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Pakistan	modern pakistan part british indian empire remained independence .under british modern pakistan mostly divided sind division punjab province baluchistan agency.various princely states largest bahawalpur.a rebellion called sepoy mutiny bengal regions major armed struggle british.divergence relationship hinduism islam created major rift british india led motivated religious violence british india.language controversy escalated tensions hindus muslims.hindu renaissance witnessed awakening intellectualism traditional hinduism saw emergence assertive influence social political spheres british india.
Pakistan	muslim intellectual movement founded sir syed ahmed khan counter hindu renaissance envisioned well advocated twonation theory led creation allindia muslim league .contrast indian national congresss antibritish efforts muslim league probritish movement whose political program inherited british values would shape pakistans future civil society.largely nonviolent independence struggle led indian congress engaged millions protesters mass campaigns civil disobedience british empire.the muslim league slowly rose mass popularity amid fears underrepresentation neglect british indian muslims politics.presidential address december allama iqbal called amalgamation northwest muslimmajority indian states consisting punjab northwest frontier province sind baluchistan.perceived neglect muslim interests congress led british provincial governments period – convinced muhammad ali jinnah founder pakistan espouse twonation theory led muslim league adopt lahore resolution presented sherebangla a.k.
Pakistan	fazlul haque popularly known pakistan resolution.world war ii jinnah britisheducated founding fathers muslim league supported united kingdoms war efforts countering opposition whilst working towards sir syeds vision.pakistan movement elections resulted muslim league winning percent seats reserved muslims.thus election effectively plebiscite indian muslims vote creation pakistan plebiscite muslim league.victory assisted support given muslim league support landowners sindh punjab.
Pakistan	indian national congress initially denied muslim leagues claim sole representative indian muslims forced recognise fact.british alternative except take jinnahs views account emerged sole spokesperson entirety british indias muslims.however british want colonial india partitioned one last effort prevent devised cabinet mission plan.as cabinet mission failed british government announced intention end british rule –.nationalists british india—including jawaharlal nehru abul kalam azad congress jinnah allindia muslim league master tara singh representing sikhs—agreed proposed terms transfer power independence june viceroy india lord mountbatten burma.united kingdom agreed partitioning india modern state pakistan established august th ramadan islamic calendar amalgamating muslimmajority eastern northwestern regions british india.
Pakistan	comprised provinces balochistan east bengal northwest frontier province west punjab sindh.in riots accompanied partition punjab province believed people killed described retributive genocide religions muslim women abducted raped hindu sikh men hindu sikh women also experienced fate hands muslims.around .million muslims moved india west pakistan .million hindus sikhs moved west pakistan india.largest mass migration human history.
Pakistan	subsequent dispute princely state jammu kashmir eventually sparked indopakistani war –.independence modern pakistan independence jinnah president muslim league became nations first governorgeneral well first presidentspeaker parliament died tuberculosis september .meanwhile pakistans founding fathers agreed appoint liaquat ali khan secretarygeneral party nations first prime minister.pakistan monarchy within commonwealth nations two monarchs became republic.the creation pakistan never fully accepted many british leaders among lord mountbatten.mountbatten clearly expressed lack support faith muslim leagues idea pakistan.
Pakistan	jinnah refused mountbattens offer serve governorgeneral pakistan.mountbatten asked collins lapierre would sabotaged pakistan known jinnah dying tuberculosis replied probably.maulana shabbir ahmad usmani respected deobandi alim scholar occupied position shaykh alislam pakistan maulana mawdudi jamaatiislami played pivotal role demand islamic constitution.mawdudi demanded constituent assembly make explicit declaration affirming supreme sovereignty god supremacy shariah pakistan.a significant result efforts jamaatiislami ulama passage objectives resolution march .objectives resolution liaquat ali khan called second important step pakistans history declared sovereignty entire universe belongs god almighty alone authority delegated state pakistan people exercised within limits prescribed sacred trust.objectives resolution incorporated preamble constitutions .democracy stalled martial law enforced president iskander mirza replaced army chief general ayub khan.
Pakistan	adopting presidential system country experienced exceptional growth second war india led economic downturn widescale public disapproval .consolidating control ayub khan president yahya khan deal devastating cyclone caused deaths east pakistan.in pakistan held first democratic elections since independence meant mark transition military rule democracy east pakistani awami league pakistan peoples party ppp yahya khan military establishment refused hand power.operation searchlight military crackdown bengali nationalist movement led declaration independence waging war liberation bengali mukti bahini forces east pakistan west pakistan described civil war opposed war liberation.independent researchers estimate civilians died period bangladesh government puts number dead three million figure nearly universally regarded excessively inflated.academics rudolph rummel rounaq jahan say sides committed genocide others richard sisson leo e. rose believe genocide.response indias support insurgency east pakistan preemptive strikes india pakistans air force navy marines sparked conventional war resulted indian victory east pakistan gaining independence bangladesh.with pakistan surrendering war yahya khan replaced zulfikar ali bhutto president country worked towards promulgating constitution putting country road democracy.
Pakistan	democratic rule resumed —an era selfconsciousness intellectual leftism nationalism nationwide reconstruction.pakistan embarked ambitious plan develop nuclear deterrence capability goal preventing foreign invasion countrys first nuclear power plant inaugurated year.accelerated response indias first nuclear test crash program completed .democracy ended military coup leftist ppp saw general ziaulhaq become president .president zias corporatisation economic islamisation initiatives led pakistan becoming one fastestgrowing economies south asia.building countrys nuclear program increasing islamisation rise homegrown conservative philosophy pakistan helped subsidise distribute us resources factions mujahideen ussrs intervention communist afghanistan.
