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"Qualitative variation-Indices for comparison of two or more data types within a single sample-Ochiai index This is a binary form of the cosine index. It is used to compare presence/absence data of two data types (here A and B). It is defined as O=a(a+b)(a+c) where a is the number of sample units where both A and B are... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dead-code elimination-Examples-Because the expression 0 will always evaluate to false, the code inside the if statement can never be executed, and dead-code elimination would remove it entirely from the optimized program. This technique is common in debugging to optionally activate blocks of code; using an optimizer w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Efficiency (statistics)-Estimators-An efficient estimator is also the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE). This is because an efficient estimator maintains equality on the Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao inequality for all parameter values, which means it attains the minimum variance for all parameters (the definition of ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cosegregation-Advantages-Finally, the numerical value that results can assist in drawing multiple conclusions including radial position, compaction, and the most influential contacts." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Final (Java)-Final classes-A final class cannot be subclassed. As doing this can confer security and efficiency benefits, many of the Java standard library classes are final, such as java.lang.System and java.lang.String.\nExample: " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Claw finding problem-Applications-As noted, most applications of the claw finding problem appear in cryptography. Examples include: Collision finding on cryptographic hash functions.\nMeet-in-the-middle attacks: using this technique, k bits of round keys can be found in time roughly 2k/2+1. Here f is encrypting halfwa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Matrix Chernoff bound-Matrix Gaussian and Rademacher series-Self-adjoint matrices case Consider a finite sequence {Ak} of fixed, self-adjoint matrices with dimension d , and let {\u03bek} be a finite sequence of independent standard normal or independent Rademacher random variables.\nThen, for all t\u22650 Pr max ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Web data services-Web data services-To speed development of Web data services, enterprises can deploy technologies that ease discovery, extraction, movement, transformation, cleansing, normalization, joining, consolidation, access, and presentation of disparate information types from diverse internal sources (such as ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Discrete Fourier transform-Applications-With a fast Fourier transform, the resulting algorithm takes O(N log N) arithmetic operations. Due to its simplicity and speed, the Cooley\u2013Tukey FFT algorithm, which is limited to composite sizes, is often chosen for the transform operation. In this case, d should be chosen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Disjoint-set data structure-Time complexity-Lemma 2: A node u which is root of a subtree with rank r has at least 2r nodes.\nLemma 3: The maximum number of nodes of rank r is at most n2r.\nFor convenience, we define \"bucket\" here: a bucket is a set that contains vertices with particular ranks." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ltrace-Example output-The following is the first few lines of an invocation of xterm. It shows ltrace displaying calls to a variety of libraries, including the C standard library (malloc, strlen), POSIX libraries (getuid), X Toolkit Intrinsics (XtOpenApplication), and the X11 inter-client communication library (IceAdd... | large_corpus_distillation |
algebra. Applied mathematics may be taken as a major subject in its own right, while specific topics are taught within other courses: for example, civil engineers may be required to study fluid mechanics, and \"math for computer science\" might include graph theory, permutation, probability, and formal mathematical pro... | large_corpus_distillation |
"MinHash-Algorithm-Variant with a single hash function It may be computationally expensive to compute multiple hash functions, but a related version of MinHash scheme avoids this penalty by using only a single hash function and uses it to select multiple values from each set rather than selecting only a single minimum ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dangling else-Examples-Concrete examples follow.\nC In C, the grammar reads, in part: statement = ...\n| selection-statement selection-statement = ...\n| IF ( expression ) statement | IF ( expression ) statement ELSE statement Thus, without further rules, the statement could ambiguously be parsed as if it were either:... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Three Hundred Words-Three Hundred Words-According to Harper's spoken introduction on his 1992 Live album, Born in Captivity II, (re-released in 1993 as Unhinged) \"Three Hundred Words\" was written for a benefit concert for Lancashire batsman, Graeme Fowler. It not only concerns one of Harper's most oft-cited loves, c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"English clause element-Cambridge grammar-g\u2032. You [C] must put [P] all the toys [C] upstairs [C] immediately [A].At a more detailed level, the grammar distinguishes the complements between subject and predicative complement 1. Subject (S):\u200a235\u200a 2. Predicator (P):\u200a215\u200a 3. Object (indirect) (Oi):... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bible quiz-Bible quiz-Other organizations, such as Nazarene Bible Quiz, Assemblies of God Teen Bible Quiz, Bible Quiz Fellowship, World Bible Quiz Association, Piedmont Quizzing Association, and the C&MA, derive their questions solely from the Bible text. Contestants come in teams of up to five people and two or three... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Entropy of mixing-Statistical thermodynamical explanation of the entropy of mixing of ideal gases-See also: Gibbs paradox, in which it would seem that \"mixing\" two samples of the same gas would produce entropy." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data and information visualization-Terminology-Two primary types of information displays are tables and graphs.\nA table contains quantitative data organized into rows and columns with categorical labels. It is primarily used to look up specific values. In the example above, the table might have categorical column lab... | large_corpus_distillation |
"CSS hack-Types of hacks-Critics Hiding code using hacks often leads to pages being incorrectly displayed when browsers are updated. These hacks can lead to unexpected behavior in newer browsers that may interpret them differently than their predecessors. Since Internet Explorer 6 and 7 have fallen out of use, CSS hack... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data-Meaning-Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom are closely related concepts, but each has its role concerning the other, and each term has its meaning. According to a common view, data is collected and analyzed; data only becomes information suitable for making decisions once it has been analyzed in some fashio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Open and closed maps-Sufficient conditions-The categorical sum of two open maps is open, or of two closed maps is closed. The categorical product of two open maps is open, however, the categorical product of two closed maps need not be closed.A bijective map is open if and only if it is closed. The inverse of a bije... | large_corpus_distillation |
"BetterZip-Features-BetterZip supports extraction of the following file types: ZIP, SIT, TAR, GZip, BZip2, RAR, 7-Zip, CPIO, ARJ, LZH/LHA, JAR, WAR, CAB, ISO, CHM, RPM, DEB, NSIS, BIN, HQX, DDThe following file types are supported for archive creation: ZIP, Uncompressed TAR, TAR with Gzip compression, TAR with BZip2 co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nonlinear system-Nonlinear algebraic equations-Nonlinear algebraic equations, which are also called polynomial equations, are defined by equating polynomials (of degree greater than one) to zero. For example, x2+x\u22121=0." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maxima and minima-Search-For differentiable functions, Fermat's theorem states that local extrema in the interior of a domain must occur at critical points (or points where the derivative equals zero). However, not all critical points are extrema. One can often distinguish whether a critical point is a local maximum, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Loop-level parallelism-Types-Each loop iteration performs two actions Calculate a[i-1] + b[i] + 1 Assign the value to a[i]Calculating the value a[i-1] + b[i] + 1, and then performing the assignment can be decomposed into two lines(statements S1 and S2): The first line, int tmp = b[i] + 1;, has no loop-carried dependen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Observability Gramian-Observability Gramian-Also, we can see that xTWox=\u222b0\u221exTeATtCTCeAtxdt=\u222b0\u221e\u2016CeAtx\u201622dt is positive for any x (assuming the non-degenerate case where CeAtx is not identically zero), and that makes Wo a positive definite matrix.\nMore properties of observable systems c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"This (computer programming)-Subtleties and difficulties-Open recursion The dispatch semantics of this, namely that method calls on this are dynamically dispatched, is known as open recursion, and means that these methods can be overridden by derived classes or objects. By contrast, direct named recursion or anonymous ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Advanced Vector Extensions-Advanced Vector Extensions 2-New instructions CPUs with AVX2 Intel Haswell processors (only Core and Xeon branded), Q2 2013 Haswell E processors, Q3 2014 Broadwell processors, Q4 2014 Broadwell E processors, Q3 2016 Skylake processors, Q3 2015 Kaby Lake processors, Q3 2016 (ULV mobile)/Q1 20... | large_corpus_distillation |
