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Note that in the Reduce function, C is the count of people having in total N contacts, so in the Map function it is natural to write C=1, since every output pair is referring to the contacts of one single person." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cognitive models of information retrieval-Cognitive models of information retrieval-Cognitive models of information retrieval rest on the mix of areas such as cognitive science, human-computer interaction, information retrieval, and library science. They describe the relationship between a person's cognitive model of ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Denial-of-service attack-Defense techniques-Switches Most switches have some rate-limiting and ACL capability. Some switches provide automatic and/or system-wide rate limiting, traffic shaping, delayed binding (TCP splicing), deep packet inspection and Bogon filtering (bogus IP filtering) to detect and remediate DoS a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Naive Bayes spam filtering-Discussion-Advantages One of the main advantages of Bayesian spam filtering is that it can be trained on a per-user basis." | large_corpus_distillation |
"GSM-GSM security-Since 2000, different efforts have been made in order to crack the A5 encryption algorithms. Both A5/1 and A5/2 algorithms have been broken, and their cryptanalysis has been revealed in the literature. As an example, Karsten Nohl developed a number of rainbow tables (static values which reduce the tim... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Autoencoder-Advantages of depth-Autoencoders are often trained with a single layer encoder and a single layer decoder, but using many-layered (deep) encoders and decoders offers many advantages.\nDepth can exponentially reduce the computational cost of representing some functions.\nDepth can exponentially decrease the... | large_corpus_distillation |
devices.Users can edit their current avatar using the Xbox Original Avatars application on an Xbox console, Windows 10 or Windows 10 Mobile device or by using the Microsoft Silverlight based editor on Xbox.com. Across all of these experiences, users will have access to their entire closet of items that they've purchase... | large_corpus_distillation |
"False positives and false negatives-False positives and false negatives-A false positive is an error in binary classification in which a test result incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition (such as a disease when the disease is not present), while a false negative is the opposite error, where the test result... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Holistic grading-Definition-In holistic scoring, two or more raters independently assign a single score to a writing sample. Depending on the evaluative situation, the score will vary (e.g., \"78,\" \"passing.\" \"deserves credit,\" \"worthy of A-level,\" \"very well qualified\"), but each rating must be unitary. If r... | large_corpus_distillation |
interpretation of the above variables is as follows: X={x1,\u2026,xN} is the set of N data points, each of which is a D -dimensional vector distributed according to a multivariate Gaussian distribution.\nZ={z1,\u2026,zN} is a set of latent variables, one per data point, specifying which mixture component the correspo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Neural cryptography-Neural key exchange protocol-The most used protocol for key exchange between two parties A and B in the practice is Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange protocol. Neural key exchange, which is based on the synchronization of two tree parity machines, should be a secure replacement for this method.\nSyn... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kernel perceptron-Variants and extensions-One problem with the kernel perceptron, as presented above, is that it does not learn sparse kernel machines. Initially, all the \u03b1i are zero so that evaluating the decision function to get \u0177 requires no kernel evaluations at all, but each update increments a single \... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Functional predicate-Introducing new function symbols-In a treatment of predicate logic that allows one to introduce new predicate symbols, one will also want to be able to introduce new function symbols. Given the function symbols F and G, one can introduce a new function symbol F \u2218 G, the composition of F and G... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Logjam (computer security)-Responses-On May 12, 2015, Microsoft released a patch for Internet Explorer.\nOn June 16, 2015, the Tor Project provided a patch for Logjam to the Tor Browser.\nOn June 30, 2015, Apple released a patch for both OS X Yosemite and iOS 8 operating system.\nOn June 30, 2015, the Mozilla project ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"File descriptor-Operations on file descriptors-Creating file descriptors open() creat() socket() accept() socketpair() pipe() epoll_create() (Linux) signalfd() (Linux) eventfd() (Linux) timerfd_create() (Linux) memfd_create() (Linux) userfaultfd() (Linux) fanotify_init() (Linux) inotify_init() (Linux) clone() (with fl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Glossary of computer science-S-set Is an abstract data type that can store unique values, without any particular order. It is a computer implementation of the mathematical concept of a finite set. Unlike most other collection types, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests a value for ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Interdimensional hypothesis-History-In the 19th century, various spiritualists believed in \"other dimensions\". During the Summer of 1947, spiritualists adapted the \"other dimensions\" folklore to explain recent tales of \"flying discs\".