Pakistan	pakistans northwest frontier province became base antisoviet afghan fighters provinces influential deobandi ulama playing significant role encouraging organising jihad.president zia died plane crash benazir bhutto daughter zulfikar ali bhutto elected countrys first female prime minister.ppp followed conservative pakistan muslim league n next decade leaders two parties fought power alternating office countrys situation worsened economic indicators fell sharply contrast s. period marked prolonged stagflation instability corruption nationalism geopolitical rivalry india clash left wingright wing ideologies.pml n secured supermajority elections sharif authorised nuclear testings seechagaii chagaiii retaliation second nuclear tests ordered india led prime minister atal bihari vajpayee may .military tension two countries kargil district led kargil war turmoil civicmilitary relations allowed general pervez musharraf take bloodless coup détat.musharraf governed pakistan chief executive president —a period enlightenment social liberalism extensive economic reforms direct involvement usled war terrorism.national assembly historically completed first full fiveyear term november new elections called election commission.after assassination benazir bhutto ppp secured votes elections appointing party member yousaf raza gillani prime minister.
Pakistan	threatened impeachment president musharraf resigned august succeeded asif ali zardari.clashes judicature prompted gillanis disqualification parliament prime minister june .financial calculations pakistans involvement war terrorism cost billion sixty thousand casualties .million displaced civilians.general election held saw pml n almost achieve supermajority following nawaz sharif elected prime minister returning post third time fourteen years democratic transition.
Pakistan	imran khan chairman pti pakistan general election general seats became nd prime minister pakistan election national assembly pakistan prime minister getting votes shehbaz sharif chairman pml n got votes.role islam pakistan country created name islam.idea pakistan received overwhelming popular support among indian muslims especially provinces british india muslims minority united provinces articulated terms islamic state muslim league leadership ulama islamic clergy jinnah.jinnah developed close association ulama upon death described one alim maulana shabbir ahmad usmani greatest muslim aurangzeb someone desired unite muslims world banner islam.the objectives resolution march declared god sole sovereign entire universe represented first formal step transform pakistan islamic state.muslim league leader chaudhry khaliquzzaman asserted pakistan could truly become islamic state bringing believers islam single political unit.
Pakistan	keith callard one earliest scholars pakistani politics observed pakistanis believed essential unity purpose outlook muslim world assumed muslim countries would share views relationship religion nationality.however pakistans panislamist sentiments united islamic bloc called islamistan shared muslim governments although islamists grand mufti palestine alhaj amin alhusseini leaders muslim brotherhood became drawn country.pakistans desire international organization muslim countries fulfilled organization islamic conference oic formed.the strongest opposition islamist ideological paradigm imposed state came bengali muslims east pakistan whose educated class according survey social scientist nasim ahmad jawed preferred secularism focused ethnic identity unlike educated west pakistanis tended prefer islamic identity.islamist party jamaateislami considered pakistan islamic state believed bengali nationalism unacceptable.conflict east pakistan jamaateislami fought bengali nationalists pakistan armys side.after pakistans first ever general elections constitution created elected parliament.constitution declared pakistan islamic republic islam state religion.
Pakistan	also stated laws would brought accordance injunctions islam laid quran sunnah law repugnant injunctions could enacted.constitution also created certain institutions shariat court council islamic ideology channel interpretation application islam.pakistans leftist prime minister zulfikar ali bhutto faced vigorous opposition coalesced movement united revivalist banner nizamemustafa rule prophet aimed establish islamic state based sharia laws.bhutto agreed islamist demands overthrown coup.in taking power bhutto coup détat general ziaulhaq came religious background committed establishing islamic state enforcing sharia law.zia established separate shariat judicial courts court benches judge legal cases using islamic doctrine.zia bolstered influence ulama islamic clergy islamic parties.
Pakistan	ziaulhaq forged strong alliance military deobandi institutions even though barelvi ulama deobandi scholars supported pakistans creation islamic state politics came mostly favour deobandi later ahlehadithsalafi institutions instead barelvi.sectarian tensions increased zias antishia policies.according pew research center pew opinion poll majority pakistanis support making sharia official law land.survey several muslim countries pew also found pakistanis tend identify religion nationality contrast muslims nations egypt indonesia jordan.geography environment climate geography climate pakistan extremely diverse country home wide variety wildlife.pakistan covers area km sq mi approximately equal combined land areas france united kingdom.
Pakistan	rdlargest nation total area although ranking varies depending disputed territory kashmir counted.pakistan km mi coastline along arabian sea gulf oman south land borders km mi total km mi afghanistan km mi china km mi india km mi iran.shares marine border oman separated tajikistan cold narrow wakhan corridor.pakistan occupies geopolitically important location crossroads south asia middle east central asia.geologically pakistan located indus–tsangpo suture zone overlaps indian tectonic plate sindh punjab provinces balochistan khyber pakhtunkhwa within eurasian plate mainly iranian plateau.gilgitbaltistan azad kashmir lie along edge indian plate hence prone violent earthquakes.
Pakistan	region highest rates seismicity largest earthquakes himalaya region.ranging coastal areas south glaciated mountains north pakistans landscapes vary plains deserts forests hills plateaus.pakistan divided three major geographic areas northern highlands indus river plain balochistan plateau.northern highlands contain karakoram hindu kush pamir mountain ranges see mountains pakistan contain worlds highest peaks including five fourteen eightthousanders mountain peaks metres feet attract adventurers mountaineers world notably k ft nanga parbat ft. balochistan plateau lies west thar desert east.km mi indus river tributaries flow country kashmir region arabian sea.expanse alluvial plains along punjab sindh.the climate varies tropical temperate arid conditions coastal south.
