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Economy of India	however mining industry declined – contributing .gdp compared employed .million people – decreasing percentage total labour.india net importer many minerals including coal.indias mining sector decline complex permit regulatory administrative procedures inadequate infrastructure shortage capital resources slow adoption environmentally sustainable technologies.
Economy of India	iron steel fiscal year – india thirdlargest producer raw steel largest producer sponge iron.industry produced .million tons finished steel .million tons pig iron.iron steel india produced iron ore. construction construction industry contributed billion gdp employed .
Economy of India	million people workforce .foreign trade investment foreign trade liberalisation india largely intentionally isolated world markets protect economy achieve selfreliance.foreign trade subject import tariffs export taxes quantitative restrictions foreign direct investment fdi restricted upperlimit equity participation restrictions technology transfer export obligations government approvals approvals needed nearly new fdi industrial sector.restrictions ensured fdi averaged around million annually large percentage capital flows consisted foreign aid commercial borrowing deposits nonresident indians.indias exports stagnant first years independence due general neglect trade policy government period imports period early industrialisation consisted predominantly machinery raw materials consumer goods.since liberalisation value indias international trade increased sharply contribution total trade goods services gdp rising – –.
Economy of India	foreign trade accounted .indias gdp .globally india accounts .exports .imports merchandise trade .
Economy of India	exports .imports commercial services trade.indias major trading partners european union china united states united arab emirates.– major export commodities included engineering goods petroleum products chemicals pharmaceuticals gems jewellery textiles garments agricultural products iron ore minerals.major import commodities included crude oil related products machinery electronic goods gold silver.
Economy of India	november exports increased .yearonyear ₹ billion equivalent ₹.trillion us billion imports .₹ billion equivalent ₹.trillion us billion .
Economy of India	trade deficit month dropped ₹ billion equivalent ₹.trillion us billion ₹ billion equivalent ₹ billion us billion .india foundingmember general agreement tariffs trade gatt successor wto.participating actively general council meetings india crucial voicing concerns developing world.instance india continued opposition inclusion labour environmental issues nontariff barriers trade wto policies.india secured rd place competitiveness index.balance payments since independence indias balance payments current account negative.
Economy of India	since economic liberalisation precipitated balanceofpayment crisis indias exports rose consistently covering .imports – .–.however global economic slump followed general deceleration world trade saw exports percentage imports drop .–.
Economy of India	indias growing oil import bill seen main driver behind large current account deficit rose .billion .gdp –.january october india imported .billion worth crude oil.
Economy of India	indian economy run trade deficit every year merchandise trade deficit us billion –.trade china largest deficit billion .indias reliance external assistance concessional debt decreased since liberalisation economy debt service ratio decreased .– .–.india external commercial borrowings ecbs commercial loans nonresident lenders permitted government providing additional source funds indian corporates.
Economy of India	ministry finance monitors regulates ecb policy guidelines issued reserve bank india rbi foreign exchange management act .indias foreign exchange reserves steadily risen .billion march ₹.billion us billion july .united kingdom announced end financial aid india citing growth robustness indian economy.indias current account deficit reached alltime high .
Economy of India	india historically funded current account deficit borrowings companies overseas markets remittances nonresident indians portfolio inflows.april january rbi data showed first time since india funding deficit foreign direct investment inflows.economic times noted development sign rising confidence among longterm investors prime minister narendra modis ability strengthen countrys economic foundation sustained growth.foreign direct investment thirdlargest economy world ppp terms india attracted foreign direct investment fdi.year fdi inflow india stood .
Economy of India	billion .higher figure .billion.india strengths telecommunication information technology significant areas auto components chemicals apparels pharmaceuticals jewellery.despite surge foreign investments rigid fdi policies significant hindrance.
Economy of India	time india adopted number fdi reforms.india large pool skilled managerial technical expertise.size middleclass population stands million represents growing consumer market.india liberalised fdi policy allowing fdi stake ventures.industrial policy reforms substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements removed restrictions expansion facilitated easy access foreign technology investment.upward growth curve realestate sector owes credit booming economy liberalised fdi regime.
Economy of India	march government amended rules allow fdi construction sector including builtup infrastructure construction development projects comprising housing commercial premises hospitals educational institutions recreational facilities city regionallevel infrastructure.india extended reforms defence telecom oil retail aviation sectors.from country attracted billion fdi.inordinately high investment mauritius due routing international funds country given significant tax advantages – double taxation avoided due tax treaty india mauritius mauritius capital gains tax effectively creating zerotaxation fdi channel.fdi accounted .indias gdp .as government eased foreign investment direct rules across sectors last three years fdi inflows hit .
Economy of India	billion india.outflows since indian companies expanded overseas investing fdi creating jobs outside india.fdi indian companies outside india amounted .per cent gdp.indian companies deployed fdi started operations united states europe africa.
Economy of India	indian company tata united kingdoms largest manufacturer privatesector employer.remittances total us.billion made remittances india countries total us.billion made remittances foreign workers india home countries.uae us saudi arabia top sources remittances india bangladesh pakistan nepal top recipients remittances india.
Economy of India	remittances india accounted .countrys gdp .mergers acquisitions deals announced inbound outbound india.cumulates value us billion.terms value active year deals worth almost bil.
