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truth-preserving: The interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'true' produces a truth value of 'true' as a result of these operations. E.g., \u2228,\u2227,\u22a4,\u2192,\u2194,\u2282 . (see validity) falsehood-preserving: The interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth ... | large_corpus_distillation |
Linux. There is an unofficial SDK and native toolchain package for Android too." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Service statelessness principle-Application-The correct application of service statelessness requires an understanding of the various types of state information that need to be managed.\nContext data Within a service composition, service may be required to keep track of data that is specific to the running of a partic... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Substitution\u2013permutation network-Performance-Although a Feistel network that uses S-boxes (such as DES) is quite similar to SP networks, there are some differences that make either this or that more applicable in certain situations. For a given amount of confusion and diffusion, an SP network has more \"inherent ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Immanant-Properties-The necessary and sufficient conditions for the immanant of a Gram matrix to be 0 are given by Gamas's Theorem." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Circular law-Circular law-In probability theory, more specifically the study of random matrices, the circular law concerns the distribution of eigenvalues of an n \u00d7 n random matrix with independent and identically distributed entries in the limit n \u2192 \u221e.\nIt asserts that for any sequence of random n \u00... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Parallel computing-Hardware-Massively parallel computing A massively parallel processor (MPP) is a single computer with many networked processors. MPPs have many of the same characteristics as clusters, but MPPs have specialized interconnect networks (whereas clusters use commodity hardware for networking). MPPs also ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Shadow (OS/2)-Similarities to and differences from other mechanisms-Shadows are similar in operation to aliases in Mac OS, although there are some differences: Shadows in the WPS are not filesystem objects, as aliases are. They are derived from the WPAbstract class, and thus their backing storage is the user INI file,... | large_corpus_distillation |
the Asia-Pacific Systems Conference claimed that microkernels were demonstrably safer than monolithic kernels by investigating all published critical CVEs for the Linux kernel at the time. The study concluded that 40% of the issues could not occur at all in a formally verified microkernel, and only 4% of the issues wou... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Word problem for groups-Word problem for groups-The related but different uniform word problem for a class K of recursively presented groups is the algorithmic problem of deciding, given as input a presentation P for a group G in the class K and two words in the generators of G, whether the words represent the same el... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Service-oriented architecture-Overview-In SOA, services use protocols that describe how they pass and parse messages using description metadata. This metadata describes both the functional characteristics of the service and quality-of-service characteristics. Service-oriented architecture aims to allow users to combin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"System testing-System testing-System testing is testing conducted on a complete integrated system to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements.System testing takes, as its input, all of the integrated components that have passed integration testing. The purpose of integration testing is to detec... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Row and column spaces-Row and column spaces-In linear algebra, the column space (also called the range or image) of a matrix A is the span (set of all possible linear combinations) of its column vectors. The column space of a matrix is the image or range of the corresponding matrix transformation.\nLet F be a field. ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Modular multiplicative inverse-Computation-Extended Euclidean algorithm A modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m can be found by using the extended Euclidean algorithm." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boot image control-Thin client strategies-Which strategy will reduce total cost of operations the most depends on several factors: whether the capabilities of a full operating system are required, or just those of a thin client whether applications with inflexible software licenses are in use that must be paid for not... | large_corpus_distillation |
"State-space representation-State-space representation-In control engineering, model based fault detection and system identification a state-space representation is a mathematical model of a physical system specified as a set of input, output and variables related by first-order (not involving second derivatives) diffe... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Creator code-Creator code-macOS retains creator codes, but supports extensions as well. However, beginning with Mac OS X Snow Leopard, creator codes are ignored by the operating system. Creator codes have been internally superseded by Apple's Uniform Type Identifier scheme, which manages application and file type iden... | large_corpus_distillation |
