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"Equidistributed sequence-Equidistribution modulo 1-Complete uniform distribution A sequence (a1,a2,\u2026) of real numbers is said to be k-uniformly distributed mod 1 if not only the sequence of fractional parts := an\u2212[an] is uniformly distributed in [0,1] but also the sequence (b1,b2,\u2026) , where bn is d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"MIKEY-Key transport and exchange methods-Public-Key (MIKEY-PK): The Common Secret is exchanged with the help of public key encryption. In larger systems, this requires a PKI to handle the secure distribution of public keys.\nDiffie\u2013Hellman (MIKEY-DH): A Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange is used to set up the Commo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Literate programming-Example-The unraveling of the chunks can be done in any place in the literate program text file, not necessarily in the order they are sequenced in the enclosing chunk, but as is demanded by the logic reflected in the explanatory text that envelops the whole program.\nProgram as a web Macros are n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linguistics-Structures-Grammar Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to phonology (the organisation of phonetic sound systems), morphology (t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Impersonal verb-Impersonal verbs by language-Nev\u00f3 ayer. (Spanish) Nevou ontem. (Portuguese) Ha nevicato ieri. (Italian) A nins ieri. (Romanian) Snije\u017eilo je ju\u010der. (Croatian) Havazott tegnap. (Hungarian) \u0412\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u0433. / V\u010dera... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mental calculation-Methods and techniques-Consider 100 10 +b\u22c5d this expression is analogous to any number in base 10 with a hundreds, tens and ones place. FOIL can also be looked at as a number with F being the hundreds, OI being the tens and L being the ones.\na\u22c5c is the product of the first digit of each o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Key feedback mode-Common modes-Explicit initialization vectors takes advantage of this property by prepending a single random block to the plaintext. Encryption is done as normal, except the IV does not need to be communicated to the decryption routine. Whatever IV decryption uses, only the random block is \"corrupted... | large_corpus_distillation |
"EXPSPACE-Relationship to other classes-EXPSPACE is known to be a strict superset of PSPACE, NP, and P. It is further suspected to be a strict superset of EXPTIME, however this is not known." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Prime omega function-Average order and summatory functions-An average order of both \u03c9(n) and \u03a9(n) is log log \u2061n . When n is prime a lower bound on the value of the function is \u03c9(n)=1 . Similarly, if n is primorial then the function is as large as log log log \u2061n on average order. When n... | large_corpus_distillation |
of the real numbers cannot be a bijection: either some numbers do not correspond to any string, or some of them correspond to more than one string." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Peripheral Component Interconnect-PCI bus transactions-If a memory space is marked as \"prefetchable\", then the target device must ignore the byte-select signals on a memory read and always return 32 valid bits.0111: Memory Write This operates similarly to a memory read. The byte select signals are more important in ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Binary-coded decimal-Operations with BCD-Addition It is possible to perform addition by first adding in binary, and then converting to BCD afterwards. Conversion of the simple sum of two digits can be done by adding 6 (that is, 16 \u2212 10) when the five-bit result of adding a pair of digits has a value greater than ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"PIC microcontrollers-Core architecture-A small number of fixed-length instructions Most instructions are single-cycle (2 clock cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode)... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lockstitch-Structure-The lockstitch uses two threads, an upper and a lower. Lockstitch is named because the two threads, upper and lower, \"lock\" (entwine) together in the hole in the fabric which they pass through. The upper thread runs from a spool kept on a spindle on top of or next to the machine, through a tensi... | large_corpus_distillation |
as they continue to leverage an existing implementation with an improved technology." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Anshel\u2013Anshel\u2013Goldfeld key exchange-Description-Alice's public/private information: Alice's public key is a tuple of elements a=(a1,\u2026,an) in G Alice's private key is a sequence of elements from a and their inverses: ai1\u03b51,\u2026,aiL\u03b5L , where aik\u2208a and \u03b5k=\u00b11 . Based on tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
can be determined using the tangent method for the lower triangle, where [H2 = tan(A2) x D2]. In these cases where the tree is fairly vertical and the vertical distance from the base of the tree to eye level is small, any errors from using the tangent method for the base are minimal." | large_corpus_distillation |
