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Mitch Buchannon	mitch want divorce continued love gayle time even marriage ended.mitch reunited brother buzz also meeting buzzs son kyle.buzz kyle stayed briefly relocating san diego mitch continued raise hobie venice.mitch buzz reunited mitch saved buzzs life sea buzz suffered heart attack.mitch always good relationship father.felt al love disappointed him.due als wish mitch would follow footsteps become architect.
Mitch Buchannon	mitch went along fathers requests even earned architectural degree working two months alongside father firm.however mitch decided wasnt decided become fulltime lifeguard instead something dreamed since young boy.als death mitch hobie made annual trip grave memorial day.one episode baywatch nights david hasselhoff plays role al flashback sequence mitchs childhood.mitchs mother irene diagnosed alzheimers disease special episode.one mitchs favorite bands growing heat rays fictionalized amalgamation beach boys surf rock bands.two members band murdered mitch solved crime though implicating two members band crime own.mitch also navy seal taught handtohand combat service.
Mitch Buchannon	also referenced briefly season three twopart episode shattered.seal mitch went least two operations one could talk about.also commanding officer named junkyard said mitch never good taking orders never knew quit.operations hinted baywatch hawaii match timeline original baywatch thus creating continuity error writing.mitch shown carefree cavalier attitude towards work seal starkly contrasting characters attitude towards work profession lifeguard.around mitch spent year australia part lifeguard exchange program.
Mitch Buchannon	one day attempted rescue wind surfer treacherous waves failed save her.ten years later husband man named wily brown came united states get revenge lifeguard failed save her.mitch involved series accidents failing brakes rescue truck poisonous snake left locker suspicious wily perpetrated them.finally truth revealed mitchs friend kaye newspaper reporter found wilys personnel file.mitch went confront wily suspicions sneak attacked left dead burning lifeguard tower.
Mitch Buchannon	fortunately mitch woke got time chase wily scarab lassoing sending proper authorities.in mitch uncovered drug operation marina.work led arrest conviction drug lord mason sato released prison five years later episode war nerves.sato began stalking mitch hobie mitchs friend kaye.eventually mitch sato fought docks sato arrested returned prison.sato returned villainous mastermind reunion movie baywatch hawaiian wedding.shortly divorce gayle mitch entered relationship visiting lifeguard stephanie holden.
Mitch Buchannon	two quickly became serious relationship ended abruptly stephanie left mitch baywatch.three years later stephanie returned baywatch fulltime lieutenant mitch discovered still married pursuing broke relationship mitch order work things husband.though stephanie officially divorced time return decided mitch stephanie maintain platonic relationship point onward.however due inconsistent plotlines would later appear nature relationship would occasionally go platonic flirtatious unrequited either side depending upon fit story episode.additionally hierarchy roles lifeguards remained inconsistent.
Mitch Buchannon	episodes stephanie higher rank mitch others mitch direct supervisor.stephanies death picture could often seen mitchs mantle fireplace.baywatch mitch known throughout series taking career lifeguard seriously.quite often would find defensive criticisms characters misconceptions work would assume beach meet girls sun tan.typical solution plot element would criticizing person end need rescue witness mitch saving life thus opinion lifeguard profession changed.
Mitch Buchannon	least one occasion mitch described lifeguarding job ever had.regards vocation mitch referred salt water junkie also admitted living according credo lifeguard always lifeguard.mitch occasionally forced defend fellow lifeguards slurs wave jockey.as series began gayle mitch difficulties working custody agreement hobie.gayle wanted hobie come live fulltime ohio.mitch devastated realizing much hobie wanted stay father gayle agreed let stay california.
Mitch Buchannon	season episode reunion gayle conceded mitch excellent job raising hobie himself.mitch occasionally shown money problems.season episode money honey took job private lifeguard gala event thrown home movie producer named dita played leslie easterbrook.get money hockey equipment hobie.rescuing several boaters drinking mitch offered role movie.finding working actor difficult realized mitch quit gave earnings charity designed protect injured sea animals.
Mitch Buchannon	another side job mitch took teaching cpr class santa monica college evenings.one great longings mitchs life throughout series family beyond hobie.wanted woman share life children hobie would brothers sisters.season admitted longtime friend police officer garner ellerbee tired meeting women beach caught purely physical relationships.many episodes featured mitch suffering broken heart usually due betrayals misunderstandings even death love interest.mitch briefly dated jackie quinn mother summer season .
Mitch Buchannon	later described sweetest man ever met.jackie differentiated mitchs lady friends asking loved ocean loved gayle.among friends jackie also inferred possibility mitch used spontaneous rescue opportunities means escaping intimacy.mitch also involved onagain offagain relationship kaye newspaper reporter played david hasselhoffs wife pamela bach.perhaps greatest challenge mitch buchannons life came twopart episode shattered mitch paralyzed slammed three times wave rocks.hospitalized injuries mitch befriended jason boy chicago part witness protection program confined wheelchair due injuries sustained protecting brother drug dealers.
Mitch Buchannon	mitch despondent full grief prospect never lifeguarding jasons life danger attackers mitch able move leg kick gun away attackers reach.mitch knew road recovery able rehabilitate shortly thereafter.injury never referenced throughout run baywatch spinoffs.as lieutenant lifeguard mitch wore khaki uniform first season.season onward mitchs office uniform consisted white polo shirt sweats red jacket.mitch often carried badge acted quasilaw enforcement capacity occasionally mundane tasks checking boardwalk merchants permits.
Mitch Buchannon	mitch also worked alongside fbi one episode helping stake home local woman believed involved crime.mitchs relationship bureau continued baywatch nights series.sometimes mitchs work personal life would intersect met several women life career.one episode mitch met mysterious woman named kate mccoy helped rescue fishing trawler.course day mitch kate developed strong bond.telling mitch felt safe first time life kate died heart attack mysterious circumstances outside mitchs tower.
Mitch Buchannon	mitch immediately perceived foul play involved young healthy women ordinarily suffer heart attacks.revealed kate murdered reporter investigating shady arms deal.event served impetus lovelorn mitch continue branching second career private investigator.mitch lived rather large house situated along canal never explained maintained lavish home lifeguards salary presumed lieutenant worked fulltime year long made decent living.also presumed received substantial raise promoted captain eighth season.first season episodes mitchs living room couch made old rowboat series revived second season contemporary furniture used.
Mitch Buchannon	layout kitchen front entrance also different.many scenes featured roaring fireplace living room would often play checkers chess hobie garner shown sipping wine love interests.also quite often invited fellow lifeguards meals like pizza smoked fish.earlier episodes many lifeguards house babysit hobie mitch called away help lifeguard police business.according one episode house located talanca venice ca though address truly exists.mitch involved many sports run series.
Mitch Buchannon	among kickboxing racing boats dune buggies.mitch also participated ironman competition around time th birthday.additionally mitch teamed fellow lifeguard newman win team rowing competition seven years row.mitch initially decided step aside competition hobie could enter hobie asked continue two could compete.arduous race hobie edged victory ending mitchs streak.
Mitch Buchannon	season mitch participated stock car race came second place behind mark martin.season episode princess tides mitch randenberg cup fictional powerboat racing championship.when mitch eight years old saw film maltese falcon inspired one day become private detective.however lifeguarding still first love.dream detective came true mitch started detective agency garner.agency became focal point spinoff series baywatch nights.