the\ny\nsame as the chain starting in state at time 0. This is the critical observation in the proof of the following theorem.\nx, y\u2208S\nIf then\nP(N =0\u2223X =x)=1\u2212H(x,y)\n1. y 0\nP(N =n\u2223X =x)=H(x,y)[H(y,y)]n\u22121[1\u2212H(y,y)] n\u2208N\n2. y 0 for +\nProof\nFigure 16.4.1: Visits to state y starting ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Propositional calculus-Interpretation of a truth-functional propositional calculus-If \u22a8P\u03d5 and \u22a8P(\u03d5\u2192\u03c8) , then \u22a8P\u03c8 .\u00ac\u03d5 is true under I iff \u03c6 is not true under I .(\u03d5\u2192\u03c8) is true under I iff either \u03c6 is not true under I or \u03c8 is true unde... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Communication complexity-Nondeterministic communication complexity-In nondeterministic communication complexity, Alice and Bob have access to an oracle. After receiving the oracle's word, the parties communicate to deduce f(x,y) . The nondeterministic communication complexity is then the maximum over all pairs (x,y)... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ternary conditional operator-Usage-Note that some languages may evaluate both the true- and false-expressions, even though only one or the other will be assigned to the variable. This means that if the true- or false-expression contain a function call, that function may be called and executed (causing any related side... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Parallel all-pairs shortest path algorithm-Dijkstra algorithm-Parallelization for more than |V| processors If more than |V| processors shall be used for the parallelization, it is required that multiple processors take part of the DijkstraSSSP computation. For this reason, the parallelization is split across into two... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Euclid's lemma-Formulations-Euclid's lemma is commonly used in the following equivalent form: Euclid's lemma can be generalized as follows from prime numbers to any integers.\nThis is a generalization because a prime number p is coprime with an integer a if and only if p does not divide a." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Block cipher-Cryptanalysis-Integral cryptanalysis Integral cryptanalysis is a cryptanalytic attack that is particularly applicable to block ciphers based on substitution\u2013permutation networks. Unlike differential cryptanalysis, which uses pairs of chosen plaintexts with a fixed XOR difference, integral cryptanalys... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Application profile-Disadvantages-Narrow application scope, which may limit a profile's widespread applicability and also limits the likely synergy from re-use of tools from other projects outside that scope." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-Variants-The fragments obtained from digestion are recircularized and linkedThe probe design is quite similar. Each probe will be formed by two parts that have at least: a target sequence, which is a region that contains the sequence complementary to the region of inter... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Big O notation-Usage-Infinitesimal asymptotics Big O can also be used to describe the error term in an approximation to a mathematical function. The most significant terms are written explicitly, and then the least-significant terms are summarized in a single big O term. Consider, for example, the exponential series a... | large_corpus_distillation |
and automatically initialized from the class parameters. (Under the hood, external access to public fields always goes through accessor (getter) and mutator (setter) methods, which are automatically created. The accessor function has the same name as the field, which is why it's unnecessary in the above example to expl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transformer (machine learning model)-Applications-The transformer has had great success in natural language processing (NLP), for example the tasks of machine translation and time series prediction. Many large language models such as GPT-2, GPT-3, GPT-4, BERT, XLNet, RoBERTa and ChatGPT demonstrate the ability of tran... | large_corpus_distillation |
execution. Sometimes also denoted by 'MPT'.\nMj : Multipurpose machines. Every job j needs to be scheduled on one machine out of a given set Mj\u2286{1,\u2026,m} . Sometimes also denoted by Mj." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lexicon-grammar-Fact collection-Lexicon-grammatical method is inspired by experimental science. It emphasizes the collection of facts, and thus the confrontation with the reality of language use, from a quantitative and a qualitative point of view.Quantitatively: a lexicon-grammar includes a program of systematic desc... | large_corpus_distillation |
allele. Thus the prior probabilities are 2\u20443 and 1\u20443." | large_corpus_distillation |
lexemes. Combinatorial constructions include both inflectional and derivational constructions. SBCG is both formal and generative; while cognitive-functional grammarians have often opposed their standards and practices to those of formal, generative grammarians, there is in fact no incompatibility between a formal, gen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Benders decomposition-Procedure-In the first case, the objective value of the subproblem is unbounded above. By duality theory, when a dual problem has unbounded objective the corresponding primal problem is infeasible. This means that the choice of y\u00af does not satisfy Ax+By\u00af\u2265b for any x\u22650 . Thi... | large_corpus_distillation |
is largely achieved through a structured risk management process that involves: Identifying information and related assets, plus potential threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts; Evaluating the risks Deciding how to address or treat the risks, i.e., to avoid, mitigate, share, or accept them Where risk mitigation is req... | large_corpus_distillation |