\nBackground In the late 19th century, the metaphysical term \"planes\" was pop... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Native resolution-Native resolution-Most LCD monitors are able to inform the PC of their native resolution using Extended display identification data (EDID); however, some LCD TVs, especially those with 1366x768 pixels, fail to provide their native resolution and only provide a set of lower resolutions, resulting in a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distributed agile software development-Challenges & Risks-Distributed software development has its own inherent challenges due to spatial, temporal, and socio-cultural differences between distributed teams. Combining it with agile principles and practices, in turn, increases the severity of the risks involved, as both... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Generalized minimum-distance decoding-Randomized algorithm-Consider the received word y=(y1,\u2026,yN)\u2208[qn]N which was corrupted by a noisy channel. The following is the algorithm description for the general case. In this algorithm, we can decode y by just declaring an erasure at every bad position and running t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Intersection algorithm-Method-if lower \u2264 upper and midcount \u2264 f then return interval [lowerendpoint, upperendpoint] as resulting confidence interval.\n[increment number of falsetickers] f = f+1. If f \u2265 M/2 then terminate and return FAILED, otherwise goto step 1." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Initiator element-Notes-In nucleic acid notation for DNA, K stands for G/T (Keto) " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Autorotation-Descent and landing-The most common reason for autorotation is an engine malfunction or failure, but autorotation can also be performed in the event of a complete tail rotor failure, or following loss of tail-rotor effectiveness, since there is virtually no torque produced in an autorotation. If altitude ... | large_corpus_distillation |
xn + 1 is in the same position as (x \u2212 1)n + 1.\nRepeat step 5 until the largest rotation circle spans the largest number to be tested for primality.\nStrike off the number 1.\nStrike off the spokes of the prime numbers as found in step 1 and applied in step 2 in all outer circles without striking off the prime nu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Secure channel-Secure channels in the real world-In 1976, two researchers proposed a key exchange technique (now named after them)\u2014Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange (D-H). This protocol allows two parties to generate a key only known to them, under the assumption that a certain mathematical problem (e.g., the Diff... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pocklington primality test-Generalized Pocklington test-For p=3 , the second prime factor of A, try a3=2 27456 mod 27457 ) gcd gcd 9152 27457 )=1 .a3=2 satisfies both (6) and (7).\nThis completes the proof that 27457 is prime.\nThe certificate of primality for 27457 would consist of the two (p,ap) pairs (2, 5) an... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Confidence region-Confidence region-In statistics, a confidence region is a multi-dimensional generalization of a confidence interval. It is a set of points in an n-dimensional space, often represented as an ellipsoid around a point which is an estimated solution to a problem, although other shapes can occur." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scheduling (computing)-Scheduling disciplines-Open-shop scheduling \u2013 there are n jobs and m different stations. Each job should spend some time at each station, in a free order.\nFlow shop scheduling \u2013 there are n jobs and m different stations. Each job should spend some time at each station, in a pre-determ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Covariance matrix-Definition-Both forms are quite standard, and there is no ambiguity between them. The matrix KXX is also often called the variance-covariance matrix, since the diagonal terms are in fact variances.\nBy comparison, the notation for the cross-covariance matrix between two vectors is cov \u2061(X,Y)=K... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multiple frequency-shift keying-Multiple frequency-shift keying-Multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK) is a variation of frequency-shift keying (FSK) that uses more than two frequencies. MFSK is a form of M-ary orthogonal modulation, where each symbol consists of one element from an alphabet of orthogonal waveforms. M... | large_corpus_distillation |
1\n1\n1\n0\n2\n4\n,\n,\n,\nf\nf\nf\no\no\no\nr\nr\nr\n0\n1\n2\n<\n<\n<\nx\nx\nx\n\u2264\n\u2264\n\u2264\n1\n2\n3\nC(x)=\u23a8 .\n16, for 3<x\u22644\n\u23a9\n\u23aa\u23aa\u23aa\u23aa\u23aa\u23aa\u23aa\u23aa\n\u22ee\n30, for 10<x\u226418\n2.The graph of the function consists of several horizontal line segments.\n1.2.15 h... | large_corpus_distillation |
the point minimizing the sum of weighted squared distances \u2211i=1nwi\u2016xi\u2212yj\u2016\u2016xi\u2212y\u20162 where the initial weights wi of the input points are divided by the distances from each point to the approximation from the previous stage." | large_corpus_distillation |
