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"Lexical Markup Framework-History-The first step in developing LMF was to design an overall framework based on the general features of existing lexicons and to develop a consistent terminology to describe the components of those lexicons. The next step was the actual design of a comprehensive model that best represente... | large_corpus_distillation |
"X86 virtualization-X86 virtualization-In the late 1990s x86 virtualization was achieved by complex software techniques, necessary to compensate for the processor's lack of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities while attaining reasonable performance. In 2005 and 2006, both Intel (VT-x) and AMD (AMD-V) introduce... | large_corpus_distillation |
the influence of noise on data. Features extraction is important because in today's data hungry world, huge amount of data is collected using sensor measurement that may not be used readily. Therefore domain knowledge and statistical signal processing is applied to extract important features from (more often than not) ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software testing-Testing approach-Ad hoc testing and exploratory testing are important methodologies for checking software integrity, because they require less preparation time to implement, while the important bugs can be found quickly. In ad hoc testing, where testing takes place in an improvised, impromptu way, the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gaussian gravitational constant-Discussion-From its introduction until 1938 it was considered a measured quantity, and from 1938 until 2012 it was used as a defined quantity, with measurement uncertainty delegated to the value of the astronomical unit. The defined value of k was abandoned by the IAU in 2012, and the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software testing tactics-Regression testing-Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was... | large_corpus_distillation |
length 0, all attempts to access it fail and the processor generates a triple fault." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Secret sharing-Trivial secret sharing-1 < t < n The difficulty lies in creating schemes that are still secure, but do not require all n shares." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Public land mobile network-Public land mobile network-In telecommunication, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is a combination of wireless communication services offered by a specific operator in a specific country. A PLMN typically consists of several cellular technologies like GSM/2G, UMTS/3G, LTE/4G, offered by a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"T1 space-Examples-Thus, the point is closed. However, this example is well known as a space that is not Hausdorff (T2). The Zariski topology is essentially an example of a cofinite topology." | large_corpus_distillation |
"VIC cipher-History-During World War II, several Soviet spy rings communicated to Moscow Centre using two ciphers which are essentially evolutionary improvements on the basic Nihilist cipher. A very strong version was used by Max Clausen in Richard Sorge's network in Japan, and by Alexander Foote in the Lucy spy ring i... | large_corpus_distillation |
attention select an entire object or a specific feature of an object regardless of its location, whereas spatial attention selects a specific region of space and the objects and features within that region are processed." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Western Digital WD16-Memory-Data formats The smallest unit of addressable and writable memory is the 8-bit byte. Bytes can also be held in the lower half of registers R0 through R5.16-bit words are stored little-endian with least significant bytes at the lower address. Words are always aligned to even memory addresses... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Search engine indexing-Indexing-Index design factors Major factors in designing a search engine's architecture include: Merge factors How data enters the index, or how words or subject features are added to the index during text corpus traversal, and whether multiple indexers can work asynchronously. The indexer must ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Florent Krzakala-Recognition-Florent Krzakala was named a junior fellow of the Institut Universitaire de France in 2015. He received a grant from the European Research Council for his work on compressed sensing in 2012. He received the Atos-Fourier price in 2018 [2]. He was the holder of the CFM chair in data-science ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Portable application-Portable application-Some applications which are not portable by default do support optional portability through other mechanisms, the most common being command-line arguments. Examples might include /portable to simply instruct the program to behave as a portable program, or --cfg=/path/inifile t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"7-simplex honeycomb-A7 lattice-E~7 contains A~7 as a subgroup of index 144. Both E~7 and A~7 can be seen as affine extensions from A7 from different nodes: The A27 lattice can be constructed as the union of two A7 lattices, and is identical to the E7 lattice.\n\u222a = .\nThe A47 lattice is the union of four A7 l... | large_corpus_distillation |