using the quantifier above) without demonstrating the truth of either side of the disjunction(s). This is often the case in classical logic. In contrast, axiomatic theories deemed constructive tend to not permit many classical proofs of statements involving properties that are provenly computationally undecidable." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transitive closure-Transitive closure-More formally, the transitive closure of a binary relation R on a set X is the smallest (w.r.t. \u2286) transitive relation R+ on X such that R \u2286 R+; see Lidl & Pilz (1998, p. 337). We have R+ = R if, and only if, R itself is transitive.\nConversely, transitive reduction addu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tar (computing)-File format-UStar format Most modern tar programs read and write archives in the UStar (Unix Standard TAR) format, introduced by the POSIX IEEE P1003.1 standard from 1988. It introduced additional header fields. Older tar programs will ignore the extra information (possibly extracting partially named f... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Blinding (cryptography)-Blinding (cryptography)-Not all functions allow for blind computation. At other times, blinding must be applied with care. An example of the latter is Rabin\u2013Williams signatures. If blinding is applied to the formatted message but the random value does not honor Jacobi requirements on p and... | large_corpus_distillation |
cash inflow on that day is $160; that is, $160 more came in than went out.\nThe following sample journal entries are reminders of transactions that involve cash. The Cash account is either debited or\ncredited, to indicate a cash inflow or cash outflow, respectively.\n\uf00c Example\nWhen Cash is debited, there is a ca... | large_corpus_distillation |
and Lu presented a simple polynomial-time algorithm that attains an 11/9\u22481.222 approximation in time O(m log m + n), through the more general problem of maximin-share allocation of chores.\nSahni presented a PTAS that attains (1+\u03b5)OPT in time O(n\u22c5(n2/\u03f5)m\u22121) . It is an FPTAS if m is fixed. For ... | large_corpus_distillation |
number, and is called an odd prime. Similarly, when written in the usual decimal system, all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1, 3, 7, or 9. The numbers that end with other digits are all composite: decimal numbers that end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 are even, and decimal numbers that end in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5.The se... | large_corpus_distillation |
Instead, it outlined what might be called the More than Moore strategy in which the needs of applications drive chip development, rather than a focus on semiconductor scaling. Application drivers range from smartphones to AI to data centers.IEEE began a road-mapping initiative in 2016, \"Rebooting Computing\", named th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Standard Portable Intermediate Representation-Features-Shaders Debuggers include RenderDoc, SwiftShader, and Amber.Graphical shaders use structured control flow in SPIR-V to state how control flow nests. This helps in defining divergence and reconvergence of control flow on parallel execution environments. Specializat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Windows Phone-Features-The Pictures hub displays the user's Facebook and OneDrive photo albums, as well as photos taken with the phone's built-in camera. Users can also upload photos to social networks, comment on photos uploaded by other people, and tag photos posted to social networks. Multi-touch gestures permit zo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Additive smoothing-Pseudocount-The simplest approach is to add one to each observed number of events including the zero-count possibilities. This is sometimes called Laplace's Rule of Succession. This approach is equivalent to assuming a uniform prior distribution over the probabilities for each possible event (spanni... | large_corpus_distillation |
"One-way compression function-Matyas\u2013Meyer\u2013Oseas-In mathematical notation Matyas\u2013Meyer\u2013Oseas can be described as: Hi=Eg(Hi\u22121)(mi)\u2295mi The scheme has the rate: RMMO=n1\u22c5n=1 A second preimage attack (given a message m1 an attacker finds another message m2 to satisfy hash hash \u2061(m2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Direct product of groups-Further properties-Automorphisms and endomorphisms If \u03b1 is an automorphism of G and \u03b2 is an automorphism of H, then the product function \u03b1 \u00d7 \u03b2: G \u00d7 H \u2192 G \u00d7 H defined by (\u03b1 \u00d7 \u03b2)(g, h) = (\u03b1(g), \u03b2(h))is an automorphism of G \u00d7 H... | large_corpus_distillation |
form \"singer\", which is a noun derived from the verb with the agentive suffix \"-er\".Languages differ widely in how much they rely on morphological processes of word formation. In some languages, for example, Chinese, there are no morphological processes, and all grammatical information is encoded syntactically by f... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Performance paradox-Performance appraisals-Measures Performance evaluations have been based on various operational or financial measures of performance, but no one factor provides a clear indication of productive or ineffective performance. The response has been to focus on too many measures on which to base performan... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Renewal theory-Asymptotic properties-Renewal processes and renewal-reward processes have properties analogous to the strong law of large numbers, which can be derived from the same theorem. If (Xt)t\u22650 is a renewal process and (Yt)t\u22650 is a renewal-reward process then: lim t\u2192\u221e1tXt=1E\u2061[S1] lim ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"FastPictureViewer-Features-FastPictureViewer is optimized for full-screen, borderless preview of digital images. It covers a limited number of scenarios, such as for example the initial pre-selection and rating of a relatively small number of images from a large set of potentially thousands (\"culling\"). The program ... | large_corpus_distillation |