Pakistan	monsoon season frequent flooding due heavy rainfall dry season significantly less rainfall none all.four distinct seasons pakistan cool dry winter december february hot dry spring march may summer rainy season southwest monsoon period june september retreating monsoon period october november.rainfall varies greatly year year patterns alternate flooding drought common.flora fauna diversity landscape climate pakistan allows wide variety trees plants flourish.forests range coniferous alpine subalpine trees spruce pine deodar cedar extreme northern mountains deciduous trees country example mulberrylike shisham found sulaiman mountains palms coconut date southern punjab southern balochistan sindh.
Pakistan	western hills home juniper tamarisk coarse grasses scrub plants.mangrove forests form much coastal wetlands along coast south.coniferous forests found altitudes ranging metres feet northern northwestern highlands.xeric regions balochistan date palm ephedra common.punjab sindh indus plains support tropical subtropical dry moist broadleaf forest well tropical xeric shrublands.forests mostly mulberry acacia eucalyptus.
Pakistan	.hectares km pakistan forested .the fauna pakistan also reflects countrys varied climate.around bird species found including crows sparrows mynas hawks falcons eagles.palas kohistan significant population western tragopan.many birds sighted pakistan migratory coming europe central asia india.the southern plains home mongooses small indian civet hares asiatic jackal indian pangolin jungle cat desert cat.
Pakistan	mugger crocodiles indus wild boar deer porcupines small rodents surrounding areas.sandy scrublands central pakistan home asiatic jackals striped hyenas wildcats leopards.lack vegetative cover severe climate impact grazing deserts left wild animals precarious position.chinkara animal still found significant numbers cholistan.small number nilgai found along pakistan–india border parts cholistan.
Pakistan	wide variety animals live mountainous north including marco polo sheep urial subspecies wild sheep markhor goat ibex goat asian black bear himalayan brown bear.among rare animals found area snow leopard blind indus river dolphin believed remaining protected indus river dolphin reserve sindh.total mammals reptiles amphibians freshwater fish species species invertebrates including insects recorded pakistan.the flora fauna pakistan suffer number problems.pakistan secondhighest rate deforestation world along hunting pollution adverse effects ecosystem.forest landscape integrity index mean score .
Pakistan	ranking st globally countries.government established large number protected areas wildlife sanctuaries game reserves address issues.government politics pakistans political experience essentially related struggle indian muslims regain power lost british colonisation.pakistan democratic parliamentary federal republic islam state religion.first constitution adopted suspended ayub khan replaced second constitution .
Pakistan	complete comprehensive constitution adopted suspended ziaulhaq reinstated .constitution countrys important document laying foundations current government.pakistani military establishment played influential role mainstream politics throughout pakistans political history.periods – – – saw military coups resulted imposition martial law military commanders governed de facto presidents.today pakistan multiparty parliamentary system clear division powers checks balances among branches government.
Pakistan	first successful democratic transition occurred may .politics pakistan centred dominated homegrown social philosophy comprising blend ideas socialism conservatism third way.general elections held three main political parties country centreright conservative pakistan muslim leaguen centreleft socialist ppp centrist thirdway pakistan movement justice pti.head state president elected electoral college ceremonial head state civilian commanderinchief pakistan armed forces chairman joint chiefs staff committee principal military adviser military appointments key confirmations armed forces made prime minister reviewing reports candidates merit performance.almost appointed officers judicature military chairman joint chiefs joint staff legislature require executive confirmation prime minister president must consult law.however powers pardon grant clemency lie president pakistan.legislative bicameral legislature comprises member senate upper house member national assembly lower house.
Pakistan	members national assembly elected firstpastthepost system universal adult suffrage representing electoral districts known national assembly constituencies.according constitution seats reserved women religious minorities allocated political parties according proportional representation.senate members elected provincial legislators provinces equal representation.executive prime minister usually leader majority rule party coalition national assembly— lower house.prime minister serves head government designated exercise countrys chief executive.prime minister responsible appointing cabinet consisting ministers advisers well running government operations taking authorising executive decisions appointments recommendations senior civil servants require executive confirmation prime minister.provincial governments four provinces similar system government directly elected provincial assembly leader largest party coalition elected chief minister.
Pakistan	chief ministers oversee provincial governments head provincial cabinet.common pakistan different ruling parties coalitions provinces.provincial bureaucracy headed chief secretary appointed prime minister.provincial assemblies power make laws approve provincial budget commonly presented provincial finance minister every fiscal year.provincial governors ceremonial heads provinces appointed president.judicature judiciary pakistan hierarchical system two classes courts superior higher judiciary subordinate lower judiciary.
Pakistan	chief justice pakistan chief judge oversees judicatures court system levels command.superior judiciary composed supreme court pakistan federal shariat court five high courts supreme court apex.constitution pakistan entrusts superior judiciary obligation preserve protect defend constitution.regions azad kashmir gilgitbaltistan separate court systems.foreign relations since independence pakistan attempted balance relations foreign nations.
Pakistan	pakistan strong ally china countries placing considerable importance maintenance extremely close supportive special relationship.also major nonnato ally united states ever since war terrorism – status achieved .pakistans foreign policy geostrategy mainly focus economy security threats national identity territorial integrity cultivation close relations muslim countries.the kashmir conflict remains major point contention pakistan india three four wars fought territory.due partly difficulties relations geopolitical rival india pakistan maintains close political relations turkey iran countries focal point pakistans foreign policy.saudi arabia also maintains respected position pakistans foreign policy.a nonsignatory party treaty nuclear nonproliferation pakistan influential member iaea.
Pakistan	recent events pakistan blocked international treaty limit fissile material arguing treaty would target pakistan specifically.th century pakistans nuclear deterrence program focused countering indias nuclear ambitions region nuclear tests india eventually led pakistan reciprocate maintain geopolitical balance becoming nuclear power.currently pakistan maintains policy credible minimum deterrence calling program vital nuclear deterrence foreign aggression.located strategic geopolitical corridor worlds major maritime oil supply lines communication fibre optics pakistan proximity natural resources central asian countries.briefing countrys foreign policy pakistani senator reportedly explained pakistan highlights sovereign equality states bilateralism mutuality interests noninterference others domestic affairs cardinal features foreign policy.pakistan active member united nations permanent representative represent pakistans positions international politics.
