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"Public address system-WMT PA Systems-Wireless Mobile Telephony (WMT) PA Systems refers to PA paging and [intercom] systems that use any form of Wireless mobile telephony system such as GSM networks instead of a centralized amplifier to distribute the audio signal to paging locations across a building or campus, or oth... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Byzantine fault-Analogy-As an analogy of the fault's simplest form, consider a number of generals who are attacking a fortress. The generals must decide as a group whether to attack or retreat; some may prefer to attack, while others prefer to retreat. The important thing is that all generals agree on a common decisio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spectrum of a sentence-Examples-The spectrum of the first-order formula \u2203z,o\u2200a,b,c\u2203d,e a+z=a=z+a\u2227a\u22c5z=z=z\u22c5a\u2227a+d=z \u2227a+b=b+a\u2227a\u22c5(b+c)=a\u22c5b+a\u22c5c\u2227(a+b)+c=a+(b+c) \u2227a\u22c5o=a=o\u22c5a\u2227a\u22c5e=o\u2227(a\u22c5b)\u22c5c=a\u22c5(b\u22c5c) is prime ,n\u220... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Metric prefix-Similar symbols and abbreviations-For nearly a century, engineers used the abbreviation MCM to designate a \"thousand circular mils\" in specifying the cross-sectional area of large electrical cables. Since the mid-1990s, kcmil has been adopted as the official designation of a thousand circular mils, but... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cleanup stack-Cleanup stack-Cleanup Stack is a concept widely used in Symbian OS. It is most suitable to use in places where dynamic memory is used (allocated) in programming. The problem with dynamic memory is the sole discretion of the underlying OS whether the request for memory allocation shall succeed or not. App... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Erasure code-Optimal erasure codes-Real world implementation This process is implemented by Reed\u2013Solomon codes, with code words constructed over a finite field using a Vandermonde matrix.\nMost practical erasure codes are systematic codes -- each one of the original k symbols can be found copied, unencoded, as on... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Extremal length-Examples-On the other hand, log \u2061(r2/r1).\nWe conclude that log \u2061(r2/r1)2\u03c0.\nWe now see that this inequality is really an equality by employing an argument similar to the one given above for the rectangle. Consider an arbitrary Borel-measurable \u03c1 such that := L\u03c1(\u0393)>0 . ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Randomness extractor-Randomness extractor-Sometimes the term \"bias\" is used to denote a weakly random source's departure from uniformity, and in older literature, some extractors are called unbiasing algorithms, as they take the randomness from a so-called \"biased\" source and output a distribution that appears unb... | large_corpus_distillation |
each d in the domain the constant symbol cd is fixed. The interpretation is extended so that each new constant symbol is assigned to its corresponding element of the domain. One now defines truth for quantified formulas syntactically, as follows: Existential quantifiers (alternate). A formula \u2203x\u03c6(x) is true ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sloppy identity-Analyses-As can be seen in this sentence, the VP contains no structure. In sentence 19.i), the Derived VP Rule, which re-writes the VP using lambda notation, is applied: Derived VP Rule 19.i) John [VP\u03bbx (x visits his children)] and Bill does [VP\u2205] too.\nNext, the Variable Rewriting Rule trans... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Planar transmission line-Types-SIW variants There is an SIW version of ridge waveguide. Ridge waveguide is a rectangular hollow metal waveguide with an internal longitudinal wall part-way across the E-plane. The principal advantage of ridge waveguide is that it has a very wide bandwidth. Ridge SIW is not very easy to ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"BareMetal-Programming-API An API is documented but, in line with its philosophy, the OS does not enforce entry points for system calls (e.g.: no call gates or other safety mechanisms).\nC BareMetal OS has a build script to pull the latest code, make the needed changes, and then compile C code using the Newlib C standa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Web page-Navigation-Each web page is identified by a distinct Uniform Resource Locator (URL). When the user inputs the URL for a web page into their browser, the browser downloads an HTML file from a web server and transforms all of its elements into an interactive visual representation on the user's device.If the use... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Polynomial greatest common divisor-GCD over a ring and its field of fractions-Primitive part\u2013content factorization The content of a polynomial p \u2208 R[X], denoted \"cont(p)\", is the GCD of its coefficients. A polynomial q \u2208 F[X] may be written q=pc where p \u2208 R[X] and c \u2208 R: it suffices to take ... | large_corpus_distillation |