Economy of India	usd.deals conducted .here list top deals indian companies participating currency indian rupee ₹ legal tender india also accepted legal tender neighbouring nepal bhutan peg currency indian rupee.rupee divided paise.highestdenomination banknote ₹ note lowestdenomination coin circulation paise coin.since june denominations paise ceased legal currency.
Economy of India	indias monetary system managed reserve bank india rbi countrys central bank.established april nationalised rbi serves nations monetary authority regulator supervisor monetary system banker government custodian foreign exchange reserves issuer currency.governed central board directors headed governor appointed government india.benchmark interest rates set monetary policy committee.the rupee linked british pound us dollar fixed exchange rate.devalued september system fixed par rate replaced basket four major international currencies british pound us dollar japanese yen deutsche mark.
Economy of India	collapse largest trading partner soviet union india faced major foreign exchange crisis rupee devalued around two stages july.liberalized exchange rate mechanism lerms introduced.lerms exporters surrender percent foreign exchange earnings rbi rbidetermined exchange rate remaining could converted marketdetermined exchange rate.rupee convertible current account capital controls.after sharp devaluation transition current account convertibility value rupee largely determined market forces.rupee fairly stable decade –.
Economy of India	october rupee touched alltime low .us dollar.income consumption indias gross national income per capita experienced high growth rates since .tripled ₹ – ₹ – averaging .growth eight years peak growth .
Economy of India	–.however growth inflationadjusted percapita income nation slowed .– .previous year.consumption levels individual basis.
Economy of India	average family income india per household .according census data india million houses million households.household size india dropped recent years census reporting households four fewer members average .members per household including surviving grandparents.households produced gdp .trillion.
Economy of India	consumption patterns note approximately households use firewood crop residue cowdung cakes cooking purposes sanitation drainage facilities premises water supply within premises metres ft house urban areas metres ft house rural areas households access electricity households landline mobile telephone service television either two fourwheel motor vehicle.compared income consumption trends represent moderate significant improvements.one report claimed highincome households outnumber lowincome households.new world wealth publishes reports tracking total wealth countries measured private wealth held residents country.according new world wealth indias total wealth increased billion billion growth rate .indias total wealth decreased .
Economy of India	trillion .trillion making sixth wealthiest nation world.multimillionaires th largest world billionaires india rd largest world.high networth individuals hnwi india home th highest number hnwis world.mumbai wealthiest indian city th wealthiest world total net worth billion .
Economy of India	twentyeight billionaires reside city ranked ninth worldwide.december next wealthiest cities india delhi billion bangalore billion hyderabad billion kolkata billion chennai billion gurgaon billion.the global wealth migration review report published new world wealth found hnwis emigrated india hnwis country.australia canada united states among top destination countries.report also projected private wealth india would grow around reach billion .poverty may world bank reviewed proposed revisions poverty calculation methodology purchasingpowerparity basis measuring poverty.
Economy of India	according revised methodology world .million people new poverty line .million lived india..total worlds population india .
Economy of India	share worlds poorest .according – survey india million children age chronically malnourished.unicef report stated india achieved percent reduction mortality rates age ranks th countries metric.since early successive governments implemented various schemes alleviate poverty central planning met partial success.government enacted mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee act mgnrega guaranteeing days minimum wage employment every rural household districts india.widely criticised beset controversy corrupt officials deficit financing source funds poor quality infrastructure built programme unintended destructive effects.
Economy of India	studies suggest programme helped reduce rural poverty cases.yet studies report indias economic growth driver sustainable employment poverty reduction though sizeable population remains poverty.india lifted million people poverty recording fastest reductions multidimensional poverty index values period strong improvements areas assets cooking fuel sanitation nutrition.on global hunger index india ranked nd countries categorized serious severity.employment agricultural allied sectors accounted .total workforce –.
Economy of India	agriculture employment fallen time percentage labour employed services include construction infrastructure seen steady growth accounting .employment –.total workforce organised sector twothirds governmentcontrolled public sector..workforce india selfemployed.
Economy of India	according – survey gender gap employment salaries.rural areas men women primarily selfemployed mostly agriculture.urban areas salaried work largest source employment men women .unemployment india characterised chronic disguised unemployment.government schemes target eradication poverty unemployment – recent decades sent millions poor unskilled people urban areas search livelihoods – attempt solve problem providing financial assistance starting businesses honing skills setting public sector enterprises reservations governments etc.decline organised employment due decreased role public sector liberalisation underlined need focusing better education created political pressure reforms.
Economy of India	indias labour regulations heavy even developing country standards analysts urged government abolish modify make environment conducive employment generation.th fiveyear plan also identified need congenial environment created employment generation reducing number permissions bureaucratic clearances required.inequalities inadequacies education system identified obstacle prevents benefits increased employment opportunities reaching sectors society.child labour india complex problem rooted poverty.since government implemented variety programs eliminate child labour.included setting schools launching free school lunch programs creating special investigation cells etc.
Economy of India	author sonalde desai stated recent studies child labour india found pockets industries children employed overall relatively indian children employed.child labour age rare.– age group latest surveys find children working wage another work within home rural farms assisting parents times high work demand sowing harvesting crops.india largest diaspora around world estimated million people many work overseas remit funds back families.middle east region largest source employment expat indians.crude oil production infrastructure industry saudi arabia employs million expat indians.