maps containing certainties which in turn are used to enhance them, to find the locations of the global (cores and deltas) and local (minutia) singularities, as well as automatically evaluate the quality of the fingerprints." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hypothesis Theory-Formal Theories-The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. A conceptual framework for formal probabilistic modeling of hypotheses in cognitive resear... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Latent space-Latent space-A latent space, also known as a latent feature space or embedding space, is an embedding of a set of items within a manifold in which items resembling each other are positioned closer to one another in the latent space. Position within the latent space can be viewed as being defined by a set ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proton-Proton-One or more protons are present in the nucleus of every atom. They provide the attractive electrostatic central force that binds the atomic electrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is the defining property of an element, and is referred to as the atomic number (represented by the symbol Z). Since ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Wildcard certificate-Wildcard certificate-In computer networking, a wildcard certificate is a public key certificate which can be used with multiple sub-domains of a domain. The principal use is for securing web sites with HTTPS, but there are also applications in many other fields. Compared with conventional certific... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Time-division multiple access-Comparison with other multiple-access schemes-A major advantage of TDMA is that the radio part of the mobile only needs to listen and broadcast for its own time slot. For the rest of the time, the mobile can carry out measurements on the network, detecting surrounding transmitters on diff... | large_corpus_distillation |
"118 (number)-118 (number)-118 (one hundred [and] eighteen) is the natural number following 117 and preceding 119." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Coefficient of determination-Interpretation-This leads to the alternative approach of looking at the adjusted R2. The explanation of this statistic is almost the same as R2 but it penalizes the statistic as extra variables are included in the model. For cases other than fitting by ordinary least squares, the R2 statis... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vanishing gradient problem-Vanishing gradient problem-In machine learning, the vanishing gradient problem is encountered when training artificial neural networks with gradient-based learning methods and backpropagation. In such methods, during each iteration of training each of the neural networks weights receives an ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobile enterprise application platform-Purpose-MEAPs address the difficulties of developing mobile software by managing the diversity of devices, networks, and user groups at the time of deployment and throughout the mobile computing technology lifecycle. Unlike standalone apps, a MEAP provides a comprehensive, long-t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Numeral system-Main numeral systems-More useful still are systems which employ special abbreviations for repetitions of symbols; for example, using the first nine letters of the alphabet for these abbreviations, with A standing for \"one occurrence\", B \"two occurrences\", and so on, one could then write C+ D/ for th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Paraconsistent logic-An ideal three-valued paraconsistent logic-((P\u2192Q)\u2192R)\u2192(Q\u2192R) Excluded Some tautologies of classical logic which are not tautologies of paraconsistent logic are: \u00acP\u2192(P\u2192Q) ** no explosion in paraconsistent logic (\u00acP\u2192Q)\u2192((\u00acP\u2192\u00acQ)\u2192P) (... | large_corpus_distillation |
"One-pass compiler-Difficulties-if (expression) label1,label2,label3 if (expression) then The first is the assignment of the value of some arithmetic expression (the etc) to an element of a one-dimensional array called \"if\". Fortran is unusual in that it contains no reserved words, so a token \"write\" does not neces... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Edition (printmaking)-Modern practice-Today, artists will sometimes refer to a print as a \"one-off,\" meaning that the artist has made a unique print and no reproductions of it from the original matrix, often not even a proof. In this category one sometimes finds monotypes, monoprints, collagraphs, altered prints wit... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Property testing-Testing graph properties-Given graph G, choose a random set X of log \u2061(1/(\u03b5\u03b4))/\u03b52) vertices.\nFor every pair of vertices in X, query if they are adjacent in G.\nIt accepts if the induced subgraph of G on X is bipartite and reject otherwise. Example (k-colorability Testing Algorit... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Avantix Mobile-System description-Timetable information can also be accessed by using the timetable enquiry facility. Whilst using the timetable enquiry screen, if you highlight the start and end of one leg of the train journey and choose select this will then show where that train started and every planned stop with ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Galois/Counter Mode-Performance-Intel has added the PCLMULQDQ instruction, highlighting its use for GCM. In 2011, SPARC added the XMULX and XMULXHI instructions, which also perform 64 \u00d7 64 bit carry-less multiplication. In 2015, SPARC added the XMPMUL instruction, which performs XOR multiplication of much larger ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cyclic code-Hamming code-Now, for cyclic codes, Let \u03b1 be primitive element in GF(qm) , and let \u03b2=\u03b1q\u22121 . Then \u03b2(qm\u22121)/(q\u22121)=1 and thus \u03b2 is a zero of the polynomial x(qm\u22121)/(q\u22121)\u22121 and is a generator polynomial for the cyclic code of block length n=(qm\u2212... | large_corpus_distillation |
