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Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-National regulations Chlorpyrifos was used to control insect infestations of homes and commercial buildings in Europe until it was banned from sale in 2008. Chlorpyrifos is restricted from termite control in Singapore as of 2009. It was banned from residential use in South Africa as of 2010. It ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used pest control products in the world. It is authorized for use in about 100 nations, including the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, where it is registered for protection of essentially every crop n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-In November 2016, the EPA reassessed its ban proposal after taking into consideration recommendations made by the agency's Science Advisory Panel which had rejected the EPA's methodology in quantifying the risk posed by chlorpyrifos. Using a different methodology as suggested by the panel, the E... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-Residue The use of chlorpyrifos in agriculture can leave chemical residue on food commodities. The FFDCA requires EPA to set limits, known as tolerances, for pesticide residue in human food and animal feed products based on risk quotients for acute and chronic exposure from food in humans. These... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-Water Chlorpyrifos in waterways is regulated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and falls under the CWA amendments of 1977 and 1978. The regulation is inclusive of all chlorpyrifos isomers and hydrates in any solution or mixture. EPA ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-Reporting EPCRA designates the chemicals that facilities must report to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), based on EPA assessments. Chlorpyrifos is not on the reporting list. It is on the list of hazardous substances under CERCLA (aka the Superfund Act). In the event of an environmental releas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-Occupational exposure In 1989, OSHA established a workplace permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.2 mg/m3 for chlorpyrifos, based on an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) exposure. However, the rule was remanded by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and no PELs are in place presently.EPA's Worker... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-State laws Additional laws and guidelines may apply for individual states. For example, Florida has a drinking water guideline for chlorpyrifos of 21 ug/L.In 2003, Dow agreed to pay $2 million to New York state, in response to a lawsuit to end Dow's advertising of Dursban as "safe".Oregon's Depa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-Australia The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority has a Chlorpyrifos Chemical Review in progress.
Denmark Chlorpyrifos was never approved for use in Denmark, except on ornamental plants grown in greenhouses. This use was banned in 2012. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-European Union On 6 December 2019, the European Union (EU) announced that it will no longer permit sales of chlorpyrifos after 31 January 2020.The European Food Safety Authority released a statement in July 2019 which concluded that the approval criteria for chlorpyrifos which apply to human hea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-India The FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) did not set a usage limits for chlorpyrifos. In 2010, India barred Dow from commercial activity for 5 years after India's Central Bureau of Investigation found Dow guilty of bribing Indian officials in 2007 to allow the sale of chlor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-New Zealand Chlorpyrifos is currently approved in New Zealand for commercial use in crops, as a veterinary medicine, and as a timber treatment chemical. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Regulation-Thailand Chlorpyrifos was banned under Thai law effective from 1 June 2020. Farmers were given 270 days to destroy their stock, while a 90-day deadline was also given to farmers to return the chemicals for destruction, as their possession is considered illegal by the Department of Agriculture. A... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Chlorpyrifos-Manufacture-Chlorpyrifos is produced via a multistep synthesis from 3-methylpyridine, eventually reacting 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol with diethylthiophosphoryl chloride. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-Quantum beats-In physics, quantum beats are simple examples of phenomena that cannot be described by semiclassical theory, but can be described by fully quantized calculation, especially quantum electrodynamics. In semiclassical theory (SCT), there is an interference or beat note term for both V-type and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-Historical overview-The observation of quantum beats was first reported by A.T. Forrester, R.A. Gudmundsen and P.O. Johnson in 1955, in an experiment that was performed on the basis of an earlier proposal by A.T. Forrester, W.E. Parkins and E. Gerjuoy. This experiment involved the mixing of the Zeeman com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-V-type and-Λ -type atoms There is a figure in Quantum Optics that describes V -type and Λ -type atoms clearly.
