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"RSA problem-RSA problem-In cryptography, the RSA problem summarizes the task of performing an RSA private-key operation given only the public key. The RSA algorithm raises a message to an exponent, modulo a composite number N whose factors are not known. Thus, the task can be neatly described as finding the eth roots ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bibliographic coupling-Bibliographic coupling-Similarly, two authors are bibliographically coupled if the cumulative reference lists of their respective oeuvres each contain a reference to a common document, and their coupling strength also increases with the citations to other documents that their share. If the cumul... | large_corpus_distillation |
there will be ordinals below \u03c91 (the first uncountable ordinal) that are not expressible. Such ordinals are known as large countable ordinals." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rock (processor)-Server platforms-Expandability \"Bronze\" servers would support PCIe slots 0-5. \"Silver\" servers would support I/O boards 0-1 and PCIe slots 0-7 for each board. \"Platinum\" servers would support I/O boards 0-3 and PCIe slots 0-7 for each board. \"Silver-II\" servers would support PCIe slots 00-19. ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Edge detection-Approaches-Thresholding and linking Once we have computed a measure of edge strength (typically the gradient magnitude), the next stage is to apply a threshold, to decide whether edges are present or not at an image point. The lower the threshold, the more edges will be detected, and the result will be ... | large_corpus_distillation |
will be recorded in the index under the single concept word \"drive\"." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Syntactic monoid-Examples-Let L be the language over A={a,b} of words of even length. The syntactic congruence has two classes, L itself and L1 , the words of odd length. The syntactic monoid is the group of order 2 on {L,L1} For the language (ab+ba)\u2217 , the minimal automaton has 4 states and the syntactic m... | large_corpus_distillation |
related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well. In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Wi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"P-adic number-Multiplicative group-Qp contains the n-th cyclotomic field (n > 2) if and only if n\u2009| p \u2212 1. For instance, the n-th cyclotomic field is a subfield of Q13 if and only if n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12. In particular, there is no multiplicative p-torsion in Qp, if p > 2. Also, \u22121 is the only non-t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Champion list-Champion list-A champion list, also called top doc or fancy list is a precomputed list sometimes used with the vector space model to avoid computing relevancy rankings for all documents each time a document collection is queried. The champion list contains a set of n documents with the highest weights fo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Windows Feedback Hub-Features-Like any app, Feedback Hub itself is subject to feedback. Over time the feedback receipt screen has been updated, links to feedback and announcements have been made available, and cross-platform feedback can now be viewed and commented on. For instance, a user on a Windows 10 PC can see f... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Denial-of-service attack-Defense techniques-In the case of elastic cloud services where a huge and abnormal additional workload may incur significant charges from the cloud service provider, this technique can be used to scale back or even stop the expansion of server availability to protect from economic loss." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mean absolute scaled error-Mean absolute scaled error-In statistics, the mean absolute scaled error (MASE) is a measure of the accuracy of forecasts. It is the mean absolute error of the forecast values, divided by the mean absolute error of the in-sample one-step naive forecast. It was proposed in 2005 by statisticia... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scala (programming language)-Features (with reference to Java)-For-expressions Instead of the Java \"foreach\" loops for looping through an iterator, Scala has for-expressions, which are similar to list comprehensions in languages such as Haskell, or a combination of list comprehensions and generator expressions in Py... | large_corpus_distillation |
"data.iloc[:, 2]\n0 1.4\n1 1.4\n2 1.3\n3 1.5\n4 1.4\n...\n145 5.2\n146 5.0\n147 5.2\n148 5.4\n149 5.1\nName: petal_length, Length: 150, dtype: float64\nDataFrame.loc[]\nPandas\ndata = pd.read_csv(\"[Path to ch1-movieprofit.csv]\")\ndata.loc[data['Genre'] == 'Comedy']" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reverse dictionary-Definition-In a reverse word dictionary, the entries are alphabetized by the last letter first, then next to last, and so on. In them, words with the same suffix appear together. This can be useful for linguists and poets looking for words ending with a particular suffix, or by an epigrapher or fore... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Divergent Association Task-Divergent Association Task-The Divergent Association Task (DAT), published in July 2021, is a psychological test designed to measure a person's creativity. The task involves naming ten nouns that differ as much as possible from each other. Here, the difference between two terms is understood... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Crossing number (graph theory)-Special cases-Complete bipartite graphs During World War II, Hungarian mathematician P\u00e1l Tur\u00e1n was forced to work in a brick factory, pushing wagon loads of bricks from kilns to storage sites. The factory had tracks from each kiln to each storage site, and the wagons were harde... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Universal approximation theorem-History-The arbitrary depth case was also studied by a number of authors such as Gustaf Gripenberg in 2003, Dmitry Yarotsky, Zhou Lu et al in 2017, Boris Hanin and Mark Sellke in 2018 who focused on neural networks with ReLU activation function. In 2020, Patrick Kidger and Terry Lyons e... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Classic RISC pipeline-Hazards-Delayed branches have been criticized as a poor short-term choice in ISA design: Compilers typically have some difficulty finding logically independent instructions to place after the branch (the instruction after the branch is called the delay slot), so that they must insert NOPs into th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Function of several real variables-General definition-The function can be evaluated at the point (x, y) = (2, \u221a3) in X: z(2,3)=12\u22c52\u22c53(2)2+(3)2=1437, However, the function couldn't be evaluated at, say 65 10 65 10 )2>8 since these values of x and y do not satisfy the domain's rule." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pointless-Merchandise-App Games On 26 February 2014, Endemol's in-house app-publishing division released the official Pointless app, Pointless Quiz, was released for iOS, with an iPad, Android and an Amazon version released a few months later. The Pointless app features animated versions of Alexander Armstrong and Ric... | large_corpus_distillation |
skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a tempor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"A ={\u22c3B :{B :i\u2208I} is a finite, disjoint collection of sets in B} (2.8.16)\ni i\ni\u2208I\nB S A B\nIf the following conditions are satisfied, then is a semi-algebra of subsets of , and then is the algebra generated by .\nB , B \u2208B B \u2229B \u2208B\n1. If 1 2 then 1 2 .\nB\u2208B Bc \u2208A\n2. If then .\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ecological classification-Approaches to classifications-Vegetation classification Vegetation is often used to classify terrestrial ecological units. Vegetation classification can be based on vegetation structure and floristic composition. Classifications based entirely on vegetation structure overlap with land cover m... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Critical making-Concepts Related to Critical Making-Speculative Design and Critical Making According to DiSalvo and Lukens, \"Speculative design is an approach to design that emphasizes inquiry, experimentation, and expression, over usability, usefulness or desirability. A particular characteristic of speculative desi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hindley\u2013Milner type system-Extensions-Consequences While the above is straightforward it does come at a price.\nType theory connects lambda calculus with computation and logic.\nThe easy modification above has effects on both: The strong normalisation property is invalidated, because non-terminating terms can be ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"General protection fault-Memory errors-In memory errors, the faulting program accesses memory that it should not access. Examples include: Attempting to write to a read-only portion of memory Attempting to execute bytes in memory which are not designated as instructions Attempting to read as data bytes in memory which... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Accident triangle-Development-The theory was developed further by Frank E Bird in 1966 based on the analysis of 1.7 million accident reports from almost 300 companies. He produced an amended triangle that showed a relationship of one serious injury accident to 10 minor injury (first aid only) accidents, to 30 damage c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"7.8 \u2022 Solving Systems with Cramer's Rule 789\n59. Your garden produced two 60. At a market, the three most 61. At the same market, the\ntypes of tomatoes, one popular vegetables make three most popular fruits\ngreen and one red. The red up 53% of vegetable sales. make up 37% of the total\nweigh 10 oz, and the gre... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Twice exceptional-Identifying twice exceptionality-Twice exceptionality often does not show up until children are in school. In their early years, these children often seem very bright, with varied interests and advanced vocabularies (particularly with reference to same-age peers); and many times parents are unaware t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Schema.org-Schema.org-Schema.org is a reference website that publishes documentation and guidelines for using structured data mark-up on web-pages (called microdata). Its main objective is to standardize HTML tags to be used by webmasters for creating rich results (displayed as visual data or infographic tables on sea... | large_corpus_distillation |