Mitch Buchannon	character mitch appeared concurrently series working lifeguard day detective night.however shortly starting detective agency began interfere lifeguard schedule baywatch.initially stepped back recurrent status speaking stephanie charge scheduling baywatch headquarters began giving weekly hours back.when mitch allowed lifeguard neely capshaw daughter ashley stay home brought back memories raising hobie.hobie moved season made mitch somewhat depressed.however mitch became father season adopted tanner sloan runaway derelict parents junior lifeguard program.
Mitch Buchannon	raising child mitch felt reinvigorated father again.baywatch nights character mitch remained essentially premiere baywatch nights often narrated events episode film noir style something previously never done original series though mitch began narrating episodes original series season .mitch also broke fourth wall pilot episode addressing home viewers opening scene.first season extra emphasis given friendship mitch garner.interview conan obrien david hasselhoff also cocreator baywatch nights stated trying lethal weapon type thing.
Mitch Buchannon	series also introduced angie harmon ryan mcbride texasborn detective relocated new york city california.often hints attraction characters mitch ryan.however like original baywatch series many inconsistencies character mitch buchannon.genesis mitchs private eye experience shown th episode mitch reluctantly became private eye stark contrast childhood dreams detective work depicted original series.there many differences lifeguard pi.lifeguards run sand.
Mitch Buchannon	pis run everything.realized chased boardwalk con man weve staking day.know john lennon said ... life happens youre busy making plans.didnt plan meeting beautiful woman fistfight.the difference lifeguard private eye lifeguard spot trouble respond.private eye gets hired someone whos already trouble.
Mitch Buchannon	either way strangers life suddenly hands.unfortunately private eyes cant always spot victims easily lifeguards.first season nights shown poor ratings retooled season two sciencefiction inspired show similar xfiles.gregoryalan williams character garner ellerbee left series replaced character daimont teague played dorian gregory mysterious paranormal expert.mitchs detective career seemed take supernatural turn .one day duty lifeguard mitch pulled woman water first appeared routine save.
Mitch Buchannon	speaking malay spoke creature every culture mythology legendary creature embodiment evil according mitchs associate paranormal expert daimont teague.believing woman survived recent shipwreck known argo zed mitch chartered boat dove location shipwreck.mitch fellow diver griff found body near shipwreck decided go massive ship.ships boiler room found air pocket attacked teague believed ajogun mythical creature believed inhabit purari river.fighting defeating creature mitch griff could identify continued ship finding another air pocket contained sleeping children miraculously survived shipwreck.
Mitch Buchannon	escaping bilge children safely brought surface.even encounter mitch told teague still didnt believe paranormal could deny something unusual there.the storylines baywatch nights grew increasingly bizarre series progressed season .mitch faced many strange terrifying things season.among things voodoo cults ancient vikings vampires extraterrestrials humanfish hybrids.series gained small cult following similarities many infamous bmovies ratings high enough justify continuation series.
Mitch Buchannon	season original baywatch seventh season referenced events nights tongueincheek manner one episode showing mitch stumbling baywatch headquarters wearing bandages around neck implying attacked vampire night before.throughout second final season mitch often served doubtful skeptic friends adventures refusing believe fantastical events occurred often rationalizing spite evidence contrary.in perhaps bizarre episode series mitch encountered two vikings involved blood feud year ad thawed centuries deep freeze.episode showed mitch encyclopedic knowledge vikings studied seafaring people growing up.even told friend griff lived days would viking.two warriors fought death mitch gave closest thing could proper viking funeral sending harbor wooden raft shooting flaming arrow raft sinking giving funeral sea.
Mitch Buchannon	episode also marked final television appearance hasselhoffs former knight rider costar edward mulhare passed lung cancer shortly episode aired.after cancellation baywatch nights mitch continued original series promoted captain.nights alluded tongueincheek manner season episode eel nino electric eel terrorizing beachgoers.lifeguards yet knowing electric eel speculated could alien mitch annoyed told xfiles.series returned reasonably realistic format point on.mitch garner teamed original baywatch series season reached temporary impasse due garner using mitchs new love interest neely capshaw undercover mole drug dealers operation.end episode mitch garner achieved rapprochement would ultimately last time duo appeared together series.
Mitch Buchannon	baywatch hawaii premiere episode baywatch hawaii showed new somewhat darker side mitch buchannon.disillusioned failed relationships mothers losing battle alzheimers disease fact son hobie left home gone college mitch decided pack bags escape hawaii.opening scenes first episode seemed show mitch bit reclusive loner staying secluded beach trying escape life l.a. county lifeguard.however saw family four drowning jumped save knowing could save lives could never escape true calling.spite fact pulled four family members water mitch still felt step slow confessed friend local lifeguard leon rock keaweamahi played vincent klyn wished establish training center lifeguards diverse geographic locations could meet discuss lifesaving techniques.
Mitch Buchannon	mitch put together group elite lifeguards california australia hawaiian islands establishing new team worked training center.it hinted series mitch still active navy seals involved various black ops years.continuity operations conflict storylines seen baywatch baywatch nights.at end first season baywatch hawaii david hasselhoff chose leave role mitch.trail ecoterrorists led mitchs former seal comrade gone rogue zach martin mitch caught underwater explosion presumed dead though body never found.series carried one year without character mitch ending spring .baywatch hawaiian wedding mitch returned tv movie baywatch hawaiian wedding.
Organized crime	serving reunion episode bookend baywatch saga mitch alive well presumed dead ready marry woman resembled late friend lover stephanie holden forced face old enemy mason sato originally seen season .film character mitch buchannon played dwayne johnson film adaptation hasselhoff making cameo mitchs mentor also named mitch buchannon.referencesorganized crime generally thought form illegal business criminal organizations terrorist groups rebel forces separatists politically motivated.sometimes criminal organizations force people business gang extorts money shopkeepers protection.street gangs may often deemed organized crime groups stricter definitions organized crime may become disciplined enough considered organized.criminal organization also referred gang mafia mob ring syndicate network subculture community criminals involved organized crime may referred underworld.sociologists sometimes specifically define mafia type organized crime group specializes supply extralegal protection quasilaw enforcement.
Organized crime	academic studies original mafia sicilian mafia predates groups generated economic study organized crime groups exerted great influence studies russian mafia chinese triads hong kong triads japanese yakuza.other organizations — including states churches militaries police forces corporations — may sometimes use organizedcrime methods conduct activities powers derive status formal social institutions.tendency distinguish “traditional” organized crime often ganglike workingclass nature frequently involves secret subcultures often formed around shared ethnic regional territorial cultural identities certain forms crime also usually involve organized group criminal acts whitecollar crime financial crimes political crimes war crimes state crimes treason.distinction always apparent academics continue debate matter.example failed states longer perform basic functions education security governance usually due fractious violence extreme poverty organized crime governance war sometimes complement other.term oligarchy used describe democratic countries whose political social economic institutions come control families business oligarchs may deemed may devolve organized crime groups practice.