data | | | | 3 .73 1.94 1.41 (sqrt 2) 4 .63 2.68 2.00 5 .58 3.20 2.45 (sqrt 6) 6 .56 3.56 3.00 7 .55 3.80 3.46 (sqrt 12) 8 .54 3.95 4.00 9 .53 4.07 4.47 (sqrt 20) 10 .53 4.15 5.00 11 .53 4.22 5.48 (sqrt 30) 12 .53 4.28 6.00 32 .53 4.87 16.00 In general, polyphase merge sort is better than ordinary merge sort when there... | large_corpus_distillation |
an ergodic Markov chain.\nEvery other state would necessarily be 2, thus the chain is periodic. The reason here is\nCite as: Tommi Jaakkola, course materials for 6.867 Machine Learning, Fall 2006. MIT OpenCourseWare\n(http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].(cid:13)(ci... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Named-entity recognition-Problem definition-The first phase is typically simplified to a segmentation problem: names are defined to be contiguous spans of tokens, with no nesting, so that \"Bank of America\" is a single name, disregarding the fact that inside this name, the substring \"America\" is itself a name. This... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Neyman\u2013Pearson lemma-Example-This ratio only depends on the data through \u2211i=1n(xi\u2212\u03bc)2 . Therefore, by the Neyman\u2013Pearson lemma, the most powerful test of this type of hypothesis for this data will depend only on \u2211i=1n(xi\u2212\u03bc)2 . Also, by inspection, we can see that if \u03c312>... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Aggregated indices randomization method-Background-The essence of the aggregated indices method consists in an aggregation (convolution, synthesizing, etc.) of some single indices (criteria) q(1),...,q(m), each single index being an estimation of a fixed quality of multiattribute objects under investigation, into one ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cyclotomic field-Properties-The ring of integers of Q(\u03b6n) is Z[\u03b6n].\nFor n > 2, the discriminant of the extension Q(\u03b6n)\u2009/\u2009Q is (\u22121)\u03c6(n)/2n\u03c6(n)\u220fp|np\u03c6(n)/(p\u22121).\nIn particular, Q(\u03b6n)\u2009/\u2009Q is unramified above every prime not dividing n.\nIf n is a power... | large_corpus_distillation |
evaluation and interpretation of the output. 'High quality' in text mining usually refers to some combination of relevance, novelty, and interest. Typical text mining tasks include text categorization, text clustering, concept/entity extraction, production of granular taxonomies, sentiment analysis, document summarizat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Block cipher-Design-Operations ARX (add\u2013rotate\u2013XOR) Many modern block ciphers and hashes are ARX algorithms\u2014their round function involves only three operations: (A) modular addition, (R) rotation with fixed rotation amounts, and (X) XOR. Examples include ChaCha20, Speck, XXTEA, and BLAKE. Many authors d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tracing garbage collection-Reachability of an object-Anything referenced from a reachable object is itself reachable; more formally, reachability is a transitive closure.The reachability definition of \"garbage\" is not optimal, insofar as the last time a program uses an object could be long before that object falls o... | large_corpus_distillation |
response and rates were increased from 77 before the simulation to 100 at the peak, at the conclusion HR resolved to 72, the p value was <0.001." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data model (GIS)-Vector data model-The spatial database (also called the object-based model) first appeared in the 1990s. It also leverages the maturity of relational database management systems, especially for their ability to manage extremely large enterprise databases. Instead of storing geometric data separately, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Slot 1-History-Historically, there are three platforms for the Intel P6 CPUs: Socket 8, Slot 1 and Socket 370.\nSlot 1 is a successor to Socket 8. While the Socket 8 CPUs (Pentium Pro) directly had the L2-cache embedded into the CPU, it is located (outside of the core) on a circuit board shared with the core itself. T... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cosine similarity-Soft cosine measure-For example, in the field of natural language processing (NLP) the similarity among features is quite intuitive. Features such as words, n-grams, or syntactic n-grams can be quite similar, though formally they are considered as different features in the VSM. For example, words \u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Estimation of covariance matrices-Shrinkage estimation-A simple version of a shrinkage estimator of the covariance matrix is represented by the Ledoit-Wolf shrinkage estimator. One considers a convex combination of the empirical estimator ( A ) with some suitable chosen target ( B ), e.g., the diagonal matrix. Subsequ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ls-Behavior-Without options, ls displays names only. Multiple options may be combined.