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Technical peer review-Overview-Peer reviews are distinct from management reviews, which are conducted by management representatives rather than by colleagues and for management and control purposes rather than for technical evaluation. This is especially true of line managers of the author or other participants in the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Technical peer review-Overview-They are also distinct from software audit reviews, which are conducted by personnel external to the project, to evaluate compliance with specifications, standards, contractual agreements, or other criteria. A software peer review is a type of technical peer review. The IEEE defines forma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Technical peer review-Roles of participants-Moderator Responsible for conducting the technical peer review process and collecting inspection data. The moderator plays a key role in all stages of the process except rework and is typically required to perform several duties during a technical peer review in addition to i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Technical peer review-Vested interest of reviewers-There are two philosophies about the vested interest of the inspectors in the product under review. On one hand, project personnel who have a vested interest in the work product under review have the most knowledge of the product and are motivated to find and fix defec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Cloud storage gateway-A cloud storage gateway is a hybrid cloud storage device, implemented in hardware or software, which resides at the customer premises and translates cloud storage APIs such as SOAP or REST to block-based storage protocols such as iSCSI or Fibre Channel or file-based interface... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Technology-Features Modern applications (aka "cloud native applications") use network attached storage by means of REST and SOAP with hypertext transfer protocol on the protocol layer. The related storage is provided from arrays that offer these as object storage. Classic applications use network ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Technology-Functionality In enterprise infrastructures NFS is mainly used by Linux systems whereas Windows systems are using SMB. Object storage needs data in form of objects rather than files. For all cloud storage gateways it is mandatory to cache the incoming files and destage them to object st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Technology-Extensions Nearly all object storage gateways support Amazon S3 protocol as a quasi-standard. Some offer as well Microsoft Azure Blob, Google Storage, or Openstack SWIFT. Most gateways support public cloud storage e.g. from Amazon or Microsoft as an object store and Dropbox as a file dr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Technology-Deployment methods There are multiple variants to deploy such gateways – and some vendors support as well different variants as of their product line: bare metal hardware appliance software appliance supporting different hypervisors software on top of an operating system – aka FUSE base... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Advantages-Cloud storage gateways avoid the need to change existing applications by providing a standard interface.
Additionally, IT users are used to existing protocols – like SMB or NFS. They can make use of cloud storage with the advantage of still using their existing infrastructures (includin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Advantages-While cloud storage gateways initially covered a niche only, they got more attraction as of multi-cloud technologies. As an example: It is possible to run a cloud storage gateway in form of a software appliance on top of a public or private cloud infrastructure by offering docker volume... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Advantages-The de facto standard for object storage is Amazon S3 – it had the most popularity and capacity installed on object storage. But every object storage vendor can (and most of them do) offer Amazon S3 storage – even there is no real "standard" S3 API: Every vendor is a little bit differen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Disadvantages-By using cloud storage gateways the complexity to use object storage is hidden, but that also hides some of the advantages of object storage: the ability of horizontal scaling ability to add high efficient metadata to the data content to use extended WORM and archiving capabilities o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cloud storage gateway-Market-As of 2020 the cloud storage gateway market was valued at over USD 2 billion and was predicted to reach USD 11 billion by 2026, based on a report by the market research firm Mordor intelligence. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Alphabet Synthesis Machine-Alphabet Synthesis Machine-The Alphabet Synthesis Machine (2002) is a work of interactive art which makes use of genetic algorithms to "evolve" a set of glyphs similar in appearance to a real-world alphabet. Users create initial glyphs and the program takes over. As the creators of the projec... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Silicon on insulator-In semiconductor manufacturing, silicon on insulator (SOI) technology is fabrication of silicon semiconductor devices in a layered silicon–insulator–silicon substrate, to reduce parasitic capacitance within the device, thereby improving performance. SOI-based devices differ fro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Industry need-SOI technology is one of several manufacturing strategies to allow the continued miniaturization of microelectronic devices, colloquially referred to as "extending Moore's Law" (or "More Moore", abbreviated "MM"). Reported benefits of SOI relative to conventional silicon (bulk CMOS) p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Industry need-The primary barrier to SOI implementation is the drastic increase in substrate cost, which contributes an estimated 10–15% increase to total manufacturing costs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-SOI transistors-An SOI MOSFET is a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) device in which a semiconductor layer such as silicon or germanium is formed on an insulator layer which may be a buried oxide (BOX) layer formed in a semiconductor substrate. SOI MOSFET devices are adapte... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Manufacture of SOI wafers-SiO2-based SOI wafers can be produced by several methods: SIMOX - Separation by IMplantation of OXygen – uses an oxygen ion beam implantation process followed by high temperature annealing to create a buried SiO2 layer.