"To obtain the bound in expectation, we start with a standard trick from probability\nwhich bounds a max by its sum in a slightly more clever way. Here, let {Z } be centered\nj j\nrandom variables, then\n1 1\nIE(cid:20)max|Z |(cid:21) = logexp(cid:18)sIE(cid:20)max|Z |(cid:21)(cid:19) \u2264 logIE(cid:20)exp(cid:18)sma... | large_corpus_distillation |
0001 1101 0011 Therefore, the least significant known bit of \u03c0 is 1 at position 1,000,000,000,000,060 (one quadrillion and sixty) or 10 15 60 " | large_corpus_distillation |
limit their use. Although unsupervised biologically inspired learning methods are available such as Hebbian learning and STDP, no effective supervised training method is suitable for SNNs that can provide better performance than second-generation networks. Spike-based activation of SNNs is not differentiable thus makin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quasiconvex function-Preservation of quasiconvexity-Operations preserving quasiconvexity maximum of quasiconvex functions (i.e. max {f1,\u2026,fn} ) is quasiconvex. Similarly, maximum of strict quasiconvex functions is strict quasiconvex. Similarly, the minimum of quasiconcave functions is quasiconcave, and the minim... | large_corpus_distillation |
on the same weekend after a qualifying segment (although this is a rare occurrence), qualifying times from that segment are used to determine the starting order for those cars." | large_corpus_distillation |
application needs. Therefore, if two virtual cores are competing for resources, there are appropriate algorithms in place to determine what resources are to be allocated where." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Practical arguments-Overview...-An argument can be thought of as two or more contradicting tree structures.\nThe root of each tree is a claim: a belief supported by information.\nThe root branches out to nodes that are grounds: supporting information.\nThe edges connecting them are warrants: rules or principles.\nClai... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data deduplication-Benefits-Virtual servers and virtual desktops benefit from deduplication because it allows nominally separate system files for each virtual machine to be coalesced into a single storage space. At the same time, if a given virtual machine customizes a file, deduplication will not change the files on ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Poisson distribution-Statistical inference-The posterior predictive distribution for a single additional observation is a negative binomial distribution,:\u200a53\u200a sometimes called a gamma\u2013Poisson distribution." | large_corpus_distillation |
"SIM lock-Unlocking technology-These locks can be removed using the corresponding unlock codes, which are unique to each phone depending on its IMEI.Typically, a locked handset will display a message if a restricted SIM is used, requesting the unlock code. On recent phone models running Android software, the phone will... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ailles rectangle-Variant-An alternative construction (also by Ailles) places a 30\u00b0\u201360\u00b0\u201390\u00b0 triangle in the middle with sidelengths of 2 , 6 , and 22 . Its legs are each the hypotenuse of a 45\u00b0\u201345\u00b0\u201390\u00b0 triangle, one with legs of length 1 and one with legs of length ... | large_corpus_distillation |
at this level? (relevant section)\nQ29\nDoes performance increase linearly with dosage?\na. Plot a line graph of this data.\nL\nb. Compute for each patient. To do this, create a new variable where you multiply the following coefficients by their\n(\u22123)d0+(\u22121)d15+(1)d30+(3)d60 L\ncorresponding dosages and then ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Penny graph-Properties-Independent sets A maximum independent set in a penny graph is a subset of the pennies, no two of which touch each other. Finding maximum independent sets is NP-hard for arbitrary graphs, and remains NP-hard on penny graphs. It is an instance of the maximum disjoint set problem, in which one mus... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Code injection-Examples-Format specifier injection Format string bugs most commonly appear when a programmer wishes to print a string containing user supplied data. The programmer may mistakenly write printf(buffer) instead of printf(\"%s\", buffer). The first version interprets buffer as a format string, and parses a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"XML Schema (W3C)-Schemas and schema documents-Technically, a schema is an abstract collection of metadata, consisting of a set of schema components: chiefly element and attribute declarations and complex and simple type definitions. These components are usually created by processing a collection of schema documents, w... | large_corpus_distillation |
the attacker), and only decipherable by the attacker. An attacker caught installing the cryptotrojan claims to be a virus victim. An attacker observed receiving the covert asymmetric broadcast is one of the thousands, if not millions of receivers, and exhibits no identifying information whatsoever. The cryptovirology a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Once again, it's easy to extend this result to a general uniform distribution.\nX=(X ,X ,\u2026,X ) n [a,a+h] a\u2208R\nSuppose that 1 2 n is a random sample of size from the uniform distribution on where and\nh\u2208(0,\u221e) R=X \u2212X n\u22121 2\n. The sample range (n) (1) has the beta distribution with left para... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Elliptic curve-Elliptic curves over a general field-Many of the preceding results remain valid when the field of definition of E is a number field K, that is to say, a finite field extension of Q. In particular, the group E(K) of K-rational points of an elliptic curve E defined over K is finitely generated, which gene... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lexical analysis-Lexical token and lexical tokenization-Lexical tokenization is conversion of a raw text into (semantically or syntactically) meaningful lexical tokens, belonging to categories defined by a \"lexer\" program, such as identifiers, operators, grouping symbols and data types. The resulting tokens are then... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Automated Similarity Judgment Program-History-Shorter word lists While word lists used were originally based on the 100-item Swadesh list, it was statistically determined that a subset of 40 of the 100 items produced just as good if not slightly better classificatory results than the whole list. So subsequently word l... | large_corpus_distillation |