document-term matrix by comparison to a kind of term-context matrix used to measure similarities between words:If it is desired to generate document associations or document clusters instead of word associations, the same procedures can be used with slight modifications. Instead of starting with a word-sentence matrix ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Daemon (computing)-Implementations-Redirecting file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 for the standard streams (stdin, stdout and stderr) to /dev/null or a logfile, and closing all the other file descriptors inherited from the parent process.If the process is started by a super-server daemon, such as inetd, launchd, or systemd, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Polyphase merge sort-Perfect 3 file polyphase merge sort-File 1 (in ): ... | <1 run> * ... <1 run> | * File 2 (in ): | <2 run> * --> <1 run> | <1 run> * File 3 (out): <1 run> * Stepping back another iteration, 2 runs are merged from 1 and 3 before file 3 goes empty.\nFile 1 (in ): | <3 run> ... <2 run> | <1 run> * Fil... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quickprop-Quickprop-The k -th approximation step is given by: \u0394(k)wij=\u0394(k\u22121)wij(\u2207ijE(k)\u2207ijE(k\u22121)\u2212\u2207ijE(k)) Where wij is the weight of input i of neuron j , and E is the loss function.\nThe Quickprop algorithm is an implementation of the error backpropagation algorithm, but t... | large_corpus_distillation |
compact. In a Hausdorff space, a compact set is itself closed.\n(S,S) C \u2286S C\nSuppose that is a Hausdorff space. If is compact then is closed.\nProof\n1.9.4 https://stats.libretexts.org/@go/page/10124" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Music workstation-Evaluation of a music workstation-Reliable functioning Adaptation to most requirements of music production." | large_corpus_distillation |
drift in long calculations due simply to a biased rounding.\nThe following example illustrates the level of roundoff error under the two rounding rules. The rounding rule, round-to-nearest, leads to less roundoff error in general.\nCalculating roundoff error in IEEE standard Suppose the usage of round-to-nearest and IE... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Array (data structure)-Array (data structure)-In computer science, an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), of same memory size, each identified by at least one array index or key. An array is stored such that the position of each element can be computed from its index... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptanalysis of the Enigma-World War II-German Army Enigma In the summer of 1940 following the Franco-German armistice, most Army Enigma traffic was travelling by land lines rather than radio and so was not available to Bletchley Park. The air Battle of Britain was crucial, so it was not surprising that the concentra... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nonce word-Nonce word-In linguistics, a nonce word\u2014also called an occasionalism\u2014is any word (lexeme), or any sequence of sounds or letters (phonemes or graphemes), created for a single occasion or utterance but not otherwise understood or recognized as a word within a given language. Nonce words have a varie... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ELSV formula-The Hurwitz numbers-Definition. hg;k1,\u2026,kn is the number of transitive factorizations of identity of type (k1, ..., kn) divided by K!.\nExample A. The number hg;k is 1/k! times the number of lists of transpositions (\u03c41,\u2026,\u03c4k+2g\u22121) whose product is a k-cycle. In other words, hg;... | large_corpus_distillation |
"KMeans() KMeans(n_clusters=k)\nDBSCAN() DBSCAN(options)\nconfusion_matrix\nconfusion_matrix() (target_values,\npredicted_values)\nLinearRegression()\nLinearRegression() .fit(feature_matrix,\ntarget_vector)\npredict() predict(feature_matrix)" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Joint probability distribution-Joint probability distribution-Given two random variables that are defined on the same probability space, the joint probability distribution is the corresponding probability distribution on all possible pairs of outputs. The joint distribution can just as well be considered for any given... | large_corpus_distillation |
