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"HMAC-Details-An iterative hash function (one that uses the Merkle\u2013Damg\u00e5rd construction) breaks up a message into blocks of a fixed size and iterates over them with a compression function. For example, SHA-256 operates on 512-bit blocks. The size of the output of HMAC is the same as that of the underlying has... | large_corpus_distillation |
"TESEO-Worked Example-Method The figures for the HEP calculation, obtained from the relevant tables, are given as follows: The type of task to be executed: K1 = 0.01 Time available to complete the task: K2 = 0.5 Level of experience: K3 = 1 Operator's state of mind: K4 = 1 Environmental and ergonomic conditions: K5 = 10... | large_corpus_distillation |
summarise the core problem as follows: \"Complex cognitive processes account for the human ability to associate acoustic signals with meanings and intentions. For a computer, on the other hand, speech is essentially a series of digital values. However, despite these differences, the core problem of speech recognition i... | large_corpus_distillation |
may be mentioned infrequently but the novelty of the subject makes any reference significant. One method for allowing rarer terms to be included and common words to be excluded by automated techniques would be a relative frequency approach where frequency of a word in a document is compared to frequency in the database... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kalman's conjecture-Mathematical statement of Kalman's conjecture (Kalman problem)-In 1957 R. E. Kalman in his paper stated the following: If f(e) in Fig. 1 is replaced by constants K corresponding to all possible values of f'(e), and it is found that the closed-loop system is stable for all such K, then it intuitivel... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Divergence-from-randomness model-Mathematic and statistical tools-Multiple samplings Already considering the hypothesis of having a single sample, we need to consider that we have several samples, for example, a collection D of documents. The situation of having a collection of N documents is abstractly equivalent to ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Integral domain-Divisibility, prime elements, and irreducible elements-While unique factorization does not hold in Z[\u22125] , there is unique factorization of ideals. See Lasker\u2013Noether theorem." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging-Formal definition-Let \u0393={\u03b31,\u03b32,\u2026,\u03b3|\u0393|} be the set of grammatical tags of the application, that is, the set of all possible tags which may be assigned to a word, and let W={w1,w2,\u2026} be the vocabulary of the application. Let T:W\u2192P(\u039... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ponzi scheme-Methods-Operators also try to minimize withdrawals by offering new plans to investors where money cannot be withdrawn for a certain period of time in exchange for higher returns. The operator sees new cash flows as investors cannot transfer money. If a few investors do wish to withdraw their money in acco... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bridge and torch problem-Solution-Thus the minimum time for four people is given by the following mathematical equations: When A<B<C<D , min (B+A+C+A+D,B+A+D+B+B) min (2A+B+C+D,A+3B+D) " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pregroup grammar-Definition of a pregroup grammar-Let L = {John, Mary, the, dog, cat, met, barked, at}, let T = {N, S, N0}, and let the following typing relation holds: John Mary the dog cat :N0 met barked at :Sr\u22c5Nrr\u22c5Nr\u22c5S\u22c5Nl A sentence S that has type T is said to be grammatical if T\u2264S . We c... | large_corpus_distillation |
decoder can decode all inputs by received coset indices and dependence between sources. The design of channel codes should consider the correlation between input sources." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lexicon-Lexicalization and other mechanisms in the lexicon-Borrowing of foreign words.\nCompounding (composition), the combination of lexemes to make a single word.\nAbbreviation of compounds.\nAcronyms, the reduction of compounds to their initial letters, such as NASA and laser (from \"LASER\").\nInflection, a morpho... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Question under discussion-Question under discussion-In semantics, pragmatics, and philosophy of language, a question under discussion (QUD) is a question which the interlocutors in a discourse are attempting to answer. In many formal and computational theories of discourse, the QUD (or an ordered set of QUD's) is amon... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Opposite ring-Examples-The smallest noncommutative ring with unity The smallest such ring R has eight elements and it is the only noncommutative ring among 11 rings with unity of order 8, up to isomorphism. It has the additive group C2\u00d7C2\u00d7C2=C23 .:\u200a76\u200a Obviously op is antiisomorphic to R , as i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Glossary of graph theory-P-2. A perfectly orderable graph is a graph whose vertices can be ordered in such a way that a greedy coloring algorithm with this ordering optimally colors every induced subgraph. The perfectly orderable graphs are a subclass of the perfect graphs.\n3. A perfect matching is a matching that sa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scholar indices and impact-List of metrics-Erd\u0151s number It has been argued that \"For an individual researcher, a measure such as Erd\u0151s number captures the structural properties of the network whereas the h-index captures the citation impact of the publications. One can be easily convinced that ranking in co... | large_corpus_distillation |