step, the results are stored together with an average delay reliability indicator, which is a measure for the quality of the delay estimation. The result from the re-sampling step, which yielded the highest overall reliability, is finally chosen. Once the correct delay is determined and the sample rate differences have... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Elliptic surface-Kodaira's table of singular fibers-Most of the fibers of an elliptic fibration are (non-singular) elliptic curves. The remaining fibers are called singular fibers: there are a finite number of them, and each one consists of a union of rational curves, possibly with singularities or non-zero multiplici... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Omitted-variable bias-Effect in ordinary least squares-The presence of omitted-variable bias violates this particular assumption. The violation causes the OLS estimator to be biased and inconsistent. The direction of the bias depends on the estimators as well as the covariance between the regressors and the omitted va... | large_corpus_distillation |
)\u2265P(X\u2208R ) for every distribution of X specified by H (9.1.2)\n1 2 1\nNaturally, in this case, we would prefer the first test. Often, however, two tests will not be uniformly ordered; one test will be more\nH H\npowerful for some distributions specified by 1 while the other test will be more powerful for other... | large_corpus_distillation |
nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number." | large_corpus_distillation |
its minimum authentication protocols.\nLDAP implementations LDAP/X.500-based implementations include: 389 Directory Server: Free Open Source server implementation by Red Hat, with commercial support by Red Hat and SUSE." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Epsilon-equilibrium-Definition-Let \u0394i be the space of probability distributions over Ai A vector of strategies \u03c3\u2208\u0394=\u03941\u00d7\u22ef\u00d7\u0394N is an \u03b5 -Nash Equilibrium for G if ui(\u03c3)\u2265ui(\u03c3i\u2032,\u03c3\u2212i)\u2212\u03b5 for all \u03c3i\u2032\u2208\u0394i,i\u2208N.... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Information gain (decision tree)-Another Take on Information Gain, with Example-PC, t = 1/4PNC, t = 3/4 H(t) = -(1/4\u2009\u00d7\u2009log2(1/4) + 3/4\u2009\u00d7\u2009log2(3/4)) = 0.811From this new H(t) , the candidate splits can be calculated using the same formulae as the root node: Thus, the right child will be s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gilbert\u2013Johnson\u2013Keerthi distance algorithm-Overview-GJK relies on two functions: Support(shape,d\u2192) , which returns the point on shape which has the highest dot product with d\u2192 .NearestSimplex(s) , which takes a simplex s and returns the simplex on s closest to the origin, and a direction toward th... | large_corpus_distillation |
f and g mod n, there are homomorphisms from the rings Z[r1] and Z[r2] to the ring Z/nZ (the integers modulo n), which map r1 and r2 to m, and these homomorphisms will map each \"square root\" (typically not represented as a rational number) into its integer representative. Now the product of the factors a \u2212 mb mod... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lehmer random number generator-Implementation-If ad > m, then it is possible for the first reduction step to produce a sum greater than 2m = 2e+1 \u2212 2d, which is too large for the final reduction step. (It also requires the multiplication by d to produce a product larger than e bits, as mentioned above.) However, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Heap (data structure)-Operations-meld: joining two heaps to form a valid new heap containing all the elements of both, destroying the original heaps.Inspectionsize: return the number of items in the heap." | large_corpus_distillation |
of rank (r\u2212t) in A.high. To find t, it is enough to find the maximum index m\u2264i\u22121 such that am is in A.low and the maximum index l\u2264j such that al is in A.high. Then t=l\u2212m . The total cost for any query, without considering the partitioning part, is log \u2061n since at most log \u2061n r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dispose pattern-Early exit-A key problem with the dispose pattern is that if the dispose method is not called, the resource is leaked. A common cause of this is early exit from a function, due to an early return or exception.\nFor example: If the function returns at the first return, the file is never closed and the r... | large_corpus_distillation |
simulator, and select the continuous uniform distribution. This is the uniform distribution the interval\n[a,a+w]\n. Vary the parameters and note the location of the mean in relation to the probability density function. For selected values of\nthe parameters, run the simulation 1000 times and compare the empirical mean... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Winsorized mean-Drawbacks-The winsorized mean uses more information from the distribution or sample than the median. However, unless the underlying distribution is symmetric, the winsorized mean of a sample is unlikely to produce an unbiased estimator for either the mean or the median." | large_corpus_distillation |
"IP fragmentation attack-Exploits-IP fragment overrun The IP Fragment Overrun exploit is when a reassembled fragmented packet exceeds the declared IP data length or the maximum packet length. By definition, no IP packet should be larger than 65,535 bytes. Systems that try to process these large packets can crash, and c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conventional memory-DOS driver software and TSRs-Upper memory blocks and loading high As DOS applications grew larger and more complex in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became common practice to free up conventional memory by moving the device drivers and TSR programs into upper memory blocks (UMBs) in the upper m... | large_corpus_distillation |