Simply, V-type atoms have 3 states: |a⟩ , |b⟩ , and |c⟩ . The energy levels of |a⟩ and |b⟩ are higher than that of |c⟩ . When electrons in states |a⟩ and : |b⟩ subsequently decay to stat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-Calculation based on semiclassical theory-In the semiclassical picture, the state vector of electrons is |ψ(t)⟩=caexp(−iωat)|a⟩+cbexp(−iωbt)|b⟩+ccexp(−iωct)|c⟩ .If the nonvanishing dipole matrix elements are described by Pac=e⟨a|r|c⟩,Pbc=e⟨b|r|c⟩ for V-type atoms, Pab=e⟨a|r|b⟩,Pac=e⟨a|r|c⟩ for Λ -type at... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-Calculation based on quantum electrodynamics-For quantum electrodynamical calculation, we should introduce the creation and annihilation operators from second quantization of quantum mechanics. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-Calculation based on quantum electrodynamics-Let En(+)=anexp(−iνnt) is an annihilation operator and En(−)=an†exp(iνnt) is a creation operator.Then the beat note becomes ⟨ψV(t)|E1(−)(t)E2(+)(t)|ψV(t)⟩ for V-type and ⟨ψΛ(t)|E1(−)(t)E2(+)(t)|ψΛ(t)⟩ for Λ -type,when the state vector for each type is |ψV(t)⟩=... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-Conclusion-As a result of calculation, V-type atoms have quantum beats but Λ -type atoms do not. This difference is caused by quantum mechanical uncertainty. A V-type atom decays to state |c⟩ via the emission with ν1 and ν2 . Since both transitions decayed to the same state, one cannot determine along... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quantum beats-Conclusion-The calculation by QED is correct in accordance with the most fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle. Quantum beats phenomena are good examples of such that can be described by QED but not by SCT. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Homoaromaticity-Homoaromaticity, in organic chemistry, refers to a special case of aromaticity in which conjugation is interrupted by a single sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Although this sp3 center disrupts the continuous overlap of p-orbitals, traditionally thought to be a requirement for aromaticity, co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Homoaromaticity-The concept of homoaromaticity was pioneered by Saul Winstein in 1959, prompted by his studies of the “tris-homocyclopropenyl” cation. Since the publication of Winstein's paper, much research has been devoted to understanding and classifying these molecules, which represent an additional... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Overview-Naming The term "homoaromaticity" derives from the structural similarity between homoaromatic compounds and the analogous homo-conjugated alkenes previously observed in the literature. The IUPAC Gold Book requires that Bis-, Tris-, etc. prefixes be used to describe homoaromatic compounds in whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Overview-In a series of acetolysis experiments, Winstein et al. observed that the solvolysis reaction occurred empirically faster when the tosyl leaving group was in the equatorial position. The group ascribed this difference in reaction rates to the anchimeric assistance invoked by the "cis" isomer. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Evidence for homoaromaticity-Criterion for homoaromaticity The criterion for aromaticity has evolved as new developments and insights continue to contribute to our understanding of these remarkably stable organic molecules. The required characteristics of these molecules has thus remained the subject of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Evidence for homoaromaticity-Early evidence for homoaromaticity After initial reports of a "homoaromatic" structure for the tris-homocyclopropenyl cation were published by Winstein, many groups began to report observations of similar compounds. One of the best studied of these molecules is the homotropy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Evidence for homoaromaticity-NMR spectroscopy studies While characterizing the compound resulting from deprotonation of cyclooctatriene by 1H NMR spectroscopy, the group observed that the resonance corresponding to two protons bonded to the same methylene bridge carbon exhibited an astonishing degree of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Evidence for homoaromaticity-From this observation, Pettit, et al. concluded that the classical structure of the cyclooctatrienyl cation must be incorrect. Instead, the group proposed the structure of the bicyclo[5.1.0]octadienyl compound, theorizing that the cyclopropane bond located on the interior of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Evidence for homoaromaticity-Subsequent NMR studies undertaken by Winstein and others sought to evaluate the properties of metal carbonyl complexes with the homotropylium ion. Comparison between a molybdenum-complex and an iron-complex proved particularly fruitful. Molybdenum tricarbonyl was expected to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Evidence for homoaromaticity-UV spectroscopy studies An important piece of early evidence in support of the homotropylium cation structure that did not rely on the magnetic properties of the molecule involved the acquisition of its UV spectrum. Winstein et al. determined that the absorption maxima for t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Evidence for homoaromaticity-More recent evidence for homoaromaticity More recently, work has been done to investigate the structure of the purportedly homoaromatic homotropylium ion by employing various other experimental techniques and theoretical calculations. One key experimental study involved anal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Molecular orbital description-The molecular orbital explanation of the stability of homoaromaticity has been widely discussed with numerous diverse theories, mostly focused on the homotropenylium cation as a reference. R.C. Haddon initially proposed a Mobius model where the outer electrons of the sp3 hy... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Molecular orbital description-First-order effects The most important factor in influencing homoaromatic character is the addition of a single homoconjugate linkage into the parent aromatic compound. The location of the homoconjugate bond is not important as all homoaromatic species can be derived from a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Molecular orbital description-Second-order effects Second homoconjugate linkage A significant second-order effect on the Perturbation Molecular Orbital model of homoaromaticity is the addition of a second homoconjugate linkage and its influence on stability. The effect is often a doubling of the instabi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Molecular orbital description-Substituents The addition of a substituent to a homoaromatic compound has a large influence over the stability of the compound. Depending on the relative locations of the substituent and the homoconjugate linkage, the substituent can either have a stabilizing or destabilizi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-Following the discovery of the first homoaromatic compounds, research has gone into synthesizing new homoaromatic compounds that possess similar stability to their aromatic parent compounds. There are several classes of homoaromatic compounds, each of which have been p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-An intriguing case of σ-bishomoaromaticity can be found in the dications of pagodanes. In these 4-center-2-electron systems the delocalization happens in the plane that is defined by the four carbon atoms (prototype for the phenomenon of σ-aromaticity is cyclopropane w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-Neutral homoaromatics There are many classes of neutral homoaromatic compounds although there is much debate as to whether they truly exhibit homoaromatic character or not. One class of neutral homoaromatics are called monohomoaromatics, one of which is cycloheptatrie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-Bishomoaromatics It was long considered that the best examples of neutral homoaromatics are bishomoaromatics such as barrelene and semibullvalene. First synthesized in 1966, semibullvalene has a structure that should lend itself well to homoaromaticity although there h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-Of the neutral homoaromatics, the compounds best believed to exhibit neutral homoaromaticity are boron containing compounds of 1,2-diboretane and its derivatives. Substituted diboretanes are shown to have a much greater stabilization in the delocalized state over the l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-Trishomoaromatics As the name suggests, trishomoaromatics are defined as containing one additional methylene bridge compared to bishomoaromatics, therefore containing three of these homoconjugate bridges in total. Just like semibullvalene, there is still much debate as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-Anionic homoaromatics Unlike neutral homoaromatic compounds, anionic homoaromatics are widely accepted to exhibit "true" homoaromaticity. These anionic compounds are often prepared from their neutral parent compounds through lithium metal reduction. 1,2-diboretanide de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Examples of homoaromatic compounds-Anionic homoaromaticity can also be seen in dianionic bis-diazene compounds, which contain a four-atom (four nitrogens), six-electron center. Experiment results have shown the shortening of the transannular nitrogen-nitrogen distance, therefore demonstrating that diani... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Antihomoaromaticity-There are also reports of antihomoaromatic compounds. Just as aromatic compounds exhibit exceptional stability, antiaromatic compounds, which deviate from Huckel's rule and contain a closed loop of 4n π electrons, are relatively unstable. The bridged bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Homoaromaticity-Antihomoaromaticity-Similarly, a substituted bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl cation (the 2-(4'-Fluorophenyl) bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3,6-dien-2-yl cation) was also shown to be an antiaromate when compared to its corresponding allyl cation, corroborated by theoretical calculations as well as by NMR analysis. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Sony Xperia Z Ultra-The Sony Xperia Z Ultra is a 2013 Android phablet designed and manufactured by Sony Mobile. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Codenamed Togari and marketed as "the world's slimmest Full HD smartphone it is the first phone that allows users to take notes or draw on with a regular pen or pencil.Like the Sony Xperia Z and Z1, the phone is dust protected, low pressure water jet protected, and waterproof, al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Design-The Xperia Z Ultra uses the same "Omni-Balance" design as Xperia Z. Combining tempered glass on both the front and rear with a metallic frame, the phablet is described as an "attractive-looking gadget" which has "minimalistic" yet "stylish" appeal and "premium feel".Designed to be the same wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Hardware-The Sony Xperia Z Ultra has a 6.44" display, is slim (175 x 92 x 6.5 mm) and lightweight (212 g); it is also dust protected, low pressure water jet protected, waterproof (IP55/IP58), shatterproof and scratch-resistant. It has a 2 megapixel front camera and 8 megapixel rear camera with an Ex... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Features-The 6.44" Full HD (1080p) 342 ppi touchscreen display uses Sony's Triluminos™ and X-Reality for mobile technology, with an OptiContrast panel to reduce reflection and enable clearer viewing even in bright sunlight. The screen is highly responsive and compatible with stylus as well as regula... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Features-Because of its size, the phone's on-screen keyboard and dialer can be switched to either sides for users to easily reach all keys with only the thumb.For gaming, DualShock 3 is natively supported.C6843 variant with 1seg TV tuner is sold in Brazil. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Variants-All variants (except SOL24) support four 2G GSM bands 850/900/1800/1900 and five 3G UMTS band 850/900/1700/1900/2100. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sony Xperia Z Ultra-Reception-Sony Xperia Z Ultra is praised for its "very classy" exterior, "stunning" massive Triluminos display, stylish premium design, slim form, light weight, impressive build quality, durability (water and dustproof), interesting pencil/pen compatibility, and powerful specs.CNET's editor Aloysius... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Da Capo 4-Da Capo 4-Da Capo 4 (～ダ・カーポ4～, Da Kāpo 4, commonly abbreviated as D.C.4) is a Japanese visual novel developed by Circus that was released for Windows on May 31, 2019, and was released for the Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 on December 19, 2019. It has a spin-off, Da Capo 4 Fortunate Departures, which was r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Da Capo 4-Gameplay-Da Capo 4 is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Ichito Tokisaka. The gameplay requires little interaction from the player, as most of the duration of the game is spent simply reading the text that appears on the screen which represents either dialogue between the various c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Da Capo 4-Synopsis-Unlike its predecessors in the Da Capo series which take place on Hatsune Island, Da Capo 4 is set on Kagami Island (香々見島, Kagami-jima) where "cherry blossoms float in the sky". However, the story takes place in winter so the cherry blossoms are replaced with snow. Ichito Tokisaka, the protagonist, h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Da Capo 4-Synopsis-The Da Capo 4 love interests are Arisu Sagisawa, the main heroine and a popular and outgoing student at the high school who frequently has to turn down confessions; Nino Tokisaka, Ichito's younger sister-in-law and an honor student who loves cats despite her cat allergy and has a devilish personality... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Da Capo 4-Development and release-Da Capo 4 was announced on September 23, 2018 as Circus' 20th project and the official website opened on November 11, 2018. Similarly to Da Capo III, no adult scenes were created for Da Capo 4 so the game is rated for all-ages. The character designers for the game were Natsuki Tanihara... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Da Capo 4-Music-The opening theme for Da Capo 4 is "D.C.4 (Atarashii Sekai)" (D.C.4 ～新しい世界～) sung by Rin'ca. The intermediate route opening theme "Koisuru Mode" (恋するMODE) is also sung by Rin'ca. Yozuca sings "Sakura Biyori" (サクラ日和), the grand theme song of Da Capo 4. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mapumental-Mapumental-Mapumental was a web-based application for displaying journeys in terms of how long they take, rather than by distance, a technique also known as isochrone or geospatial mapping. It was developed by British organisation mySociety but was withdrawn in 2020.Users input one or more postcodes and Mapu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Slirp-Slirp (sometimes capitalized SLiRP) is a software program that emulates a PPP, SLIP, or CSLIP connection to the Internet using a text-based shell account. Its original purpose became largely obsolete as dedicated dial-up PPP connections and broadband Internet access became widely available and inexpensive. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Usage-Shell accounts normally only allow the use of command line or text-based software, but by logging into a shell account and running Slirp on the remote server, a user can transform their shell account into a general purpose SLIP/PPP network connection, allowing them to run any TCP/IP-based application—includ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Limitations-Unlike a true SLIP/PPP connection, provided by a dedicated server, a Slirp connection does not strictly obey the principle of end-to-end connectivity envisioned by the Internet protocol suite. The remote end of the connection, running on the shell account, cannot allocate a new IP address and route tr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Limitations-This limitation is similar to that of network address translation. It does provide enhanced security as a side effect, effectively acting as a firewall between the local computer and the Internet. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Current status-Slirp is free software licensed under a BSD-like, modified 4-clause BSD license by its original author. After the original author stopped maintaining it, Kelly Price took over as maintainer. There were no releases from Kelly Price after 2006. Debian maintainers have taken over some maintenance task... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Influence on other projects-Despite being largely obsolete, Slirp made a great influence on the networking stacks used in virtual machines and other virtualized environments. The established practice of connecting the virtual machines to the host's network stack was to use the various packet injection mechanisms.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Influence on other projects-Packet injection is a privileged operation that may introduce a security threat, something that the introduction of TAP device solved only partially. Slirp-derived NAT implementation brought a solution to this long-standing problem. It was discovered that Slirp has the full NAPT implem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slirp-Influence on other projects-Such license change allowed many other FOSS projects to adopt the QEMU-provided Slirp portions, which was (and still is) not possible with the original Slirp codebase because of the license compatibility problems. Some of the notable adopters are VDE and VirtualBox projects. Even thoug... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Israel Institute for Biological Research-Israel Institute for Biological Research-Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) is an Israeli research and development laboratory It is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Office that works in close cooperation with Israeli government agencies. IIBR has many ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Israel Institute for Biological Research-History-IIBR originated with Hemed Bet, the Haganah biological warfare unit, which Alexander Kenyan, then a microbiology student, established in Jaffa in February 1948, shortly before Israeli independence, at the direction of Yigael Yadin, the Haganah's chief operations officer.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Israel Institute for Biological Research-Life Science Research Israel-Life Science Research Israel (LSRI), a subsidiary of IIBR, is dedicated to the commercial exploitation of innovative technologies developed by IIBR. According to its 2000 annual report, the 2000 budget was 16.6 million NIS (about US$4 million), with ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor spreading-Seafloor spreading or Seafloor spread is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-History of study-Earlier theories by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit of continental drift postulated that continents in motion "plowed" through the fixed and immovable seafloor. The idea that the seafloor itself moves and also carries the continents with it as it spreads from a central rift axis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Significance-Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate slab pull at subduction zones, rather than... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Spreading center-Seafloor spreading occurs at spreading centers, distributed along the crests of mid-ocean ridges. Spreading centers end in transform faults or in overlapping spreading center offsets. A spreading center includes a seismically active plate boundary zone a few kilometers to tens of kil... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Incipient spreading-In the general case, seafloor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass, similar to the Red Sea-East Africa Rift System today. The process starts by heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense. Because less dense o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Incipient spreading-If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above, two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a 'failed rift' or aulacogen. As the two active rifts continue to open, eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Incipient spreading-Seafloor spreading can stop during the process, but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed, then a new ocean basin is created. The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa, but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Continued spreading and subduction-As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is, therefore, colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relative... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Debate and search for mechanism-At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (and in other mid-ocean ridges), material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other, a phenomenon first observed as continental drift. When Alfred Wegener fi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Debate and search for mechanism-At first the driving force for spreading was argued to be convection currents in the mantle. Since then, it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading by the theory of plate tectonics, which is driven by convection that includes th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-The depth of the seafloor (or the height of a location on a mid-ocean ridge above a base-level) is closely correlated with its age (age of the lithosphere where depth is measured). The age-depth relation can be modeled by the cooling of a lithosphere plate o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-Cooling mantle model In the mantle half-space model, the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere and mantle temperature, due to thermal expansion. The simple result is that the ridge height or ocean depth is proportional to the square root of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere (velocity v), which has spatial coordinate x′=x−vt, T=T(x′,z,t).