Wafer bonding – the insulating layer is formed by dir... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Use in the microelectronics industry-IBM began to use SOI in the high-end RS64-IV "Istar" PowerPC-AS microprocessor in 2000. Other examples of microprocessors built on SOI technology include AMD's 130 nm, 90 nm, 65 nm, 45 nm and 32 nm single, dual, quad, six and eight core processors since 2001. Fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Use in high-performance radio frequency (RF) applications-In 1990, Peregrine Semiconductor began development of an SOI process technology utilizing a standard 0.5 μm CMOS node and an enhanced sapphire substrate. Its patented silicon on sapphire (SOS) process is widely used in high-performance RF ap... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Use in photonics-SOI wafers are widely used in silicon photonics. The crystalline silicon layer on insulator can be used to fabricate optical waveguides and other optical devices, either passive or active (e.g. through suitable implantations). The buried insulator enables propagation of infrared li... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-Disadvantages-The major disadvantage of SOI technology when compared to conventional semiconductor industry is increased cost of manufacturing. As of 2012 only IBM and AMD used SOI as basis for high-performance processors and the other manufacturers (Intel, TSMC, Global Foundries etc.) used convent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Silicon on insulator-SOI market-As of 2020 the market utilizing the SOI process was projected to grow up by ~15% for the next 5 years according to Market Research Future group. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Neuropeptide S-Neuropeptide S-Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, mainly produced by neurons in the amygdala and between Barrington's nucleus and the locus coeruleus, although NPS-responsive neurons extend projections into many other brain areas. NPS binds specifically to a G prot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Neuropeptide S-Synthetic ligands-The non-peptide NPS receptor antagonist SHA-68 blocks the effects of NPS in animals and is anxiogenic. Several peptide derived NPS agonists and antagonists have also been developed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Neuropeptide S-Peptide sequence-Below are the sequences of mature neuropeptide S in several representative species in which it is expressed: According to Pfam's HMM logo, there is a conserved "KR" cleave site immediately N-terminal to the C-terminal mature peptide. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VSTa-VSTa-Valencia's Simple Tasker (VSTa) is an operating system with a microkernel architecture, with all device drivers and file systems residing in userspace mode. It mostly complies with the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), except where such compliance interferes with extensibility and modularity. It is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VSTa-VSTa-It was originally written to run on Intel 80386 hardware, and then was ported to several different platforms, e.g., Motorola 68030 based Amigas.