f\u2032(x)=5x 2\u239b x 2 \u22123 \u239e for x\u2208\u239b\u2212 3, 0\u239e and\n\u239d \u23a0 \u239d \u23a0\nx\u2208\u239b0, 3\u239e, let x=\u22121 and x=1 bethetwotestpoints.Since f\u2032(\u22121)<0 and f\u2032(1)<0, weconclude\n\u239d \u23a0\nthat f isdecreasingonbothintervalsand,therefore, f doesnothavealocalextrem... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Smith number-Properties-The number of Smith numbers in base 10 below 10n for n = 1, 2, ... is given by 1, 6, 49, 376, 3294, 29928, 278411, 2632758, 25154060, 241882509, ... (sequence A104170 in the OEIS).Two consecutive Smith numbers (for example, 728 and 729, or 2964 and 2965) are called Smith brothers. It is not kno... | large_corpus_distillation |
"57 (number)-In mathematics-Fifty-seven is the sixteenth discrete semiprime (specifically, the sixth distinct semiprime of the form 3\u22c5q , where q is a higher prime). It also forms the fourth discrete semiprime pair with 58. 57 is the third Blum integer since its two prime factors (3 and 19) are both Gaussian pr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rectilinear polygon-Squares and rectangles in a rectilinear polygon-There are several different types of continuators, based on the number of knobs they contain and their internal structure (see figure). The balcony of a continuator is defined as its points that are not covered by any other maximal square (see figure)... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Electric generator-Terminology-Armature: The power-producing component of an electrical machine. In a generator, alternator, or dynamo, the armature windings generate the electric current, which provides power to an external circuit.The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator, depending on the design, with t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"\u2212xlnx x =1/e 1/e\nThe maximum value of occurs at 0 and the maximum value is also .\nProof\nFigure 12.9.7: The graph of xlnx on the interval (0,1)\n1/e\u22480.3679 n\nThus, the magic number occurs twice in the problem. For large :\nOur approximate optimal strategy is to reject out of hand the first 37% of the cand... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Safe area (television)-Safe area (television)-Safe area is a term used in television production to describe the areas of the television picture that can be seen on television screens.\nOlder televisions can display less of the space outside of the safe area than ones made more recently. Flat panel screens, plasma disp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Constraint satisfaction dual problem-The dual problem-The constraints of the dual problem forbid two dual variables to take values that correspond to two incompatible tuples. Without these constraints, one dual variable may take the value corresponding to the tuple x=1,y=2 while another dual variable takes the value ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Prime constant-Prime constant-The prime constant is the real number \u03c1 whose n th binary digit is 1 if n is prime and 0 if n is composite or 1.\nIn other words, \u03c1 is the number whose binary expansion corresponds to the indicator function of the set of prime numbers. That is, \u03c1=\u2211p12p=\u2211n=1\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Error correction code-Low-density parity-check (LDPC)-Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a class of highly efficient linear block codes made from many single parity check (SPC) codes. They can provide performance very close to the channel capacity (the theoretical maximum) using an iterated soft-decision decodi... | large_corpus_distillation |
confidentiality, data integrity, privacy, accountability, availability, safety and non-repudiation requirements, even when the system is under attack." | large_corpus_distillation |
for scheduling user threads onto kernel threads." | large_corpus_distillation |
the doubly linked list mono-runqueue than the multi-runqueue (round robin:\u200apar. 3\u200a) priority array per CPU that was used in his RDSL scheduler was to put to ease fairness among the multiple CPU scenario and remove complexity that each runqueue in a multi-runqueue scenario had to maintain its own latencies and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Service layer pattern-Service layer pattern-Service layer is an architectural pattern, applied within the service-orientation design paradigm, which aims to organize the services, within a service inventory, into a set of logical layers. Services that are categorized into a particular layer share functionality. This h... | large_corpus_distillation |
"P (complexity)-Notable problems in P-P is known to contain many natural problems, including the decision versions of linear programming, and finding a maximum matching. In 2002, it was shown that the problem of determining if a number is prime is in P. The related class of function problems is FP.\nSeveral natural pro... | large_corpus_distillation |