asked other independent reviewers to gauge the quality of the narration in each case.They concluded that the responses from the distracted listeners included significantly fewer specific responses than from the undistracted listeners. In addition, they found that the quality of the narration was dramatically lower when... | large_corpus_distillation |
"RISC iX-Supported hardware-The system was released in 1990 priced at \u00a33995 plus VAT, having been announced with a price of \u00a35000 plus VAT. A floating point accelerator or \"arithmetic co-processor\", the FPA10, was made available in 1993 for the R260, as well as for the A540 and A5000 machines, priced at \u0... | large_corpus_distillation |
yesterday. We did 30 miles. (Jane and I is the antecedent of we)Sometimes pronouns, even third-person ones, are used without specific antecedent, and the referent has to be deduced from the context. In other cases there may be ambiguity as to what the intended antecedent is: Alan was going to discuss it with Bob. He's ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cotangent space-Formal definitions-Alternative definition In some cases, one might like to have a direct definition of the cotangent space without reference to the tangent space. Such a definition can be formulated in terms of equivalence classes of smooth functions on M . Informally, we will say that two smooth func... | large_corpus_distillation |
"SMTP Authentication-Standards-RFC 3207, SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over Transport Layer Security, Paul Hoffman, February 2002.\nRFC 3848, ESMTP and LMTP Transmission Types Registration, Chris Newman, July 2004.\nRFC 6409, Message Submission for Mail, Randall Gellens and John C. Klensin, November 2011 (obso... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Social network analysis-History-Social network analysis has its theoretical roots in the work of early sociologists such as Georg Simmel and \u00c9mile Durkheim, who wrote about the importance of studying patterns of relationships that connect social actors. Social scientists have used the concept of \"social networks... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gradient-enhanced kriging-Introduction-Linear speedup An adjoint solver allows one to compute the gradient of the quantity of interest with respect to all design parameters at the cost of one additional solve. This, potentially, leads to a linear speedup: the computational cost of constructing an accurate surrogate de... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Correlation-Common misconceptions-These examples indicate that the correlation coefficient, as a summary statistic, cannot replace visual examination of the data. The examples are sometimes said to demonstrate that the Pearson correlation assumes that the data follow a normal distribution, but this is only partially c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Flip graph-Examples-Flip graphs may also be defined using combinatorial objects other than triangulations. An example of such combinatorial objects are the domino tilings of a given region in the plane. In this case, a flip can be performed when two adjacent dominos cover a square: it consists in rotating these domino... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ALGO-Example-Here is the Trabb Pardo \u2013 Knuth algorithm in ALGO: Remarks" | large_corpus_distillation |
NOT RUNNING state, making the processor available for a different process. The dispatch portion of the OS will then select, from the queue of NOT RUNNING processes, one of the waiting processes to transfer to the processor. The chosen process is then relabeled from a NOT RUNNING state to a RUNNING state, and its execut... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cluster graph-Cluster graph-In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a cluster graph is a graph formed from the disjoint union of complete graphs." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quantum relative entropy-Quantum relative entropy-In quantum information theory, quantum relative entropy is a measure of distinguishability between two quantum states. It is the quantum mechanical analog of relative entropy." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Word problem for groups-Algebraic structure and the word problem-This proof does not prove the existence of a uniform algorithm for solving the word problem for this class of groups. The non-uniformity resides in choosing a non-trivial element of the simple group. There is no reason to suppose that there is a recursiv... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fetch-and-add-Hardware and software support-An atomic fetch_add function appears in the C++11 standard. It is available as a proprietary extension to C in the Itanium ABI specification, and (with the same syntax) in GCC." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptanalysis of the Enigma-The Enigma machine-The weakness in this indicator procedure came from two factors. First, use of a global Grundstellung \u2014this was changed in September 1938 so that the operator selected his initial position to encrypt the message key, and sent the initial position in clear followed by ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dimensionality reduction-Feature projection-Principal component analysis (PCA) The main linear technique for dimensionality reduction, principal component analysis, performs a linear mapping of the data to a lower-dimensional space in such a way that the variance of the data in the low-dimensional representation is ma... | large_corpus_distillation |