sequence).\nIt is not possible for a streaming algorithm to find the most frequent element in less than linear space, for sequences whose number of repetitions can be small." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Robust Regression and Outlier Detection-Robust Regression and Outlier Detection-Robust Regression and Outlier Detection is a book on robust statistics, particularly focusing on the breakdown point of methods for robust regression. It was written by Peter Rousseeuw and Annick M. Leroy, and published in 1987 by Wiley." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Homebrew (video games)-Eighth generation consoles-Wii U The most common way to execute code on the Wii U for 5.5.5 and below is through vulnerabilities in the Wii U's built in web browser. There are many different userland and PowerPC kernel exploits in the Wii U internet browser. The earliest userland exploits used C... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Federated learning-Federated learning variations-Federated ViT using Dynamic Aggregation (FED-REV) Federated Learning (FL) provides training of global shared model using decentralized data sources on edge nodes while preserving data privacy. However, its performance in the computer vision applications using Convolutio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Alien thread-Alien thread-In computing, an alien thread in a multi-processor system is a thread of program execution executed by one processor on behalf of a process running on another processor. Alien threads are implemented in the Fiasco.OC/L4 microkernel operating system." | large_corpus_distillation |
it is always an adherent point of S.\nLet (xn)n\u2208N be such a sequence and let x be its limit. Then by definition of limit, for all neighbourhoods U of x there exists n\u2208N such that xn\u2208U for all n\u2265N.\nIn particular, xN\u2208U and also xN\u2208S, so x is an adherent point of S.\nIn contrast ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"XML retrieval-Existing XML search engines-An overview of two potential approaches is available. The INitiative for the Evaluation of XML-Retrieval (INEX) was founded in 2002 and provides a platform for evaluating such algorithms. Three different areas influence XML-Retrieval: Traditional XML query languages Query lang... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Comparison of assemblers-As part of a compiler suite-Some other self-hosted native-targeted language implementations (like Go, Free Pascal, SBCL) have their own assemblers with multiple targets. They may be used for inline assembly inside the language, or even included as a library, but aren't always suitable for bein... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Definite clause grammar-Definite clause grammar-The definite clauses of a DCG can be considered a set of axioms where the validity of a sentence, and the fact that it has a certain parse tree can be considered theorems that follow from these axioms. This has the advantage of making it so that recognition and parsing o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Metacritic-Reception-Metacritic received mixed reviews from website critics, commentators, and columnists. Its efficacy has been analyzed, with conclusions finding it to be generally useful or unreliable and biased. The website won two annual Webby Awards for excellence in the \"Guides/Ratings/Reviews\" category, in 2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Information society-Intellectual property considerations-Responses to this concern range from the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the United States (and similar legislation elsewhere) which make copy protection (see DRM) circumvention illegal, to the free software, open source and copyleft movements, which seek to... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Representation theory of the Lorentz group-Action on function spaces-The Riemann P-functions The Riemann P-functions, solutions of Riemann's differential equation, are an example of a set of functions that transform among themselves under the action of the Lorentz group. The Riemann P-functions are expressed as where ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Studierfenster-Features-The resulting table has seven columns: the file names for both files used in the calculation, the calculated Dice similarity coefficient, the calculated Hausdorff distance, the calculated directed HD for both directions and the information if image spacing was used in the calculation. The table... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Path loss-Loss exponent-Path loss is usually expressed in dB. In its simplest form, the path loss can be calculated using the formula 10 log 10 \u2061(d)+C where L is the path loss in decibels, n is the path loss exponent, d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, usually measured in meters, and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