VSTa is no longer developed. A fork, named Flexible Microkernel Infrastructure/Operating System (FMI/OS), did not make a release. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
VSTa-User interface-The default graphical user interface provided as a tar-ball with the system was ManaGeR (MGR). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shaala Darpan-Shaala Darpan-Shala Darpan is an ICT Programme of Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India that to provide mobile access to parents of students of Government and Government aided schools. This information can only be obtained about the students of government schools. The implementation ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shaala Darpan-Facilities available on Rajasthan Shala Darpan portal-School search process Process to view school report Procedure for viewing student's report Procedure for viewing staff report Scheme Search Process Know Your School NICSD ID Process to know the staff details Staff login Transfer schedule | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chief networking officer-Chief networking officer-The chief networking officer (CNO) is a business networking position in a company or organization. The term refers less commonly to a technical executive position in the computer industry. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chief networking officer-Business networking-In the business networking context, a chief networking officer manages the social capital of a company. The CNO connects people and businesses within the company, with other companies, and with consumers. The CNO's mission is to facilitate know-how transfer and information f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chief networking officer-Responsibilities-A Chief Networking Officer (CNO) is the corporate business networks portfolio manager. The Chief Networking Officer centrally manages the business networks' environment. Their responsibility is to solve conflicts in ways that serve mutual best interests. The CNO is a direct con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chief networking officer-Responsibilities-The CNO is concerned with the self-development of each member of the internal network, and qualifying them to reach their goals. The CNO can only directly impact the employees network. All others are outside their direct control. The CNO achieves recognition of peers from vario... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chief networking officer-Responsibilities-The CNO position requires negotiation experience, knowledge of the company, and knowledge of the marketplace plus an understanding of coaching methodology is useful. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chief networking officer-Computer networking-In computer networking, the chief networking officer is "responsible for network strategy, advanced network product development, and translation to line products of future networking and distributed computing technologies." | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fare strike-Fare strike-A fare strike is a direct action in which people in a city with a public transit system carry out mass fare evasion as a method of protest. Jumping turnstiles, boarding buses through the back or very quickly through the front, and leaving doors open in subway stations are some tactics used. In s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fare strike-History-The first historical mention of a fare strike in the United States was in 1944 in Cleveland, Ohio when "streetcar workers threatened to refuse to collect fares in order to win a pay increase." The action was effective because "the City Council gave in before they actually used the tactic." These kin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fare strike-History-In 1969, Italy's "Hot Autumn" was sparked at FIAT's Mirafiori plant in Turin and spilled past the factory gates as workers coordinated movements using other forms of the social strike: FIAT workers refused to pay for the trams and buses and went into stores to demand reductions in prices, backed onl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fare strike-History-Another type of social strike occurred during the 1970 postal strike in the United States when "letter carriers promised to deliver welfare checks even while on strike." In 2004, much like in the 1944 example in Cleveland, the Chicago group Midwest Unrest was able to organize a fare strike that forc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fare strike-History-In the United Kingdom, there were fare strikes against First Great Western in January 2007 and January 2008.In Montreal, striking students in 2005 often used the subway as a means of transportation during demonstrations. As a group, the demonstration would enter the subway without paying, usually wh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Double-sided painting-Double-sided painting-A double-sided painting is a canvas which has a painting on either side. Historically, artists would often paint on both sides out of need of material. The subject matter of the two paintings was sometimes, although not normally, related. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stizolobate synthase-Stizolobate synthase-In enzymology, a stizolobate synthase (EC 1.13.11.29) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + O2 ⇌ 4-(L-alanin-3-yl)-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate 6-semialdehydeThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stizolobate synthase-Stizolobate synthase-This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexanetetrol-Cyclohexanetetrol-A cyclohexanetetrol is a chemical compound consisting of a cyclohexane molecule with four hydroxyl groups (–OH) replacing four of the twelve hydrogen atoms. It is therefore a cyclitol (cyclic polyol). Its generic formula is C6H12O4 or C6H8(OH)4.Some cyclohexanetetrols have biological... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexanetetrol-Isomers-There are several cyclohexanetetrol isomers that differ on the position of the hydroxyl groups along the ring, and on their orientation relative to the mean plane of the ring. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexanetetrol-Isomers-The isomers with each hydroxyl on a distinct carbon are: 1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol or ortho- (10 isomers, including 4 enantiomer pairs) 1,2,3,5-Cyclohexanetetrol or meta- (8 isomers, including 2 enantiomer pairs) 1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol or para- (7 isomers, including 2 enantiomer pairs) P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexanetetrol-Preparation-The synthesis of cyclohexanetetrols can be achieved by, among other methods: reduction or hydrogenation of (1) cyclohexenetetrols, (2) tri-hydroxycyclohexanones, (3) pentahydroxycyclohexanones, (4) hydroxylated aromatic hydrocarbons, or (5) hydroxylated quinones; the (6) hydrogenolysis of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equipossibility-Equipossibility-Equipossibility is a philosophical concept in possibility theory that is a precursor to the notion of equiprobability in probability theory. It is used to distinguish what can occur in a probability experiment. For example, it is the difference between viewing the possible results of rol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Equipossibility-Equipossibility-The Principle of Indifference of Laplace states that equipossible alternatives may be accorded equal probabilities if nothing more is known about the underlying probability distribution. However, it is a matter of contention whether the concept of equipossibility, also called equispecifi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kinetic width-Kinetic width-A kinetic width data structure is a kinetic data structure which maintains the width of a set of moving points. In 2D, the width of a point set is the minimum distance between two parallel lines that contain the point set in the strip between them. For the two dimensional case, the kinetic d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kinetic width-2D case-Consider the parallel lines which contain the point set in the strip between them and are of minimal distance apart. One of the lines must contain an edge ab of the convex hull, and the other line must go through a point c of the convex hull such that (a,c) and (b,c) are antipodal pairs. ab and c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kinetic width-2D case-Consider the dual of the point set. The points dualize to lines and the convex hull of the points dualizes to the upper and lower envelope of the set of lines. The vertices of the upper convex hull dualize to segments on the upper envelope. The vertices of the lower convex hull dualize to segments... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kinetic width-2D case-The endpoints of both of the sets of x-intervals can be maintained in a kinetic sorted list. When points swap, the list of antipodal edge-point pairs are updated appropriately. The upper and lower envelopes can be maintained using the standard data structure for kinetic convex hull. The minimum di... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kinetic width-2D case-This data structure is responsive, compact and efficient. The data structure uses O(n) space because the kinetic convex hull, sorted list, and tournament data structures all use O(n) space. In all of the data structures, events, inserts, and deletes can be handled in log 2n) time, so the data ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kinetic width-2D case-The existence of a local kinetic data structure for width is open. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Kinetic width-Higher Dimensions-Efficiently maintaining the kinetic width of a point set in dimensions higher than 2 is an open problem. Efficient kinetic convex hull in dimensions higher than 2 is also an open problem. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Phospholipase A-Phospholipase A-Phospholipase A can refer to: Phospholipase A1 Phospholipase A2 Outer membrane phospholipase A1An enzyme that displays both phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 activities is called a Phospholipase B (see main article on phospholipases). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Secondary chromosome-Chromids, formerly (and less specifically) secondary chromosomes, are a class of bacterial replicons (replicating DNA molecules). These replicons are called "chromids" because they have characteristic features of both chromosomes and plasmids. Early on, it was thought that all ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Discovery and classification-Discovery Early in the era of bacterial genomics, the genomes of bacteria were thought to have a relatively simple architecture. All known bacteria had circular chromosomes containing all the crucial genes. Some bacteria had additional replicons known as plasmids, and p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Discovery and classification-Definition With the onset of these discoveries, several approaches in classifying different components of multipartite genomes were proposed. Various terms have been used to describe large replicons other than the main chromosome, including simply designating them as ad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Discovery and classification-Additional proposed classifications Beyond classifying certain replicons as chromids, a number of scientists have proposed further distinguishing between different types of chromids. One classification distinguishes between primary and secondary chromids. Primary chromi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Characteristics-Size and copy number In a bacterial genome, the main chromosome will always be the largest replicon, followed by the chromid and then the plasmid. One exception to this trend is known in Deinococcus deserti VCD115, where both plasmids are larger than the chromid.Chromids vary consid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Characteristics-Genomic features Chromids more frequently have a lower G + C content compared with the main chromosome, although the strength of this association is not very strong. A chromid will also typically have a G + C content within 1% of that of the main chromosome, reflecting its nearing t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Characteristics-Phylogenetic distribution The presence of core genes makes the chromid essential to the survival of the bacterium. The same core genes will be found on the chromids within a genus but not necessarily between genera. All chromids of a genus may additionally share a large number of co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Characteristics-Replication Chromids share features of the replication of both chromosomes and chromids. For one, chromids use the replication system of plasmids. While plasmids do not replicate in coordination with the main chromosome or the cell cycle, chromids do and only replicate once per cell... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Characteristics-Evolutionary flexibility Several studies indicate that chromids are less conserved and evolve more rapidly than do chromosomes in bacteria. In a study of many species of the genus Vibrio, it was found that the main, large chromosome had a consistent size range of 3–3.3 Mb, whereas t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Origins-"Schism" and "plasmid" hypotheses Several suggestions have been put forwards to explain the origins of chromids. The two main hypotheses are the "schism hypothesis" and the "plasmid hypothesis". According to the schism hypothesis, two separate bacterial chromosomes may arise through the spl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary chromosome-Origins-Proposed adaptive causes The question of the origins of chromids is tied to the question of why they evolved. One possibility is that chromids are a "frozen accident", where they simply happened to evolve by chance and for no particular reason and so, for this reason alone, are present in t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Name resolution-Name resolution-Name resolution can refer to any process that further identifies an object or entity from an associated, not-necessarily-unique alphanumeric name: In computer systems, it refers to the retrieval of the underlying numeric values corresponding to computer hostnames, account user names, gro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP Client Automation Software-HP Client Automation Software-Radia Client Automation software is an end-user device (PC and mobile device) lifecycle management tool for automating routine client-management tasks such as operating system deployments and upgrades, patch management, application software deployment, applica... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP Client Automation Software-History-Radia Client Automation has been called various names in its life-cycle: HP OpenView Configuration Management software, Radia Enterprise Desktop Manager (EDM), and HP Client Automation Software. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP Client Automation Software-History-1992 - Novadigm launches Enterprise Desktop Manager (EDM) 1997 - Novadigm launches Radia 2004 - HP acquires Novadigm September 2004 - Version 4.0 Radia released April 2007 - Version 5.0 HP OpenView Configuration Management released October 2007 - Version 5.1 HP Configuration Manage... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP Client Automation Software-History-June 2013 - Persistent Systems delivers on HPCA licensing agreement, launches Radia Client Automation at HP® Discover 2013 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
HP Client Automation Software-Key Features-Radia Client Automation software can manage hundreds of thousands of client devices. It can be used to manage Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux desktops and laptops, mobile devices and tablets running iOS, Android and Windows 8 Series Mobile operating System, HP thin clien... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Chlorpyrifos-Chlorpyrifos (CPS), also known as Chlorpyrifos ethyl, is an organophosphate pesticide that has been used on crops, animals, and buildings, and in other settings, to kill several pests, including insects and worms. It acts on the nervous systems of insects by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Chlorpyrifos-As of 2020, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl were banned throughout the European Union, where they may no longer be used.
The EU also applied to have chlorpyrifos listed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
As of August 18, 2021... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Chlorpyrifos-It is banned in several other countries and jurisdictions as well. The Chlorpyrifos ban on food crops is the result of a 1999 lawsuit filed by NRDC to force the EPA to take action on the riskiest pesticides, as well as five additional successful court orders obtained by Earthjustice to force t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Synthesis-The industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos (3) is made by reacting 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) (1) with O,O-diethyl phosphorochloridothioate (2): | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Uses-Chlorpyrifos was used in about 100 countries around the world to control insects in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings. Its use in residential applications is restricted in multiple countries. According to Dow, chlorpyrifos is registered for use in nearly 100 countries and is annually ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Uses-Application Chlorpyrifos is normally supplied as a 23.5% or 50% liquid concentrate. The recommended concentration for direct-spray pin point application is 0.5% and for wide area application a 0.03–0.12% mix is recommended (US).
Kinetics Chlorpyrifos enters the insect through several routes. Simon et ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human toxicity-Chlorpyrifos exposure may lead to acute toxicity at higher doses. Persistent health effects follow acute poisoning or from long-term exposure to low doses, and developmental effects appear in fetuses and children even at very small doses.