size on its own part. Rather, this size is not sufficiently large because of the complexity of the inference problem." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Page fault-Types-Minor If the page is loaded in memory at the time the fault is generated, but is not marked in the memory management unit as being loaded in memory, then it is called a minor or soft page fault. The page fault handler in the operating system merely needs to make the entry for that page in the memory m... | large_corpus_distillation |
XFDF can be used in the same way as FDF; e.g., form data is submitted to a server, modifications are made, then sent back and the new form data is imported in an interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. As of Au... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Null object pattern-In various languages-Since nil also represents the empty list, null is a subclass of the list class, too. Methods parameters specialized to symbol or list will thus take a nil argument. Of course, a null specialization can still be defined which is a more specific match for nil." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Map collection-Documentation-Newly published maps, like books, are recorded in national bibliographies. Thus, the title, author(s), imprint and ISBN of any recently published map are mentioned in official records. Additionally, various data specific to a map, such as scale, map projection, geographical coordinates and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Erd\u0151s\u2013Tetali theorem-Ideas in the proof-The proof is an instance of the probabilistic method, and can be divided into three main steps. First, one starts by defining a random sequence \u03c9\u2286N by Pr log \u2061n)1h, where C>0 is some large real constant, h\u22652 is a fixed integer and n is sufficient... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Convenience technologies-Convenience technologies-Convenience technologies enable viewers and users of television, Internet, mobile devices, Digital Video Recorders (DVR), Video on Demand (VOD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) to more easily seek out specific content and view it in individualized patterns. These techn... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Critical Assessment of Function Annotation-Motivation-The CAFA experiment is designed to provide unbiased assessment of computational methods, to stimulate research in computational function prediction, and provide insights into the overall state-of-the-art in function prediction." | large_corpus_distillation |
"HP-32S-Sample program-; This is an HP-32Sii version of the Euclidean algorithm ; to find the greatest common divisor (GCD)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multilinear subspace learning-Algorithms-Typical approach in MSL There are N sets of parameters to be solved, one in each mode. The solution to one set often depends on the other sets (except when N=1, the linear case). Therefore, the suboptimal iterative procedure in is followed.\nInitialization of the projections in... | large_corpus_distillation |
to arise, the non-contiguous schedule length must be at least max 4.\nThe maximal c/nc-difference sup max max nc(I) is at least 5/4 and at most 2.\nTo decide whether there is an c/nc-difference in a given instance is NP-complete.Furthermore, they proposed the following two conjectures, which remain unproven: For a ... | large_corpus_distillation |
the procedure code field, just as CPT Category I codes are billed. Because CPT II codes are not associated with any relative value, they are billed with a $0.00 billable charge amount." | large_corpus_distillation |
is invertible under multiplication (this is not ambiguous, as every element is invertible under addition)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Electronic dictionary-Dictionary software-Dictionary software generally far exceeds the scope of the hand held dictionaries. Many publishers of traditional printed dictionaries such as Langenscheidt, Collins-Reverso, Oxford University Press, Duden, American Heritage, and Hachette, offer their resources for use on desk... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bluetooth-Technical information-Every device has a unique 48-bit address. However, these addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices.\nMost cellular phones ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distinguishing coloring-Computational complexity-The distinguishing numbers of trees, planar graphs, and interval graphs can be computed in polynomial time.The exact complexity of computing distinguishing numbers is unclear, because it is closely related to the still-unknown complexity of graph isomorphism. However, i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"The Concept of Mind-Category mistakes-As a linguistic philosopher, a significant portion of Ryle's argument is devoted to analyzing what he perceives as philosophical errors based in conceptual use of language. His critique of Cartesian dualism refers to it as a category mistake. Category mistakes, such as the ones Ry... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cosine similarity-Triangle inequality for cosine similarity-The ordinary triangle inequality for angles (i.e., arc lengths on a unit hypersphere) gives us that |\u2220AC\u2212\u2220CB|\u2264\u2220AB\u2264\u2220AC+\u2220CB.\nBecause the cosine function decreases as an angle in [0, \u03c0] radians increases, the sense o... | large_corpus_distillation |