Organized crime	nature kleptocracies mafia states narcostates narcokleptocracies states high levels clientelism political corruption either heavily involved organized crime tend foster organized crime within governments.in united states organized crime control act defines organized crime unlawful activities ... highly organized disciplined association .... criminal activity structured process referred racketeering.uk police estimate organized crime involves people operating various groups.historically largest organized crime force united states la cosa nostra italianamerican mafia transnational criminal organizations also risen prominence recent decades.article u.s. department justice journal stated since end cold war organized crime groups russia china italy nigeria japan increased international presence worldwide networks become involved transnational criminal activities.worlds major international organized crime groups present united states.
Organized crime	us drug enforcement administrations national drug threat assessment classified mexican transnational criminal organizations tcos greatest criminal drug threat united states citing dominance large regions mexico used cultivation production importation transportation illicit drugs identifying sinaloa jalisco new generation juárez gulf los zetas beltránleyva cartels six mexican tco greatest influence drug trafficking united states.united nations sustainable development goal target combat forms organised crime part agenda.in countries football hooligans considered criminal organization engages illicit violent activities.models organized crime various models proposed describe structure criminal organizations.organizational patronclient networks patronclient networks defined fluid interactions.produce crime groups operate smaller units within overall network tend towards valuing significant others familiarity social economic environments tradition.
Organized crime	networks usually composed ofhierarchies based naturally forming family social cultural traditionstightknit focus activitylaborfraternal nepotistic value systemspersonalized activity including family rivalries territorial disputes recruitment training family members etc.entrenched belief systems reliance tradition including religion family values cultural expectations class politics gender roles etc.andcommunication rule enforcement mechanisms dependent organizational structure social etiquette history criminal involvement collective decisionmaking.bureaucraticcorporate operations bureaucraticcorporate organized crime groups defined general rigidity internal structures.focus operations works succeeds sustains avoids retribution generally typified bya complex authority structurean extensive division labor classes within organizationmeritocratic opposed cultural social attributesresponsibilities carried impersonal mannerextensive written rulesregulations opposed cultural praxis dictating action andtopdown communication rule enforcement mechanisms.however model operation flawsthe topdown communication strategy susceptible interception hierarchy communicated tomaintaining written records jeopardizes security organization relies increased security measuresinfiltration lower levels hierarchy jeopardize entire organization house cards effect anddeath injury incarceration internal power struggles dramatically heighten insecurity operations.while bureaucratic operations emphasize business processes strongly authoritarian hierarchies based enforcing power relationships rather overlying aim protectionism sustainability growth.youth street gangs estimate youth street gangs nationwide provided hannigan et al.
Organized crime	marked increase .distinctive gang culture underpins many organized groups may develop recruiting strategies social learning processes corrective system experienced youth family peer involvement crime coercive actions criminal authority figures.term “street gang” commonly used interchangeably “youth gang” referring neighborhood streetbased youth groups meet “gang” criteria.miller defines street gang “a selfformed association peers united mutual interests identifiable leadership internal organization act collectively individuals achieve specific purposes including conduct illegal activity control particular territory facility enterprise.reasons youth join gangs include feel accepted attain status increase selfesteem.
Organized crime	sense unity brings together many youth gangs lack family aspect home.zones transition deteriorating neighborhoods shifting populations.areas conflict groups fighting turf wars theft promote solidarity cohesion.cohen working class teenagers joined gangs due frustration inability achieve status goals middle class cloward ohlin blocked opportunity unequal distribution opportunities lead creating different types gangs focused robbery property theft fighting conflict retreatists focusing drug taking spergel one first criminologists focus evidencebased practice rather intuition gang life culture.participation gangrelated events adolescence perpetuate pattern maltreatment children years later.klein like spergel studied effects members social workers’ interventions.
Organized crime	interventions actually lead greater gang participation solidarity bonds members.downes rock parkers analysis strain theory applies labeling theory experience police courts control theory involvement trouble early childhood eventual decision costs outweigh benefits conflict theories.ethnic group disposed gang involvement another rather status marginalized alienated rejected makes groups vulnerable gang formation would also accounted effect social exclusion especially terms recruitment retention.may also defined age typically youth peer group influences permanence consistency criminal activity.groups also form symbolic identity public representation recognizable community large include colors symbols patches flags tattoos.research focused whether gangs formal structures clear hierarchies leadership comparison adult groups whether rational pursuit goals though positions structures hierarchies defined roles conflicting.
Organized crime	studied street gangs involved drug dealing finding structure behavior degree organizational rationality.members saw organized criminals gangs formalrational organizations strong organizational structures well defined roles rules guided members’ behavior.also specified regular means income i.e.drugs.padilla agreed two above.
Organized crime	however found loose rather welldefined lacking persistent focus relatively low cohesion shared goals little organizational structure.shared norms value loyalties low structures chaotic little role differentiation clear distribution labor.similarly use violence conform principles behind protection rackets political intimidation drug trafficking activities employed adult groups.many cases gang members graduate youth gangs highly developed oc groups already contact syndicates see greater propensity imitation.gangs traditional criminal organizations cannot universally linked decker however clear benefits adult youth organization association.
Organized crime	terms structure single crime group archetypal though cases welldefined patterns vertical integration criminal groups attempt control supply demand case arms sex drug trafficking.individual difference entrepreneurial entrepreneurial model looks either individual criminal smaller group organized criminals capitalize fluid groupassociation contemporary organized crime.model conforms social learning theory differential association clear associations interaction criminals knowledge may shared values enforced however argued rational choice represented this.choice commit certain act associate organized crime groups may seen much entrepreneurial decision contributing continuation criminal enterprise maximizing aspects protect support individual gain.context role risk also easily understandable however debatable whether underlying motivation seen true entrepreneurship entrepreneurship product social disadvantage.the criminal organization much way one would assess pleasure pain weighs factors legal social economic risk determine potential profit loss certain criminal activities.
Organized crime	decisionmaking process rises entrepreneurial efforts groups members motivations environments work.opportunism also key factor – organized criminal criminal group likely frequently reorder criminal associations maintain types crimes perpetrate function public arena recruitment reputation etc.order ensure efficiency capitalization protection interests.multimodel approach culture ethnicity provide environment trust communication criminals efficient secure.may ultimately lead competitive advantage groups however inaccurate adopt determinant classification organized crime.
Organized crime	categorization includes sicilian mafia ’ndrangheta ethnic chinese criminal groups japanese yakuza boryokudan colombian drug trafficking groups nigerian organized crime groups corsican mafia korean criminal groups jamaican posses.perspective organized crime modern phenomenon construction th th century crime gangs fulfill present day criteria criminal organizations opposition alien conspiracy theory.roamed rural borderlands central europe embarking many illegal activities associated todays crime organizations exception money laundering.when french revolution created strong nation states criminal gangs moved poorly controlled regions like balkans southern italy seeds sown sicilian mafia linchpin organized crime new world.computational approach conceptual frameworks used model organised crime emphasize role actors andor activities computational approaches built foundations data science artificial intelligence focusing deriving new insights organised crime big data.example novel machine learning models applied study detect urban crime online prostitution networks.