Pakistan	pakistan lobbied concept enlightened moderation muslim world.pakistan also member commonwealth nations south asian association regional cooperation saarc economic cooperation organization eco g developing nations.due ideological differences pakistan opposed soviet union s. soviet–afghan war pakistan one closest allies united states.relations pakistan russia greatly improved since cooperation various sectors increased.pakistan onandoff relationship united states.close ally united states cold war pakistans relationship us soured latter imposed sanctions pakistans secretive nuclear development.
Pakistan	since pakistan close ally us issue counterterrorism regions middle east south asia us supporting pakistan aid money weapons.initially usled war terrorism led improvement relationship strained divergence interests resulting mistrust war afghanistan issues related terrorism.pakistani intelligence agency isi accused supporting taliban insurgents afghanistan.pakistan diplomatic relations israel nonetheless israeli citizens visited country tourist visas.however exchange took place two countries using turkey communication conduit.despite pakistan country world established diplomatic relations armenia armenian community still resides pakistan.
Pakistan	pakistan warm relations bangladesh despite initial strains relationship.relations china pakistan one first countries establish formal diplomatic relations peoples republic china relationship continues strong since chinas war india forming special relationship.pakistan greatly helped china reaching worlds major countries helped facilitate us president richard nixons state visit china.despite change governments pakistan fluctuations regional global situation chinas policy pakistan continues dominant factor times.return china pakistans largest trading partner economic cooperation flourished substantial chinese investment pakistans infrastructural expansion pakistani deepwater port gwadar.
Pakistan	friendly sinopakistani relations reached new heights countries signed agreements memorandums understanding mous cooperation different areas.countries signed free trade agreement pakistan continues serve chinas communication bridge muslim world.china announced set antiterrorism alliance pakistan afghanistan tajikistan.december pakistans government defended chinas reeducation camps million uyghur muslims.emphasis relations muslim world independence pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations muslim countries made active bid leadership muslim world least leadership efforts achieve unity.
Pakistan	ali brothers sought project pakistan natural leader islamic world part due large manpower military strength.topranking muslim league leader khaliquzzaman declared pakistan would bring together muslim countries islamistan – panislamic entity.such developments along pakistans creation get american approval british prime minister clement attlee voiced international opinion time stating wished india pakistan would reunite.since arab world undergoing nationalist awakening time little attraction pakistans panislamic aspirations.arab countries saw islamistan project pakistani attempt dominate muslim states.pakistan vigorously championed right selfdetermination muslims around world.pakistans efforts independence movements indonesia algeria tunisia morocco eritrea significant initially led close ties countries pakistan.
Pakistan	however pakistan also masterminded attack afghan city jalalabad afghan civil war establish islamic government there.pakistan wished foment islamic revolution would transcend national borders covering pakistan afghanistan central asia.on hand pakistans relations iran strained times due sectarian tensions.iran saudi arabia used pakistan battleground proxy sectarian war pakistans support sunni taliban organisation afghanistan became problem shia iran opposed talibancontrolled afghanistan.tensions iran pakistan intensified iran accused pakistan war crimes pakistani warplanes bombarded afghanistans last shia stronghold support taliban.pakistan influential founding member organisation islamic cooperation oic.maintaining cultural political social economic relations arab world countries muslim world vital factor pakistans foreign policy.
Pakistan	administrative divisions federal parliamentary republic state pakistan federation comprises four provinces punjab khyber pakhtunkhwa sindh balochistan three territories islamabad capital territory gilgitbaltistan azad kashmir.government pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction frontier regions western parts kashmir regions organised separate political entities azad kashmir gilgitbaltistan formerly northern areas.constitutional assignment gilgit–baltistan empowerment selfgovernance order awarded gilgitbaltistan semiprovincial status giving selfgovernment.the local government system consists threetier system districts tehsils union councils elected body tier.districts altogether azad kashmir ten gilgitbaltistan seven.law enforcement carried joint network intelligence community jurisdiction limited relevant province territory.national intelligence directorate coordinates information intelligence federal provincial levels including fia ib motorway police paramilitary forces pakistan rangers frontier corps.pakistans premier intelligence agency interservices intelligence isi formed within year independence pakistan .
Pakistan	abc news point reported isi ranked top intelligence agency world zee news reported isi ranking fifth among worlds powerful intelligence agencies.the court system organised hierarchy supreme court apex high courts federal shariat courts one province one federal capital district courts one district judicial magistrate courts every town city executive magistrate courts civil courts.penal code limited jurisdiction tribal areas law largely derived tribal customs.kashmir conflict kashmir himalayan region situated northernmost point indian subcontinent governed autonomous princely state known jammu kashmir british raj prior partition india august .following independence india pakistan postpartition region became subject major territorial dispute hindered bilateral relations.two states engaged two largescale wars region – .
Pakistan	india pakistan also fought smallerscale protracted conflicts region .approximately .kashmir region controlled india administratively split jammu kashmir ladakh also claims entire territory former princely state jammu kashmir control.indias control jammu kashmir ladakh well claim rest region likewise contested pakistan controls approximately .region administratively split azad jammu kashmir gilgit−baltistan claims territory indian control.
Pakistan	additionally approximately region controlled china known aksai chin shaksgam valley since sinoindian war sinopakistani agreement .chinesecontrolled areas kashmir remain subject indian territorial claim claimed pakistan.india claims entire kashmir region basis instrument accession—a legal agreement princely state jammu kashmir executed hari singh maharaja state agreed cede entire area newlyindependent india.pakistan claims kashmir basis muslimmajority population geography principles applied creation two independent states.india referred dispute united nations january .resolution passed uns general assembly asked pakistan remove military troops set conditions holding plebiscite.