\nCommon options include: -l long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, last-modified date-time and name. If the modified date is older than 6 months the time is replaced with the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"HRESULT-IErrorInfo-Subsequently, HRESULT, and the associated IErrorInfo mechanism were used as the default error reporting mechanism in COM.\nSupport of the IErrorInfo mechanism in Windows is highly inconsistent. Older Windows APIs tend to not support it at all, returning HRESULTs without any IErrorInfo data. More mod... | large_corpus_distillation |
allocated to the most favorable projects. The lowest prospective rate of return within the capital available then becomes the minimum acceptable rate of return for analyses of any projects during that period.\" Minimum Cost Formulas Being one of the most important and integral operations in the engineering economic fie... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tabloid (newspaper format)-International use-The Daily Sun, published by Naspers, has since become South Africa's biggest-selling daily newspaper and is aimed primarily at the black working class. It sells over 500,000 copies per day, reaching approximately 3,000,000 readers. Besides offering a sometimes satirical vie... | large_corpus_distillation |
not fixed, being a draw from a negative binomial distribution." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Montgomery modular multiplication-Modular arithmetic-Storing an entire residue class on a computer is impossible because the residue class has infinitely many elements. Instead, residue classes are stored as representatives. Conventionally, these representatives are the integers a for which 0 \u2264 a \u2264 N \u2212 ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hazard analysis-Hazards and risk-IEEE STD-1228-1994 Software Safety Plans prescribes industry best practices for conducting software safety hazard analyses to help ensure safety requirements and attributes are defined and specified for inclusion in software that commands, controls or monitors critical functions. When ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"German conjugation-Irregular -en verbs (strong verbs) (geben, to give)-Certain verbs change their stem vowels for the preterite indicative and subjunctive. These changes are unique for each verb." | large_corpus_distillation |
"LA-2A Leveling Amplifier-In use-The LA-2A has the ability to preserve the impression of performance dynamics while performing extreme level management\u2014a sonic character that makes it sought after by many recording engineers, particularly for use on vocals and bass guitar.Recording engineers who cite the LA-2A in ... | large_corpus_distillation |
2.7: Partitioning the time axis into increments each with an expected number of arrivals equal to p. Each rectangle or\ntrapezoid above has the same area, which ensures that the ith partition ends where m(t)=ip.\nAs before, let {Y i ;i\u22651} be a sequence of IID binary rv\u2019s with Pr{Y i =1}=p and Pr{Y i =0}=1\u22... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Shell (theater)-Shell (theater)-In theater, a shell (also known as an acoustical shell, choral shell or bandshell) is a curved, hard surface designed to reflect sound towards an audience.\nOften shells are designed to be removable, either rolling away on wheels or lifting into a flyspace. Shells are most commonly used... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Abstract algebra-Basic concepts-Examples of algebraic structures with a single binary operation are: Magma Quasigroup Monoid Semigroup GroupExamples involving several operations include: " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scholar indices and impact-List of metrics-g-index For g-index is introduced in 2006 as largest number of top g articles, which have received together at least g2 citations.\ne-index The e-index, the square root of surplus citations for the h-set beyond h2, complements the h-index for ignored citations, and therefor... | large_corpus_distillation |
