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"Isometry-Definition-Let X and Y be metric spaces with metrics (e.g., distances) dX and dY.\nA map f:X\u2192Y is called an isometry or distance preserving if for any a,b\u2208X one has dX(a,b)=dY(f(a),f(b)).\nAn isometry is automatically injective; otherwise two distinct points, a and b, could be mapped to the sa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Feature (machine learning)-Feature types-In feature engineering, two types of features are commonly used: numerical and categorical." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transfer Walsh-Using Transfer Walsh-Further bidding is essentially natural.\nThe method is usually combined with the Walsh convention, where responder always shows a four-card major suit, even with a four- or five-card diamond holding, unless responder is strong enough for a reverse bid later in the auction (12 HCP or... | large_corpus_distillation |
"2-choice hashing-Performance-As is true with all hash tables, the performance is based on the largest bucket. Although there are instances where bucket sizes happen to be large based on the values and the hash functions used, this is rare. Having two hash functions and, therefore, two possible locations for any one va... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sememe-Sememe-A seme is a proposed unit of transmitted or intended meaning; it is atomic or indivisible. A sememe can be the meaning expressed by a morpheme, such as the English pluralizing morpheme -s, which carries the sememic feature [+ plural]. Alternatively, a single sememe (for example [go] or [move]) can be con... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matroid-Definition-He proved that there is a matroid for which C is the class of circuits and D is the class of cocircuits. Conversely, if C and D are the circuit and cocircuit classes of a matroid M with ground set E , then (E,C,D) is a graphoid. Thus, graphoids give a self-dual cryptomorphic axiomatization of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobile phone features-SIM card-A similar module called a Removable User Identity Module or RUIM card is present in some CDMA networks, notably in China and Indonesia." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proximate cause-But-for test-Market share evidence. Injury or illness is occasioned by a fungible product made by all the manufacturers joined in a lawsuit. The injury or illness is due to a design hazard, with each having been found to have sold the same type of product in a manner that made it unreasonably dangerous... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Menger's theorem-Edge connectivity-The edge-connectivity version of Menger's theorem is as follows: Let G be a finite undirected graph and x and y two distinct vertices. Then the size of the minimum edge cut for x and y (the minimum number of edges whose removal disconnects x and y) is equal to the maximum number of p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"H tree-Related sets-The H tree is an example of a fractal canopy, in which the angle between neighboring line segments is always 180 degrees. In its property of coming arbitrarily close to every point of its bounding rectangle, it also resembles a space-filling curve, although it is not itself a curve.\nTopologically,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hierarchical hidden Markov model-Description-Note that a vertical transition can result in more vertical transitions before reaching a sequence of production states and finally returning to the top level. Thus the production states visited give rise to a sequence of observation symbols that is \"produced\" by the stat... | large_corpus_distillation |
referencing the paper, and CitedIn shows which databases extracted data from the paper.Another concern of altmetrics, or any metrics, is how universities or institutions are using metrics to rank their employees make promotion or funding decisions, and the aim should be limited to measure engagement.The overall online ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptographic hash function-Attacks on hashed passwords-A common use of hashes is to store password authentication data. Rather than store the plaintext of user passwords, a controlled access system stores the hash of each user's password in a file or database. When someone requests access, the password they submit is... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Big O notation-Example-If f(x) is a product of several factors, any constants (factors in the product that do not depend on x) can be omitted.For example, let f(x) = 6x4 \u2212 2x3 + 5, and suppose we wish to simplify this function, using O notation, to describe its growth rate as x approaches infinity. This function ... | large_corpus_distillation |
for variation between users, methods should be standardized as much as possible." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Page cache-Side-channel attacks-In 2019, security researchers demonstrated side-channel attacks against the page cache: it's possible to bypass privilege separation and exfiltrate data about other processes by systematically monitoring whether some file pages (for example executable or library files) are present in th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Jensen\u2013Shannon divergence-Jensen\u2013Shannon centroid-The centroid C* of a finite set of probability distributions can be defined as the minimizer of the average sum of the Jensen-Shannon divergences between a probability distribution and the prescribed set of distributions: An efficient algorithm (CCCP) based ... | large_corpus_distillation |