them can communicate necessary information that would otherwise be obfuscated." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quotient filter-Cost/performance-Probability of false positives Bender calculates the probability of a false positive (i.e. when the hash of two keys results in the same fingerprint) in terms of the hash table's remainder size and load factor. Recall that a p bit fingerprint is partitioned into a q bit quotient, which... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Infosec Standard 5-Requirements-IS5 sets a wide range of requirements\u2014not just the technical detail of overwriting data, but also the policies and processes that organisations should have in place, to ensure that media are disposed of securely. IS5 also touches on risk management accreditation, because secure reu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linux Mint-Features-Update Manager (mintUpdate): Designed to prevent inexperienced users from installing updates that are unnecessary or require a certain level of knowledge to configure properly. It assigns updates a safety level (from 1 to 5), based on the stability and necessity of the update. Updates can be set to... | large_corpus_distillation |
greater the value of ,\nthe more pronounced the skew.\nFigure 9.7.1: The sampling distribution of r for N =12 and \u03c1=0.60\n9.7.2 \u03c1=0.90\nFigure shows the sampling distribution for . This distribution has a very short positive tail and a long negative tail.\nFigure 9.7.1: The sampling distribution of r for N =1... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fat binary-Similar concepts-Function multi-versioning Even in a program or library intended for the same instruction set architecture, a programmer may wish to make use of some newer instruction set extensions while keeping compatibility with an older CPU. This can be achieved with function multi-versioning (FMV): ver... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Chinese remainder theorem-Proof-Existence (first proof) The map mod mod mod nk) maps congruence classes modulo N to sequences of congruence classes modulo ni. The proof of uniqueness shows that this map is injective. As the domain and the codomain of this map have the same number of elements, the map is also surjectiv... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Google I/O-Google I/O-Google I/O, or simply I/O, is an annual developer conference held by Google in Mountain View, California. The name \"I/O\" is taken from the number googol, with the \"I\" representing the \"1\" in googol and the \"O\" representing the first \"0\" in the number. The format of the event is similar ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Str\u00f6mberg wavelet-Definition-f(t) has continuous derivatives of all orders up to m.\nf(t) is a polynomial of degree m + 1 in each of the intervals Ir.If A0 = {. . . , -2, -3/2, -1, -1/2} \u222a {0} \u222a {1, 2, 3, . . .} and A1 = A0 \u222a { 1/2 } then the Str\u00f6mberg wavelet of order m is a function Sm(t) sa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Level staff-Reading a rod-The imperial graduations are in feet (large red numbers), tenths of a foot (small black numbers) and hundredths of a foot (unnumbered marks or spaces between the marks). The tenths of a foot point is indicated by the top of the long mark with the upward sloped end. The point halfway between t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Chain rule for Kolmogorov complexity-Proof-For the \u2265 direction, it suffices to show that for all k,l such that k+l = K(x,y) we have that either K(x|k,l) \u2264 k + O(1) or K(y|x,k,l) \u2264 l + O(1)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Morphophonology-Relation with phonology-The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. In purely phonemic analysis the data is just a set of words in a language, while for the purposes of morphophonemic a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Security parameter-Statistical security-Examples In encryption schemes, one aspect of security is (at a high level) that anything that can be learnt about a plaintext given a ciphertext can also be learnt from a randomly-sampled string (of the same length as ciphertexts) that is independent of the plaintext. Formally,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Column inch-Use and number of words-Newsroom staffers also measure items such as photographs and infographics using column inches." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Twin-width-Algorithms-The fixed-parameter tractable problems for graphs of bounded twin-width with given contraction sequences include: Testing whether the given graph models any given property in the first-order logic of graphs. Here, both the twin-width and the description length of the property are parameters of th... | large_corpus_distillation |