i =n so\nif we know the values of k\u22121 of the counting variables, we can find the value of the remaining counting variable. As with any counting\nvariable, we can express Y i as a sum of indicator variables:\nFor i\u2208{1,2,\u2026,k}\nn\nY =\u22111(X \u2208D) (12.3.1)\ni j i\nj=1\nWe assume initially that the samp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boolean satisfiability problem-Special cases of SAT-One-in-three 3-SAT, together with its positive case, is listed as NP-complete problem \"LO4\" in the standard reference, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness by Michael R. Garey and David S. Johnson. One-in-three 3-SAT was proved to ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Normal variance-mean mixture-Normal variance-mean mixture-In probability theory and statistics, a normal variance-mean mixture with mixing probability density g is the continuous probability distribution of a random variable Y of the form Y=\u03b1+\u03b2V+\u03c3VX, where \u03b1 , \u03b2 and \u03c3>0 are real numb... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Signcryption-Scheme-Forward secrecy of message confidentiality: If the long-term private key of the sender is compromised, no one should be able to extract the plaintext of previously signcrypted texts. In a regular signcryption scheme, when the long-term private key is compromised, all the previously issued signature... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sort-merge join-Pseudocode-For simplicity, the algorithm is described in the case of an inner join of two relations left and right. Generalization to other join types is straightforward. The output of the algorithm will contain only rows contained in the left and right relation and duplicates form a Cartesian product.... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Foobar-Foobar-The terms foobar (), foo, bar, baz, and others are used as metasyntactic variables and placeholder names in computer programming or computer-related documentation. They have been used to name entities such as variables, functions, and commands whose exact identity is unimportant and serve only to demonst... | large_corpus_distillation |
by zero\"),\"\") means that if cells A1 and B1 are not empty, and B1 is not zero, then divide A1 by B1, if B1 is zero, then display \"Division by zero\", and do not display anything if either A1 and B1 are empty.\n=IF(OR(A1<>\"\",B1<>\"\"),\"Either A1 or B1 show text\",\"\") means to display the text if either cells A1... | large_corpus_distillation |
\u2013 super-prime 5200 to 5299 5209 - largest minimal prime in base 6 5226 \u2013 nonagonal number 5231 \u2013 Sophie Germain prime 5244 = 222 + 232 + \u2026 + 292 = 202 + 212 + \u2026 + 282 5249 \u2013 highly cototient number 5253 \u2013 triangular number 5279 \u2013 Sophie Germain prime, twin prime with 5281, 700th ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"353 (number)-In mathematics-353 is a palindromic prime, an irregular prime, and a super-prime.In connection with Euler's sum of powers conjecture, 353 is the smallest number whose 4th power is equal to the sum of four other 4th powers, as discovered by R. Norrie in 1911: 353 30 120 272 315 4." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Joint probability distribution-Marginal probability distribution-If the joint probability density function of random variable X and Y is fX,Y(x,y) , the marginal probability density function of X and Y, which defines the marginal distribution, is given by: fX(x)=\u222bfX,Y(x,y)dy fY(y)=\u222bfX,Y(x,y)dx where the fir... | large_corpus_distillation |
"XHarbour-Control structures-Additionally the xHarbour Error Object supports canDefault, canRetry and canSubstitute properties, which allows error handlers to perform some preparations, and then request a Retry Operation, a Resume, or return a Value to replace the expression triggering the error condition.\nTRY [CATCH]... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Land equivalent ratio-Example calculation-The table in this section provides yield values for a hypothetical scenario intercropping a grain crop with a fruit tree crop.\nThe first two columns state the yields for intercropping (IY) and sole yields (SY). The third column, equivalent area, column calculates the area of... | large_corpus_distillation |
(FACS), which is a micro-expression database created by Dr. Ekman and his colleagues." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concave function-Properties-If f is concave and differentiable, then it is bounded above by its first-order Taylor approximation: A Lebesgue measurable function on an interval C is concave if and only if it is midpoint concave, that is, for any x and y in C If a function f is concave, and f(0) \u2265 0, then f is su... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Misra\u2013Gries heavy hitters algorithm-Misra\u2013Gries heavy hitters algorithm-Misra and Gries defined the heavy-hitters problem (though they did not introduce the term heavy-hitters) and described the first algorithm for it in the paper Finding repeated elements. Their algorithm extends the Boyer-Moore majority fi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mathematical model-Examples-The consumer is assumed to have an ordinal utility function U (ordinal in the sense that only the sign of the differences between two utilities, and not the level of each utility, is meaningful), depending on the amounts of commodities x1,x2,\u2026,xn consumed. The model further assumes t... | large_corpus_distillation |