affixes phonologically attach not to the lexeme they pertain to semantically but to the preceding lexeme. Consider the following example (in Kwak'wala, sentences begin with what corresponds to an English verb): (Notation notes: accusative case marks an entity that something is done to." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Evaluation measures (information retrieval)-Background-Indexing and classification methods to assist with information retrieval have a long history dating back to the earliest libraries and collections however systematic evaluation of their effectiveness began in earnest in the 1950s with the rapid expansion in resear... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lock (computer science)-Disadvantages-Lack of composability One of lock-based programming's biggest problems is that \"locks don't compose\": it is hard to combine small, correct lock-based modules into equally correct larger programs without modifying the modules or at least knowing about their internals. Simon Peyto... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Moore\u2013Penrose inverse-Special cases-Orthogonal projection matrices This is a special case of a normal matrix with eigenvalues 0 and 1. If A is an orthogonal projection matrix, that is, A=A\u2217 and A2=A , then the pseudoinverse trivially coincides with the matrix itself: Circulant matrices For a circulant mat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Open vote network-Description-All participants agree on a group G with a generator g of prime order q in which the discrete logarithm problem is hard. For example, a Schnorr group can be used. Assume there are n participants. Unlike other secure multi-party computation protocols that typically require pairwise sec... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Getting Things Done-Themes-A self-assessment is made of the emotions experienced after completing the steps of this process.He claims stress can be reduced and productivity increased by putting reminders about everything one is not working on into a trusted system external to one's mind. In this way, one can work on t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Biological network inference-Network diameter-A network's diameter is the maximum number of steps separating any two nodes and can be used to determine the How connected a graph is, in topology analysis, and clustering analysis." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Michael selection theorem-Generalizations-Precisely, Deutsch\u2013Kenderov theorem states that if X is paracompact, Y a normed vector space and F(x) is nonempty convex for each x\u2208X , then F is almost lower hemicontinuous if and only if F has continuous approximate selections, that is, for each neighborhood ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hack computer-Example Assembly Language Program-The Hack computer provides no machine language instruction to halt program execution. The final two lines of the program (@END and 0;JMP) create an infinite loop condition which Hack assembly programs conventionally use to terminate programs designed to run in the CPU em... | large_corpus_distillation |
"CLAWS (linguistics)-Rules and processing-CLAWS uses a Hidden Markov model to determine the likelihood of sequences of words in anticipating each part-of-speech label.\nSample output This excerpt from Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) has been tagged using both the CLAWS C5 and C7 tagsets. This is what a CLAWS output will g... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Popoviciu's inequality-Formulation-Let f be a function from an interval I\u2286R to R . If f is convex, then for any three points x, y, z in I, f(x)+f(y)+f(z)3+f(x+y+z3)\u226523[f(x+y2)+f(y+z2)+f(z+x2)].\nIf a function f is continuous, then it is convex if and only if the above inequality holds for all x, y, z from ... | large_corpus_distillation |
classes. These classes are: Class 1: general electronic products, for objects where the functionality of the final product is the major requirement. This can include objects such as toys and other items that do not serve a critical purpose." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Phrase structure grammar-Constituency relation-In linguistics, phrase structure grammars are all those grammars that are based on the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation associated with dependency grammars; hence, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. Any of severa... | large_corpus_distillation |
logical disjunction operator returns one of its operands: the first operand if it evaluates to a true value, and the second operand otherwise.\nConstructive disjunction The Curry\u2013Howard correspondence relates a constructivist form of disjunction to tagged union types." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Time formatting and storage bugs-Year 2040-ProDOS for the Apple II computers only supports two-digit year numbers. To avoid Y2K issues, Apple issued a technical note stating that the year number was to represent 1940\u20132039. Software for the platform may incorrectly display dates beginning in 2040, though a third-p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Strong cryptography-Examples-SSL v2 and v3. TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 are also deprecated now [see RFC7525] because of irreversible flaws which are still present by design and because they do not provide elliptical handshake (EC) for ciphers, no modern cryptography, no CCM/GCM ciphermodes. TLS1.x are also announced off by t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hacking: The Art of Exploitation-Content of 1st edition-Cryptology The cryptology section of Hacking covers basic information theory, in addition to symmetric and asymmetric encryption. It winds out in cracking WEP utilizing the Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir attacks. Besides the basics, including man-in-the-middle attac... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Population protocol-Three State Protocol-Angluin, Aspnes, and Eisenstat showed that, from any initial configuration that does not consist of all \" ? \"s, the three-state approximate majority protocol converges to either all nodes having belief 0 or all nodes having belief 1 within log \u2061n) interactions with hi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Collective classification-Motivation and background-Traditionally, a major focus of machine learning is to solve classification problems. (For example, given a collection of e-mails, we wish to determine which are spam, and which are not.) Many machine learning models for performing this task will try to categorize ea... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matching polytope-Matching polytope-In graph theory, the matching polytope of a given graph is a geometric object representing the possible matchings in the graph. It is a convex polytope each of whose corners corresponds to a matching. It has great theoretical importance in the theory of matching.:\u200a273\u2013285 ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Varied practice-Similar to-Contextual interference bears an intriguing similarity to a phenomenon observed during the training of neural networks called catastrophic interference (McCloskey & Cohen, 1989). Catastrophic interference occurs when a network is trained to criteria on one set of mappings, and then switched ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Chandra\u2013Toueg consensus algorithm-The algorithm-The algorithm proceeds in rounds and uses a rotating coordinator: in each round r, the process whose identity is given by r mod n is chosen as the coordinator. Each process keeps track of its current preferred decision value (initially equal to the input of the proc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sentence diagram-Constituency and dependency-The connections to modern principles for constructing parse trees are present in the Reed\u2013Kellogg diagrams, although Reed and Kellogg understood such principles only implicitly. The principles are now regarded as the constituency relation of phrase structure grammars a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"External sorting-External merge sort-Read the first 10 MB (= 100MB / (9 chunks + 1)) of each sorted chunk into input buffers in main memory and allocate the remaining 10 MB for an output buffer. (In practice, it might provide better performance to make the output buffer larger and the input buffers slightly smaller.) ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Information flow (information theory)-Declassification-var ab (* {Alice, Bob} *) var b (* {Bob} *) if ab = 1 then ab := declassify(b, {Alice, Bob}) (* {Alice, Bob} *) Where A where declassification policy regulates where the information can be released, for example, by controlling in which lines of the source code inf... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Law of large numbers-Examples-For example, a single roll of a fair, six-sided die produces one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, each with equal probability. Therefore, the expected value of the average of the rolls is: According to the law of large numbers, if a large number of six-sided dice are rolled, the averag... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Purplera1n-History of exploit-disabling patch releases-Apple has released various updates to iOS that patch exploits used by jailbreak utilities; this includes a patch released in iOS 6.1.3 to software exploits used by the original evasi0n iOS 6\u20136.1.2 jailbreak, in iOS 7.1 patching the Evasi0n 7 jailbreak for iOS... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Online database-Cloud database-A cloud database is a database that is run on and accessed via the Internet, rather than locally. So, rather than keep a customer information database at one location, a business may choose to have it hosted on the Internet so that all its departments or divisions can access and update i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"De novo peptide sequencing-Algorithms and software-Fisher et al. proposed the NovoHMM method of de novo sequencing. A hidden Markov model (HMM) is applied as a new way to solve de novo sequencing in a Bayesian framework. Instead of scoring for single symbols of the sequence, this method considers posterior probabiliti... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rejection sampling-Rejection sampling using exponential tilting-The proposal distribution is thus g\u03b8\u2217(x)=N(b,\u03c32) .Explicitly write out the target, the proposal and the likelihood ratioDerive the bound M for the likelihood ratio Z(x) , which is a decreasing function for x\u2208[b,\u221e] , thereforeR... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Octonion-Definition-Each of these 480 definitions is invariant up to signs under some 7-cycle of the points (1234567), and for each 7-cycle there are four definitions, differing by signs and reversal of order. A common choice is to use the definition invariant under the 7-cycle (1234567) with e1e2 = e4 by using the tr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Elementary comparison testing-Test case graph-A test case graph illustrates all the necessary independent paths (test cases) to cover all isolated conditions. Conditions are represented by nodes, and condition values (situations) by edges. An edge addresses all program situations. Each situation is connected to one pr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Product of group subsets-Product of subgroups-Product of subgroups with trivial intersection In particular, if S and T intersect only in the identity, then every element of ST has a unique expression as a product st with s in S and t in T. If S and T also commute, then ST is a group, and is called a Zappa\u2013Sz\u00e... | large_corpus_distillation |