"18)\nf(x,y)=x2+10xy+y2\nAnswer\nCrit. pts.: (0,0)\nExtrema: f has a saddle point at (0,0,0).\n19)\nf(x,y)=x4+y2+2xy+3\nAnswer\n\u221a2 \u221a2 \u221a2 \u221a2\nCrit. pts.: (0,0), (\u2212 , ), ( ,\u2212 )\n2 2 2 2\nExtrema: f has a saddle point at (0,0,3),\n\u221a2 \u221a2\nf has a local minimum of 2.75 at the point (\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transpose-Transpose of a matrix-Ideally, one might hope to transpose a matrix with minimal additional storage. This leads to the problem of transposing an n \u00d7 m matrix in-place, with O(1) additional storage or at most storage much less than mn. For n \u2260 m, this involves a complicated permutation of the data e... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cross-site scripting-Exploit examples-The authstealer.js program runs in Alice's browser as if it originated from Bob's website. It grabs a copy of Alice's Authorization Cookie and sends it to Mallory's server, where Mallory retrieves it.\nMallory now puts Alice's Authorization Cookie into her browser as if it were he... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Version control-Common terminology-Pull, push Copy revisions from one repository into another. Pull is initiated by the receiving repository, while push is initiated by the source. Fetch is sometimes used as a synonym for pull, or to mean a pull followed by an update.\nPull request Repository Resolve The act of user i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"K-nearest neighbors algorithm-Data reduction-Below is an illustration of CNN in a series of figures. There are three classes (red, green and blue). Fig. 1: initially there are 60 points in each class. Fig. 2 shows the 1NN classification map: each pixel is classified by 1NN using all the data. Fig. 3 shows the 5NN clas... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mutation testing-Overview-For mutation testing to function at scale, a large number of mutants are usually introduced, leading to the compilation and execution of an extremely large number of copies of the program. This problem of the expense of mutation testing had reduced its practical use as a method of software te... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Design of the FAT file system-Data region-Directory table A directory table is a special type of file that represents a directory (also known as a folder). Since 86-DOS 0.42, each file or (since MS-DOS 1.40 and PC DOS 2.0) subdirectory stored within it is represented by a 32-byte entry in the table. Each entry records... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rubinstein bargaining model-Solution-Consider the typical Rubinstein bargaining game in which two players decide how to divide a pie of size 1. An offer by a player takes the form x = (x1, x2) with x1 + x2 = 1 and x1,x2\u2a7e0 . Assume the players discount at the geometric rate of d, which can be interpreted as cost ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Theoretical key-Notation-Such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from Johann Sebastian Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, which has this passage in G-sharp major, Bars 10-12. In very few cases, theoretical keys are in fact used directly, putting the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"PL/I-Special topics in PL/I-The ON-unit is a single statement or BEGIN-block introduced by an ON-statement. Executing the ON statement enables the condition specified, e.g., ON ZERODIVIDE ON-unit. When the exception for this condition occurs and the condition is enabled, the ON-unit for the condition is executed. ON-u... | large_corpus_distillation |
implicit accumulator as the left operand (and the destination if there is one): load a, add b, store c.\nC = A+B needs three instructions.\n2-operand \u2014 many CISC and RISC machines fall under this category: CISC \u2014 move A to C; then add B to C.\nC = A+B needs two instructions. This effectively 'stores' the resu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Multiway number partitioning-Multiway number partitioning-The uniform-machines scheduling problem - a more general problem in which different processors may have different speeds." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Attribute hierarchy method-Cognitive model representation-The Qr matrix serves an important test item development blueprint where items can be created to measure each specific combination of attributes. In this way, each component of the cognitive model can be evaluated systematically. In this example, a minimum of 9 ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Very smooth hash-Security of VSH-Strong collision resistance is the only property proven for VSH. This does not imply preimage-resistance or other important hash function properties, and the authors state that \"VSH should not be used to model random oracles,\" and cannot be substituted into constructions that depend ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Special member functions-Special member functions-Special member functions in C++ are functions which the compiler will automatically generate if they are used, but not declared explicitly by the programmer.