Economy of India	cities dubai abu dhabi united arab emirates employed another million indians construction boom recent decades.– remittances indian migrants overseas stood ₹ billion equivalent ₹.trillion us billion highest world share fdi remained low around .economic issues corruption corruption pervasive problem india.study transparency international ti found half surveyed firsthand experience paying bribe peddling influence get job done public office previous year.
Economy of India	followup study found rate percent.ti ranked india th place amongst countries perceived levels public sector corruption.india saw reduction corruption ranking improved th place.in red tape bureaucracy licence raj suggested cause institutionalised corruption inefficiency.recent reports suggest causes corruption include excessive regulations approval requirements mandated spending programs monopoly certain goods service providers governmentcontrolled institutions bureaucracy discretionary powers lack transparent laws processes.computerisation services various central state vigilance commissions right information act – requires government officials furnish information requested citizens face punitive action – considerably reduced corruption opened avenues redress grievances.in indian government concluded spending fails reach intended recipients large inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets.indias absence rates among worst world one study found public sector teachers governmentowned publicsector medical workers could found workplace.
Economy of India	similarly many issues facing indian scientists demands transparency meritocratic system overhaul bureaucratic agencies oversee science technology.india underground economy report alleging india topped worldwide list black money almost billion stashed swiss banks.would amount times countrys total external debt.allegations denied swiss banking association.james nason head international communications swiss banking association suggested black money figures rapidly picked indian media indian opposition circles circulated gospel truth.however story complete fabrication.
Economy of India	swiss bankers association never published report.anyone claiming figures india forced identify source explain methodology used produce them.a recent step taken prime minister modi november involved demonetization rupee bank notes replaced new rupee notes return black money economy.education india made progress increasing primary education attendance rate expanding literacy approximately threefourths population.indias literacy rate grown ..
Economy of India	.right education elementary level made one fundamental rights eightysixth amendment legislation enacted objective providing free education children.however literacy rate lower worldwide average country suffers high dropout rate.literacy rates educational opportunities vary region gender urban rural areas among different social groups.economic disparities poverty rates indias poorest states three four times higher advanced states.
Economy of India	indias average annual per capita income – placing among poorest worlds middleincome countries – uttar pradesh people brazil bihar one indias poorest states.a critical problem facing indias economy sharp growing regional variations among indias different states territories terms poverty availability infrastructure socioeconomic development.six lowincome states – assam chhattisgarh nagaland madhya pradesh odisha uttar pradesh – home onethird indias population.severe disparities exist among states terms income literacy rates life expectancy living conditions.the fiveyear plans especially preliberalisation era attempted reduce regional disparities encouraging industrial development interior regions distributing industries across states.results discouraging measures increased inefficiency hampered effective industrial growth.advanced states better placed benefit liberalisation welldeveloped infrastructure educated skilled workforce attract manufacturing service sectors.
Economy of India	governments lessadvanced states tried reduce disparities offering tax holidays cheap land focused sectors like tourism develop faster sectors.indias income gini coefficient .according united nations development program undp indicating overall income distribution uniform east asia latin america africa.global wealth migration review report published new world wealth estimated indias total wealth held highnetworth individuals.there continuing debate whether indias economic expansion propoor antipoor.studies suggest economic growth propoor reduced poverty india.
Economy of India	security markets development indian security markets began launch bombay stock exchange bse july ahmedabad stock exchange .since exchanges traded indian cities.indias stock exchange market became th largest world market capitalisation south korea australia.indias two major stock exchanges bse national stock exchange india market capitalisation us.trillion us.
Economy of India	trillion february according world federation exchanges grew .trillion .trillion respectively september .the initial public offering ipo market india small compared nyse nasdaq raising us million us.billion .ernst young stated low ipo activity reflects market conditions slow government approval processes complex regulations.
Siemens	indian companies allowed list securities internationally without first completing ipo india.security laws reformed indian companies choose want list first overseas domestically concurrently.security laws revised ease overseas listings alreadylisted companies increase liquidity private equity international investors indian companies.see also economic advisory councileconomic development indialist megaprojects indiamake india – government program encourage manufacturing indianiti aayogstartup indiataxation medieval indiaeventsgreat recessionworld oil market chronology demonetizationeconomic impact covid pandemic indialistslist companies indialist largest companies indialist largest trading partners indiatrade unions indianatural resources india notes references reading external links ministry financeministry commerce industryministry statistics programme implementationindia profile cia world factbookindia profile world bankindia – oecdcorporation prominent maker medical diagnostics equipment medical healthcare division generates percent corporations total sales secondmost profitable unit industrial automation division.corporation component euro stoxx stock market index.siemens subsidiaries employ approximately people worldwide reported global revenue around € billion according earnings release.history siemens halske founded werner von siemens johann georg halske october .based telegraph invention used needle point sequence letters instead using morse code.
Siemens	company called telegraphenbauanstalt von siemens halske opened first workshop october.in company built first longdistance telegraph line europe km berlin frankfurt main.founders younger brother carl wilhelm siemens later sir william siemens started represent company london.london agency became branch office .company involved building longdistance telegraph networks russia.company branch headed another brother carl heinrich von siemens opened st petersburg russia.