"TextSecure-Limitations-The official TextSecure client required Google Play Services because the app was dependent on Google's GCM push messaging framework. From February 2014 to March 2015, TextSecure used GCM as the transport for message delivery over the data channel. From March 2015 forward, TextSecure's message de... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Patch (computing)-In software development-Patches sometimes become mandatory to fix problems with libraries or with portions of source code for programs in frequent use or in maintenance. This commonly occurs on very large-scale software projects, but rarely in small-scale development." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stochastic programming-Two-stage problems-The basic idea of two-stage stochastic programming is that (optimal) decisions should be based on data available at the time the decisions are made and cannot depend on future observations. The two-stage formulation is widely used in stochastic programming. The general formula... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stream cipher attacks-Bit-flipping attack-Bit-flipping attacks can be prevented by including message authentication code to increase the likelihood that tampering will be detected." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Continuous uniform distribution-Definitions-Any probability density function integrates to 1, so the probability density function of the continuous uniform distribution is graphically portrayed as a rectangle where b\u2212a is the base length and 1b\u2212a is the height. As the base length increases, the height (th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Biological network inference-Network analysis methods-For our purposes, network analysis is closely related to graph theory. By measuring the attributes in the previous section we can utilize many different techniques to create accurate inferences based on biological data." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ontology (information science)-Ontology (information science)-Applied ontology is considered a successor to prior work in philosophy, however many current efforts are more concerned with establishing controlled vocabularies of narrow domains than first principles, the existence of fixed essences or whether enduring ob... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Speech translation-How it works-A speech translation system would typically integrate the following three software technologies: automatic speech recognition (ASR), machine translation (MT) and voice synthesis (TTS).\nThe speaker of language A speaks into a microphone and the speech recognition module recognizes the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Explicit data graph execution-EDGE-Perhaps the greatest advantage to the EDGE concept is that it is suitable for running any sort of data load. Unlike modern CPU designs where different portions of the CPU are dedicated to different sorts of data, an EDGE CPU would normally consist of a single type of ALU-like unit. A... | large_corpus_distillation |
"SQUOZE-Encoding-In the SQUOZE encoding, identifiers in the symbol table were represented in a 50-character alphabet, allowing a 36-bit machine word to represent six alphanumeric characters plus two flag bits, thus saving two bits per six characters, because the six bits normally allocated for each character could stor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Attack model-Models-Side-channel attack - This is not strictly speaking a cryptanalytic attack, and does not depend on the strength of the cipher. It refers to using other data about the encryption or decryption process to gain information about the message, such as electronic noise produced by encryption machines, so... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Special number field sieve-Special number field sieve-In number theory, a branch of mathematics, the special number field sieve (SNFS) is a special-purpose integer factorization algorithm. The general number field sieve (GNFS) was derived from it.\nThe special number field sieve is efficient for integers of the form r... | large_corpus_distillation |
+ k log k), which is asymptotically equivalent to O(n + k log n). The worst-case time is quadratic, but this can be fixed by replacing the random pivot selection by the median of medians algorithm." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Backhaul (telecommunications)-Backhaul (telecommunications)-In a hierarchical telecommunications network, the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network, and the small subnetworks at the edge of the network." | large_corpus_distillation |
for the value of b.A scheme is IND-CCA1/IND-CCA2 secure if no adversary has a non-negligible advantage in winning the above game.\nIndistinguishable from random noise Sometimes we need encryption schemes in which the ciphertext string is indistinguishable from a random string by the adversary.If an adversary is unable ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IMS security-Security-The 3GPP has introduced a recommendation for the combination of GAA/GBA and SSO and authentication mechanisms defined by Liberty Alliance and SAML v2.0. Thus, it is possible to benefit from strong authentication based on AKA, the mechanisms defined by Liberty Alliance and SAML v2.0 SSO to provide... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Schema-agnostic databases-Schema-agnostic databases-Schema-agnostic databases or vocabulary-independent databases aim at supporting users to be abstracted from the representation of the data, supporting the automatic semantic matching between queries and databases. Schema-agnosticism is the property of a database of m... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Instruction cycle-Summary of stages-Repeat cycleIn addition, on most processors interrupts can occur. This will cause the CPU to jump to an interrupt service routine, execute that and then return. In some cases an instruction can be interrupted in the middle, the instruction will have no effect, but will be re-execute... | large_corpus_distillation |