\nThe automatically generated special member functions are: Default constructor if no other constructor is expli... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Direct memory access-Cache coherency-Hybrids also exist, where the secondary L2 cache is coherent while the L1 cache (typically on-CPU) is managed by software." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computer multitasking-Memory protection-Inadequate memory protection mechanisms, either due to flaws in their design or poor implementations, allow for security vulnerabilities that may be potentially exploited by malicious software." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Anatomical plane-Uses-Motion When describing anatomical motion, these planes describe the axis along which an action is performed. So by moving through the transverse plane, movement travels from head to toe. For example, if a person jumped directly up and then down, their body would be moving through the transverse p... | large_corpus_distillation |
A control-flow analysis must consider where this expression could be invoked and what argument it may receive to determine the possible targets." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Functional programming-Concepts-Now, consider another function such as int plusone(int x) {return x+1;} is transparent, as it does not implicitly change the input x and thus has no such side effects.\nFunctional programs exclusively use this type of function and are therefore referentially transparent." | large_corpus_distillation |
"For loop-Timeline of the for-loop syntax in various programming languages-1980: Ada The exit statement may be used to exit the loop. Loops can be labeled, and exit may leave a specifically labeled loop in a group of nested loops: 1980: Maple Maple has two forms of for-loop, one for iterating of a range of values, and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Electronic centralised aircraft monitor-System design-Level 1 Failures: Cautions, failures and faults that lead to a loss of system redundancy, they require monitoring but present no hazard. Examples include the loss of DMC3 when not in use. Level 1 failures are enunciated by a caution (amber) ECAM message only (no au... | large_corpus_distillation |
"6\n6\n[Zha04] Tong Zhang. Statistical behavior and consistency of classification methods based\non convex risk minimization. Ann. Statist., 32(1):56\u201385, 2004.\n193" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fly (carriage)-Fly (carriage)-In the field of transport a fly is, by definition, a vehicle that moves quickly. Examples include a light horse-drawn public passenger vehicle or delivery wagon or a light, covered, vehicle hired from a livery stable (such as a single-horse pleasure carriage or a hansom cab).\nExamples of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Floating-point error mitigation-Gustafson's unums-Unums (\"Universal Numbers\") are an extension of variable length arithmetic proposed by John Gustafson. Unums have variable length fields for the exponent and significand lengths and error information is carried in a single bit, the ubit, representing possible error i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Group (mathematics)-Finite groups-The classification of all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. There are several infinite families of such groups, as well as 26 \"sporadic groups\" that do not belong to any of the families. The largest sporadic group is called the monster group.... | large_corpus_distillation |
identity element are equal. Further, if S is a semigroup with one element, the semigroup obtained by adjoining an identity element to S is isomorphic to the semigroup obtained by adjoining a zero element to S." | large_corpus_distillation |
"6.867 Machine learning, lecture 18 (Jaakkola) 1\nLecture topics:\n\u2022 Spectral clustering, random walks and Markov chains\nSpectral clustering\nSpectral clustering refers to a class of clustering methods that approximate the problem\nof partitioning nodes in a weighted graph as eigenvalue problems. The weighted gra... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Polynomial greatest common divisor-GCD by hand computation-Example one: Find the GCD of x2 + 7x + 6 and x2 \u2212 5x \u2212 6.\nx2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 1)(x + 6) x2 \u2212 5x \u2212 6 = (x + 1)(x \u2212 6)Thus, their GCD is x + 1." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Memory dependence prediction-Memory dependence prediction-Memory dependence prediction is a technique, employed by high-performance out-of-order execution microprocessors that execute memory access operations (loads and stores) out of program order, to predict true dependencies between loads and stores at instruction ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pseudorandom generator theorem-Existence of pseudorandom generators-OWF \u2192 PRG For this case we prove a weaker version of the theorem: One-way permutation \u2192 pseudorandom generator A one-way permutation is a one-way function that is also a permutation of the input bits. A pseudorandom generator can be construc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Brooks\u2013Iyengar algorithm-Background-The Brooks\u2013Iyengar hybrid algorithm for distributed control in the presence of noisy data combines Byzantine agreement with sensor fusion. It bridges the gap between sensor fusion and Byzantine fault tolerance. This seminal algorithm unified these disparate fields for the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"5.25: The Irwin-Hall Distribution\nThe Irwin-Hall distribution, named for Joseph Irwin and Phillip Hall, is the distribution that governs the sum of independent\nrandom variables, each with the standard uniform distribution. It is also known as the uniform sum distribution. Since the standard\nuniform is one of the si... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boy or Girl paradox-Variants of the question-It seems that quite irrelevant information was introduced, yet the probability of the sex of the other child has changed dramatically from what it was before (the chance the other child was a girl was 2/3, when it was not known that the boy was born on Tuesday)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Travelling salesman problem-Description-Related problems An equivalent formulation in terms of graph theory is: Given a complete weighted graph (where the vertices would represent the cities, the edges would represent the roads, and the weights would be the cost or distance of that road), find a Hamiltonian cycle with... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mutual information-Properties-Bayesian estimation of mutual information If samples from a joint distribution are available, a Bayesian approach can be used to estimate the mutual information of that distribution. The first work to do this, which also showed how to do Bayesian estimation of many other information-theor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ALGOL 68-Some Vanitas-undefined \u2013 a standards reports procedure raising an exception in the runtime system.\n\u2135 \u2013 Used in the standards report to inhibit introspection of certain types. e.g. SEMA c.f. below for other examples of \u2135.\nThe term NIL IS var always evaluates to TRUE for any variable (but ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cash on delivery-Accounting-Cash accounting is an advantageous approach for eCommerce businesses handling Cash on Delivery (COD) payments, allowing revenue recognition only when the payment is received. With real-time revenue recognition, this method ensures accuracy in financial reporting, simplifies the accounting p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pythagorean theorem-Proofs using constructed squares-Algebraic proofs The theorem can be proved algebraically using four copies of the same triangle arranged symmetrically around a square with side c, as shown in the lower part of the diagram. This results in a larger square, with side a + b and area (a + b)2. The fou... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Image collection exploration-Image collection exploration-Image collection exploration is a mechanism to explore large digital image repositories. The huge amount of digital images produced every day through different devices such as mobile phones bring forth challenges for the storage, indexing and access to these re... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Onsager\u2013Machlup function-Examples-For every \u03b5 > 0, the probability that |Xt \u2212 \u03c6(t)| \u2264 \u03b5 for every t \u2208 [0, T] satisfies for every for every for every exp \u2061(\u2212\u222b0T\u03c6\u02d9(t)dXt\u03c6\u2212\u222b0T12|\u03c6\u02d9(t)|2dt)dP\u03c6.