converted before it goes into the mash; most malted grains have little conversion; unmalted grains, meanwhile, have little or no conversion. U... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-The oldest and most predominant ingredient in brewing is barley, which has been used in beer-making for thousands of years. Modern brewing predominantly uses malted barley for its enzymatic power, but ancient Babylonian recipes indicate that, without the ability to malt grain in a controlled fash... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-Pilsner malt Pilsner malt, the basis of pale lager, is quite pale and strongly flavored. Invented in the 1840s, Pilsner malt is the lightest-colored generally available malt, and also carries a strong, sweet malt flavor. Usually a pale lager's grain bill consists entirely of this malt, which has ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-Pale malt Pale malt is the basis of pale ale and bitter, and the precursor in production of most other British beer malts. Dried at temperatures sufficiently low to preserve all the brewing enzymes in the grain, it is light in color and, today, the cheapest barley malt available due to mass produ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-Mild malt Mild malt is often used as the base malt for mild ale, and is similar in color to pale malt. Mild malt is kilned at slightly higher temperatures than pale malt to provide a less neutral, rounder flavor generally described as "nutty". ASBC 3/EBC 6. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-Amber malt Amber malt is a more toasted form of pale malt, kilned at temperatures of 150–160 °C, and is used in brown porter; older formulations of brown porter use amber malt as a base malt (though this was diastatic and produced in different conditions from a modern amber malt). Amber malt has ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-Stout malt Stout malt is sometimes seen as a base malt for stout beer; light in color, it is prepared so as to maximize diastatic power in order to better convert the large quantities of dark malts and unmalted grain used in stouts. In practice, however, most stout recipes make use of pale malt f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-Brown malt Brown malt is a darker form of pale malt, and is used typically in brown ale as well as in porter and stout. Like amber malt, it can be prepared from pale malt at home by baking a thin layer of pale malt in an oven until the desired color is achieved. 50–70 °L, no enzymes.
Chocolate ma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mash ingredients-Malts-Black malt Black malt, also called patent malt or black patent malt, is barley malt that has been kilned to the point of carbonizing, around 200 °C. The term "patent malt" comes from its invention in England in 1817, late enough that the inventor of the process for its manufacture, Daniel Wheeler... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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