material, while the discriminator attempts to determine whether or not the image is generated. This causes the generator to create images that mimic reality extremely well as any defects would be caught by the discriminator. Both algorithms improve constantly in a zero sum game. This makes deepfakes difficult to combat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transportation theory (mathematics)-Entropic regularization-Consider a variant of the discrete problem above, where we have added an entropic regularization term to the objective function of the primal problem Minimize ln subject to: \u03b3\u22650\u2211y\u2208Y\u03b3xy=\u03bcx,\u2200x\u2208X\u2211x\u2208X\u03b3xy=\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Poisson distribution-Properties-A simple bound is Sums of Poisson-distributed random variables If Pois \u2061(\u03bbi) for i=1,\u2026,n are independent, then Pois {\\textstyle \\sum _{i=1}^{n}X_{i}\\sim \\operatorname {Pois} \\left(\\sum _{i=1}^{n}\\lambda _{i}\\right).} :\u200a65\u200a A converse is Raikov's theor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Regular expression-Syntax-POSIX extended The meaning of metacharacters escaped with a backslash is reversed for some characters in the POSIX Extended Regular Expression (ERE) syntax. With this syntax, a backslash causes the metacharacter to be treated as a literal character. So, for example, \\( \\) is now ( ) and \\{... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Direct sum of groups-Generalization to sums over infinite sets-If g is an element of the cartesian product \u03a0{Hi} of a set of groups, let gi be the ith element of g in the product. The external direct sum of a set of groups {Hi} (written as \u03a3E{Hi}) is the subset of \u03a0{Hi}, where, for each element g of \u0... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Arithmetic Fuchsian group-Definition and examples-Congruence subgroups A principal congruence subgroup of \u0393=SL2(Z) is a subgroup of the form : mod mod N)} for some 1.\nThese are finite-index normal subgroups and the quotient \u0393/\u0393(N) is isomorphic to the finite group SL2(Z/NZ).\nA congruence subgroup ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"One-liner program-Examples-An even shorter version: Usable on the command line like: Racket The following Racket program is equivalent to the above Haskell example: and this can be used on the command line as follows: racket -e '(for-each displayln (sort (port->lines) string<?))' Python Performing one-liners directly ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Decider (Turing machine)-Provability-In a sound proof system, every provably total Turing machine is indeed total, but the converse is not true: informally, for every first-order proof system that is strong enough (including Peano arithmetic), there are Turing machines which are assumed to be total, but cannot be prov... | large_corpus_distillation |
of trials up to and including the kth success. Compare with part a).\n\uf128 Exercise 4.15\nA gambler with an initial finite capital of d>0 dollars starts to play a dollar slot machine. At each play, either his dollar is lost\nor is returned with some additional number of dollars. Let X i be his change of capital on th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kernel (operating system)-Kernel design decisions-Inflexible type systems. On traditional systems, applications frequently perform operations that are not type safe. Such operations cannot be permitted in a language-based protection system, which means that applications may need to be rewritten and may, in some cases,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"EMV-History-Using the signature on the card as a verification method has a number of security flaws, the most obvious being the relative ease with which cards may go missing before their legitimate owners can sign them. Another involves the erasure and replacement of legitimate signature, and yet another involves the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Complementary code keying-Complementary code keying-The complementary codes first discussed by Golay were pairs of binary complementary codes and he noted that when the elements of a code of length N were either [\u22121 or 1] it followed immediately from their definition that the sum of their respective autocorrelati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Object Process Methodology-Syntax and semantics-Object states Stateful and stateless objects Dov Dori explains in Model-Based Systems Engineering with OPM and SysML that \"An object state is a possible situation in which an object may exist. An object state has meaning only in the context of the object to which it bel... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Seventh power-Properties-Leonard Eugene Dickson studied generalizations of Waring's problem for seventh powers, showing that every non-negative integer can be represented as a sum of at most 258 non-negative seventh powers (17 is 1, and 27 is 128). All but finitely many positive integers can be expressed more simply a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Brown clustering-Variations-There are no known theoretical guarantees on the greedy heuristic proposed by Brown et al. (as of February 2018). However, the clustering problem can be framed as estimating the parameters of the underlying class-based language model: it is possible to develop a consistent estimator for thi... | large_corpus_distillation |