Siemens	siemens completed monumental indoeuropean telegraph line stretching km london calcutta.in werner von siemens described dynamo without permanent magnets.similar system also independently invented ányos jedlik charles wheatstone siemens became first company build devices.siemens ac alternator driven watermill used power worlds first electric street lighting town godalming united kingdom.company continued grow diversified electric trains light bulbs.siemens sold one generators george westinghouse thereby enabling westinghouse begin experimenting ac networks pittsburgh pennsylvania.
Siemens	siemens opened first office japan.founder retired left running company brother carl sons arnold wilhelm.siemens contracted construct hobart electric tramway tasmania australia increased markets.system opened became first complete electric tram network southern hemisphere.siemens halske h incorporated merged parts activities schuckert co. nuremberg become siemensschuckert.
Siemens	siemens siemens halske siemensschuckert employees seventhlargest company german empire number employees.see list german companies employees h two companies jointly formed osram lightbulb company.during h started manufacture radios television sets electron microscopes.in reiniger gebbert schall erlangen phönix ag rudolstadt siemensreinigerveifa mbh berlin merged form siemensreinigerwerke ag srw third socalled parent companies merged form presentday siemens ag.in siemens constructed ardnacrusha hydro power station river shannon irish free state world first design.company remembered desire raise wages underpaid workers overruled cumann na ngaedheal government.siemens time siemensschuckert exploited forced labour deported people extermination camps.company owned plant auschwitz concentration camp.siemens exploited forced labour women concentration camp ravensbrück.
Siemens	factory located front camp.during final years world war ii numerous plants factories berlin major cities destroyed allied air raids.prevent losses manufacturing therefore moved alternative places regions affected air war.goal secure continued production important warrelated everyday goods.according records siemens operating almost alternative relocated manufacturing plants end early .in siemens sued german satirist f.c.delius satirical history company unsere siemenswelt determined much book contained false claims although trial publicized siemens history nazi germany.
Siemens	company supplied electrical parts nazi concentration camps death camps.factories poor working conditions malnutrition death common.also scholarship shown camp factories created run supplied ss conjunction company officials sometimes highlevel officials.new base bavaria sh started manufacture computers semiconductor devices washing machines pacemakers.siemens halske sh founded siemensschuckertwerke ssw founded siemensreinigerwerke srw founded merged form siemens ag.
Siemens	siemens formed kraftwerk union aeg pooling nuclear power businesses.the companys first digital telephone exchange produced .siemens gec acquired uk defence technology company plessey.plesseys holdings split siemens took avionics radar traffic control businesses—as siemens plessey.in advanced micro devices amd entered joint venture siemens wanted enhance technology expertise enter american market.siemens purchased amds stock giving company infusion cash increase product lines.two companies also jointly established advanced micro computers amc located silicon valley germany allowing amd enter microcomputer development manufacturing field particular based amds secondsource zilog z microprocessors.
Siemens	two companies vision advanced micro computers diverged amd bought siemens stake american division .amd closed advanced micro computers late switching focus manufacturing secondsource intel x microprocessors.in siemens bought allischalmers interest partnership company siemensallis formed supplied electrical control equipment.incorporated siemens energy automation division.in siemens reintegrated kraftwerk union unit overseeing nuclear power business.in siemens bought solar photovoltaic business including solar module manufacturing plants industry pioneer arco solar owned oil firm arco.in siemens acquired nixdorf computer ag renamed siemens nixdorf informationssysteme ag order produce personal computers.in october siemens acquired industrial systems division texas instruments inc based johnson city tennessee.division organized siemens industrial automation inc. later absorbed siemens energy automation inc.in siemens bought ibms half rolm siemens bought rolm five years earlier thus creating siemensrolm communications eventually dropping rolm name later s.in – siemens c electric trains singapores mass rapid transit mrt system built austria.in siemens agreed sell defence arm siemens plessey british aerospace bae german aerospace company daimlerchrysler aerospace.bae dasa acquired british german divisions operation respectively.in october siemens financial services sfs founded act competence center financing issues manager financial risks within siemens.in siemens acquired westinghouse power generation .
Siemens	billion cbs corporation moving siemens third second world power generation market.in siemens semiconductor operations spun new company called infineon technologies.electromechanical components operations converted legally independent company siemens electromechanical components gmbh co. kg later year sold tyco international ltd approximately .billion.in year siemens nixdorf informationssysteme ag became part fujitsu siemens computers ag retail banking technology group becoming wincor nixdorf.in shared medical systems corporation acquired siemens medical engineering group eventually becoming part siemens medical solutions.also atecsmannesman acquired siemens sale finalised april shares acquired acquisition mannesmann vdo ag merged siemens automotive forming siemens vdo automotive ag atecs mannesmann dematic systems merged siemens production logistics forming siemens dematic ag mannesmann demag delaval merged power generation division siemens ag.parts company acquired robert bosch gmbh time.also moore products co. spring house pa usa acquired siemens energy automation inc. chemtech group brazil incorporated siemens group provides industrial process optimisation consultancy engineering services.also siemens formed joint venture framatome areva sa france merging much companies nuclear businesses.in siemens sold business activities kohlberg kravis roberts co. l.p. kkr metering business included sale package.in siemens abandoned solar photovoltaic industry selling participation jointventure company established shell e.on shell.in siemens acquired flow division danfoss incorporated automation drives division.