and the heat equation is: ∂T∂t=κ∇2T=κ∂2T∂2z+κ∂2T∂2x′ where κ is the thermal diffusivity of the mantle lithosphere.
Since T d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-The solution for z≤0 is given by the error function: erf (z2κt) .Due to the large velocity, the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible, and the height at time t (i.e. of sea floor of age t) can be calculated by integrating the the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-The assumption that v is relatively large is equivalent to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity κ is small compared to L2/A , where L is the ocean width (from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelf) and A is the age of the ocean basin.
The effective ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-By substituting the parameters by their rough estimates: 10 10 1220 for the Atlantic and Indian oceans 1120 for the eastern Pacific we have: 390 for the Atlantic and Indian oceans 350 for the eastern Pacific where the height is in meters and time is in mill... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-Rather than height of the ocean floor h(t) above a base or reference level hb , the depth of the ocean d(t) is of interest. Because d(t)+h(t)=hb (with hb measured from the ocean surface) we can find that: 350 t ; for the eastern Pacific for example, whe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Seafloor spreading-Seafloor global topography: cooling models-Cooling plate model The depth predicted by the square root of seafloor age derived above is too deep for seafloor older than 80 million years. Depth is better explained by a cooling lithosphere plate model rather than the cooling mantle half-space. The plate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Memory bank-Memory bank-A memory bank is a logical unit of storage in electronics, which is hardware-dependent. In a computer, the memory bank may be determined by the memory controller along with physical organization of the hardware memory slots. In a typical synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) or double... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Memory bank-Memory bank-Some computers have several identical memory banks of RAM, and use bank switching to switch between them. Harvard architecture computers have (at least) two very different banks of memory, one for program storage and other for data storage. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Memory bank-In caching-A memory bank is a part of cache memory that is addressed consecutively in the total set of memory banks, i.e., when data item a(n) is stored in bank b, data item a(n + 1) is stored in bank b + 1. Cache memory is divided in banks to evade the effects of the bank cycle time (see above) [=> missing... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supplied-air respirator-Supplied-air respirator-A supplied-air respirator (SAR) or air-line respirator is a breathing apparatus used in places where the ambient air may not be safe to breathe. It uses an air hose to supply air from outside the danger zone. It is similar to a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supplied-air respirator-Description-SARs are lightweight, but tether the user. Unlike SCBAs, the worker will not run out of air when the tank they carry is empty. They can therefore be used for longer continuous work periods. The mask end of a SAR is generally lower-maintenance than an SCBA, but the air compressors or ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Supplied-air respirator-Use-According to the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, SARs with an auxiliary SCBA are recommended for oxygen-deficient atmospheres, atmospheres that are immediately dangerous to life or health, and unknown atmospheres, all of which are conditions that air-purifying respirators such as N95 masks... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Solar power forecasting-Solar power forecasting is the process of gathering and analyzing data in order to predict solar power generation on various time horizons with the goal to mitigate the impact of solar intermittency. Solar power forecasts are used for efficient management of the electric ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Nowcasting-Solar power nowcasting refers to the prediction of solar power output over time horizons of tens to hundreds of minutes ahead of time with up to 90% predictability. Solar power nowcasting services are usually related to temporal resolutions of 5 to 15 minutes, with updates as frequent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Solar power forecasting-Nowcasting-The actual nowcast is than frequently enhanced by e.g. Statistical techniques. In the case of nowcasting, these techniques are usually based on time series processing of measurement data, including meteorological observations and power output measurements from a solar power facility. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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