\nBy Girsanov's theorem, the distribu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Extremal graph theory-Topics and concepts-Graph coloring A proper (vertex) coloring of a graph G is a coloring of the vertices of G such that no two adjacent vertices have the same color. The minimum number of colors needed to properly color G is called the chromatic number of G , denoted \u03c7(G) . Determining ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lazy FP state restore-Mechanism-The floating point and SIMD registers are large, and not used by every task (or thread) in the system. To make context switching faster, most common microprocessors support lazy state switching. Rather than storing the full state during a context switch, the operating system can simply ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Integrational theory of language-The integrational theory of language systems-Lexical meaning composition is based on morphosemantic composition functions whose arguments are (n-tuples of) concepts and whose values are again concepts. Such semantic functions occur in the semantic content of morphological functions suc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nelder\u2013Mead method-One possible variation of the NM algorithm-(This approximates the procedure in the original Nelder\u2013Mead article.) We are trying to minimize the function f(x) , where x\u2208Rn . Our current test points are x1,\u2026,xn+1 1. Order according to the values at the vertices: f(x1)\u2264f(x2)... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Duplicate code-Costs and benefits-These considerations are not relevant for automatically generated code, if there is just one copy of the functionality in the source code.\nIn the past, when memory space was more limited, duplicate code had the additional disadvantage of taking up more space, but nowadays this is unl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Denjoy\u2013Young\u2013Saks theorem-Statement-If f is a real valued function defined on an interval, then with the possible exception of a set of measure 0 on the interval, the Dini derivatives of f satisfy one of the following four conditions at each point: f has a finite derivative D+f = D\u2013f is finite, D\u2212f... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Eavesdropping-Network attacks-Network eavesdropping is a network layer attack that focuses on capturing small packets from the network transmitted by other computers and reading the data content in search of any type of information. This type of network attack is generally one of the most effective as a lack of encryp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Apache Hive-Architecture-Optimizer: Performs various transformations on the execution plan to get an optimized DAG. Transformations can be aggregated together, such as converting a pipeline of joins to a single join, for better performance. It can also split the tasks, such as applying a transformation on data before ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"K-d tree-Operations on k-d trees-It can also be converted to an approximation algorithm to run faster. For example, approximate nearest neighbour searching can be achieved by simply setting an upper bound on the number points to examine in the tree, or by interrupting the search process based upon a real time clock (w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linux range of use-Smart devices-Mozilla's Firefox OS consists of the Linux kernel, a hardware abstraction layer, a web-standards-based runtime environment and user interface, and an integrated web browser.Canonical has released Ubuntu Touch, aiming to bring convergence to the user experience on this mobile operating ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"6.867 Machine learning, lecture 20 (Jaakkola) 4\nProblem 3: estimation\nIn most cases we have to estimate HMMs only on the basis of output sequences such as\ny ,...,y without knowing the corresponding states of the Markov chain. This is akin\n1 n\nto mixture models discussed earlier. These are incomplete data estimati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"V-Model (software development)-Criticism-It is consistent with, and therefore implicitly encourages, inefficient and ineffective approaches to testing. It implicitly promotes writing test scripts in advance rather than exploratory testing; it encourages testers to look for what they expect to find, rather than discove... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Recursion (computer science)-Order of execution-In the case of a function calling itself only once, instructions placed before the recursive call are executed once per recursion before any of the instructions placed after the recursive call. The latter are executed repeatedly after the maximum recursion has been reach... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Network theory-Network analysis-Centrality measures Information about the relative importance of nodes and edges in a graph can be obtained through centrality measures, widely used in disciplines like sociology. For example, eigenvector centrality uses the eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix corresponding to a networ... | large_corpus_distillation |
outputs can depend on the currents of all the neurons in that layer so that f\u03bc=f({h\u03bc}) and {\\textstyle g_{i}=g(\\{x_{i}\\})} . It is convenient to define these activation function as derivatives of the Lagrangian functions for the two groups of neurons This way the specific form of the equations for neuron... | large_corpus_distillation |