Pakistan	however pakistan failed vacate region ceasefire reached establishing ceasefire line known line control loc divided kashmir two states de facto border.india fearful muslimmajority populace kashmir would vote secede india allow plebiscite take place region.confirmed statement indias defense minister krishna menon stated kashmir would vote join pakistan indian government responsible agreeing plebiscite would survive.pakistan claims position right kashmiri people determine future impartial elections mandated united nations india stated kashmir integral part india referring simla agreement fact regional elections take place regularly.recent developments certain kashmiri independence groups believe kashmir independent india pakistan.law enforcement law enforcement pakistan carried joint network several federal provincial police agencies.
Pakistan	four provinces islamabad capital territory ict civilian police force jurisdiction extending relevant province territory.federal level number civilian intelligence agencies nationwide jurisdictions including federal investigation agency fia intelligence bureau ib well several paramilitary forces national guards northern areas rangers punjab sindh frontier corps khyber pakhtunkhwa balochistan.the senior officers civilian police forces also form part police service component civil service pakistan.namely four provincial police service including punjab police sindh police khyberpakhtunkhwa police balochistan police headed appointed senior inspectorgenerals.ict police component capital police maintain law order capital.cid bureaus crime investigation unit form vital part provincial police service.the law enforcement pakistan also motorway patrol responsible enforcement traffic safety laws security recovery pakistans interprovincial motorway network.
Pakistan	provincial police service also maintains respective elite police units led nacta—a counterterrorism police unit well providing vip escorts.punjab sindh pakistan rangers internal security force prime objective provide maintain security war zones areas conflict well maintaining law order includes providing assistance police.frontier corps serves similar purpose khyberpakhtunkhwa balochistan.human rights male homosexuality illegal pakistan punishable life prison.press freedom index reporters without borders ranked pakistan number countries based freedom press.
Pakistan	television stations newspapers routinely shut publishing reports critical government military.military armed forces pakistan sixth largest world terms numbers fulltime service personnel active duty paramilitary personnel tentative estimates .came existence independence military establishment frequently influenced national politics ever since.chain command military kept control joint chiefs staff committee branches joint works coordination military logistics joint missions joint staff hq.joint staff hq composed air hq navy hq army ghq vicinity rawalpindi military district.the chairman joint chiefs staff committee highest principle staff officer armed forces chief military adviser civilian government though chairman authority three branches armed forces.
Pakistan	chairman joint chiefs controls military js hq maintains strategic communications military civilian government.cjcsc general nadeem raza alongside chief army staff general qamar javed bajwa chief naval staff admiral muhammad amjad khan niazi chief air staff air chief marshal zaheer ahmad babar.main branches army air force navy supported large number paramilitary forces country.control strategic arsenals deployment employment development military computers command control responsibility vested national command authority oversaw work nuclear policy part credible minimum deterrence.the united states turkey china maintain close military relations regularly export military equipment technology transfer pakistan.joint logistics major war games occasionally carried militaries china turkey.
Pakistan	philosophical basis military draft introduced constitution times emergency never imposed.military history since pakistan involved four conventional wars.first occurred kashmir pakistan gaining control western kashmir azad kashmir gilgitbaltistan india retaining eastern kashmir jammu kashmir ladakh.territorial problems eventually led another conventional war .issue bengali refugees led another war resulted pakistans unconditional surrender east pakistan.
Pakistan	tensions kargil brought two countries brink war.since unresolved territorial problems afghanistan saw border skirmishes kept mostly mountainous border.military intelligence community repelled afghan incursion bajaur agency near durand line border.rising tensions neighbouring ussr involvement afghanistan pakistani intelligence community mostly isi systematically coordinated us resources afghan mujahideen foreign fighters soviet unions presence region.military reports indicated paf engagement soviet air force supported afghan air force course conflict one belonged alexander rutskoy.apart conflicts pakistan active participant united nations peacekeeping missions.
Pakistan	played major role rescuing trapped american soldiers mogadishu somalia operation gothic serpent.according un reports pakistani military third largest troop contributor un peacekeeping missions ethiopia india.pakistan deployed military arab countries providing defence training playing advisory roles.paf navys fighter pilots voluntarily served arab nations militaries israel sixday war yom kippur war .pakistans fighter pilots shot ten israeli planes sixday war.war one paf pilots flt.
Pakistan	lt. sattar alvi flying mig shot israeli air force mirage honoured syrian government.requested saudi monarchy pakistans special forces units operatives commandos rushed assist saudi forces mecca lead operation grand mosque.almost two weeks saudi special forces pakistani commandos fought insurgents occupied grand mosques compound.pakistan became involved gulf war sent troops part usled coalition specifically defence saudi arabia.despite un arms embargo bosnia general javed nasir isi airlifted antitank weapons missiles bosnian mujahideen turned tide favour bosnian muslims forced serbs lift siege.nasirs leadership isi also involved supporting chinese muslims xinjiang province rebel muslim groups philippines religious groups central asia.since military engaged insurgency khyber pakhtunkhwa province mainly tehrikitaliban factions.
Pakistan	major operations undertaken army include operation black thunderstorm operation rahenijat operation zarbeazb.according sipri pakistan thlargest recipient importer arms –.economy economy pakistan rdlargest world terms purchasing power parity ppp ndlargest terms nominal gross domestic product.economists estimate pakistan part wealthiest region world throughout first millennium ce largest economy gdp.advantage lost th century regions china western europe edged forward.pakistan considered developing country one next eleven group eleven countries along brics high potential become worlds largest economies st century.in recent years decades social instability serious deficiencies macromanagement unbalanced macroeconomics basic services rail transportation electrical energy generation developed.