"History of cryptography-Modern cryptography-An encryption standard The mid-1970s saw two major public (i.e., non-secret) advances. First was the publication of the draft Data Encryption Standard in the U.S. Federal Register on 17 March 1975. The proposed DES cipher was submitted by a research group at IBM, at the invi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum satisfiability problem-Maximum satisfiability problem-In computational complexity theory, the maximum satisfiability problem (MAX-SAT) is the problem of determining the maximum number of clauses, of a given Boolean formula in conjunctive normal form, that can be made true by an assignment of truth values to th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"RDRAND-Security issues-On 9 June 2020, researchers from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam published a side-channel attack named CrossTalk (CVE-2020-0543) that affected RDRAND on a number of Intel processors. They discovered that outputs from the hardware digital random number generator (DRNG) were stored in a staging buffe... | large_corpus_distillation |
The Vocaloid and Vocaloid 2 synthesis engines are designed for singing, not reading text aloud, though software such as Vocaloid-flex and Voiceroid have been developed for that. They cannot naturally replicate singing expressions like hoarse voices or shouts." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software testing controversies-Oversight-There are metrics being developed to measure the effectiveness of testing. One method is by analyzing code coverage (this is highly controversial) - where everyone can agree what areas are not being covered at all and try to improve coverage in these areas.\nBugs can also be pl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Group action-Orbits and stabilizers-Any element of G that fixes 1 and 2 must send 3 to either 3 or 6. Reflecting the cube at the plane through 1,2,7 and 8 is such an automorphism sending 3 to 6, thus |((G1)2)\u22c53|=2 . One also sees that ((G1)2)3 consists only of the identity automorphism, as any element of G fixi... | large_corpus_distillation |
e\u2212b =e\u2212(a+b) \u2211 axbz\u2212x (3.7.41)\na b a b\nx! (z\u2212x)! z! x!(z\u2212x)!\nx=0 x=0 x=0\n1 z z (a+b)z\n=e\u2212(a+b) \u2211( )axbn\u2212x=e\u2212(a+b) =f (z) (3.7.42)\nz! x z! a+b\nx=0\nX Y X a>0 Y\nThe last result means that if and are independent variables, and has the Poisson distribution with para... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Live coding-Techniques-Representation and manipulation of time The specific affordances of time-based media and live interaction with code has led to a number of novel developments and uses in programming language design. Through mutual embedding of imperative and declarative subsystems, the programming language Super... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Group (periodic table)-Non-columnwise groups-While groups are defined to be columns in the periodic table, as described above, there are also sets of elements named \"group\" that are not a column: Similar sets: noble metals, coinage metals, precious metals, refractory metals." | large_corpus_distillation |
"NP (complexity)-Relationship to other classes-NP contains all problems in P, since one can verify any instance of the problem by simply ignoring the proof and solving it. NP is contained in PSPACE\u2014to show this, it suffices to construct a PSPACE machine that loops over all proof strings and feeds each one to a pol... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proofs of quadratic reciprocity-Proof using algebraic number theory-However, q cannot divide b, since then also q divides a, which contradicts our choice of a+bp\u2217.\nTherefore, we may divide by b modulo q, to obtain mod q) as desired." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Timeline of computing 2020\u2013present-2022-News outlets reported artificial intelligence art had won the first place in a digital art competition. Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such as artistic style (text-to-image generation). Ar... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sotho parts of speech-Ideophones-[h\u028am\u028a\u0280\u026amu] ho mo re mu! ('to hit him over the head with a walking stick') [\u026ane\u026a\u0280\u026at\u02bc\u025bp\u02bc\u025b] e ne e re tepe! ('it was wet') [\u0251\u0280\u026afu\u0272\u0251f\u025b\u026c\u025b] ...a re funyafehle! ('...while he was completely dru... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Davies\u2013Bouldin index-Explanation-These conditions constrain the index so defined to be symmetric and non-negative. Due to the way it is defined, as a function of the ratio of the within cluster scatter, to the between cluster separation, a lower value will mean that the clustering is better. It happens to be the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
however, some scholars [1] have demonstrated how it can be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation." | large_corpus_distillation |