Organized crime	big data also used develop online tools predicting risk individual victim online sex trade getting drawn online sex work.addition data twitter google trends used study public perceptions organised crime.typical activities organized crime groups provide range illegal services goods.organized crime often victimizes businesses use extortion theft fraud activities like hijacking cargo trucks ships robbing goods committing bankruptcy fraud also known bustout insurance fraud stock fraud inside trading.organized crime groups also victimize individuals car theft either dismantling chop shops export art theft bank robbery burglary jewelry gems theft heists shoplifting computer hacking credit card fraud economic espionage embezzlement identity theft securities fraud pump dump scam.
Organized crime	organized crime groups defraud national state local governments bid rigging public projects counterfeiting money smuggling manufacturing untaxed alcohol rumrunning cigarettes buttlegging providing immigrant workers avoid taxes.organized crime groups seek corrupt public officials executive law enforcement judicial roles criminal rackets activities black market avoid least receive early warnings investigation prosecution.activities organized crime include loansharking money high interest rates assassination blackmailing bombings bookmaking illegal gambling confidence tricks copyright infringement counterfeiting intellectual property fencing kidnapping prostitution smuggling drug trafficking arms trafficking oil smuggling antiquities smuggling organ trafficking contract killing identity document forgery money laundering bribery seduction electoral fraud insurance fraud point shaving price fixing illegal taxicab operation illegal dumping toxic waste illegal trading nuclear materials military equipment smuggling nuclear weapons smuggling passport fraud providing illegal immigration cheap labor people smuggling trading endangered species trafficking human beings.organized crime groups also range business labor racketeering activities skimming casinos insider trading setting monopolies industries garbage collecting construction cement pouring bid rigging getting noshow nowork jobs political corruption bullying.violence assault commission violent crime may form part criminal organizations tools used achieve criminogenic goals example threatening authoritative coercive terrorinducing rebellious role due psychosocial factors cultural conflict aggression rebellion authority access illicit substances countercultural dynamic may crime rationally chosen individual criminals groups form.assaults used coercive measures rough debtors competition recruits commission robberies connection property offenses expression countercultural authority violence normalized within criminal organizations direct opposition mainstream society locations control.whilst intensity violence dependent types crime organization involved well organizational structure cultural tradition aggressive acts range spectrum lowgrade physical assaults murder.
Organized crime	bodily harm grievous bodily harm within context organized crime must understood indicators intense social cultural conflict motivations contrary security public psychosocial factors.murder murder evolved honor vengeance killings yakuza sicilian mafia placed large physical symbolic importance act murder purposes consequences much less discriminate form expressing power enforcing criminal authority achieving retribution eliminating competition.role hit man generally consistent throughout history organized crime whether due efficiency expediency hiring professional assassin need distance oneself commission murderous acts making harder prove criminal culpability.may include assassination notable figures public private criminal dependent authority retribution competition.revenge killings armed robberies violent disputes controlled territories offenses members public must also considered looking dynamic different criminal organizations times conflicting needs.
Organized crime	vigilantism ironic twist criminal syndicates often known commit acts vigilantism enforcing laws investigating certain criminal acts punishing violate rules.people often targeted organized criminals tend individualistic criminals people committed crimes considered particularly heinous society rivals andor terrorist groups.one reason criminal groups might commit vigilantism neighborhoods prevent heavy levels community policing could harmful illicit businesses additionally vigilante acts could help gangs ingratiate communities.during roaring twenties ku klux klan known staunch enforcers prohibition result italian irish polish jewish mobsters would times violent confrontations kkk one occasion fbi informant notorious mobster gregory scarpa kidnapped tortured local klansmen revealing bodies civil rights workers killed kkk.world war ii america growing number nazi supporters formed german american bund known threatening local jewish people result jewish mobsters meyer lansky bugsy siegel jack ruby often hired american jewish community help defend nazi bund even going far attacking killing nazi sympathizers bund meetings.vigilante groups black panther party white panther party young lords accused committing crimes order fund political activities.while protection racketeering often seen nothing extortion criminal syndicates participate protection rackets times provided genuine protection criminals clients reason criminal organization would want business clients better gang demand even protection money additionally gang enough knowledge local fencers may even able track retrieve objects stolen business owner help clients gang may also force disrupt vandalize steal shutdown competing businesses clients.
Organized crime	colombia insurgent groups trying steal land kidnap family members extort money drug barons result drug lords medellín cartel formed paramilitary vigilante group known muerte secuestradores death kidnappers defend cartel farc even kidnapping torturing leader leaving chained front police station.medellín cartels war colombian government cali cartel formed operated vigilante group called los pepes also comprised members colombian government police former members medellín cartel bring downfall pablo escobar bombing properties medellín cartel kidnapping torturing andor killing escobars associates well working alongside search bloc would eventually lead dismantling medellín cartel death pablo escobar.high levels corruption oficina de envigado would things help police vice versa point police cartel would operations together criminals additionally leaders la oficina would often act judges mediate disputes various different drug gangs throughout colombia according helped prevent lot disputes turning violent.on somalia coastline many people rely fishing economic survival somali pirates often known attack foreign vessels partake illegal fishing overfishing waters vessels illegally dump waste waters result marine biologists say local fishery recovering.mexico vigilante group called grupos de autodefensa comunitaria formed counter illegal loggers la familia michoacana cartel knights templar cartel grew joined former cartel members got bigger began sell drugs order buy weapons knights templar cartel eventually defeated dissolved vigilantes actions ended forming cartel called los viagras links jalisco new generation cartel.minuteman project farright paramilitary organization seeks prevent illegal immigration across usmexico border however detrimental gangs like mara salvatrucha make money people smuggling result ms known commit acts violence members minutemen.
Organized crime	throughout world various antigang vigilante groups profess fighting gang influence share characteristics acts similarly gangs including sombra negra friends stand united people gangsterism drugs og imba.gangs involved drug trafficking often commit violent acts stop force independent dealers drug dealers gang ties keep taking customers.in america animal welfare organization called rescue ink outlaw biker gang members volunteer rescue animals need combat people commit animal cruelty stopping killing stray cats breaking dog fighting rings rescuing pets abusive owners.american prison system prison gangs often known physically harm even kill inmates committed crimes child murder serial killers pedophilia hate crimes domestic violence rape inmates committed crimes elderly animals disabled poor less fortunate.many minority communities poor neighborhoods residents often distrust law enforcement result gang syndicates often take police neighborhoods committing acts people committed crimes bullying muggings home invasions hate crimes stalking rape domestic violence child molestation well mediating disputes neighbors ways gangs would punish individuals could range forced apologies threatened forced return stolen objects vandalizing property arson forced move assaulted andor battered kidnappings false imprisonment torture andor murdered.criminal syndicates known hold trials members accused wrongdoing punishments accused member would face found guilty would vary depending offense.
Organized crime	terrorism addition considered traditional organized crime involving direct crimes fraud swindles scams racketeering acts motivated accumulation monetary gain also nontraditional organized crime engaged political ideological gain acceptance.crime groups often labelled terrorist groups narcoterrorists.there universally agreed legally binding criminal law definition terrorism.common definitions terrorism refer violent acts intended create fear terror perpetrated religious political ideological goal deliberately target disregard safety noncombatants e.g.neutral military personnel civilians committed nongovernment agencies.definitions also include acts unlawful violence war especially crimes humanity see nuremberg trials allied authorities deeming german nazi party paramilitary police organizations numerous associations subsidiary nazi party criminal organizations.