the number P(n) of primes of the form ax2\u2009+\u2009bx\u2009+\u2009c and less than n is given by log \u2061n where A depends on a, b, and c but not on n. By the prime number theorem, this formula with A set equal to one is the asymptotic number of primes less than n expected in a random set of numbers having the same... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Methods of computing square roots-Digit-by-digit calculation-It is obvious that a similar method can be used to compute the square root in number systems other than the decimal number system. For instance, finding the digit-by-digit square root in the binary number system is quite efficient since the value of ai is s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Simplex algorithm-Algorithm-Next, the pivot row must be selected so that all the other basic variables remain positive. A calculation shows that this occurs when the resulting value of the entering variable is at a minimum. In other words, if the pivot column is c, then the pivot row r is chosen so that br/arc is the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Presburger arithmetic-Properties-PA(1, j) is in P, while PA(1) is NP-complete.\nFor i > 0 and j > 2, PA(i + 1, j) is \u03a3iP-complete. The hardness result only needs j>2 (as opposed to j=1) in the last quantifier block." | large_corpus_distillation |
individuals and organizations, however, argued that the photographs, as the work of a non-human animal (and thus not the work of a legal person), were public domain. Slater stated that the upload of the images to Wikimedia Commons, a free media repository, had cost him more than \u00a310,000 in lost income; he unsucces... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Irwin\u2013Hall distribution-Definition-The mean and variance are n/2 and n/12, respectively." | large_corpus_distillation |
"A5/1-Security-In 2006, Elad Barkan, Eli Biham, Nathan Keller published the full version of their 2003 paper, with attacks against A5/X \u0441iphers. The authors claim: We present a very practical ciphertext-only cryptanalysis of GSM encrypted communication, and various active attacks on the GSM protocols. These attack... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Element distinctness problem-Element distinctness problem-It is a well studied problem in many different models of computation. The problem may be solved by sorting the list and then checking if there are any consecutive equal elements; it may also be solved in linear expected time by a randomized algorithm that inser... | large_corpus_distillation |
over K.\nLet E\u22c6 and AE\u22c6 be the algebraic duals of E and AE.\nDenote the topological dual of AE by AE\u2032 and use \u27e8\u22c5,\u22c5\u27e9 and [\u22c5,\u22c5] to indicate the natural bilinear pairings on AE\u00d7AE\u2032 and AE\u00d7AE\u22c6.\nThen the formula \u27e8e,e\u2032\u27e9=\u03c7([e,e\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kernel (algebra)-Survey of examples-To some extent, this can be thought of as a special case of the situation for modules, since these are all bimodules over a ring R: R itself; any two-sided ideal of R (such as ker f); any quotient ring of R (such as R/(ker f)); and the codomain of any ring homomorphism whose domain ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Continuous knapsack problem-Problem definition-An instance of either the continuous or classic knapsack problems may be specified by the numerical capacity W of the knapsack, together with a collection of materials, each of which has two numbers associated with it: the weight wi of material that is available to be sel... | large_corpus_distillation |
"And\u2013or tree-Definitions-If all of the children of a node N, conjoined by the same arc, are success nodes, then the node N is also a success node. Otherwise the node is a failure node." | large_corpus_distillation |
He writes \u201cFrom a linguistic standpoint, it is quite possible for a word, phrase or statement to have more than one layer of meaning, such that one layer would make sense to one audience in one age and another layer of meaning would, without negating the first, be meaningful to another audience in a subsequent ag... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Minimalist program-Beyond basic operations-Agree Starting in the early 2000s, attention turned from feature-checking as a condition on movement to feature-checking as a condition on agreement. This line of inquiry was initiated in Chomsky (2000), and formulated as follows: Agree: \u03b1 can agree with \u03b2 if and on... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ada Semantic Interface Specification-Uses of ASIS-ASIS as insulator Pace Drury (1999) utilises ASIS to create a code for his project named \u2018SIDPERS-3\u2019 where the code is used to identify intimate details and variations seen in Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) generated from data base interaction Drury used ASI... | large_corpus_distillation |
for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls and others." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sampling distribution-Introduction-The sampling distribution of a statistic is the distribution of that statistic, considered as a random variable, when derived from a random sample of size n . It may be considered as the distribution of the statistic for all possible samples from the same population of a given sampl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Van Emde Boas tree-Function-In any of the above cases, if we delete the last element x or y from any subtree T.children[i] then we also delete i from T.aux.In code: function Delete(T, x) if T.min == T.max == x then T.min = M T.max = \u22121 return if x == T.min then hi = T.aux.min * \u221aM j = T.aux.min T.min = x = h... | large_corpus_distillation |