are exchanged neither the sender nor the receiver is aware that a third party may capture the messages. This can be prevented by encryption of data." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Carmichael number-Overview-Theorem (A. Korselt 1899): A positive composite integer n is a Carmichael number if and only if n is square-free, and for all prime divisors p of n , it is true that p\u22121\u2223n\u22121 .It follows from this theorem that all Carmichael numbers are odd, since any even composite number... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Block cipher mode of operation-History and standardization-The cryptographic community observed that compositing (combining) a confidentiality mode with an authenticity mode could be difficult and error prone. They therefore began to supply modes which combined confidentiality and data integrity into a single cryptogr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tonelli\u2013Shanks algorithm-Speed of the algorithm-The algorithm requires us to find a quadratic nonresidue z . There is no known deterministic algorithm that runs in polynomial time for finding such a z . However, if the generalized Riemann hypothesis is true, there exists a quadratic nonresidue ln 2\u2061p , ma... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Toi (programming language)-Specification-N<[variable]> - Name.\nA<[variable]> - Address Argument.\nD<[variable]> - Dynamic bytecode argument.\nHex | Mnemonic | arguments - description Stack manipulation These subroutines operate on the current-working stack(1).\n10 POP S<n> - pops the stack n times." | large_corpus_distillation |
"News-News media today-About one-third of newspaper revenue comes from sales; the majority comes from advertising. Newspapers have struggled to maintain revenue given declining circulation and the free flow of information over the internet; some have implemented paywalls for their websites.In the U.S., many newspapers ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hook length formula-Probabilistic proof-Knuth's argument is however correct for the enumeration of labellings on trees satisfying monotonicity properties analogous to those of a Young tableau. In this case, the 'hook' events in question are in fact independent events.\nProbabilistic proof using the hook walk This is a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rabin\u2013Karp algorithm-Rabin\u2013Karp algorithm-In computer science, the Rabin\u2013Karp algorithm or Karp\u2013Rabin algorithm is a string-searching algorithm created by Richard M. Karp and Michael O. Rabin (1987) that uses hashing to find an exact match of a pattern string in a text. It uses a rolling hash to qu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Insertion sort-Relation to other sorting algorithms-In the worst case for insertion sort (when the input array is reverse-sorted), insertion sort performs just as many comparisons as selection sort. However, a disadvantage of insertion sort over selection sort is that it requires more writes due to the fact that, on e... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Null hypothesis-Choice of the null hypothesis-Most statisticians believe that it is valid to state direction as a part of null hypothesis, or as part of a null hypothesis/alternative hypothesis pair. However, the results are not a full description of all the results of an experiment, merely a single result tailored to... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Counter-based random number generator (CBRNG)-CBRNGs based on block ciphers-Some CBRNGs are based on reduced-strength versions of block ciphers. Below we explain how this works." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Video DownloadHelper-History-Firefox Quantum ceased support for extensions that use XUL or the Add-ons SDK so the extension was rebased using WebExtensions APIs. As a result of Mozilla's changes, reliance upon the companion application increased. Firefox 57.0 and Video DownloadHelper 7.0.0 were released on the same da... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Deductive lambda calculus-Intensional versus extensional equality-So the distributive law says that the two functions, .2 .2 \u2217r+2\u2217s are equal, as functions on Church numerals. (Here we encounter a technical weakness of the untyped lambda calculus: there is no way to restrict the domain of a function to the C... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bayya Yegnanarayana-Text Books, Monographs, Conference Proceedings - Authored/Edited-6. S. V. Gangashetty, C. Chandra Sekhar, and B. Yegnanarayana, Spotting Multilingual Consonant-Vowel Units of Speech using Neural Network Models, in Marcos Fundez-Zanuy, ... (Eds.), Nonlinear Analyses and Algorithms for Speech Process... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computer chess-Computer methods-Search techniques Computer chess programs consider chess moves as a game tree. In theory, they examine all moves, then all counter-moves to those moves, then all moves countering them, and so on, where each individual move by one player is called a \"ply\". This evaluation continues unt... | large_corpus_distillation |
measure. The study concluded that other possible causes could not be ruled out.In a 2019 paper, Robert Bartholomew and Robert Baloh propose that the syndrome represents mass psychogenic illness rather than a \"novel clinical entity\". They cite the vagueness and inconsistency of symptoms as well as the circumstances th... | large_corpus_distillation |