consider the action of the group of integers on this space by multiplication by exp(n). The quotient is a complex manifold whose first Betti number is one, so by the Hodge theory, it cannot be K\u00e4hler." | large_corpus_distillation |
"PL (complexity)-Probabilistic logspace without a time limit-If time is unlimited, the machines can run in expected exponential time \u2014 for example, keep a counter and increment it with probability 1\u20442 and zero it otherwise; halt when the counter overflows. If zero error (alternatively, one-sided error) is all... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Managed private cloud-Advantages and challenges of managed private cloud-Since deployments are done in a single-tenant environment, it is usually cost-prohibitive for small and medium-sized businesses. While server upkeep and maintenance is handled by the service provider, including network management and security, th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linear probability model-Linear probability model-In statistics, a linear probability model (LPM) is a special case of a binary regression model. Here the dependent variable for each observation takes values which are either 0 or 1. The probability of observing a 0 or 1 in any one case is treated as depending on one o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Standard error-Student approximation when \u03c3 value is unknown-In many practical applications, the true value of \u03c3 is unknown. As a result, we need to use a distribution that takes into account that spread of possible \u03c3's." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Binary search algorithm-Binary search versus other schemes-Other data structures There exist data structures that may improve on binary search in some cases for both searching and other operations available for sorted arrays. For example, searches, approximate matches, and the operations available to sorted arrays can... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Euclidean algorithm-Background: greatest common divisor-The greatest common divisor of two numbers a and b is the product of the prime factors shared by the two numbers, where each prime factor can be repeated as many times as divides both a and b. For example, since 1386 can be factored into 2 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Syntactic hierarchy-Analysis of Syntactic Hierarchy Levels-French example: Sentence: \"Le chien a aim\u00e9 la fille\" (translation: \"The dog loved the girl\") The French sentence directly translates to English, demonstrating that the phrase structures of both languages are very similar." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Criticism of Java-Language syntax and semantics-Unsigned integer types Java lacks native unsigned integer types. Unsigned data is often generated from programs written in C, and the lack of these types prevents direct data interchange between C and Java. Unsigned large numbers are also used in a number of numeric proc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Locky-Locky-Locky is ransomware malware released in 2016. It is delivered by email (that is allegedly an invoice requiring payment) with an attached Microsoft Word document that contains malicious macros. When the user opens the document, it appears to be full of gibberish, and includes the phrase \"Enable macro if da... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Luck-Social aspects-Lotteries A defining feature of a lottery is that winners are selected purely by chance. Marketing and other discussions regarding lotteries often mention luck but tend to underplay the actual prospects of winning, which are usually millions to one against." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Independent set (graph theory)-Finding independent sets-In d-claw-free graphs A d-claw in a graph is a set of d+1 vertices, one of which (the \"center\") is connected to the other d vertices, but the other d vertices are not connected to each other. A d-claw-free graph is a graph that does not have a d-claw subgraph. ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptographic hash function-Cryptographic hash algorithms-SHA-3 SHA-3 (Secure Hash Algorithm 3) was released by NIST on August 5, 2015. SHA-3 is a subset of the broader cryptographic primitive family Keccak. The Keccak algorithm is the work of Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michael Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche. Keccak ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Backpropagation through time-Algorithm-Consider an example of a neural network that contains a recurrent layer f and a feedforward layer g . There are different ways to define the training cost, but the aggregated cost is always the average of the costs of each of the time steps. The cost of each time step can be co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Andr\u00e9 plane-Construction-Let F=GF(q) be a finite field, and let K=GF(qn) be a degree n extension field of F . Let \u0393 be the group of field automorphisms of K over F , and let \u03b2 be an arbitrary mapping from F to \u0393 such that \u03b2(1)=1 . Finally, let N be the norm function from K to F D... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Freakin' Funky Fuzzballs-Freakin' Funky Fuzzballs-Freakin' Funky Fuzzballs is a top-down puzzle video game written by Ian Currie and Robert Koller for DOS and published by Sir-Tech Software. In it, a fuzzball must navigate several maps and avoid the \"enemy.\" " | large_corpus_distillation |
compiler saw improvement factors of 4 to 55 by inlining.The direct benefits of eliminating a function call are: It eliminates instructions required for a function call, both in the calling function and in the callee: placing arguments on stack or in registers, the function call itself, the function prologue, then at re... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Log-structured File System (BSD)-Design-Indirect blocks updated to point to (1).\nInodes updated to point to (2).\nInode map blocks updated to point at (3).Unlike UFS, inodes in LFS do not have fixed locations. An inode map\u2014a flat list of inode block locations\u2014is used to track them. As with everything else, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Monotonic function-In order theory-Letting \u2264 denote the partial order relation of any partially ordered set, a monotone function, also called isotone, or order-preserving, satisfies the property for all x and y in its domain. The composite of two monotone mappings is also monotone.\nThe dual notion is often call... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Block sort-Analysis-Before rolling the A blocks through the B blocks, each A block has its second value swapped with a value from the first buffer. At that point the A blocks are moved out of order to roll through the B blocks. However, once it finds where it should insert the smallest A block into the previous B bloc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Divide-and-conquer algorithm-Advantages-Roundoff control In computations with rounded arithmetic, e.g. with floating-point numbers, a divide-and-conquer algorithm may yield more accurate results than a superficially equivalent iterative method. For example, one can add N numbers either by a simple loop that adds each ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Community structure-Algorithms for finding communities-Girvan\u2013Newman algorithm Another commonly used algorithm for finding communities is the Girvan\u2013Newman algorithm. This algorithm identifies edges in a network that lie between communities and then removes them, leaving behind just the communities themselve... | large_corpus_distillation |
as a set of parser combinators written in the Haskell programming language." | large_corpus_distillation |
"1.2: The Circuit Bit\nCombinational logic circuits are a way to represent Boolean expressions graphically. Each Boolean function (NOT, AND,\nXOR, etc.) corresponds to a \u201ccombinational gate\u201d with one or two inputs and one output, as shown in Figure 1.1. The different\ntypes of gates have different shapes. Lin... | large_corpus_distillation |
b\u03c8 , c\u03c8 and d\u03c8 ; see change of basis." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Page replacement algorithm-Implementation details-One notable example is VAX hardware running OpenVMS. This system knows if a page has been modified, but not necessarily if a page has been read. Its approach is known as Secondary Page Caching. Pages removed from working sets (process-private memory, generally) are pla... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Independence (probability theory)-Conditional independence-Independence can be seen as a special kind of conditional independence, since probability can be seen as a kind of conditional probability given no events." | large_corpus_distillation |
"QAM (television)-Technical details-Many cable providers offer few or no details about unencrypted QAM channels. It is also common for cable providers to falsely insist that a set-top box from the cable company is required to watch all digital cable channels, including unencrypted channels, even though some unencrypted... | large_corpus_distillation |
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