that share the data. Flooding causes a very high amount of signaling traffic in the network, uses more CPU/memory (by requiring every peer to process all search queries), and does not ensure that search queries will always be resolved. Furthermore, since there is no correlation between a peer and the content managed by... | large_corpus_distillation |
the multiple exponential curves will average to produce a curve that is misleadingly well fit by a power function. The power function is based on the idea that something is slowing down the learning process; at least, this is what the function suggests. Our learning does not occur at a constant rate according to this ... | large_corpus_distillation |
miss penalty are known, the average memory access time can be calculated with: AMAT=TL1+MRL1\u22c5MPL1 where TL1 is the access latency of level one cache, MRL1 is the miss rate of level one cache and MPL1 is the additional cycles a miss at a higher level takes to be serviced compared to a hit at higher level, and is... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kasiski examination-How it works-The reason this test works is that if a repeated string occurs in the plaintext, and the distance between corresponding characters is a multiple of the keyword length, the keyword letters will line up in the same way with both occurrences of the string. For example, consider the plaint... | large_corpus_distillation |
"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences-Non-integers-Important irrational numbers such as \u03c0 = 3.1415926535897... are catalogued under representative integer sequences such as decimal expansions (here 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5, 8, 9, 7, 9, 3, 2, 3, 8, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 3, 3, 8, 3, 2, 7, 9, 5, 0, 2, 8, 8, ... ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction-Important concepts-Modified Locally-Linear Embedding (MLLE) Modified LLE (MLLE) is another LLE variant which uses multiple weights in each neighborhood to address the local weight matrix conditioning problem which leads to distortions in LLE maps. Loosely speaking the multiple weight... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matroid parity problem-Applications-A cactus graph is a graph in which each two cycles have at most one vertex in common. As a special case, the graphs in which each cycle is a triangle are necessarily cactus graphs. The largest triangular cactus in the given graph can then be found by adding additional edges from a s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Focus (linguistics)-Formalist approaches-The question/answer paradigm shown in (3)\u2013(5) has been utilized by a variety of theorists to illustrate the range of contexts a sentence containing focus can be used felicitously. Specifically, the question/answer paradigm has been used as a diagnostic for what counts as n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Statistical learning theory-Formal description-In this formalism, the inference problem consists of finding a function f:X\u2192Y such that f(x\u2192)\u223cy . Let H be a space of functions f:X\u2192Y called the hypothesis space. The hypothesis space is the space of functions the algorithm will search through. Let... | large_corpus_distillation |
every 1\u20132 years. According to Dennard scaling transistor dimensions would be scaled by 30% (0.7x) every technology generation, thus reducing their area by 50%. This would reduce the delay by 30% (0.7x) and therefore increase operating frequency by about 40% (1.4x). Finally, to keep electric field constant, voltage... | large_corpus_distillation |
markers consist only of logophoric pronouns. For instance, a logophoric marker may surface as an affix \u2013 a morphological change is still present, but not all purely logophoric languages have logophoric pronouns.In terms of the role of logophoricity in languages, the existence of logophoric markers allow for the re... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Android Lollipop-Features-Lollipop also contains major new platform features for developers, with over 5,000 new APIs added for use by applications. For example, there is the possibility to save photos in a raw image format. Additionally, the Dalvik virtual machine was officially replaced by Android Runtime (ART), whi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multidimensional scaling-Types-MDS algorithms fall into a taxonomy, depending on the meaning of the input matrix: Classical multidimensional scaling It is also known as Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Torgerson Scaling or Torgerson\u2013Gower scaling. It takes an input matrix giving dissimilarities between pair... | large_corpus_distillation |
considered above occur only in the worst-case and if one looks at the way Hamming balls are packed in high-dimensional space, even for error patterns e beyond half-the minimum distance, there is only a single codeword c within Hamming distance e from the received word. This claim has been shown to hold with high pro... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stack buffer overflow-Protection schemes-Stack canaries Stack canaries, named for their analogy to a canary in a coal mine, are used to detect a stack buffer overflow before execution of malicious code can occur. This method works by placing a small integer, the value of which is randomly chosen at program start, in m... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Function (mathematics)-General properties-(Contrarily to the case of surjections, this does not require the axiom of choice; the proof is straightforward).\nEvery function f:X\u2192Y may be factorized as the composition i\u2218s of a surjection followed by an injection, where s is the canonical surjection of X onto ... | large_corpus_distillation |
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