"150 2 \u2022 Equations and Inequalities\nSimplify.\n\u24d3\nRewrite the radicand as a product using the largest perfect fifth power factor.\nRewrite the radical as the product of two radicals.\nSimplify.\nPractice Makes Perfect\nSimplify a radical expression using the Product Property.\n1.\n2.\n3.\n4.\n5.\n6.\n7.\n8.\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Instrumentation (computer programming)-Output-In programming, instrumentation means: Profiling: measuring dynamic program behaviors during a training run with a representative input. This is useful for properties of a program that cannot be analyzed statically with sufficient precision, such as alias analysis.\nInsert... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Group cohomology-Properties-Functoriality Group cohomology depends contravariantly on the group G, in the following sense: if f : H \u2192 G is a group homomorphism, then we have a naturally induced morphism Hn(G, M) \u2192 Hn(H, M) (where in the latter, M is treated as an H-module via f). This map is called the restr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Password strength-Password guess validation-Systems that use passwords for authentication must have some way to check any password entered to gain access. If the valid passwords are simply stored in a system file or database, an attacker who gains sufficient access to the system will obtain all user passwords, giving ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"dictionary\ndict\nstr\nencoding \"a\" \"A\"\n{} dict_1 = {}\ndict() dict_2 = dict()\nmy_dict =\n{\"pizza\": 2, \"pasta\": 3, \"drink\": 4} my_dict" | large_corpus_distillation |
"KeeLoq-Attacks-Cryptanalysis KeeLoq was first cryptanalyzed by Andrey Bogdanov using sliding techniques and efficient linear approximations. Nicolas Courtois attacked KeeLoq using sliding and algebraic methods. The attacks by Bogdanov and Courtois do not pose any threat to the actual implementations that seem to be mu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Condorcet loser criterion-Examples-Note, that if any voter would set the threshold between approvals and disapprovals at any other place, the Condorcet loser L would not be the (single) Approval winner. However, since Approval voting elects the Condorcet loser in the example, Approval voting fails the Condorcet loser ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Estimate Square Roots\nIn the following exercises, estimate each square root between two consecutive whole numbers.\n\uf128 Exercise 9\n\u2212\u2212\n\u221a28\n\uf128 Exercise 10\n\u2212\u2212\u2212\n\u221a155\nAnswer\n\u2212\u2212\u2212\n12<\u221a155<13\nApproximate Square Roots\nIn the following exercises, approxima... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Independence\nWhen the variables are independent, the marginal distributions determine the joint distribution.\nIf X and Y are independent, then the distribution of X and the distribution of Y determine the distribution of (X,Y).\nProof\nIf X and Y are independent then,\nP[(X,Y)\u2208A\u00d7B]=P(X\u2208A,Y \u2208B)=P(... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Centering matrix-Properties-Given a column-vector, v of size n, the centering property of Cn can be expressed as Cnv=v\u2212(1nJn,1Tv)Jn,1 where Jn,1 is a column vector of ones and 1nJn,1Tv is the mean of the components of v .Cn is symmetric positive semi-definite.\nCn is idempotent, so that Cnk=Cn , for k=1,2,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Residual neural network-Formulation-But stacking more layers led to a quick reduction in training accuracy, which is referred to as the \"degradation\" problem.A deeper network should not produce a higher training loss than its shallower counterpart, if this deeper network can be constructed by its shallower counterpa... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kaplan\u2013Meier estimator-Basic concepts-In medical statistics, a typical application might involve grouping patients into categories, for instance, those with Gene A profile and those with Gene B profile. In the graph, patients with Gene B die much quicker than those with Gene A. After two years, about 80% of the G... | large_corpus_distillation |
"61 (number)-61 (number)-61 (sixty-one) is the natural number following 60 and preceding 62." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Info-gap decision theory-Robustness and opportuneness-Let q be a decision vector of parameters such as design variables, time of initiation, model parameters or operational options. We can verbally express the robustness and opportuneness functions as the maximum or minimum of a set of values of the uncertainty param... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bin packing problem-Hardness of bin packing-The bin packing problem is strongly NP-complete. This can be proven by reducing the strongly NP-complete 3-partition problem to bin packing.Furthermore, there can be no approximation algorithm with absolute approximation ratio smaller than 32 unless P=NP . This can be prov... | large_corpus_distillation |
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