"NETDATA-Description-File Utility Control Record This record describes how the file's data is to be reconstituted. Its identifier is \"INMR02\". Bytes 8-11 contain the big-endian binary number of the file to which this record applies. If there are multiple files in a transmission they are numbered starting with one. Th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Estonian grammar-Syntax-Interrogatives Polar questions are formed by means of the clause-initial interrogative particles kas (60) or ega (in negative clauses, as in [61]), verb fronting (62), or rising intonation (63). In spoken language questions can be formed also by the clause-final particle v\u00f5i, which develop... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Wronskian-Generalized Wronskians-For n functions of several variables, a generalized Wronskian is a determinant of an n by n matrix with entries Di(fj) (with 0 \u2264 i < n), where each Di is some constant coefficient linear partial differential operator of order i. If the functions are linearly dependent then all gen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bucket queue-Applications-Graph degeneracy A bucket queue can be used to maintain the vertices of an undirected graph, prioritized by their degrees, and repeatedly find and remove the vertex of minimum degree. This greedy algorithm can be used to calculate the degeneracy of a given graph, equal to the largest degree o... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Male warrior hypothesis-Observational evidence/studies-Sport matches It is hypothesized that sport began as a way for men to develop the skills needed in primitive hunting and warfare, and later developed to act primarily as a lek where male athletes display and male spectators evaluate the qualities of potential alli... | large_corpus_distillation |
increase in cost for the attacker, but not impractical with terabyte hard drives. The SHA2-crypt and bcrypt methods\u2014used in Linux, BSD Unixes, and Solaris\u2014have salts of 128 bits. These larger salt values make precomputation attacks against these systems infeasible for almost any length of a password. Even if ... | large_corpus_distillation |
to find the web page online. A CD may include metadata providing information about the musicians, singers, and songwriters whose work appears on the disc." | large_corpus_distillation |
expressions (see below). Solving for the unknown coefficients tai and tabij is necessary for finding the approximate solution |\u03a8\u27e9 The exponential operator eT may be expanded as a Taylor series, and if we consider only the T1 and T2 cluster operators of T , we can write eT=1+T+12!T2+\u22ef=1+T1+T2+12T12... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Partial k-tree-Graph minors-For any fixed constant k, the partial k-trees are closed under the operation of graph minors, and therefore, by the Robertson\u2013Seymour theorem, this family can be characterized in terms of a finite set of forbidden minors. The partial 1-trees are exactly the forests, and their single fo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"GOST (hash function)-GOST (hash function)-The GOST hash function, defined in the standards GOST R 34.11-94 and GOST 34.311-95 is a 256-bit cryptographic hash function. It was initially defined in the Russian national standard GOST R 34.11-94 Information Technology \u2013 Cryptographic Information Security \u2013 Hash ... | large_corpus_distillation |
of \u201cblocks\u201d, where each block is a sum of independent copies of . Each block has the same distribution as n ,\nY\nand since the blocks are independent, it follows that mn has the same distribution as\nb X +b X +\u22ef+b X =b (X +X +\u22ef+X ) (5.3.1)\nn 1 n 2 n m n 1 2 m\nb b X\nBut by another application of ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reductio ad absurdum-Examples-There is no smallest positive rational number because, if there were, then it could be divided by two to get a smaller one.The first example argues that denial of the premise would result in a ridiculous conclusion, against the evidence of our senses. The second example is a mathematical ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"FKT algorithm-Generalizations-The sum of weighted perfect matchings can also be computed by using the Tutte matrix for the adjacency matrix in the last step." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tree-depth-Depth of trees and relation to treewidth-Any n -vertex forest has tree-depth log \u2061n) . For, in a forest, one can always find a constant number of vertices the removal of which leaves a forest that can be partitioned into two smaller subforests with at most 2n/3 vertices each. By recursively partitio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Scanf format string-Vulnerabilities-scanf is vulnerable to format string attacks. Great care should be taken to ensure that the formatting string includes limitations for string and array sizes. In most cases the input string size from a user is arbitrary and cannot be determined before the scanf function is executed.... | large_corpus_distillation |
encouraging users to disable or uninstall Java. Apple blacklisted Java in limited order for all computers running its OS X operating system through a virus protection program.In 2014 and responding to then-recent Java security and vulnerability issues, security blogger Brian Krebs has called for users to remove at leas... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reading-Teaching reading-Analytic phonics and analogy phonics Analytic phonics does not involve pronouncing individual sounds (phonemes) in isolation and blending the sounds, as is done in synthetic phonics. Rather, it is taught at the word level and students learn to analyze letter-sound relationships once the word i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Williams number-Williams number-In number theory, a Williams number base b is a natural number of the form (b\u22121)\u22c5bn\u22121 for integers b \u2265 2 and n \u2265 1. The Williams numbers base 2 are exactly the Mersenne numbers." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nosology-Types of classification-Diseases may be classified by cause, pathogenesis (mechanism by which the disease progresses), or by symptom(s).Alternatively, diseases may be classified according to the organ system involved, though this is often complicated since many diseases affect more than one organ." | large_corpus_distillation |