"16 (number)-16 (number)-16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. 16 is a composite number, and a square number, being 42 = 4 \u00d7 4. It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being 1, 2, 4 and 8.\n16 is the first non-unitary fourth-power prime of the form p4Th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Macintosh clone-Macintosh clone-Since Apple's switch to the Intel platform, many non-Apple Wintel/PC computers are technologically so similar to Mac computers that they are able to boot the Mac operating system using a varying combination of community-developed patches and hacks. Such a Wintel/PC computer running macO... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bell test-Conduct of optical Bell test experiments-A typical CH74 (single-channel) experiment Prior to 1982 all actual Bell tests used \"single-channel\" polarisers and variations on an inequality designed for this setup. The latter is described in Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt's much-cited 1969 article as being th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Polymorphism (computer science)-Types-Implicit type conversion has also been defined as a form of polymorphism, referred to as \"coercion polymorphism\".\nParametric polymorphism Parametric polymorphism allows a function or a data type to be written generically, so that it can handle values uniformly without depending... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Image gradient-Image gradient-An image gradient is a directional change in the intensity or color in an image. The gradient of the image is one of the fundamental building blocks in image processing. For example, the Canny edge detector uses image gradient for edge detection. In graphics software for digital image edi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Asio C++ library-Asio C++ library-Asio is a freely available, open-source, cross-platform C++ library for network programming. It provides developers with a consistent asynchronous I/O model using a modern C++ approach.\nBoost.Asio was accepted into the Boost library on 30 December 2005 after a 20-day review. The libr... | large_corpus_distillation |
because the service consumer and the service provider are engaged in unproductive interactions and unreliable because it might be that the event actually happened more than once before the service consumer could poll the service provider, thereby missing the previous events and their related data. Apart from these prob... | large_corpus_distillation |
"XOR swap algorithm-Code example-A C function that implements the XOR swap algorithm: The code first checks if the addresses are distinct. Otherwise, if they were equal, the algorithm would fold to a triple *x ^= *x resulting in zero.\nThe XOR swap algorithm can also be defined with a macro: " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cognitive Constraints on Compositional Systems-Constraints-[completedness resembles implication-realization theory (Meyer, 1973 and Narmour, 1977), the Zug, Urlinie, and Bassbrechung (Schenker).]He concludes, \"Some of these constraints seem to me binding, others optional. Constraints 9\u201312 are essential for the v... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptanalysis of the Enigma-Polish breakthroughs-Major setback On 15 December 1938, the German Army increased the complexity of Enigma enciphering by introducing two additional rotors (IV and V). This increased the number of possible wheel orders from 6 to 60. The Poles could then read only the small minority of messa... | large_corpus_distillation |
Cookies - Compressed discs of pyrotechnic composition used to produce a smoke effect.\nSpark Hits - Used to simulate short circuits in an electrical panel.\nSaxons - Articles that produce revolving showers of sparks, consisting of two gerb-type devices pinned at the center.\nShock Tubing - A special thermoplastic tube ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Complementary event-Complement rule-Equivalently, the probabilities of an event and its complement must always total to 1. This does not, however, mean that any two events whose probabilities total to 1 are each other's complements; complementary events must also fulfill the condition of mutual exclusivity." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptographic splitting-History-The technology was filed for patent consideration in June 2003, and the patent was granted in June 2008." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Partial Area Under the ROC Curve-Partial AUC obtained by constraining FPR-The pAUC computed by constraining FPR helps compare two partial areas. Nonetheless, it has a few limitations: the RoI must be a vertical band of the ROC space; no criteria are given for identifying the RoI: it is expected that some expert is abl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Temporal Key Integrity Protocol-Security-Packet spoofing and decryption TKIP is vulnerable to a MIC key recovery attack that, if successfully executed, permits an attacker to transmit and decrypt arbitrary packets on the network being attacked. The current publicly available TKIP-specific attacks do not reveal the Pai... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rail transport modelling-Modules-Many groups build modules, which are sections of layouts, and can be joined together to form a larger layout, for meetings or for special occasions. For each kind of module system, there is an interface standard, so that modules made by different participants may be connected, even if ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mass matrix-Mass matrix-In general, the mass matrix M depends on the state q, and therefore varies with time." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ultrafilter (set theory)-Generalization to ultra prefilters-Every prefilter is equivalent to the filter that it generates. This shows that it is possible for filters to be equivalent to sets that are not filters." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Token reconfiguration-Token reconfiguration-Given a graph G , an initial state of tokens is defined by a subset V\u2282V(G) of the vertices of the graph; let n=|V| . Moving a token from vertex v1 to vertex v2 is valid if v1 and v2 are joined by a path in G that does not contain any other tokens; note that the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Exponential family-Table of distributions-Variant 3 shows how to make the parameters identifiable in a convenient way by setting log \u2061pk." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Object Process Methodology-Basics-Process A process is an expression of the pattern of transformation of objects in the system. A process does not exist in isolation; it is always associated with and occurs or happens to one or more objects. A process transforms objects by creating them, consuming them, or changing th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Coefficient of coincidence-High negative interference-When three genetic markers, a, b and c, are all nearby (e.g. within the same gene) the coefficient of coincidence (calculated as in the above example) is generally found to be significantly greater than 1. This implies that any individual recombination event tends ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Google Books-Website functionality-For each work, Google Books automatically generates an overview page. This page displays information extracted from the book\u2014its publishing details, a high frequency word map, the table of contents\u2014as well as secondary material, such as summaries, reader reviews (not readab... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Book-Book-The intellectual content in a physical book need not be a composition, nor even be called a book. Books can consist only of drawings, engravings or photographs, crossword puzzles or cut-out dolls. In a physical book, the pages can be left blank or can feature an abstract set of lines to support entries, such... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pocklington's algorithm-The algorithm-(Note: all \u2261 are taken to mean mod p) , unless indicated otherwise.) Inputs: p, an odd prime a, an integer which is a quadratic residue mod p) .Outputs: x, an integer satisfying x2\u2261a . Note that if x is a solution, \u2212x is a solution as well and since p is odd, x... | large_corpus_distillation |
How many distinct can be made from the\nobjects are contained in letters of the word\n\u201cmountains\u201d if all the\nvowels must form a string?\nReal-World Applications\n40. A family consisting of 2 41. A cell phone company 42. In horse racing, a \u201ctrifecta\u201d\nparents and 3 children is to offers 6 different ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"SystemVerilog-Verification features-Coverage Coverage as applied to hardware verification languages refers to the collection of statistics based on sampling events within the simulation. Coverage is used to determine when the device under test (DUT) has been exposed to a sufficient variety of stimuli that there is a h... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Passive attack-Attributes-Traffic analysis Non-evasive eavesdropping and monitoring of transmissions Because data unaffected, tricky to detect Emphasis on prevention (encryption) not detection Sometimes referred to as \"tapping\"The main types of passive attacks are traffic analysis and release of message contents.\nD... | large_corpus_distillation |
"var(X)= 1 (n2\u22121)h2 = 1 (b\u2212a)(b\u2212a+2h)\n2.\n12 12\nProof\nE(X)=a+hE(Z) var(X)=h2var(Z)\nRecall that and , so the results follow from the corresponding results for the\nstandard distribution.\n[a,b]\nNote that the mean is the average of the endpoints (and so is the midpoint of the interval ) while the vari... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Orientation (graph theory)-Constrained orientations-An Eulerian orientation of an undirected graph is an orientation in which each vertex has equal in-degree and out-degree. Eulerian orientations of grid graphs arise in statistical mechanics in the theory of ice-type models.A Pfaffian orientation has the property that... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Agreement (linguistics)-By language-See Definite and indefinite conjugationsThe predicate agrees in number with the subject and if it is copulative (i.e., it consists of a noun/adjective and a linking verb), both parts agree in number with the subject. For example: A k\u00f6nyvek \u00e9rdekesek voltak \"The books were... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matching in hypergraphs-Matching and packing-Alternatively, given a graph G = (V' , E' ), define its clique hypergraph Cl(G) as the hypergraph whose vertices are the cliques of G, and for each vertex v' in V', there is a hyperedge in Cl(G) containing all cliques in G that contain v'. Then again, every vertex-packing i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Speck (cipher)-Security-Side-channel attacks Being an ARX cipher, Speck does not use S-boxes or other lookup tables; it is therefore naturally immune to cache-timing attacks.:\u200a12\u200a This contrasts with ciphers that use lookup tables such as AES, which have been shown to be vulnerable to such attacks. However, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mac OS Ogham-Mac OS Ogham-Mac OS Ogham is a character encoding for representing Ogham text on Apple Macintosh computers. It is a superset of the Irish Standard I.S. 434:1999 character encoding for Ogham (which is registered as ISO-IR-208), adding some punctuation characters from Mac OS Roman. It is not an official Mac... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Syllogism-Existential import-These problems and paradoxes arise in both natural language statements and statements in syllogism form because of ambiguity, in particular ambiguity with respect to All. If \"Fred claims all his books were Pulitzer Prize winners\", is Fred claiming that he wrote any books? If not, then is... | large_corpus_distillation |
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