Organized crime	use similar tactics criminal organizations protection rackets enforce code silence usually labeled terrorism though actions may labeled terrorism done politically motivated group.notable groups include medellin cartel corleonesi mafia various mexican cartels jamaican posse.arms traffickingarsoncoercionextortionprotection racketsexual assault financial crime organized crime groups generate large amounts money activities drug trafficking arms smuggling extortion theft financial crime.illegally sourced assets little use unless disguise convert funds available investment legitimate enterprise.methods use converting ‘dirty’ money ‘clean’ assets encourages corruption.organized crime groups need hide moneys illegal origin.
Organized crime	allows expansion oc groups ‘laundry’ ‘wash cycle’ operates cover money trail convert proceeds crime usable assets.money laundering bad international domestic trade banking reputations effective governments rule law.due methods used hide proceeds crime.methods include limited buying easily transported values transfer pricing using underground banks.launderers also comingle illegal money revenue made businesses order mask illicit funds.
Organized crime	accurate figures amounts criminal proceeds laundered almost impossible calculate rough estimates made give sense scale problem quite great problem truly is.united nations office drugs crime conducted study estimated money laundering equated .global gdp laundered equal .trillion us dollars.financial action task force money laundering fatf intergovernmental body set combat money laundering stated sustained effort financial action task force fatf produce estimates failed.
Organized crime	however antimoney laundering efforts seize money laundered assets amounted million.rapid growth money laundering due tothe scale organized crime precluding cash business groups little option convert proceeds legitimate funds investment developing legitimate businesses purchasing propertyglobalization communications commerce technology made rapid transfer funds across international borders much easier groups continuously changing techniques avoid investigation anda lack effective financial regulation parts global economy.money laundering threestage processplacement also called immersion groups ‘smurf’ small amounts time avoid suspicion physical disposal money moving crime funds legitimate financial system may involve bank complicity mixing licit illicit funds cash purchases smuggling currency safe havens.layering disguises trail foil pursuit.also called ‘heavy soaping’.involves creating false paper trails converting cash assets cash purchases.integration also called ‘spin dry making clean taxable income realestate transactions sham loans foreign bank complicity false import export transactions.means money launderingmoney transmitters black money markets purchasing goods gambling increasing complexity money trail.underground banking flying money involves clandestine ‘bankers’ around world.it often involves otherwise legitimate banks professionals.the policy aim area make financial markets transparent minimize circulation criminal money cost upon legitimate markets.counterfeiting counterfeiting money another financial crime.
Organized crime	counterfeiting money includes illegally producing money used pay anything desired.addition financial crime counterfeiting also involves manufacturing distributing goods assumed names.counterfeiters benefit consumers believe buying goods companies trust reality buying low quality counterfeit goods.oecd reported scope counterfeit products include food pharmaceuticals pesticides electrical components tobacco even household cleaning products addition usual films music literature games electrical appliances software fashion.number qualitative changes trade counterfeit productsa large increase fake goods dangerous health safetymost products repossessed authorities household items rather luxury goodsa growing number technological products andproduction operated industrial scale.
Organized crime	tax evasion economic effects organized crime approached number theoretical empirical positions however nature activity allows misrepresentation.level taxation taken nationstate rates unemployment mean household incomes level satisfaction government economic factors contribute likelihood criminals participate tax evasion.organized crime perpetrated liminal state legitimate illegitimate markets economic factors must adjusted ensure optimal amount taxation without promoting practice tax evasion.crime technological advancements made commission tax evasion easier faster globalized.ability organized criminals operate fraudulent financial accounts utilize illicit offshore bank accounts access tax havens tax shelters operating goods smuggling syndicates evade importation taxes help ensure financial sustainability security law enforcement general anonymity continuation operations.
Organized crime	cybercrime internet fraud identity theft form fraud cheating another persons identity someone pretends someone else assuming persons identity typically order access resources obtain credit benefits persons name.victims identity theft whose identity assumed identity thief suffer adverse consequences held accountable perpetrators actions organizations individuals defrauded identity thief extent also victims.internet fraud refers actual use internet services present fraudulent solicitations prospective victims conduct fraudulent transactions transmit proceeds fraud financial institutions others connected scheme.context organized crime may serve means criminal activity may successfully perpetrated primary goal themselves.email fraud advancefee fraud romance scams employment scams phishing scams common widely used forms identity theft though advent social networking fake websites accounts fraudulent deceitful activity become commonplace.
Organized crime	copyright infringement copyright infringement unauthorized prohibited use works copyright infringing copyright holders exclusive rights right reproduce perform copyrighted work make derivative works.whilst almost universally considered civil procedure impact intent organized criminal operations area crime subject much debate.article agreement traderelated aspects intellectual property rights trips requires signatory countries establish criminal procedures penalties cases willful trademark counterfeiting copyright piracy commercial scale.recently copyright holders demanded states provide criminal sanctions types copyright infringement.organized criminal groups capitalize consumer complicity advancements security anonymity technology emerging markets new methods product transmission consistent nature provides stable financial basis areas organized crime.
Organized crime	cyberwarfare cyberwarfare refers politically motivated hacking conduct sabotage espionage.form information warfare sometimes seen analogous conventional warfare although analogy controversial accuracy political motivation.defined activities nationstate penetrate another nations computers networks intention causing civil damage disruption.moreover acts fifth domain warfare william j. lynn u.s. deputy secretary defense states doctrinal matter pentagon formally recognized cyberspace new domain warfare ..
Organized crime	.become critical military operations land sea air space.cyber espionage practice obtaining confidential sensitive proprietary classified information individuals competitors groups governments using illegal exploitation methods internet networks software andor computers.also clear military political economic motivation.unsecured information may intercepted modified making espionage possible internationally.
Organized crime	recently established cyber command currently debating whether activities commercial espionage theft intellectual property criminal activities actual breaches national security.furthermore military activities use computers satellites coordination risk equipment disruption.orders communications intercepted replaced.power water fuel communications transportation infrastructure may vulnerable sabotage.according clarke civilian realm also risk noting security breaches already gone beyond stolen credit card numbers potential targets also include electric power grid trains stock market.
Organized crime	computer viruses term computer virus may used overarching phrase include types true viruses malware including computer worms trojan horses rootkits spyware dishonest adware malicious unwanted software though technically unique proves quite financially lucrative criminal organizations offering greater opportunities fraud extortion whilst increasing security secrecy anonymity.worms may utilized organized crime groups exploit security vulnerabilities duplicating automatically across computers given network trojan horse program appears harmless hides malicious functions retrieval stored confidential data corruption information interception transmissions.worms trojan horses like viruses may harm computer systems data performance.applying internet model organized crime proliferation computer viruses malicious software promotes sense detachment perpetrator whether criminal organization another individual victim may help explain vast increases cybercrime purpose ideological crime terrorism.mid july security experts discovered malicious software program infiltrated factory computers spread plants around world.
Organized crime	considered first attack critical industrial infrastructure sits foundation modern economies notes new york times.whitecollar crime corruption corporate crime corporate crime refers crimes committed either corporation i.e.business entity separate legal personality natural persons manage activities individuals may identified corporation business entity see vicarious liability corporate liability.corporate crimes motivated either individuals desire corporations desire increase profits.cost corporate crimes united states taxpayers billion.