"5G-Standards-Pre-standard implementations 5G TF: American carrier Verizon used a pre-standard variation of 5G known as 5G TF (Verizon 5G Technical Forum) for Fixed Wireless Access in 2018. The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. Verizon has since migrated to 5G NR.\n5G-SIG: KT... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Principal component analysis-Details-Using the singular value decomposition the score matrix T can be written T=XW=U\u03a3WTW=U\u03a3 so each column of T is given by one of the left singular vectors of X multiplied by the corresponding singular value. This form is also the polar decomposition of T.\nEfficient algorith... | large_corpus_distillation |
updates intervals, disabling auto-updates, and configuring a home page. Until version 24 the software is known not to be ready for enterprise deployments with roaming profiles or Terminal Server/Citrix environments.In 2010, Google first started supporting Chrome in enterprise environments by providing an MSI wrapper ar... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Karmarkar-Karp bin packing algorithms-End-to-end algorithms-4. Compute a solution x for K , with tolerance h=1. The result is a fractional bin packing with bL\u2264LOPT(K)+1 bins. The run-time is T(m(K),n(K))\u2264T(\u03f5\u22122,n) 3-b. Round x to an integral solution for K . Add at most m(K)/2 bins for the frac... | large_corpus_distillation |
divisor (as is the case for elliptic curves) then the form is alternating and the order of \u0428 is a square (if it is finite)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Compunet-Subscription model-Compunet charged a quarterly subscription, and telephone call costs were in addition to this.\nTypical off-peak charges would be \u00a30.80UKP per hour.\nPremium services incurred additional charges, which required the user to first place money in their account. These services included: Pri... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bipartite dimension-Computing the bipartite dimension-The computational task of determining the bipartite dimension for a given graph G is an optimization problem. The decision problem for bipartite dimension can be phrased as: INSTANCE: A graph G=(V,E) and a positive integer k QUESTION: Does G admit a biclique edge... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Free-software license-Practical problems with licenses-Purpose of use Restrictions on use of a software (\"use restrictions\") are generally unacceptable according to the FSF, OSI, Debian, or the BSD-based distributions. Examples include prohibiting that the software be used for non-private applications, for military ... | large_corpus_distillation |
(this is the lowest excess kurtosis possible for any distribution), and the probabilities are p \u2248 q \u2248 1/2. For cases approaching this limit boundary with skewness, excess kurtosis \u2248 \u22122 + skewness2, and the probability density is concentrated more at one end than the other end (with practically nothi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Inline function-Example-An inline function can be written in C or C++ like this: Then, a statement such as the following: may be translated into (if the compiler decides to do the inlining, which typically requires optimization to be enabled): When implementing a sorting algorithm doing lots of swaps, this can increas... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Principia Mathematica-Notation-An introduction to the notation of \"Section A Mathematical Logic\" (formulas \u27381\u2013\u27385.71) PM's dots are used in a manner similar to parentheses. Each dot (or multiple dot) represents either a left or right parenthesis or the logical symbol \u2227. More than one dot indicates... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cyclomatic complexity-Applications-Studies that controlled for program size (i.e., comparing modules that have different complexities but similar size) are generally less conclusive, with many finding no significant correlation, while others do find correlation. Some researchers who have studied the area question the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kolmogorov's criterion-Proof-Let X be the Markov chain and denote by \u03c0 its stationary distribution (such exists since the chain is positive recurrent)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cyclic code-Examples-The idempotent of this code is the polynomial x+x2 , corresponding to the codeword (0,1,1) Trivial examples Trivial examples of cyclic codes are An itself and the code containing only the zero codeword. These correspond to generators 1 and xn\u22121 respectively: these two polynomials must al... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concurrent engineering-Concurrent vs sequential engineering-Concurrent and Sequential engineering cover the same stages of design and manufacturing, however, the two approaches vary widely in terms of productivity, cost, development and efficiency. The 'Sequential Engineering vs Concurrent Design and Manufacturing' fi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Poly1305-Description-However, the same key (r,s) must not be reused for two messages.