about anything at all. Taken all together, these features separate English nouns from the language's other lexical categories, such as adjectives and verbs." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vertex cover in hypergraphs-Fractional vertex cover-The fractional vertex-cover number of a hypergraph H is the smallest size of a fractional vertex-cover in H. It is often denoted by \u03c4*(H).\nSince a vertex-cover is a special case of a fractional vertex-cover, for every hypergraph H:fractional-vertex-cover-number... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lock convoy-Lock convoy-A lock convoy occurs when multiple threads of equal priority contend repeatedly for the same lock. Unlike deadlock and livelock situations, the threads in a lock convoy do progress; however, each time a thread attempts to acquire the lock and fails, it relinquishes the remainder of its scheduli... | large_corpus_distillation |
than algorithm-driven search. In the algorithmic ranking model that search engines used in the past, relevance of a site is determined after analyzing the text and content on the page and link structure of the document. In contrast, search results with social search highlight content that was created or touched by othe... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computer-automated design-Normalized objective function: cost vs. fitness-Using single-objective CAutoD as an example, if the objective function, either as a cost function J\u2208[0,\u221e) , or inversely, as a fitness function f\u2208(0,1] , where f=J1+J ,is differentiable under practical constraints in the multidi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"UMTS security-Network domain security-MAPSEC The basic idea of MAPSEC can be described as follows. The plaintext MAP message is encrypted and the result is put into a \u2018container\u2019 in another MAP message. At the same time a cryptographic checksum, i.e. a message authentication code covering the original messa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Presentation of a group-Presentation of a group-In mathematics, a presentation is one method of specifying a group. A presentation of a group G comprises a set S of generators\u2014so that every element of the group can be written as a product of powers of some of these generators\u2014and a set R of relations among t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Copy editing-History-While copy editors still do traditional tasks such as checking facts, grammar, style, and writing headlines, some of their duties have been pushed aside to make way for technology. Some copy editors now have to design page layouts and some even edit video content. Copy editors are now sometimes re... | large_corpus_distillation |
the complements of the fortune bits will play an important role in our analysis. Thus, let\n\u221e 1\u2212I\nj\nW =\u2211 (13.10.4)\n2j\nj=1\nW [0,1]\nNote that is a well defined random variable taking values in .\nx\u2208(0,1) W <x\nSuppose that the gambler starts with initial fortune . Then the gambler reaches the ta... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Eggnog-Terminology-The Modern Bartender's Guide from 1878 lists many variant names for the drink. It distinguishes \"plain eggnog,\" \"egg milk punch,\" and \"milk punch\" from one another. It also includes variants such as \"Baltimore eggnog,\" \"General Jackson eggnog,\" \"Imperial eggnog,\" two types of \"sherry co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Definitive software library-Scope-The DML plays a critical role in supporting the transition from development to production phases and DML solutions should be distinguished from other software and source code repositories e.g. software configuration management or SCM (sometimes referred to as software change and confi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Windows NT processor scheduling-Windows NT processor scheduling-Windows NT processor scheduling refers to the process by which Windows NT determines which job (task) should be run on the computer processor at which time. Without scheduling, the processor would give attention to jobs based on when they arrived in the q... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cache language model-Cache language model-The cache language model was first proposed in a paper published in 1990, after which the IBM speech-recognition group experimented with the concept. The group found that implementation of a form of cache language model yielded a 24% drop in word-error rates once the first few... | large_corpus_distillation |
"UTF-16-Usage-Symbian OS used in Nokia S60 handsets and Sony Ericsson UIQ handsets uses UCS-2. iPhone handsets use UTF-16 for Short Message Service instead of UCS-2 described in the 3GPP TS 23.038 (GSM) and IS-637 (CDMA) standards.The Joliet file system, used in CD-ROM media, encodes file names using UCS-2BE (up to six... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Guard byte-Principle-Because guard bytes require additional code to be executed and additional memory to be allocated, they are used only when the program is compiled for debugging. When compiled as a release, guard bytes are not used at all, neither the routines working with them." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sat-IP-Overview-The intention of the SAT>IP Project is to make SAT>IP an international standard that can be widely implemented worldwide and compatible across manufacturers and operators.\nThe SAT>IP protocol was developed jointly by the SAT>IP Project partners, satellite operator SES, UK broadcaster BSkyB, and Danish... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rule of succession-Further analysis-However, it is sometimes debatable whether prior knowledge should affect the relative probabilities, or also the total weight of the prior knowledge compared to actual observations. This does not have a clear cut answer, for it depends on what prior knowledge one is considering. In ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Criticism of Java-Language syntax and semantics-Compound value types Java lacks compound value types, such as structs in C, bundles of data that are manipulated directly instead of indirectly via references. Value types can sometimes be faster and smaller than classes with references. For example, Java's HashMap is im... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quotient group-Examples-Let H= ker \u2061(\u03b3) . Then, H is a subgroup, because the identity in Z , which is 0 , is in H , the sum of two even integers is even and hence if m and n are in H , m+n is in H (closure) and if m is even, \u2212m is also even and so H contains its inverses." | large_corpus_distillation |