Organized crime	note forms corporate corruption may actually criminal specifically illegal given system laws.example jurisdictions allow insider trading.different businesses organized crime figures known operate vast including limited pharmacies importexport companies checkcashing stores tattoo parlors zoos online dating sites liquor stores motorcycle shops banks hotels ranches plantations electronic stores beauty salons real estate companies daycares framing stores taxicab companies phone companies shopping malls jewelry stores modeling agencies dry cleaners pawn shops pool halls clothing stores freight companies charity foundations youth centers recording studios sporting goods stores furniture stores gyms insurance companies security companies law firms private military companies.labor racketeering labor racketeering defined united states department labor infiltrating exploiting controlling employee benefit plan union employer entity workforce carried illegal violent fraudulent means profit personal benefit.labor racketeering developed since affecting national international construction mining energy production transportation sectors immensely.
Organized crime	activity focused importation cheap unfree labor involvement union public officials political corruption counterfeiting.political corruption political corruption use legislated powers government officials illegitimate private gain.misuse government power purposes repression political opponents general police brutality considered political corruption.neither illegal acts private persons corporations directly involved government.illegal act officeholder constitutes political corruption act directly related official duties.
Organized crime	forms corruption vary include bribery extortion cronyism nepotism patronage graft embezzlement.corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise drug trafficking money laundering human trafficking restricted activities.activities constitute illegal corruption differ depending country jurisdiction.instance certain political funding practices legal one place may illegal another.cases government officials broad poorly defined powers make difficult distinguish legal illegal actions.
Organized crime	worldwide bribery alone estimated involve trillion us dollars annually.state unrestrained political corruption known kleptocracy literally meaning rule thieves.drug trafficking three major regions center around drug trafficking known golden triangle burma laos thailand golden crescent afghanistan central south america.suggestions due continuing decline opium production south east asia traffickers may begin look afghanistan source heroin.with respect organized crime accelerating synthetic drug production east southeast asia especially golden triangle sam gor also known company prominent international crime syndicate based asiapacific.made members five different triads.
Organized crime	sam gor understood headed chinesecanadian tse chi lop.cantonese chinese syndicate primarily involved drug trafficking earning least billion per year.sam gor alleged control asiapacific methamphetamine market also trafficking heroin ketamine.organization active variety countries including myanmar thailand new zealand australia japan china taiwan.sam gor previously produced meth southern china believed manufacture mainly golden triangle specifically state myanmar responsible much massive surge crystal meth recent years.
Organized crime	group understood headed tse chi lop chinesecanadian gangster born guangzhou china.tse former member hong kongbased crime group big circle gang.tse immigrated canada.tse convicted transporting heroin united states served nine years behind bars.tse compared prominence joaquín el chapo guzmán pablo escobar.the u.s. supply heroin comes mainly foreign sources include southeast asias golden triangle southwest asia latin america.
Organized crime	heroin comes two forms.first chemical base form presents brown second salt form white.former mainly produced afghanistan southwest countries latter history produced southeast asia since moved also produced afghanistan.suspicion white heroin also produced iran pakistan confirmed.area heroin production referred golden crescent.
Organized crime	heroin drug used areas.european market shown signs growing use opioids top longterm heroin use.human trafficking sex trafficking human trafficking purpose sexual exploitation major cause contemporary sexual slavery primarily prostituting women children sex industries.sexual slavery encompasses forms forced prostitution.terms forced prostitution enforced prostitution appear international humanitarian conventions insufficiently understood inconsistently applied.
Organized crime	forced prostitution generally refers conditions control person coerced another engage sexual activity.official numbers individuals sexual slavery worldwide vary.international organization migration estimated federal bureau investigation estimated unicef estimated .million.common destinations victims human trafficking thailand japan israel belgium netherlands germany italy turkey united states according report unodc.
Organized crime	illegal immigration people smuggling see snakehead gang coyotajepeople smuggling defined facilitation transportation attempted transportation illegal entry person persons across international border violation one countries laws either clandestinely deception use fraudulent documents.term understood often used interchangeably migrant smuggling defined united nations convention transnational organized crime ...the procurement order obtain directly indirectly financial material benefit illegal entry person state party person national.practice increased past decades today accounts significant portion illegal immigration countries around world.people smuggling generally takes place consent person persons smuggled common reasons individuals seeking smuggled include employment economic opportunity personal andor familial betterment escape persecution conflict.contemporary slavery forced labor number slaves today remains high million million.
Organized crime	probably smallest proportion slaves rest worlds population history.debt slaves largely south asia debt bondage incurred lenders sometimes even generations.fastest growing criminal industry predicted eventually outgrow drug trafficking.historical origins prenineteenth century today crime sometimes thought urban phenomenon human history rural interfaces encountered majority crimes bearing mind fact human history rural areas vast majority inhabited places.part within village members kept crime low rates however outsiders pirates highwaymen bandits attacked trade routes roads times severely disrupting commerce raising costs insurance rates prices consumer.
Organized crime	according criminologist paul lunde piracy banditry preindustrial world organized crime modern society.if take global rather strictly domestic view becomes evident even crime organized kind long necessarily noble heritage.word thug dates back early thcentury india thugs gangs criminals roamed town town looting pillaging.smuggling drugtrafficking rings old hills asia africa extant criminal organizations italy japan trace histories back several centuries...as lunde states barbarian conquerors whether vandals goths norse turks mongols normally thought organized crime groups yet share many features associated thriving criminal organizations.part nonideological predominantly ethnically based used violence intimidation adhered codes law.ancient rome infamous outlaw called bulla felix organized led gang six hundred bandits.
Organized crime	terrorism linked organized crime political aims rather solely financial ones overlap separation terrorism organized crime.fencing ming qing china fence receiver 銷贓者 merchant bought sold stolen goods.fences part extensive network accomplices criminal underground ming qing china.occupation entailed criminal activity fences often acted liaisons respectable community underground criminals seen living precarious existence fringes respectable society.a fence worked alongside bandits different line work.network criminal accomplices often acquired essential ensuring safety success fences.the path occupation fence stemmed large degree necessity.
Organized crime	fences came ranks poorer people often took whatever work could – legal illegal.like bandits operated within community fences also worked within town village.example satellite areas capital military troops lived within close commoner population opportunity hold illegal trades commoners.in areas like baoding hejian local peasants community members purchased military livestock horses cattle also helped hide stolen livestock military allured profits.local peasants community members became fences hid criminal activities officials return products money soldiers.types fences fences individuals bought sold stolen goods make living.majority fences occupations within polite society held variety official occupations.
Organized crime	occupations included laborers coolies peddlers.individuals often encountered criminals markets line work recognizing potential avenue extra source income formed acquaintances temporary associations mutual aid protection criminals.one example owner tea house overheard conversation deng yawen criminal others planning robbery offered help sell loot exchange spoils.at times robbers filled role fences selling people met road.may actually preferable robbers certain circumstances would pay fence portion spoils.butchers also prime receivers stolen animals simple fact owners could longer recognize livestock butchers slaughtered them.animals valuable commodities within ming china robber could potentially sustain living stealing livestock selling butcherfences.although vast majority time fences worked physical stolen property fences also worked itinerant barbers also sold information good.