\nIf the adversary learns for m1\u2260m2 , they can subtract and find a root of the resulting polynomial to recover a small list of candidates for the secret evaluation point r , and from that the secret pad s The adversary can th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Finite field-Properties-The identity (sometimes called the freshman's dream) is true in a field of characteristic p. This follows from the binomial theorem, as each binomial coefficient of the expansion of (x + y)p, except the first and the last, is a multiple of p.\nBy Fermat's little theorem, if p is a prime number ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobile telephony-Cellular systems-The GSM standard is a European initiative expressed at the CEPT (\"Conf\u00e9rence Europ\u00e9enne des Postes et Telecommunications\", European Postal and Telecommunications conference). The Franco-German R&D cooperation demonstrated the technical feasibility, and in 1987 a Memorandum... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Jackknife variance estimates for random forest-Jackknife variance estimates-The sampling variance of bagged learners is: V(x)=Var[\u03b8^\u221e(x)] Jackknife estimates can be considered to eliminate the bootstrap effects. The jackknife variance estimator is defined as: V^j=n\u22121n\u2211i=1n(\u03b8^(\u2212i)\u2212\u0... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Homomorphism-Special homomorphisms-More precisely, if f:A\u2192B is a (homo)morphism, it has an inverse if there exists a homomorphism g:B\u2192A such that Id and Id A." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Associative algebra-Definition-As a monoid object in the category of modules The definition is equivalent to saying that a unital associative R-algebra is a monoid object in R-Mod (the monoidal category of R-modules). By definition, a ring is a monoid object in the category of abelian groups; thus, the notion of an as... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Competitive regret-Competitive regret to the oracle with full power-Consider estimating a discrete probability distribution p on a discrete set X based on data X , the regret of an estimator q is defined as max p\u2208Prn(q,p).\nwhere P is the set of all possible probability distribution, and rn(q,p)=E(D(p||q(X))... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conditional entropy-Motivation-Note that H(Y|X) is the result of averaging H(Y|X=x) over all possible values x that X may take. Also, if the above sum is taken over a sample y1,\u2026,yn , the expected value EX[H(y1,\u2026,yn\u2223X=x)] is known in some domains as equivocation.Given discrete random variables X ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ground truth-Geographical information systems-Geographic information systems such as GIS, GPS, and GNSS, have become so widespread that the term \"ground truth\" has taken on special meaning in that context. If the location coordinates returned by a location method such as GPS are an estimate of a location, then the \... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Internet Explorer 9-Changes from previous versions-In early 2010, similar tests gave Internet Explorer 8 an 85% passing grade, the 5% improvement being attributed to \"continued investments in improved data intelligence\". By comparison, the same research showed that Chrome 6, Firefox 3.6 and Safari 5, which all rely ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Grenade-Design-Timed fuze In a timed fuze grenade, the fuze is ignited on the release of the safety lever, or by pulling the igniter cord in the case of many stick grenades, and detonation occurs following a timed delay. Timed fuze grenades are generally preferred to hand-thrown percussion grenades because their fusin... | large_corpus_distillation |
specific equations we can conclude to a desired result. There is no additional requirement for the laser pumping despite the difference in phonon and exciton dimensionalities." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Simulated reality-In physics-Even if we are a simulated reality, there is no way to be sure the beings running the simulation are not themselves a simulation and the operators of that simulation are not a simulation.\"Recursive simulation involves a simulation or an entity in the simulation, creating another instance ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Division algorithm-Slow division methods-The basic algorithm for binary (radix 2) restoring division is: Non-performing restoring division is similar to restoring division except that the value of 2R is saved, so D does not need to be added back in for the case of R < 0." | large_corpus_distillation |
average, as division by zero does not give a result." | large_corpus_distillation |
ISSN 1094-3420. S2CID 2447843.\nVuduc, Richard Wilson (2003). Automatic Performance Tuning of Sparse Matrix Kernels (Thesis). University of California, Berkeley.\nDemmel, J.; Dongarra, J.; Eijkhout, V.; Fuentes, E.; Petitet, A.; Vuduc, R.; Whaley, R. C.; Yelick, K. (February 2005). \"Self-Adapting Linear Algebra Algori... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Digital root-Programming example-The example below implements the digit sum described in the definition above to search for digital roots and additive persistences in Python." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Primecoin-History-Primecoin was launched in 2013 by Sunny King, who also founded Peercoin.Unlike other cryptocurrencies, which are mined using algorithms that solved mathematical problems with no extrinsic value, mining Primecoin involves producing chains of prime numbers (Cunningham and bi-twin chains). These are use... | large_corpus_distillation |