combinations are available in a single package." | large_corpus_distillation |
phones on average 43 times a day (Entrepreneur, 2014).According to Borae Jin and Namakee Park (n.d.), greater cell phone usage is linked to poorer social skills and more loneliness. Communicating via messaging, emails or phone calls should be the same as communicating in person, only, it\u2019s not. Via instant messagi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Symbolic Link (SYLK)-SYLK syntax-E expression expression for the cell K value value of the cell C column column reference R row row reference G defines shared value D defines shared expression S references shared value or shared expression N If present, the cell is not protected.\nIf absent and ;N is present in the ID... | large_corpus_distillation |
"British carriage and wagon numbering and classification-Note on classification-Carriage and wagon classification has never been quite the same as locomotive and multiple unit classification. For most railways, specific types were identified by their Diagram Number. This could simply be arranged by consecutive number, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transformer (machine learning model)-Architecture-Masked attention It may be necessary to cut out attention links between some word-pairs. For example, the decoder for token position t should not have access to token position t+1 . This may be accomplished before the softmax stage by adding a mask matrix M that is ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Online hate speech-Definitions-Artificial intelligence Some tech companies, such as Facebook, use Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems to monitor hate speech. However, AI may not always be an effective way of monitoring hate speech, since the systems lack the judgment skills that humans have. For example, a user might... | large_corpus_distillation |
. If d is a unitary divisor of N\u22121 then so is e=N\u22121d , and if Inv \u2061(d,e) then Inv \u2061(e,d) " | large_corpus_distillation |
to known physical laws and chance is highly improbable.The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in information theory, in the theory of complex systems, or in biology. A study by Wesley Elsberry and Jeffrey Shallit states: \... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Yandex Launcher-Criticism-Yandex Launcher has been criticized for the lack of options for fine-tuning the app. In particular, it is not possible to hide icon names. Launcher has also been criticized for the small variety of wallpapers in the online collection." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Instruction scheduling-Types-There are several types of instruction scheduling: Local (basic block) scheduling: instructions can't move across basic block boundaries.\nGlobal scheduling: instructions can move across basic block boundaries.\nModulo scheduling: an algorithm for generating software pipelining, which is a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Group action-Orbits and stabilizers-Let x and y be two elements in X, and let g be a group element such that y=g\u22c5x.\nThen the two stabilizer groups Gx and Gy are related by Gy=gGxg\u22121.\nProof: by definition, h\u2208Gy if and only if h\u22c5(g\u22c5x)=g\u22c5x.\nApplying g\u22121 to both sides of this ... | large_corpus_distillation |
erase of the cells in the page is needed before it can be written to again, but only entire blocks can be erased, an overwrite will initiate a read-erase-modify-write cycle: the contents of the entire block are stored in cache, then the entire block is erased from the SSD, then the overwritten page(s) is written into t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ordinary least squares-Estimation-The product N=XT X is a Gram matrix and its inverse, Q=N\u20131, is the cofactor matrix of \u03b2, closely related to its covariance matrix, C\u03b2.\nThe matrix (XT X)\u20131 XT=Q XT is called the Moore\u2013Penrose pseudoinverse matrix of X. This formulation highlights the point tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
algorithmic time complexity to radix sort on a CREW-PRAM. The fastest known PRAM sorts were described in 1991 by David Powers with a parallelized quicksort that can operate in O(log(n)) time on a CRCW-PRAM with n processors by performing partitioning implicitly, as well as a radixsort that operates using the same trick... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stochastic matrix-Definition and properties-In general, the probability transition of going from any state to another state in a finite Markov chain given by the matrix P in k steps is given by Pk.\nAn initial probability distribution of states, specifying where the system might be initially and with what probabilitie... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multiset-Counting multisets-Like the binomial distribution that involves binomial coefficients, there is a negative binomial distribution in which the multiset coefficients occur. Multiset coefficients should not be confused with the unrelated multinomial coefficients that occur in the multinomial theorem." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Memory hierarchy-Memory hierarchy-In computer organisation, the memory hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on response time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also be distinguished by their performance and controlling technologies. Memory hierarchy affect... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ringdown-Non-operator use-In an application not involving a telephone operator, a two-point automatic ringdown circuit, or ringdown, has a telephone at each end. When the telephone at one end goes off-hook, the phone at the other end instantly rings. No dialing is involved and therefore telephone sets without dials ar... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gr\u00f6bner basis-Properties and applications of Gr\u00f6bner bases-Given the Gr\u00f6bner basis G of an ideal I, it has only a finite number of zeros, if and only if, for each variable x, G contains a polynomial with a leading monomial that is a power of x (without any other variable appearing in the leading term). ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conditional comment-Syntax-The HTML shown inside the syntax block in each of the conditional comments denotes any block of HTML content, including script. Both types of conditional comment use a conditional expression to indicate whether the content inside the comment block should be parsed or ignored. The conditional... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mean and Standard Deviation of Binomial Distributions\n12\nConsider a coin-tossing experiment in which you tossed a coin times and recorded the number of heads. If you performed this\nexperiment over and over again, what would the mean number of heads be? On average, you would expect half the coin tosses to\n6\ncome u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"G.hn-Technical specifications-Spectrum The G.hn spectrum depends on the medium as shown in the diagram below: Protocol stack G.hn specifies the physical layer and the data link layer, according to the OSI model.\nThe G.hn Data Link Layer (Recommendation G.9961) is divided into three sub-layers: The Application Protoco... | large_corpus_distillation |
"M\u00e9rouane Debbah-Awards and honors-2021 IEEE Marconi Prize Paper Award 2021 EURASIP Best Paper Award 2019 IEEE Communications Society Young Author Best Paper Award 2018 IEEE Marconi Prize Paper Award 2017 EURASIP Best Paper Award 2016 IEEE Communications Society Best Tutorial Paper Award 2015 IEEE Communications ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spare parts management-Measures of effectiveness-The effectiveness of spares inventory can be measured by metrics such as fill rate and availability of the end item." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Palindrome tree-Joint trees-Finding palindromes that are common to multiple strings or unique to a single string can be done with O(n\u2217i) additional space where i is the number of strings being compared. This is accomplished by adding an array of length i to each vertex, and setting the flag to 1 at index i if... | large_corpus_distillation |
of their health, as people from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to age faster at the cellular level." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Algebra-Abstract algebra-Commutativity: Addition and multiplication of real numbers are both commutative. That is, the order of the numbers does not affect the result. For example: 2 + 3 = 3 + 2. In general, this becomes a \u2217 b = b \u2217 a. This property does not hold for all binary operations. For example, matri... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Comparison of version-control software-Technical information-Table explanation Software: The name of the application that is described." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multiplicative group of integers modulo n-Notation-The set of (congruence classes of) integers modulo n with the operations of addition and multiplication is a ring.\nIt is denoted Z/nZ or Z/(n) (the notation refers to taking the quotient of integers modulo the ideal nZ or (n) consisting of the multiples of n).\nO... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quantifier (logic)-Order of quantifiers (nesting)-A less trivial example from mathematical analysis regards the concepts of uniform and pointwise continuity, whose definitions differ only by an exchange in the positions of two quantifiers. A function f from R to R is called Pointwise continuous if Uniformly continuou... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Euclidean domain-Norm-Euclidean fields-If a field is not norm-Euclidean then that does not mean the ring of integers is not Euclidean, just that the field norm does not satisfy the axioms of a Euclidean function. In fact, the rings of integers of number fields may be divided in several classes: Those that are not prin... | large_corpus_distillation |
and validation of XML message-level security mechanisms, such as XML Signature and XML Encryption in conjunction with a security token." | large_corpus_distillation |