Organized crime	itinerant barbers often amassed important sources information news traveled sold significant pieces information often criminals search places hide individuals rob.way itinerant barbers also served role keeper information could sold members criminal underground well powerful clients performing function spy.he sold items jewelry clothing also involved trafficking hostages bandits kidnapped.women children easiest among common objects fences sold.female hostages sold fences sold prostitutes wives concubines.one example human trafficking seen chen akueis gang abducted servant girl sold lin baimao turn sold thirty parts silver wives.
Organized crime	contrast women required beauty sell high price children sold regardless physical appearance family background.children often sold servants entertainers young girls often sold prostitutes.network connections like merchants honest goods one significant tools fence network connections.middlemen robbers clients fences needed form maintain connections polite society well among criminals.however exceptions members socalled wellrespected society became receivers harborers.
Organized crime	help bandits sell stolen goods also acted agents bandits collect protection money local merchants residents.parttime fences high social status used connection bandits help gain social capital well wealth.it extremely important occupation fences maintained positive relationship customers especially richer gentry clients.members local elites joined ranks fences protect bandits protect business interests actively took potential threats illegal profiting even government officials.zhejiang province local elites got provincial commissioner zhu wan dismissed office also eventually drove suicide.possible fences often legal means making living well illegal activities could threaten turn bandits authorities.it also essential maintain relationship bandits.
Organized crime	however true bandits needed fences make living.result fences often held dominance relationship bandits fences could exploit position cheating bandits manipulating prices paid bandits stolen property.safe houses aside simply buying selling stolen goods fences often played additional roles criminal underground early china.high floating population public places inns tea houses often became ideal places bandies gangs gather exchange information plan next crime.harborers people provided safe houses criminals often played role receiving stolen goods harbored criminals sell customers.
Organized crime	safe houses included inns tea houses brothels opium dens well gambling parlors employees owners institutions often functioned harborers well fences.safe houses locate places high floating population people kinds social backgrounds.brothels helped bandits hide sell stolen goods special ming law exempted brothels held responsible criminal actions clients.even though government required owners places report suspicious activities lack enforcement government owners fences bandits made ideal safe house bandits gangs.pawnshops also often affiliated fencing stolen goods.owners employees shops often paid cash stolen goods price great deal market value bandits often desperate money resold goods earn profit.punishments fences two different ming laws da ming lü 大明律 da gao 大诰 drafted hongwu emperor zhu yuanzhang sentenced fences different penalties based categories prices products stolen.in coastal regions illegal trading foreigners well smuggling became huge concern government middle late ming era.
Organized crime	order prohibit crime government passed law illegal smugglers traded foreigners without consent government would punished exile border military service.in areas military troops stationed stealing selling military property would result severe punishment.jiaqing time case recorded stealing selling military horses.emperor gave direction thieves stole horses people helped sell horses would put cangue sent labor border military camp.in salt mines penalty workers stole salt people sold stolen salt severe.anyone arrested found guilty stealing selling government salt put death.nineteenth century victorian era criminals gangs started form organizations would collectively become londons criminal underworld.
Organized crime	criminal societies underworld started develop ranks groups sometimes called families often made lowerclasses operated pickpocketry prostitution forgery counterfeiting commercial burglary even money laundering schemes.unique also use slang argots used victorian criminal societies distinguish like propagated street gangs like peaky blinders.one infamous crime bosses victorian underworld adam worth nicknamed napoleon criminal world napoleon crime became inspiration behind popular character professor moriarty.organized crime united states first came prominence old west historians brian j. robb erin h. turner traced first organized crime syndicates coschise cowboy gang wild bunch.cochise cowboys though loosely organized unique criminal operations mexican border would steal sell cattle well smuggled contraband goods countries.old west examples gangs operated ways similar organized crime syndicate innocents gang jim miller gang soapy smith gang belle starr gang bob dozier gang.
Organized crime	twentieth century donald cresseys cosa nostra model studied mafia families exclusively limits broader findings.structures formal rational allocated tasks limits entrance influence rules established organizational maintenance sustainability.context difference organized professional crime welldefined hierarchy roles leaders members underlying rules specific goals determine behavior formed social system one rationally designed maximize profits provide forbidden goods.albini saw organized criminal behavior consisting networks patrons clients rather rational hierarchies secret societies.the networks characterized loose system power relations.participant interested furthering welfare.
Organized crime	criminal entrepreneurs patrons exchange information clients order obtain support.clients include members gangs local national politicians government officials people engaged legitimate business.people network may directly part core criminal organization.furthering approach cressey albini ianni ianni studied italianamerican crime syndicates new york cities.kinship seen basis organized crime rather structures cressey identified includes fictive godparental affinitive ties well based blood relations impersonal actions status affiliations members define group.rules conduct behavioral aspects power networks roles include followingfamily operates social unit social business functions mergedleadership positions middle management kinship basedthe higher position closer kinship relationshipgroup assigns leadership positions central group family members including fictive godparental relationship reinforcementthe leadership group assigned legal illegal enterprises andtransfer money legal illegal business back illegal business individuals companies.strong family ties derived traditions southern italy family rather church state basis social order morality.
Organized crime	disorganized crime choice theses one important trends emerge criminological thinking oc recent years suggestion formal sense organized all.evidence includes lack centralized control absence formal lines communication fragmented organizational structure.distinctively disorganized.example seattles crime network consisted groups businessmen politicians law enforcement officers.links national network via meyer lansky powerful evidence lansky anyone else exercised centralized control them.while crime involved wellknown criminal hierarchies city criminal activity subject central management hierarchies controlling groups activities limited finite number objectives.
Organized crime	networks criminals involved crimes exhibit organizational cohesion.much emphasis placed mafia controlling oc.mafia certainly powerful part heterogeneous underworld network characterized complex webs relationships.oc groups violent aimed making money lack structure fragmentation objectives disorganized.further studies showed neither bureaucracy kinship groups primary structure organized crime rather partnerships series joint business ventures.despite conclusions researchers observed degree managerial activities among groups studied.
Organized crime	observed networks degree persistence may utility focusing identification organizing roles people events rather groups structure.may three main approaches understand organizations terms roles social systemsorganizations rational systems highly formalized structures terms bureaucracys hierarchy formal systems rules regarding authority highly specific goalsorganizations natural systems participants may regard organization end merely means end.promoting group values maintain solidarity high agenda.rely profit maximization.perversity violence respect relationships often remarkable characterized focus connections members associates victims andorganizations open systems high levels interdependence environment operate.
Organized crime	one way organized operate.adaptable change meet demands changing environments circumstances.organized crime groups may combination three.international governance approach international consensus defining organized crime become important since due increased prevalence impact.e.g.un eu .
Organized crime	oc ...the large scale complex criminal activity carried groups persons however loosely tightly organized enrichment participating expense community members.frequently accomplished ruthless disregard law including offenses person frequently connection political corruption.un criminal organization shall mean lasting structured association two persons acting concert view committing crimes offenses punishable deprivation liberty detention order maximum least four years serious penalty whether crimes offenses end means obtaining material benefits necessary improperly influencing operation public authorities.ue groups exhibit characteristics structure.however violence corruption pursuit multiple enterprises continuity serve form essence oc activity.there eleven characteristics european commission europol pertinent working definition organized crime.