=\u2211n X X i y\u2208{0,1,\u2026,n} {Y =y}\nNote that i=1 i, where i is the outcome of trial , as in the previous result. For , the event\ny n y\noccurs if and only if exactly of the trials result in success (1). The number of ways to choose the trials that result in success is\n(n) y n\u2212y py(1\u2212p)n\u2212y\ny ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gbcast-Bi-simulation equivalence to Paxos-Basic Paxos can propose a multicast to just a quorum of group members, hence a typical member may have gaps in its command list. This is why, in Paxos, a learner must read a quorum of members and merge their command lists. In our modified protocol, any multicast is proposed to... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Finite field-Existence and uniqueness-Let q = pn be a prime power, and F be the splitting field of the polynomial over the prime field GF(p). This means that F is a finite field of lowest order, in which P has q distinct roots (the formal derivative of P is P\u2032 = \u22121, implying that gcd(P, P\u2032) = 1, which ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Parallel processing (psychology)-Limitations-There are processing limits to the brain in the execution of complex tasks like object recognition. All parts of the brain cannot process at full capacity in a parallel method. Attention controls the allocation of resources to the tasks. To work efficiently, attention must ... | large_corpus_distillation |
(T10 encryption standard) Database Encryption Key (DEK) FIPS Version: OpenSSL FIPS 2.0.5 Secure TLS protocol for its SSL control connection (over NDMP) between the Backup Exec Server and the Agent on a remote computer Management and Reporting: Centralized administration: Provides a single console for managing the entir... | large_corpus_distillation |
view each G(x) in terms of a single group, and this choice can be arbitrary. In the example from topology, one would have to make a coherent choice of paths (or equivalence classes of paths) from each point p to each point q in the same path-connected component." | large_corpus_distillation |
"K\u0151nig's theorem (graph theory)-Setting-A vertex cover in a graph is a set of vertices that includes at least one endpoint of every edge, and a vertex cover is minimum if no other vertex cover has fewer vertices. A matching in a graph is a set of edges no two of which share an endpoint, and a matching is maximum i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"PL (complexity)-Probabilistic logspace without a time limit-If bounded error is allowed, a complete promise or approximation problem is estimating stationary distribution for an ergodic Markov chain. The complexity class is not known to equal PL, and an attempt to simulate PL through blackbox probability amplification... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stochastic programming-Applications and Examples-This is a multistage stochastic programming problem, where stages are numbered from t=0 to t=T\u22121 . Optimization is performed over all implementable and feasible policies. To complete the problem description one also needs to define the probability distribution of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hazy Sighted Link State Routing Protocol-Why a link-state protocol?-Minimizing proactive updates is the tricky part. The scheme is adapted from two limited link-state routing algorithms. One, \"Near-Sighted Link-State Routing\" is limited in space, in the number of node-hops that routing information may be transmitted... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptographic accelerator-Cryptographic accelerator-In computing, a cryptographic accelerator is a co-processor designed specifically to perform computationally intensive cryptographic operations, doing so far more efficiently than the general-purpose CPU. Because many servers' system loads consist mostly of cryptogra... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Aluminium-26-History-To establish the presence of 26Al in very ancient materials requires demonstrating that samples must contain clear excesses of 26Mg /24Mg which correlates with the ratio of 27Al/24Mg. The stable 27Al is then a surrogate for extinct 26Al. The different 27Al/24Mg ratios are coupled to different chem... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Failure rate-Decreasing failure rate-Example Suppose it is desired to estimate the failure rate of a certain component. A test can be performed to estimate its failure rate. Ten identical components are each tested until they either fail or reach 1000 hours, at which time the test is terminated for that component. (Th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Modular decomposition-Modular quotients and factors-When G[X] is a factor of a modular quotient G/P , it is possible that G[X] can be recursively decomposed into factors and quotients. Each level of the recursion gives rise to a quotient. As a base case, the graph has only one vertex. Collectively, G can be recons... | large_corpus_distillation |