Siemens	also siemens acquired indx software realtime data organisation presentation.year unrelated development siemens reopened office kabul.also agreed buy alstom industrial turbines manufacturer small medium industrial gas turbines €.billion.on february siemens planned shorten phones shelf life bringing annual xelibri lines new devices launched spring summer autumnwinter collections.march company opened office san jose.
Siemens	march company announced planned gain per cent mainland china market handsets.march company unveiled latest series xelibri fashion phones.in wind energy company bonus energy brande denmark acquired forming siemens wind power division.also siemens invested dasan networks south korea broadband network equipment acquiring shares nokia siemens disinvested shares .year siemens acquired photoscan uk cctv systems us filter corporation water waste water treatment technologies solutions acquired veolia hunstville electronics corporation automobile electronics acquired chrysler chantry networks wlan equipment.in siemens sold siemens mobile manufacturing business benq forming benqsiemens division.also siemens acquired flender holding gmbh bocholt germany gearsindustrial drives bewator ab building security systems wheelabrator air pollution control inc. industrial power station dust control systems windenergie gmbh.
Siemens	wind energy power technologies inc. schenectady usa energy industry software training cti molecular imaging positron emission tomography molecular imaging systems myrio iptv systems shaw power technologies international ltd ukusa electrical engineering consulting acquired shaw group transmitton ashby de la zouch uk rail industry control asset management.continuing worldwide bribery scandal beginning siemens became embroiled multinational bribery scandal.one component scandal siemens greek bribery scandal deals siemens greek government officials summer olympic games.siemens activities came legal scrutiny complaints prosecutors italy liechtenstein switzerland lead german authorities opening investigations followed us investigation concerning activities listed us stock exchanges.investigators found bribing officials win contracts standard operating procedure.
Siemens	time period company paid around .billion bribes many countries kept separate books hide them.settlement negotiations took place settlement terms announced december .company paid total .billion around million us germany each.
Siemens	largest bribery fine history time.company also obligated spend billion setting funding new internal compliance regimens.siemens pleaded guilty violating accounting provisions foreign corrupt practices act parent company plead guilty paying bribes although bangladesh venezuela subsidiaries did.in germany opened investigations siemens business practices worldwide prompted requests prosecutors italy liechtenstein switzerland us investigators joined us investigators addressed violations since siemens started selling shares us stock exchange.investigators found bribing officials win contracts standard operating procedure.time period company paid around .
Siemens	billion bribes many countries kept separate books hide them.fines anticipated high billion investigation unfolded.settlement negotiations took place announced december far less driven part siemens cooperation part imminent change us administrations obama administration take bush administration part dependence us military siemens contractor.the company paid total .billion around million us germany.largest bribery fine history time.money paid germany included million fine paid year related bribes nigeria.
Siemens	us payment included million fines penalties forfeiture million profits.company also obligated spend billion setting funding new internal compliance regimens.siemens pleaded guilty violating accounting provisions foreign corrupt practices act parent company plead guilty paying bribes although bangladesh venezuela subsidiaries guilty plea would barred siemens contracting us government.scandal started breaking siemens fired chairman ceo heinrich von pierer hired first nongerman ceo peter löscher also appointed us lawyer peter solmssen independent director board charge compliance accepted oversight theo waigel former german finance minister compliance monitor.compliance overhaul eventually entailed hiring around fulltime compliance personnel worldwide.
Siemens	siemens also enacted series new anticorruption compliance policies including new anticorruption handbook webbased tools due diligence compliance confidential communications channel employees report irregular business practices corporate disciplinary committee impose appropriate disciplinary measures substantiated misconduct.the culture bribery old siemens led scandal japan bribes paid siemens vickers japanese naval authorities win shipbuilding contracts.the culture bribery grown inside siemens world war ii siemens attempted rebuild business competing developing world bribery common.germany bribes taxdeductible business expense penalties bribing foreign officials.oecd antibribery convention came effect germany party siemens started use offshore accounts means hiding bribery.as investigation opened midlevel executive telecommunications unit reinhard slekaczek identified key player slekaczek quit siemens company required sign document saying followed law company policy turned states evidence led investigators documents saved documents.controlled annual global bribery budget million.usual method bribery pay local insider contractor would turn pass money government officials part settlement siemens disclosed contractors worldwide.
Siemens	bribes generally around contracts value corrupt countries could high .paid highest bribes argentina israel venezuela china nigeria russia.examples bribery investigation found included million bribes argentina win billion contract make national identity cards.million israel contract build power plants million venezuela urban rail lines.million china medical equipment.million payments nigeria million bangladesh mobile phones.
Siemens	million iraq saddam hussein others.the investigation led directly several prosecutions unfolding led settlements governments prosecution siemens employees bribe recipients various countries.in may german court convicted two former executives paying € million bribes help siemens win natural gas turbine supply contracts enel italian energy company.contracts valued € million.siemens fined € million.in july siemens settled allegations fraud russian affiliate world bankfunded mass transit project moscow agreeing bid world bank projects two years allowing russian affiliate world bank funded work four years setting million fund world bank fund anticorruption activities years world bank veto audit rights fund became siemens integrity initiative.first payments made funds tranche million.second set projects funded totaling million.siemens paid n billion nigerian government .in greek government settled greek bribery scandal million euros.