Organized crime	six must satisfied four italics mandatory.summarized aremore two peopletheir appointed tasksactivity prolonged indefinite period timethe use discipline controlperpetration serious criminal offensesoperations international transnational levelthe use violence intimidationthe use commercial businesslike structuresengagement money launderingexertion influence politics media public administration judicial authorities economy andmotivated pursuit profit andor powerwith convention transnational organized crime palermo convention similar definitionorganized criminal structured group three people one serious crimes order obtain financial material benefitserious crime offense punishable least four years prison andstructured group randomly formed doesnt need formal structureothers stress importance power profit perpetuity defining organized criminal behavior asnonideological i.e.profit drivenhierarchical elites many operativeslimited exclusive membership maintain secrecy loyalty membersperpetuating recruitment process policywilling use illegal violence briberyspecialized division labor achieve organization goalmonopolistic market control maximize profits andhas explicit rules regulations codes honor.definitions need bring together legal social elements.oc widespread social political economic effects.uses violence corruption achieve ends oc group primarily focused illegal profits systematically commit crimes adversely affect society capable successfully shielding activities particular willing use physical violence eliminate individuals way corruption.it mistake use term oc though denotes clear welldefined phenomenon.
Organized crime	evidence regarding oc shows less wellorganized diversified landscape organizing criminals…the economic activities organizing criminals better described viewpoint crime enterprises conceptually unclear frameworks oc.many definitions emphasize ‘group nature’ oc ‘organization’ members use violence corruption achieve goals extrajurisdictional character...oc may appear many forms different times different places.due variety definitions “evident danger” asking “what oc” expecting simple answer.locus power organized crime espouse organized crime operates international level though currently international court capable trying offenses resulting activities international criminal courts remit extends dealing people accused offenses humanity e.g.genocide.
Organized crime	network operates primarily one jurisdiction carries illicit operations jurisdictions ‘international though may appropriate use term ‘transnational’ label activities major crime group centered one jurisdiction operating many.understanding organized crime therefore progressed combined internationalization understanding social conflict one power control efficiency risk utility within context organizational theory.accumulation social economic political power sustained core concerns criminal organizationssocial criminal groups seek develop social control relation particular communitieseconomic seek exert influence means corruption coercion legitimate illegitimate praxis andpolitical criminal groups use corruption violence attain power status.contemporary organized crime may different traditional mafia style particularly terms distribution centralization power authority structures concept control ones territory organization.tendency away centralization power reliance upon family ties towards fragmentation structures informality relationships crime groups.organized crime typically flourishes central government civil society disorganized weak absent untrustworthy.this may occur society facing periods political economic social turmoil transition change government period rapid economic development particularly society lacks strong established institutions rule law.
Organized crime	dissolution soviet union revolutions eastern europe saw downfall communist bloc created breeding ground criminal organizations.the newest growth sectors organized crime identity theft online extortion.activities troubling discourage consumers using internet ecommerce.ecommerce supposed level playing ground small large businesses growth online organized crime leading opposite effect large businesses able afford bandwidth resist denialofservice attacks superior security.furthermore organized crime using internet much harder trace police even though increasingly deploy cybercops since police forces law enforcement agencies operate within local national jurisdiction internet makes easier criminal organizations operate across boundaries without detection.in past criminal organizations naturally limited need expand putting competition other.competition often leading violence uses valuable resources manpower either killed sent prison equipment finances.
Organized crime	united states james whitey bulger irish mob boss winter hill gang boston turned informant federal bureau investigation fbi.used position eliminate competition consolidate power within city boston led imprisonment several senior organized crime figures including gennaro angiulo underboss patriarca crime family.infighting sometimes occurs within organization castellamarese war – boston irish mob wars s.today criminal organizations increasingly working together realizing better work cooperation rather competition consolidating power.led rise global criminal organizations mara salvatrucha th street gang barrio azteca.american mafia addition links organized crime groups italy camorra ndrangheta sacra corona unita sicilian mafia various times done business irish mob jewishamerican organized crime japanese yakuza indian mafia russian mafia thief law postsoviet organized crime groups chinese triads chinese tongs asian street gangs motorcycle gangs numerous white black hispanic prison street gangs.
Organized crime	united nations office drugs crime estimated organized crime groups held billion assets .this rise cooperation criminal organizations meant law enforcement agencies increasingly work together.fbi operates organized crime section headquarters washington d.c. known work national e.g.polizia di stato russian federal security service fsb royal canadian mounted police federal e.g.bureau alcohol tobacco firearms explosives drug enforcement administration united states marshals service immigration customs enforcement united states secret service us diplomatic security service united states postal inspection service u.s. customs border protection united states border patrol united states coast guard state e.g.massachusetts state police special investigation unit new jersey state police organized crime unit pennsylvania state police organized crime unit new york state police bureau criminal investigation city e.g.
Organized crime	new york city police department organized crime unit philadelphia police department organized crime unit chicago police organized crime unit los angeles police department special operations division law enforcement agencies.academic analysis criminal psychology criminal psychology defined study intentions behaviors actions criminal someone allows participate criminal behavior.goal understand going criminals head explain doing.varies depending whether person facing punishment roaming free punishing themselves.criminal psychologists get called court explain inside mind criminal.
Organized crime	rational choice theory treats individuals rational operators committing criminal acts consideration associated risks detection punishment compared rewards crimes personal financial etc.. little emphasis placed offenders’ emotional state.role criminal organizations lowering perceptions risk increasing likelihood personal benefit prioritized approach organizations structure purpose activity indicative rational choices made criminals organizers.deterrence theory sees criminal behavior reflective individual internal calculation criminal benefits associated offending whether financial otherwise outweigh perceived risks.perceived strength importance infallibility criminal organization directly proportional types crime committed intensity arguably level community response.benefits participating organized crime higher financial rewards greater socioeconomic control influence protection family significant others perceived freedoms oppressive laws norms contribute greatly psychology behind highly organized group offending.
Organized crime	social learning criminals learn associations one another.success organized crime groups therefore dependent upon strength communication enforcement value systems recruitment training processes employed sustain build fill gaps criminal operations.understanding theory sees close associations criminals imitation superiors understanding value systems processes authority main drivers behind organized crime.interpersonal relationships define motivations individual develops effect family peer criminal activity strong predictor intergenerational offending.theory also developed include strengths weaknesses reinforcement context continuing criminal enterprises may used help understand propensities certain crimes victims level integration mainstream culture likelihood recidivism success rehabilitation.
Organized crime	enterprise theory organized crime exists legitimate markets leave many customers potential customers unsatisfied.high demand particular good service e.g.drugs prostitution arms slaves low levels risk detection high profits lead conducive environment entrepreneurial criminal groups enter market profit supplying goods services.success must bean identified market anda certain rate consumption demand maintain profit outweigh perceived risks.under conditions competition discouraged ensuring criminal monopolies sustain profits.legal substitution goods services may increasing competition force dynamic organized criminal operations adjust deterrence measures reducing demand restriction resources controlling ability supply produce supply.

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