to more and more bases will give diminishing returns.\nOn the other hand, the calculations in :\u200a1400\u200a and the calculations up to 264 mentioned above suggest that Fermat and Lucas probable prime tests are independent, so that a combination of these types of tests would make a powerful primality test, especiall... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Content similarity detection-Software-assisted plagiarism detection-Software The design of content similarity detection software for use with text documents is characterized by a number of factors: Most large-scale plagiarism detection systems use large, internal databases (in addition to other resources) that grow wi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"PA-8000-Description-Floating-point instructions and integer multiply instructions are executed in two fused multiply\u2013accumulate (FMAC) units and two divide/square-root units. The FMAC units are pipelined and have a three-cycle latency. Multiplication is performed during stage six, addition in stage seven, roundin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Loop invariant-Programming language support-Eiffel The Eiffel programming language provides native support for loop invariants. A loop invariant is expressed with the same syntax used for a class invariant. In the sample below, the loop invariant expression x <= 10 must be true following the loop initialization, and a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum disjoint set-Greedy algorithms-In particular, if we can guarantee that there is an x for which |MDS(N(x))| is bounded by a constant (say, M), then this greedy algorithm yields a constant M-factor approximation, as we can guarantee that: |S|\u2265|MDS(C)|M Such an upper bound M exists for several interesting ca... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Complete topological vector space-Properties-If X is a TVS and if x\u2208X is a cluster point of a Cauchy net (respectively, Cauchy prefilter), then that Cauchy net (respectively, that Cauchy prefilter) converges to x in X.\nIf a Cauchy filter in a TVS has an accumulation point x then it converges to x." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Frey curve-History-Yves Hellegouarch (1975) came up with the idea of associating solutions (a,b,c) of Fermat's equation with a completely different mathematical object: an elliptic curve.\nIf \u2113 is an odd prime and a, b, and c are positive integers such that a\u2113+b\u2113=c\u2113, then a corresponding Frey curv... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Parity of zero-Parity of zero-In mathematics, zero is an even number. In other words, its parity\u2014the quality of an integer being even or odd\u2014is even. This can be easily verified based on the definition of \"even\": it is an integer multiple of 2, specifically 0 \u00d7 2. As a result, zero shares all the prop... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Generalized geography-Computational complexity-The left vertical chain of nodes is designed to mimic the procedure of choosing values for variables in FORMULA-GAME. Each diamond structure corresponds to a quantified variable. Players take turns deciding paths at each branching node. Because we assumed the first quanti... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rebound attack-Detailed description of the attack on hash functions with AES-like compression functions-In the outbound phase the goal is to propagate the characteristics found in the inbound phase backwards and forwards, and check whether the desired characteristics are followed. Here, truncated differentials are usu... | large_corpus_distillation |
informal contexts.\nAs a degenerate case of the general definition, let F be a singleton {f}.\nSince f(x) always equals itself, the equaliser must be the entire domain X.\nAs an even more degenerate case, let F be the empty set. Then the equaliser is again the entire domain X, since the universal quantification in the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cold start (recommender systems)-Mitigation strategies-In case of new users, if no demographic feature is present or their quality is too poor, a common strategy is to offer them non-personalized recommendations. This means that they could be recommended simply the most popular items either globally or for their speci... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Layered graph drawing-Layout algorithm-The vertices of the directed acyclic graph resulting from the first step are assigned to layers, such that each edge goes from a higher layer to a lower layer. The goals of this stage are to simultaneously produce a small number of layers, few edges that span large numbers of lay... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Loss function-Selecting a loss function-In economics, when an agent is risk neutral, the objective function is simply expressed as the expected value of a monetary quantity, such as profit, income, or end-of-period wealth. For risk-averse or risk-loving agents, loss is measured as the negative of a utility function, a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Algebraic Eraser-Security-The security of AE is based on the Generalized Simultaneous Conjugacy Search Problem (GSCSP) within the braid group. This is a distinct and different hard problem than the Conjugacy Search Problem (CSP), which has been the central hard problem in what is called braid group cryptography. Even ... | large_corpus_distillation |
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