Siemens	trial persons accused involvement scandal began february .total individuals accused greek german nationals.central figure scandal however exsiemens chief executive greece michael christoforakos european arrest warrants pending likely absent germany refuses extradition day.initially arrested germany accusations german courts dropped since lives free country.greece demanding extradition since considers fugitive justice.in former siemens executive andres truppel pleaded guilty funneling nearly million bribes argentine government officials win id card project siemens.in israeli prosecutors decreed siemens pay us.
Siemens	million penalty appoint external inspector supervise business israel exchange state prosecutors dropping charges securities fraud.according indictment siemens systematically paid bribes israel electric corporation executives would utilize positions order favor advance interests siemens.siemens purchased bayer diagnostics incorporated medical solutions diagnostics division january also siemens acquired controlotron new york ultrasonic flow meters also siemens acquired diagnostic products corp. kadon electro mechanical services ltd. turbocare canada ltd. kühnle kopp kausch ag opto control vistascape security systems.in january siemens fined € million european commission price fixing eu electricity markets cartel involving companies including abb alstom fuji electric hitachi japan ae power systems mitsubishi electric corp schneider areva toshiba va tech.according commission companies rigged bids procurement contracts fixed prices allocated projects shared markets exchanged commercially important confidential information.siemens given highest fine € million half total alleged leadership role activity.in march siemens board member temporarily arrested accused illegally financing businessfriendly labour association competes union ig metall.
Siemens	released bail.offices labour union siemens searched.siemens denies wrongdoing.april fixed networks mobile networks carrier services divisions siemens merged nokias network business group joint venture creating fixed mobile network company called nokia siemens networks.nokia delayed merger due bribery investigations siemens.
Siemens	october court munich found company bribed public officials libya russia nigeria return awarding contracts four former nigerian ministers communications among named recipients payments.company admitted paid bribes agreed pay fine million euros.december nigerian government cancelled contract siemens due bribery findings.also siemens acquired vai ingdesi automation argentina industrial automation ugs corp. dade behring sidelco quebec canada sd engineers inc. gesellschaft für systemforschung und dienstleistungen im gesundheitswesen mbh gsd germany.in july siemens ag formed joint venture enterprise communications business gores group renamed unify .gores group holding majority interest stake siemens ag holding minority interest .in august siemens project ventures invested million arava power company.press release published month peter löscher president ceo siemens ag said investment another consequential step strengthening green sustainable technologies.
Siemens	siemens holds stake company.in january siemens sold stake framatome complaining limited managerial influence.march formed alliance rosatom russia engage nuclearpower activities.in april fujitsu siemens computers became fujitsu technology solutions result fujitsu buying siemens share company.in june news broke nokia siemens supplied telecommunications equipment iranian telecom company included ability intercept monitor telecommunications facility known lawful intercept.equipment believed used suppression iranian election protests leading criticism company including european parliament.nokia siemens later divested call monitoring business reduced activities iran.in october siemens signed million contract buy solel solar systems israeli company solar thermal power business.in december siemens agreed sell solutions services subsidiary € million atos.part deal siemens agreed take stake enlarged atos held minimum five years.
Siemens	addition siemens concluded sevenyear outsourcing contract worth around €.billion atos provide managed services systems integration siemens.present march decided list osram stock market autumn ceo peter löscher said siemens intended retain longterm interest company already independent technological managerial viewpoints.in september siemens responsible constructing germanys existing nuclear power plants announced would exit nuclear sector following fukushima disaster subsequent changes german energy policy.chief executive peter löscher supported german governments planned energiewende transition renewable energy technologies calling project century saying berlins target reaching renewable energy sources feasible.in november siemens acquired rail division invensys £.billion.
Siemens	month siemens acquired privately held company lms international nv.in august nokia acquired company nokia siemens networks buyout siemens ag ending siemens role telecommunication.in august siemens .million order power plant components oil firm saudi aramco largest bid ever received saudi company.in siemens announced plans build million facility making offshore wind turbines paull england britains wind power rapidly expands.siemens chose hull area east coast england close large offshore projects planned coming years.new plant expected begin producing turbine rotor blades .plant associated service center green port hull nearby employ workers.
Siemens	facilities serve uk market electricity major power producers generate wind grew percent representing percent total electricity according government figures.also plans increase britains windgenerating capacity least threefold gigawatts.in may rollsroyce agreed sell gas turbine compressor energy business siemens £ billion.in june siemens mitsubishi heavy industries announced formation joint ventures bid alstoms troubled energy transportation businesses locomotives steam turbines aircraft engines.rival bid general electric ge criticized french government sources consider alstoms operations vital national interest moment french unemployment level stands voters turning towards farright.in siemens acquired u.s. oilfield equipment maker dresserrand group inc .billion.in november siemens acquired eda company mentor graphics .billion.in november u.s. department justice charged three chinese employees guangzhou bo yu information technology company limited hacking corporate entities including siemens ag.in december siemens acquired medical technology company fast track diagnostics undisclosed amount.in august siemens acquired rapid application development company mendix €.
Siemens	billion cash.in may siemens acquired j innovations undisclosed amount.in may siemens acquired enlighted inc. undisclosed amount.in september siemens orascom construction signed agreement iraqi government rebuild two power plants believed setup company future deals country.in – siemens identified key engineering company supporting controversial adani carmichael coal mine queensland australia.in january siemens signed agreement acquire equity share capital indian switchgear manufacturer cs electric € million ₹ crore.takeover approved competition commission india august .in april siemens acquired majority stake indian building solution provider imetrex technologies undisclosed sum.in april siemens energy created independent company energy division siemens.trading shares new siemens energy ag stock exchange expected possible september onwards.in august siemens healthineers ag announced plans acquire u.s. cancer device software company varian medical systems allstock deal valued .billion.in october siemens acquired building iot software hardware company wattsense undisclosed sum.products services contribution siemens offers wide range electrical engineering electronicsrelated products services.