"222 (number)-222 (number)-222 (two hundred [and] twenty-two) is the natural number following 221 and preceding 223." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptanalysis of the Enigma-World War II-The procedure for the naval sending operator was as follows. First they selected a trigram from the K-Book, say YLA. They then looked in the appropriate columns of the K-Book and selected another trigram, say YVT, and wrote it in the boxes at the top of the message form: They ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Air traffic control radar beacon system-Parts of the system-The SSR repetitively transmits interrogations as the rotating radar antenna scans the sky. The interrogation specifies what type of information a replying transponder should send by using a system of modes. There have been a number of modes used historically,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Chandra\u2013Toueg consensus algorithm-Correctness-Proof of correctness Termination holds because eventually the failure detector stops suspecting some non-faulty process p and eventually p becomes the coordinator. If the algorithm has not terminated before this occurs in some round r, then every non-faulty process in... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Life expectancy or mean\nNumber surviving at Mortality rate per 1000\nNumber dying in age lifetime remaining to\nAge interval (years) beginning of age interval alive at beginning of age\ninterval out of 1000 born those attaining age\nout of 1000 born interval\ninterval\n8-9 132 571 231.2 1.9\n9-10 187 439 426.0 1.3\n1... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Verb-Types-Double transitive verbs Double transitive verbs (sometimes called Vc verbs after the verb consider) are followed by a noun phrase that serves as a direct object and then a second noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive phrase. The second element (noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive) is called a complement, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"File inclusion vulnerability-Programming languages-JavaServer Pages (JSP) JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a scripting language which can include files for execution at runtime.\nExample The following script is vulnerable to a file inclusion vulnerability: /vulnerable.jsp?p=../../../../var/log/access.log%00 - Unlike PHP, JSP... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matrix regularization-Structured sparsity-More generally, the \u21132,1 norm can be applied to arbitrary groups of variables: R(W)=\u03bb\u2211gG\u2211j|Gg||wgj|2=\u03bb\u2211gG\u2016wg\u2016g where the index g is across groups of variables, and |Gg| indicates the cardinality of group g Algorithms for solving thes... | large_corpus_distillation |
"\u221e \u221e \u221e\nE(Zn+1)=\u222b zn+1\u03d5(z)dz=\u222b znz\u03d5(z)dz=\u2212\u222b zn\u03d5\u2032(z)dz (5.6.7)\n\u2212\u221e \u2212\u221e \u2212\u221e\nu=zn dv=\u03d5\u2032(z)dz\nNow we integrate by parts, with and to get\n\u2223\u221e \u221e\nE(Zn+1)=\u2212zn\u03d5(z)\u2223 +\u222b nzn\u22121\u03d5(z)dz=0+nE(Zn\... | large_corpus_distillation |
long time to run\u2014and so prove the computer's reliability\u2014by testing every integer from 218 \u2212 1 downwards, as division was implemented by repeated subtraction of the divisor. The program consisted of 17 instructions and ran for 52 minutes before reaching the correct answer of 131,072, after the Baby had p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Learning to rank-Learning to rank-Learning to rank or machine-learned ranking (MLR) is the application of machine learning, typically supervised, semi-supervised or reinforcement learning, in the construction of ranking models for information retrieval systems. Training data consists of lists of items with some partia... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hardware security bug-Speculative execution vulnerabilities-Starting in 2017, a series of security vulnerabilities were found in the implementations of speculative execution on common processor architectures which effectively enabled an elevation of privileges.\nThese include: Foreshadow Meltdown Microarchitectural Da... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Plant nursery-Forest tree nurseries-Similar results were obtained with regraded 2+1 transplants sampled to determine root growth capacity. The large stock had higher RGC as well as greater mass than the small stock fraction." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Singular value decomposition-Variations and generalizations-This can be shown by mimicking the linear algebraic argument for the matricial case above. VTfV* is the unique positive square root of M*M, as given by the Borel functional calculus for self-adjoint operators. The reason why U need not be unitary is because, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
official website, the drink is now being sold in three varieties: one being Original, one being \"Cut\" (which lacks the purported \"throat-burning\" sensation of Original), and one being \"Free\", which contains no sugar." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Argon2-Algorithm-If the requested digestSize is 64-bytes or lower, then we use Blake2b directly if (digestSize <= 64) then return Blake2b(digestSize \u2225 message, digestSize) //concatenate 32-bit little endian digestSize with the message bytes For desired hashes over 64-bytes (e.g. 1024 bytes for Argon2 blocks), we ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scrum (software development)-Adaptations-Scrum is frequently tailored or adapted in different contexts to achieve varying aims. A common approach to adapting scrum is the combination of scrum with other software development methodologies, as scrum does not cover the whole product development lifecycle. Various scrum p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Point estimation-Properties of point estimates-Efficiency Let T1 and T2 be two unbiased estimators for the same parameter \u03b8. The estimator T2 would be called more efficient than estimator T1 if Var(T2) < Var(T1), irrespective of the value of \u03b8. We can also say that the most efficient estimators are the ones ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Classical test theory-Shortcomings-One of the most important or well-known shortcomings of classical test theory is that examinee characteristics and test characteristics cannot be separated: each can only be interpreted in the context of the other. Another shortcoming lies in the definition of reliability that exists... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Verification-based message-passing algorithms in compressed sensing-Message passing rules-Equal Check Node: (ECN): If there is a single variable node connected to at least two or more check nodes with the same non-zero value then the value of the variable node should be verified with the common value of those check no... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Precision and recall-Precision and recall-In pattern recognition, information retrieval, object detection and classification (machine learning), precision and recall are performance metrics that apply to data retrieved from a collection, corpus or sample space." | large_corpus_distillation |