Pakistan	economy considered semiindustrialized centres growth along indus river.diversified economies karachi punjabs urban centres coexist lessdeveloped areas parts country particularly balochistan.according economic complexity index pakistan thlargest export economy world th complex economy.fiscal year – pakistans exports stood us.billion imports us.
Pakistan	billion resulting negative trade balance us.billion.as pakistans estimated nominal gdp us.billion.gdp ppp us.trillion.
Pakistan	estimated nominal per capita gdp us gdp pppcapita us international dollars according world bank pakistan important strategic endowments development potential.increasing proportion pakistans youth provides country potential demographic dividend challenge provide adequate services employment..population live international poverty line us.day.
Pakistan	unemployment rate among aged population .. pakistan estimated million middle class citizens projected increase million .report published world bank ranked pakistans economy thlargest world purchasing power stlargest absolute terms.south asias secondlargest economy representing .regional gdp.pakistans economic growth since inception varied.slow periods democratic transition robust three periods martial law although foundation sustainable equitable growth formed.
Pakistan	early middle period rapid economic reforms government raised development spending reduced poverty levels increased gdp .economy cooled .inflation reached .pakistan depend fiscal policy backed international monetary fund avoid possible bankruptcy.year later asian development bank reported pakistans economic crisis easing.
Pakistan	inflation rate fiscal year – .. since part international monetary fund program pakistans economic growth picked up.goldman sachs predicted pakistans economy would grow times next years become thlargest economy world .book rise fall nations ruchir sharma termed pakistans economy takeoff stage future outlook termed good.sharma termed possible transform pakistan lowincome middleincome country next five years.pakistan one largest producers natural commodities labour market thlargest world.million–strong pakistani diaspora contributed us.
Pakistan	billion economy –.major source countries remittances pakistan uae united states saudi arabia gulf states bahrain kuwait qatar oman australia canada japan united kingdom norway switzerland.according world trade organization pakistans share overall world exports declining contributed ..agriculture primary sector structure pakistani economy changed mainly agricultural strong service base.
Pakistan	agriculture accounts .gdp.even according united nations food agriculture organization pakistan produced metric tons wheat africa metric tons nearly much south america metric tons.majority population directly indirectly dependent sector.accounts .
Pakistan	employed labour force largest source foreign exchange earnings.a large portion countrys manufactured exports dependent raw materials cotton hides part agriculture sector supply shortages market disruptions farm products push inflationary pressures.country also fifthlargest producer cotton cotton production million bales modest beginning .million bales early selfsufficient sugarcane fourthlargest producer world milk.land water resources risen proportionately increases taken place mainly due gains labour agriculture productivity.major breakthrough crop production took place late due green revolution made significant contribution land yield increases wheat rice.
Pakistan	private tube wells led percent increase cropping intensity augmented tractor cultivation.tube wells raised crop yields percent high yielding varieties hyvs wheat rice led – percent higher yield.meat industry accounts .percent overall gdp.industry industry secondlargest sector economy accounting .
Pakistan	gross domestic product gdp percent total employment.largescale manufacturing lsm .gdp dominates overall sector accounting sectoral share followed smallscale manufacturing accounts .total gdp.pakistans cement industry also fast growing mainly demand afghanistan domestic real estate sector.
Pakistan	pakistan exported metric tons cement.pakistan installed capacity metric tons cement metric tons clinker.cement industry pakistan became profitable sector economy.the textile industry pivotal position manufacturing sector pakistan.asia pakistan eighthlargest exporter textile products contributing .gdp providing employment around million people million people workforce.
Pakistan	pakistan fourthlargest producer cotton thirdlargest spinning capacity asia china india contributing global spinning capacity.china second largest buyer pakistani textiles importing us.billion textiles last fiscal.unlike us mostly valueadded textiles imported china buys cotton yarn cotton fabric pakistan.pakistani textile products accounted .
Pakistan	us.bn uk textile imports ..bn total chinese textile imports .us textile imports million .total german textile imports million .total indian textile imports million.
Pakistan	services services sector makes .gdp emerged main driver economic growth.pakistani society like developing countries consumption oriented society high marginal propensity consume.growth rate services sector higher growth rate agriculture industrial sector.services sector accounts percent gdp little onethird total employment.
Pakistan	services sector strong linkages sectors economy provides essential inputs agriculture sector manufacturing sector.pakistans i.t sector regarded among fastest growing sectors pakistan.world economic forum assessing development information communication technology country ranked pakistan th among countries networked readiness index .as may pakistan million internet users making thlargest population internet users world.current growth rate employment trend indicate pakistans information communication technology ict industry exceed billion mark .sector employees counts among top five freelancing nations.
Pakistan	country also improved export performance telecom computer information services share exports surged .pc – .pc –.growth much better china whose share services exports pc .pc period respectively.tourism diverse cultures people landscapes pakistan attracted around .million foreign tourists represented significant decline since country received unprecedented numbers foreign tourists due popular hippie trail.trail attracted thousands europeans americans travelled via land turkey iran india pakistan.
Pakistan	main destinations choice tourists khyber pass peshawar karachi lahore swat rawalpindi.numbers following trail declined iranian revolution soviet–afghan war.pakistans tourist attractions range mangroves south himalayan hill stations northeast.countrys tourist destinations range buddhist ruins takhtibahi taxila yearold cities indus valley civilization mohenjodaro harappa.pakistan home several mountain peaks metres feet.northern part pakistan many old fortresses examples ancient architecture hunza chitral valleys home small preislamic kalasha community claiming descent alexander great.