Siemens	products broadly divided following categories buildingsrelated products drives automation industrial plantrelated products energyrelated products lighting medical products transportation logisticsrelated products.siemens buildingsrelated products include buildingautomation equipment systems buildingoperations equipment systems building firesafety equipment systems buildingsecurity equipment systems lowvoltage switchgear including circuit protection distribution products.siemens drives automation industrial plantrelated products include motors drives conveyor belts pumps compressors heavy duty motors drives rolling steel mills compressors oil gas pipelines mechanical components including gears wind turbines cement mills automation equipment systems controls production machinery machine tools industrial plant water processing raw material processing.siemens energyrelated products include gas steam turbines generators compressors offshore wind turbines highvoltage transmission products power transformers highvoltage switching products systems alternating direct current transmission systems mediumvoltage components systems power automation products.in renewable energy industry company provides portfolio products services help build operate microgrids size.provides generation distribution electrical energy well monitoring controlling microgrids.using primarily renewable energy microgrids reduce carbondioxide emissions often required government regulations.supplied sustainable storage produc microgrid enel produzione spa island ventotene ital.k.siemens osram subsidiary produces lighting products including incandescent halogen compact fluorescent fluorescent highintensity discharge xenon lamps optoelectronic semiconductor light sources light emitting diodes leds organic leds high power laser diodes led systems led luminaires electronic equipment including electronic ballasts lighting control management systems related precision components.siemens medical products include clinical information technology systems hearing instruments invitro diagnostics equipment imaging equipment including angiography computed tomography fluoroscopy magnetic resonance mammography molecular imaging ultrasound xray equipment radiation oncology particle therapy equipment.
Siemens	siemens finalized sale hearingaid hearing instruments business sivantos.siemens transportation logisticsrelated products include equipment systems rail transportation including rail vehicles mass transit regional longdistance transportation locomotives equipment systems rail electrification central control systems interlockings automated train controls equipment systems road traffic including traffic detection information guidance equipment systems airport logistics including cargo tracking baggage handling equipment systems postal automation including letter parcel sorting.operations siemens incorporated germany corporate headquarters munich.operations around countries approximately production manufacturing facilities.siemens around employees september .electrification automation digitalization longterm growth fields siemens.businesses fields bundled nine divisions healthcare separately managed business.power gas siemens gamesa renewable energy spun siemens energypower generation servicesenergy managementsmart infrastructure formerly building technologiesmobilityprocess industries drivesfinancial serviceshealthineersautomation drive system steel millsdigital factory software research development siemens invested total €.
Siemens	billion research development equivalent .revenues.september siemens approximately germanybased employees engaged research development approximately rest world majority based either austria china croatia denmark france india japan mexico netherlands russia slovakia sweden switzerland united kingdom united states.september siemens held approximately patents worldwide.siemens formed strategic alliance technische universität darmstadt.
Siemens	joint ventures siemens current joint ventures includesiemens traction equipment ltd. stez zhuzhou china joint venture siemens zhuzhou csr times electric co. ltd. tec csr zhuzhou electric locomotive co. ltd. zelc produces ac drive electric locomotives ac locomotive traction components.primetals technologies joint venture siemens vai metals technologies mitsubishi hitachi metals machinery formed .omnetric group siemens accenture company formed .former joint ventures includesilcar joint venture siemens ltd thiess services pty ltd .silcar person australian organisation providing productivity reliability large scale technically complex plant assets.services include asset management design construction operations maintenance.silcar operates across range industries essential services including power generation electrical distribution manufacturing mining telecommunications.july thiess took full control.
Siemens	finances fiscal year siemens reported earnings eur .billion annual revenue €.billion increase .previous fiscal cycle.siemens shares traded us per share market capitalization valued us.
Siemens	billion november .november company higher fourth quarter earnings expected adjusted earnings interest taxes amortization totaling €.billion .billion warned slowdown especially car sector next year.shareholders company issued shares common stock.
Siemens	largest single shareholder continues founding shareholder siemens family stake .. held institutional asset managers largest two divisions worlds largest asset manager blackrock..shares considered public float however including strategic investors state qatar dic company ltd. .government pension fund norway .siemens ag .. held private investors investors considered unidentifiable.