"LR parser-Overview-The parse tables are much larger than the grammar. LR tables are hard to accurately compute by hand for big grammars. So they are mechanically derived from the grammar by some parser generator tool like Bison.Depending on how the states and parsing table are generated, the resulting parser is called... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Error vector magnitude-Definition-An error vector is a vector in the I-Q plane between the ideal constellation point and the point received by the receiver. In other words, it is the difference between actual received symbols and ideal symbols. The root mean square (RMS) average amplitude of the error vector, normaliz... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stack (C++)-Hardware stack-The two operations applicable to all stacks are: a push operation: the address in the stack pointer is adjusted by the size of the data item and a data item is written at the location pointed to by the stack pointer." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software metric-Acceptance and public opinion-Some software development practitioners point out that simplistic measurements can cause more harm than good. Others have noted that metrics have become an integral part of the software development process." | large_corpus_distillation |
"K-convex function-Definition-Two equivalent definitions are as follows: Definition 1 (The original definition) Let K be a non-negative real number. A function g:R\u2192R is K-convex if g(u)+z[g(u)\u2212g(u\u2212b)b]\u2264g(u+z)+K for any u,z\u22650, and b>0 Definition 2 (Definition with geometric interpretation) A ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ext2-ext2 data structures-The space in ext2 is split up into blocks. These blocks are grouped into block groups, analogous to cylinder groups in the Unix File System. There are typically thousands of blocks on a large file system. Data for any given file is typically contained within a single block group where possibl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Everything (software)-Overview-When Everything first runs, it creates an index of the names of every file and folder on all NTFS and ReFS volumes on the system from file metadata, in the case of NTFS from the NTFS Master File Table. By default, all mounted NTFS and ReFS volumes are indexed. Once created, the index is ... | large_corpus_distillation |
high dimension. Some graphs may need very different dimensions for embeddings as non-strict unit distance graphs and as strict unit distance graphs. For instance the 2n -vertex crown graph may be embedded in four dimensions as a non-strict unit distance graph (that is, so that all its edges have unit length). However,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concatenated error correction code-Background-Shannon's channel coding theorem shows that over many common channels there exist channel coding schemes that are able to transmit data reliably at all rates R less than a certain threshold C , called the channel capacity of the given channel. In fact, the probability of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ratio estimator-Alternative methods of bias reduction-Lahiri's method The first of these sampling schemes is a double use of a sampling method introduced by Lahiri in 1951. The algorithm here is based upon the description by Lohr.\nChoose a number M = max( x1, ..., xN) where N is the population size.\nChoose i at rand... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Signed graph-Coloring-When restricting the vertex labels to the set of integers with magnitude at most a natural number k, the set of proper colorings of a signed graph is finite. The relation between the number of such proper colorings and k is a polynomial in k; when expressed in terms of 2k+1 it is called the chro... | large_corpus_distillation |
"their high performance on the coin portion of Test A would not be predictive of their coin performance on Test B, they would not\nbe expected to fare as well on Test B as on Test A. Therefore, the best prediction of their score on Test B would be somewhere\nbetween their score on Test A and the mean of Test B. This te... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hamming weight-Efficient implementation-The population count of a bitstring is often needed in cryptography and other applications. The Hamming distance of two words A and B can be calculated as the Hamming weight of A xor B.The problem of how to implement it efficiently has been widely studied. A single operation for... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Flight-Types of flight-Mechanical Mechanical flight is the use of a machine to fly. These machines include aircraft such as airplanes, gliders, helicopters, autogyros, airships, balloons, ornithopters as well as spacecraft. Gliders are capable of unpowered flight. Another form of mechanical flight is para-sailing, whe... | large_corpus_distillation |
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