"ABC (medicine)-ABC (medicine)-In 2010, the American Heart Association and International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation changed the recommended order of CPR interventions for most cases of cardiac arrest to chest compressions, airway, and breathing, or CAB.:\u200aS642 " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Latent Dirichlet allocation-Model-(b) Choose a word Multinomial \u2061(\u03c6zi,j).\n(Note that multinomial distribution here refers to the multinomial with only one trial, which is also known as the categorical distribution.) The lengths Ni are treated as independent of all the other data generating variables ( w a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Variational Bayesian methods-Further discussion-VB, on the other hand, computes estimates of the actual posterior distribution of all variables, both parameters and latent variables. When point estimates need to be derived, generally the mean is used rather than the mode, as is normal in Bayesian inference. Concomitan... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lamport signature-Example-Signing the message Later Alice wants to sign a message. First she hashes the message to a 256-bit hash sum. Then, for each bit in the hash, based on the value of the bit, she picks one number from the corresponding pairs of numbers that make up her private key (i.e., if the bit is 0, the fir... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Law of the unconscious statistician-Law of the unconscious statistician-The form of the law depends on the type of random variable X in question. If the distribution of X is discrete and one knows its probability mass function pX, then the expected value of g(X) is E\u2061[g(X)]=\u2211xg(x)pX(x), where the sum is over... | large_corpus_distillation |
\"The Risk-averse Profitable Tour Problem\" ICORES 2018 - Funchal, Madeira, Portugal Proceedings - Proceedings of the International Conference on Operations Research and Enterprise Systems. ISBN 978-989-758-285-1 Best paper award Area: Methodologies and Technologies - Rainer Schlosser and Keven Richly. \"Dynamic Pricin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transducer-Sensors, actuators and transceivers-Transducers can be categorized by which direction information passes through them: A sensor is a transducer that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus from a physical system. It produces a signal, which represents information about the system, which is used by som... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Set cover problem-Low-frequency systems-If each element occurs in at most f sets, then a solution can be found in polynomial time that approximates the optimum to within a factor of f using LP relaxation.\nIf the constraint xS\u2208{0,1} is replaced by xS\u22650 for all S in S in the integer linear program shown ab... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Challenge\u2013response spam filtering-Criticisms-Use 'tagged email addresses' for mailing lists or automated mailers like the above, that can be recognized and cleared automatically by the C/R system.\nManually inspect the message queue and overriding the C/R process in case where the C/R system holds an expected mes... | large_corpus_distillation |
in the first point, gives We reject the case that\n(if it were, all outputs would be 0), so we know Thus and Next we can use the point\nto solve for\nBecause an appropriate model for the data is\nTo check the accuracy of the model, we graph the function together with the given points as inFigure 9." | large_corpus_distillation |
"36-bit computing-History-six DEC Radix-50 characters packed into 32 bits, plus four spare bits five 7-bit characters and 1 unused bit (the usual PDP-6/10 convention, called five-seven ASCII) four 8-bit characters (7-bit ASCII plus 1 spare bit, or 8-bit EBCDIC), plus four spare bits four 9-bit characters (the Multics c... | large_corpus_distillation |
with elements from some\ncommon alphabet A (e.g., letters or protein residues). One way to compare such sequences\nis to consider subsequences that they may share. Let u \u2208 Ak denote a length k sequence\nfrom this alphabet and i a sequence of k indexes. So, for example, we can say that u = x[i]\nif u = x , u = x , ... | large_corpus_distillation |
=v(X) \u03bb\nIf maximizes x for each , then is a maximum likelihood estimator of .\nThis definition extends the maximum likelihood method to cases where the probability density function is not completely\nparameterized by the parameter of interest. The following theorem is known as the invariance property: if we can s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Epigram (programming language)-Epigram (programming language)-Epigram is a functional programming language with dependent types, and the integrated development environment (IDE) usually packaged with the language. Epigram's type system is strong enough to express program specifications. The goal is to support a smooth... | large_corpus_distillation |
Product of Two Vectors\nFind the dot product of and\nSolution\nUsing the formula, we have\nEXAMPLE15\nFinding the Dot Product of Two Vectors and the Angle between Them\nFind the dot product ofv = 5i+ 2jandv = 3i+ 7j. Then, find the angle between the two vectors.\n1 2\nSolution\nFinding the dot product, we multiply corr... | large_corpus_distillation |
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