"List comprehension-Overview-In this annotated version of the example: output expression variable input set predicate } x is the variable representing members of an input set.\nN represents the input set, which in this example is the set of natural numbers x2>3 is a predicate expression acting as a filter on members of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kemeny\u2013Young method-Kemeny\u2013Young method-The Kemeny\u2013Young method is an electoral system that uses preferential ballots and pairwise comparison counts to identify the most popular choices in an election. It is a Condorcet method because if there is a Condorcet winner, it will always be ranked as the most ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"2-satisfiability-2-satisfiability-Instances of the 2-satisfiability problem are typically expressed as Boolean formulas of a special type, called conjunctive normal form (2-CNF) or Krom formulas. Alternatively, they may be expressed as a special type of directed graph, the implication graph, which expresses the variab... | large_corpus_distillation |
"CMA-ES-Theoretical foundations-Invariance under order-preserving transformations of the objective function value f , in that for any h:Rn\u2192R the behavior is identical on f:x\u21a6g(h(x)) for all strictly increasing g:R\u2192R . This invariance is easy to verify, because only the f -ranking is used in the algo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Discrete valuation ring-Examples-Scheme-theoretic Henselian trait For a DVR R it is common to write the fraction field as Frac (R) and \u03ba=R/m the residue field. These correspond to the generic and closed points of Spec (R).\nFor example, the closed point of Spec (Zp) is Fp and the generic point is Qp . Some... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Readability-Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach-Semantic Richness : \u2211i=1npi\u22c5i Semantic Clarity : 1n\u22c5\u2211i=1nmax(p)\u2212pi Semantic Noise : n\u22c5\u2211i=1n(pi\u2212p\u00af)4(\u2211i=1n(pi\u2212p\u00af)2)2 where the count of discovered topics (n) and topic probability (p) Lexico-Semantic The typ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distributed Data Management Architecture-Inside DDM-The Server Resource Manager (SRM) parses DDM messages and determines what it must do to perform the request. It may use one or more of the functional interfaces of the server system's corresponding Local Resource Manager (LRM).\nThe SRM accumulates the data and statu... | large_corpus_distillation |
operations costs. Additionally, switching costs to competitors play a role because customers may fear that the vendor may discontinue the product or go out of business. These authors suggest that the price of software should be based on its consumer surplus. Pricing strategies can be used to gain the most revenue such ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing-Encoding examples-These examples show how various data sequences would be encoded by the COBS algorithm. In the examples, all bytes are expressed as hexadecimal values, and encoded data is shown with text formatting to illustrate various features: Bold indicates a data byte which has ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software construction-Practical considerations-Code documentation Code tuning Construction testing The purpose of construction testing is to reduce the gap between the time at which faults are inserted into the code and the time those faults are detected. In some cases, construction testing is performed after code has... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Autoencoder-Mathematical principles-Usually, both the encoder and the decoder are defined as multilayer perceptrons. For example, a one-layer-MLP encoder E\u03d5 is: E\u03d5(x)=\u03c3(Wx+b) where \u03c3 is an element-wise activation function such as a sigmoid function or a rectified linear unit, W is a matrix calle... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hopcroft\u2013Karp algorithm-Comparison with other bipartite matching algorithms-For sparse graphs, the Hopcroft\u2013Karp algorithm continues to have the best known worst-case performance, but for dense graphs ( |E|=\u03a9(|V|2) ) a more recent algorithm by Alt et al. (1991) achieves a slightly better time bound, 1.... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Metric tree-Multidimensional search-Most algorithms and data structures for searching a dataset are based on the classical binary search algorithm, and generalizations such as the k-d tree or range tree work by interleaving the binary search algorithm over the separate coordinates and treating each spatial coordinate ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Finnish verb conjugation-Overview of main verb types-The following table shows the basic changes and marks for conjugating each of the types of Finnish verbs: " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Normal distribution-Computational methods-The ziggurat algorithm is faster than the Box\u2013Muller transform and still exact. In about 97% of all cases it uses only two random numbers, one random integer and one random uniform, one multiplication and an if-test. Only in 3% of the cases, where the combination of those... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Formal grammar-Introductory example-A grammar mainly consists of a set of production rules, rewriting rules for transforming strings. Each rule specifies a replacement of a particular string (its left-hand side) with another (its right-hand side). A rule can be applied to each string that contains its left-hand side a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Integer square root-Algorithm using Newton's method-When a fast computation for the integer part of the binary logarithm or for the bit-length is available (like e.g. std::bit_width in C++20), one should better start at which is the least power of two bigger than n . In the example of the integer square root of 2000... | large_corpus_distillation |
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