"3.3 Stochastic Mirror Descent\nWe can also extend the Mirror Descent to a stochastic version as follows.\nAlgorithm 2 Mirror Descent algorithm\nInput: x \u2208 argmin \u03a6(x), \u03b6 : Rd \u2192 Rd such that \u03b6(x) = \u2207\u03a6(x), independent\n1 C\u2229D\nrandom variables Z ,...,Z with distribution P .\n1 k Z\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multiset-Counting multisets-The number of multisets of cardinality k, with elements taken from a finite set of cardinality n, is called the multiset coefficient or multiset number. This number is written by some authors as ((nk)) , a notation that is meant to resemble that of binomial coefficients; it is used for ins... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hall-type theorems for hypergraphs-Aharoni\u2013Haxell conditions: smallest pinning sets-We say that a set K of edges pins another set F of edges if every edge in F intersects some edge in K. The width of a hypergraph H = (V, E), denoted w(H), is the smallest size of a subset of E that pins E. The matching width of a ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Improved Layer 2 Protocol-IL2P Specification-The IL2P draft specification v0.5 was published via the Terrestrial Amateur Radio Packet Network (TARPN) on June 10, 2022.\nAs of version 0.5, the Weak-Signal-Extensions were added. This adds several features to the protocols. The automatic ID transmission for the FM/1200-b... | large_corpus_distillation |
"News style-Terms and structure-Nutshell paragraph A nutshell paragraph (also simply nutshell, or nut 'graph, nut graf, nutgraf, etc., in journalism jargon) is a brief paragraph (occasionally there can be more than one) that summarizes the news value of the story, sometimes bullet-pointed and/or set off in a box. Nut-s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"RC4-Description-i := 0 j := 0 while GeneratingOutput: i := (i + 1) mod 256 j := (j + S[i]) mod 256 swap values of S[i] and S[j] t := (S[i] + S[j]) mod 256 K := S[t] output K endwhile Thus, this produces a stream of K[0], K[1], ... which are XORed with the plaintext to obtain the ciphertext. So ciphertext[l] = plaintex... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Unimodular lattice-Classification-For indefinite lattices, the classification is easy to describe.\nWrite Rm,n for the m + n dimensional vector space Rm+n with the inner product of (a1, ..., am+n) and (b1, ..., bm+n) given by a1b1+\u22ef+ambm\u2212am+1bm+1\u2212\u22ef\u2212am+nbm+n.\nIn Rm,n there is one odd indefini... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Continued fraction-Infinite continued fractions and convergents-Every infinite continued fraction is irrational, and every irrational number can be represented in precisely one way as an infinite continued fraction." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Loss functions for classification-Loss functions for classification-Given the binary nature of classification, a natural selection for a loss function (assuming equal cost for false positives and false negatives) would be the 0-1 loss function (0\u20131 indicator function), which takes the value of 0 if the predicted ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Estimation statistics-Flaws in hypothesis testing-Hypothesis testing produces dichotomous yes-no answers, while discarding important information about magnitude.\nAny particular p-value arises through the interaction of the effect size, the sample size (all things being equal a larger sample size produces a smaller p-... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IBeacon-History and developments-Each of these different iBeacons have varying default settings for their default transmit power and iBeacon advertisement frequency. Some hardware iBeacons advertise at frequencies as low as 1 Hz while others can be as high as 10 Hz.\niBeacon technology is still in its infancy. One wel... | large_corpus_distillation |
of the above-mentioned imaging modalities or have expanded roles in image reporting." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Resource Description Framework-Overview-RDF is an abstract model with several serialization formats (being essentially specialized file formats). In addition the particular encoding for resources or triples can vary from format to format." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Attack tree-Examination-Attack trees can become large and complex, especially when dealing with specific attacks. A full attack tree may contain hundreds or thousands of different paths all leading to completion of the attack. Even so, these trees are very useful for determining what threats exist and how to deal with... | large_corpus_distillation |
. Suppose again\nN N p\u2208(0,1]\nthat has the geometric distribution on + with success parameter .\nN G G(n)=(1\u2212p)n n\u2208N\nhas right distribution function given by for .\nProof from Bernoulli trials\n{N >n}={X =0,\u2026,X =0} (1\u2212p)n\nNote that 1 n . By independence, the probability of this event is .\n11... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Channel system (computer science)-Problems and their complexity-Eventually properties The eventuality property, or inevitability property problem consists in deciding, given a channel system S and a set \u0393 of configurations whether all run of S starting at \u03b3 goes through a configuration of \u0393 . This ... | large_corpus_distillation |
t (a)(cid:18)\nk2\n(cid:19) = n\nk2\n.\n\u03b3 \u03b3\nt=1a\u2208A\nPlugging this bound into (6.4), we have\n\u03b7 k2 2klogn\nE[R ] \u2264 \u03b3n+ n + .\nn\n2 \u03b3 \u03b7\nLetting \u03b3 = 1 and \u03b7 = q logn leads to\nn1/3 kn4/3\nE[R\nn\n]\u2264 Ck3/2n2/3 plogn.\nLiterature: The bound we just proved has been imp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Network analysis (electrical circuits)-Non-linear networks-Separation of bias and signal analyses This technique is used where the operation of the circuit is to be essentially linear, but the devices used to implement it are non-linear. A transistor amplifier is an example of this kind of network. The essence of this... | large_corpus_distillation |
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