Pakistan	pakistans cultural capital lahore contains many examples mughal architecture badshahi masjid shalimar gardens tomb jahangir lahore fort.in october one year kashmir earthquake guardian released described top five tourist sites pakistan order help countrys tourism industry.five sites included taxila lahore karakoram highway karimabad lake saiful muluk.promote pakistans unique cultural heritage government organises various festivals throughout year.world economic forums travel tourism competitiveness report ranked pakistan countries.infrastructure pakistan recognised best country infrastructure development south asia iwf world bank annual meetings .
Pakistan	nuclear power energy may nuclear power provided six licensed commercial nuclear power plants.pakistan atomic energy commission paec solely responsible operating power plants pakistan nuclear regulatory authority regulates safe usage nuclear energy.electricity generated commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly .pakistans electrical energy compared .fossil fuels crude oil natural gas .
Pakistan	hydroelectric power .coal.pakistan one four nuclear armed states along india israel north korea party nuclear nonproliferation treaty member good standing international atomic energy agency.the kanuppi candutype nuclear reactor supplied canada —the countrys first commercial nuclear power plant.sinopakistani nuclear cooperation began early s. sinopakistani nuclear cooperation agreement china provided pakistan nuclear reactor dubbed chasnuppi energy industrial growth country.countries proposed working joint energy security plan calling huge increase generation capacity mwe .
Pakistan	nuclear energy vision pakistani government plans increase nuclear power generation capacity mwe mwe .june nuclear commercial complex expanded ground work installing operationalising chashmaiii chashma–iv reactors chashma punjab province – mwe costing ₨ billion ₨ billion came international sources principally china.agreement chinas help project signed october given prominence counter us–india agreement shortly preceded it.cost quoted us.billion foreign loan component us.
Pakistan	billion.pakistan established second commercial nuclear complex karachi plans additional reactors similar one chashma.electrical energy generated various energy corporations evenly distributed national electric power regulatory authority nepra among four provinces.however karachibased kelectric water power development authority wapda generates much electrical energy used pakistan addition gathering revenue nationwide.pakistan installed electricity generation capacity mwt.
Pakistan	transport transport industry accounts .nations gdp.motorways motorways pakistan network multiplelane highspeed controlledaccess highways pakistan owned maintained operated federally pakistans national highway authority.february km motorways operational additional km construction planned.motorways pakistan prefixed letter motorway followed unique numerical designation specific highway hyphen middle e.g.
Pakistan	m.pakistans motorways important part pakistans national trade corridor project aims link pakistans three arabian sea ports karachi port port bin qasim gwadar port rest country national highways motorways network north afghanistan central asia china.project planned .china pakistan economic corridor project aims link gwadar port kashgar china using pakistani motorways national highways expressways.highways highways form backbone pakistans transport system total road length kilometres miles accounts passengers inland freight traffic.road transport services largely hands private sector.
Pakistan	national highway authority responsible maintenance national highways motorways.highway motorway system depends mainly north–south links connecting southern ports populous provinces punjab khyberpakhtunkhwa.although network accounts .total road length carries countrys traffic.railways pakistan railways ministry railways mor operates railroad system.
Pakistan	train system primary means transport nationwide constructions national highways economic boom automotive industry.beginning marked shift traffic rail highways dependence grew roads introduction vehicles country.railways share inland traffic passengers freight traffic.personal transportation began dominated automobile total rail track decreased kilometres miles – kilometres miles .pakistan expects use rail service boost foreign trade china iran turkey.
Pakistan	airports estimated airports airfields pakistan —including military mostly publicly owned civilian airports.although jinnah international airport principal international gateway pakistan international airports lahore islamabad peshawar quetta faisalabad sialkot multan also handle significant amounts traffic.the civil aviation industry mixed public private sectors deregulated .stateowned pakistan international airlines pia major dominant air carrier carries domestic passengers domestic freight private airlines airblue air indus also provide similar services low cost.seaports major seaports karachi sindh karachi port port qasim.since seaport operations moved balochistan construction gwadar port port pasni gadani port.
Pakistan	gwadar port deepest sea port world.according wefs global competitiveness report quality ratings pakistans port infrastructure increased ...metro metro train orange line metro train automated rapid transit system lahore.
Pakistan	orange line first three proposed rail lines part lahore metro.line spans .km .mi .km .
Pakistan	mi elevated .km .mi underground cost .billion rupees .billion.
Pakistan	line consists subway stations designed carry passengers daily.line became operational october .metro bus brts lahore metrobus bus rapid transit service operating city lahore.metrobus networks first phase opened february .first metro bus system pakistan.rawalpindiislamabad metrobus .
Pakistan	km .mi bus rapid transit system operating islamabad rawalpindi metropolitan area.metrobus networks first phase opened june stretches kilometres pak secretariat islamabad saddar rawalpindi.system uses eticketing intelligent transportation system managed punjab mass transit authority.multan metrobus bus rapid transit brt system multan.construction line began may operations commenced january .peshawar bus rapid transit peshawar brt bus rapid transit system peshawar capital khyber pakhtunkhwa province.
Pakistan	construction project started october inaugurated august fourth brt system pakistan.green line metrobus first phase karachi metrobus operational since december .government pakistan financed majority project.construction green line began february .faisalabad shuttle train service faisalabad metrobus proposed rapid transit projects city faisalabad.projects part megaproject china–pakistan economic corridor.systems karachi circular railway partially active regional public transit system karachi serves karachi metropolitan area.
Pakistan	kcr fully operational .since restoration railway restarting system sought.november kcr partially revived operations.a tramway service service started karachi closed due various factors.sindh government planning restart tramway services city collaborating austrian experts.in october project construction tramway service lahore also signed punjab government.project launched publicprivate partnership joint venture european chinese companies along punjab transport department.