Acute health effects For acute effects, the World Hea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human toxicity-Symptoms of acute exposure Acute poisoning results mainly from interference with the acetylcholine neurotransmission pathway, leading to a range of neuromuscular symptoms. Relatively mild poisoning can result in eye-watering, increased saliva and sweating, nausea, and headache. Intermediate ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human toxicity-Frequency of acute exposure Acute poisoning is probably most common in agricultural areas in Asia, where many small farmers are affected. Poisoning may be due to occupational or accidental exposure or intentional self-harm. Precise numbers of chlorpyrifos poisonings globally are not availabl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human toxicity-Treatment Poisoning is treated with atropine and simultaneously with oximes such as pralidoxime. Atropine blocks acetylcholine from binding with muscarinic receptors, which reduces the pesticide's impact. However, atropine does not affect acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors and thus is a pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human toxicity-Tourist deaths Chlorpyrifos poisoning was described by New Zealand scientists as the likely cause of death of several tourists in Chiang Mai, Thailand who developed myocarditis in 2011. Thai investigators came to no conclusion on the subject, but maintain that chlorpyrifos was not responsibl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human toxicity-Long term Development Epidemiological and experimental animal studies suggest that infants and children are more susceptible than adults to the effects of low-dose exposure. Chlorpyrifos has been suggested to have negative impacts on cognitive functions in the developing brain. The young hav... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human toxicity-Adulthood Adults may develop lingering health effects following acute exposure or repeated low-dose exposure. Among agricultural workers, chlorpyrifos has been associated with slightly increased risk of wheeze, a whistling sound while breathing due to obstruction of the airways.Among 50 farm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Chlorpyrifos methyl-The Dow Chemical Company also developed Chlorpyrifos methyl in 1966, which had a lower acute toxicity (WHO class III), but this appears to be no longer in commercial use. The molecule is similar to Chlorpyrifos ethyl, but with a O,O dimethyl chain. Proposed applications included vector ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Mechanisms of toxicity-Acetylcholine neurotransmission Primarily, chlorpyrifos and other organophosphate pesticides interfere with signaling from the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. One chlorpyrifos metabolite, chlorpyrifos-oxon, binds permanently to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing this enzyme ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Mechanisms of toxicity-Non-cholinesterase mechanisms Chlorpyrifos may affect other neurotransmitters, enzymes and cell signaling pathways, potentially at doses below those that substantially inhibit acetylcholinesterase. The extent of and mechanisms for these effects remain to be fully characterized. Labor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Mechanisms of toxicity-Paraoxonase activity The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) detoxifies chlorpyrifos oxon, the more toxic metabolite of chlorpyrifos, via hydrolysis. In laboratory animals, additional PON1 protects against chlorpyrifos toxicity while individuals that do not produce PON1 are particularly susc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Mechanisms of toxicity-Combined exposures Several studies have examined the effects of combined exposure to chlorpyrifos and other chemical agents, and these combined exposures can result in different effects during development. Female rats exposed first to dexamethasone, a treatment for premature labor, f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Human exposure-In 2011, EPA estimated that, in the general US population, people consume 0.009 micrograms of chlorpyrifos per kilogram of their body weight per day directly from food residue. Children are estimated to consume a greater quantity of chlorpyrifos per unit of body weight from food residue, wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Effects on wildlife-Aquatic life Among freshwater aquatic organisms, crustaceans and insects appear to be more sensitive to acute exposure than fish. Aquatic insects and animals appear to absorb chlorpyrifos directly from water rather than ingesting it with their diet or through sediment exposure.Concentra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Effects on wildlife-Bees Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos can be toxic to bees, with an oral LD50 of 360 ng/bee and a contact LD50 of 70 ng/bee. Guidelines for Washington state recommend that chlorpyrifos products should not be applied to flowering plants such as fruit trees within 4–6 days of blossoming to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-International law Chlorpyrifos is not regulated under international law or treaty. Organizations such as PANNA and the NRDC state that chlorpyrifos meets the four criteria (persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport, and toxicity) in Annex D of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Orga... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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