Pakistan	flyovers underpasses many flyovers underpasses located major urban areas country segregate flow traffic.highest number flyovers passes located karachi followed lahore.cities flyovers underpasses regulation flow traffic includes islamabadrawalpindi faisalabad gujranwala multan peshawar hyderabad quetta sargodha bahawalpur sukkur larkana rahim yar khan sahiwal etc.beijing underpass lahore longest underpass pakistan length .km .mi.
Pakistan	muslim town flyover lahore longest flyover country length .km .mi.science technology developments science technology played important role pakistans infrastructure helped country connect rest world.every year scientists around world invited pakistan academy sciences pakistan government participate international nathiagali summer college physics.
Pakistan	pakistan hosted international seminar physics developing countries international year physics .pakistani theoretical physicist abdus salam nobel prize physics work electroweak interaction.influential publications critical scientific work advancement mathematics biology economics computer science genetics produced pakistani scientists domestic international levels.in chemistry salimuzzaman siddiqui first pakistani scientist bring therapeutic constituents neem tree attention natural products chemists.pakistani neurosurgeon ayub ommaya invented ommaya reservoir system treatment brain tumours brain conditions.scientific research development play pivotal role pakistani universities government sponsored national laboratories science parks industry.
Pakistan	abdul qadeer khan regarded founder heubased gascentrifuge uranium enrichment program pakistans integrated atomic bomb project.founded established kahuta research laboratories krl serving senior scientist directorgeneral retirement early vital figure science projects.apart participating pakistans atomic bomb project made major contributions molecular morphology physical martensite integrated applications condensed material physics.in pakistan ranked rd world terms published scientific papers.pakistan academy sciences strong scientific community plays influential vital role formulating recommendations regarding science policies government.pakistan ranked th global innovation index th .the saw emergence active space program led suparco produced advances domestic rocketry electronics aeronomy.
Pakistan	space program recorded notable feats achievements.successful launch first rocket space made pakistan first south asian country achieved task.successfully producing launching nations first space satellite pakistan became first muslim country second south asian country put satellite space.as aftermath war india clandestine crash program developed atomic weapons partly motivated fear prevent foreign intervention ushering atomic age post cold war era.competition india tensions eventually led pakistans decision conduct underground nuclear tests thus becoming seventh country world successfully develop nuclear weapons.pakistan first muslim country maintains active research presence antarctica.since pakistan maintained two summer research stations one weather observatory continent plans open another fullfledged permanent base antarctica.energy consumption computers usage grown since pcs introduced pakistan million internet users ranked one top countries registered high growth rate internet penetration .
Pakistan	key publications produced pakistan domestic software development gained considerable international praise.as may pakistan million internet users making thlargest population internet users world.since pakistan made significant amount progress supercomputing various institutions offer research opportunities parallel computing.pakistan government reportedly spends ₨ .billion information technology projects emphasis egovernment human resources infrastructure development.education constitution pakistan requires state provide free primary secondary education.at time establishment pakistan state country one university punjab university lahore.
Pakistan	soon pakistan government established public universities four provinces including sindh university peshawar university karachi university balochistan university .pakistan large network public private universities includes collaboration universities aimed providing research higher education opportunities country although concern low quality teaching many newer schools.estimated technical vocational institutions pakistan also madrassahs provide free islamic education offer free board lodging students come mainly poorer strata society.strong public pressure popular criticism extremists usage madrassahs recruitment pakistan government made repeated efforts regulate monitor quality education madrassahs.education pakistan divided six main levels nursery preparatory classes primary grades one five middle grades six eight matriculation grades nine ten leading secondary certificate intermediate grades eleven twelve leading higher secondary certificate university programmes leading graduate postgraduate degrees.network private schools constitutes parallel secondary education system based curriculum set administered cambridge international examinations united kingdom.
Pakistan	students choose take olevel level exams conducted british council.according international schools consultancy pakistan international schools.as result initiatives taken english medium education made compulsory schools across country.malala yousafzai campaigner female education shot taliban gunman retaliation activism.yousafzai went become youngest ever nobel laureate global educationrelated advocacy.additional reforms enacted required educational institutions sindh begin offering chinese language courses reflecting chinas growing role superpower increasing influence pakistan.
Pakistan	literacy rate population ..rate male literacy .rate female literacy .. literacy rates vary region particularly sex one example tribal areas female literacy .azad jammu kashmir literacy rate .
Pakistan	advent computer literacy government launched nationwide initiative aim eradicating illiteracy providing basic education children.various educational reforms ministry education expected attain enrollment levels among children primary school age literacy rate among people aged .pakistan currently spending .percent gdp education according institute social policy sciences one lowest south asia.demographics pakistan fifth populous country world accounts .
Pakistan	world population.census pakistan provisionally estimated population .million.figure excludes data gilgitbaltistan azad kashmir likely included final report.the population represents increase .annual growth rate reported .
Pakistan	highest saarc nations though growth rate decreasing recent years.population projected reach million .at time partition pakistan population .million population increased .years .pakistan expected surpass indonesia largest muslimmajority country world.
Pakistan	pakistan classified young nation median age .million people age .pakistans fertility rate estimated .higher neighbour india .. around people .vast majority residing southern pakistan live along indus river karachi populous commercial city south.
Pakistan	eastern western northern pakistan population lives arc formed cities lahore faisalabad rawalpindi sargodha islamabad gujranwala sialkot gujrat jhelum sheikhupura nowshera mardan peshawar.– city dwellers made pakistans population making urbanised nation south asia increased .furthermore pakistanis live towns people more.expenditure healthcare .gdp .life expectancy birth years females years males .
Pakistan	private sector accounts outpatient visits.approximately population children five malnourished.mortality underfives per live births .languages sixty languages spoken pakistan including number provincial languages.urdu—the lingua franca symbol muslim identity national unity—is national language understood pakistanis.

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