Boston	owned german investors us investors followed uk france switzerland number others .senior management chairmen siemensschuckertwerke managing board alfred berliner carl friedrich von siemens otto heinrich carl köttgen rudolf bingel wolfdietrich von witzleben günther scharowsky friedrich bauer bernhard plettner chairmen siemens halske siemensschuckertwerke supervisory board wilhelm von siemens carl friedrich von siemens hermann von siemens friedrich carl siemens hermann von siemens ernst von siemens chairmen siemens ag managing board presenthans kerschbaum adolf lohse bernhard plettner presidency managing board erwin hachmann bernhard plettner gerd tacke presidency managing board gerd tacke bernhard plettner karlheinz kaske heinrich von pierer klaus kleinfeld peter löscher joe kaeser roland busch presentchairmen siemens ag supervisory board presenternst von siemens peter von siemens bernhard plettner heribald närger hermann franz karlhermann baumann heinrich von pierer gerhard cromme jim hagemann snabe presentmanaging board present dayroland busch ceo siemens agklaus helmrichcedrik neike ceo digital industriesmatthias rebellius ceo smart infrastructureralf p. thomas cfojudith wiese see also renewable energy commercialization references reading external links official website documents clippings siemens th century press archives zbwsiemens historical institutecity proper covers .square miles km population also making populous city new england.seat suffolk county although county government disbanded july .city economic cultural anchor substantially larger metropolitan area known greater boston metropolitan statistical area msa home censusestimated .million people ranking tenthlargest msa country.
Boston	broader combined statistical area csa generally corresponding commuting area including providence rhode island home .million people making sixth populous united states.boston one oldest municipalities united states founded shawmut peninsula puritan settlers english town name.scene several key events american revolution boston massacre boston tea party battle bunker hill siege boston.upon american independence great britain city continued important port manufacturing hub well center education culture.city expanded beyond original peninsula land reclamation municipal annexation.
Boston	rich history attracts many tourists faneuil hall alone drawing million visitors per year.bostons many firsts include united states first public park boston common first public state school boston latin school first subway system tremont street subway first large public library boston public library .today boston thriving center scientific research.boston areas many colleges universities make world leader higher education including law medicine engineering business city considered global pioneer innovation entrepreneurship nearly startups.bostons economic base also includes finance professional business services biotechnology information technology government activities.households city claim highest average rate philanthropy united states businesses institutions rank among top country environmental sustainability investment.
Boston	city one highest costs living united states undergone gentrification.history indigenous peoples prior european colonization modernday boston originally inhabited indigenous massachusett.small native communities throughout became boston likely moved winter homes inland along charles river called quinobequin meaning meandering native people hunting plentiful summer homes along coast fishing shellfish beds plentiful.archeological excavations one oldest native fishweirs new england found boylston street.native people constructed trap fish several thousand years ago.
Boston	colonial bostons early european settlers first called area trimountaine three mountains traces remain today later renamed boston boston lincolnshire england origin several prominent colonists.renaming september old style puritan colonists england moved charlestown earlier year quest fresh water.settlement initially limited shawmut peninsula time surrounded massachusetts bay charles river connected mainland narrow isthmus.peninsula thought inhabited early bc.in massachusetts bay colonys first governor john winthrop led signing cambridge agreement key founding document city.puritan ethics focus education influenced early history americas first public school boston latin school founded boston .john hull pine tree shilling played central role establishment massachusetts bay colony old south church s. massachusetts legislature authorized john hull produce coinage.
Boston	hull mint produced several denominations silver coinage including pine tree shilling years political economic situation made operating mint longer practical.king charles ii reasons mostly political deemed hull mint high treason punishment hanged drawn quartered.april edward randolph petitioned king informing colony still pressing coins saw high treason believed enough void charter.asked writ quo warranto legal action requiring defendant show authority exercising right power franchise claim hold issued massachusetts violations.boston largest town thirteen colonies philadelphia outgrew midth century.bostons oceanfront location made lively port city primarily engaged shipping fishing colonial days.
Boston	however boston stagnated decades prior revolution.midth century new york city philadelphia surpassed boston wealth.period boston encountered financial difficulties even cities new england grew rapidly.revolution siege boston many crucial events american revolution occurred near boston.bostons penchant mob action along colonists growing lack faith either britain parliament fostered revolutionary spirit city.
Boston	british parliament passed stamp act boston mob ravaged homes andrew oliver official tasked enforcing act thomas hutchinson lieutenant governor massachusetts.british sent two regiments boston attempt quell angry colonists.sit well colonists.boston massacre british troops shot crowd started violently harass them.colonists compelled british withdraw troops.
Boston	event widely publicized fueled revolutionary movement america.in parliament passed tea act.many colonists saw act attempt force accept taxes established townshend acts.act prompted boston tea party group angered bostonian citizens threw entire shipment tea sent east india company boston harbor.boston tea party key event leading revolution british government responded furiously coercive acts demanding compensation destroyed tea bostonians.angered colonists led american revolutionary war.
Boston	war began area surrounding boston battles lexington concord.boston besieged almost year siege boston began april .new england militia impeded movement british army.sir william howe commanderinchief british forces north america led british army siege.june british captured charlestown peninsula boston battle bunker hill.british army outnumbered militia stationed pyrrhic victory british army suffered irreplaceable casualties.
Boston	also testament skill training militia stubborn defence made difficult british capture charlestown without suffering irreplaceable casualties.several weeks later george washington took militia continental congress established continental army unify revolutionary effort.sides faced difficulties supply shortages siege fighting limited smallscale raids skirmishes.narrow boston neck time hundred feet wide impeded washingtons ability invade boston long stalemate ensued.young officer rufus putnam came plan make portable fortifications wood could erected frozen ground cover darkness.putnam supervised effort successfully installed fortifications dozens cannon dorchester heights henry knox laboriously brought snow fort ticonderoga.
Boston	astonished british awoke next morning see large array cannons bearing them.general howe believed said americans done one night army could done six months.british army attempted cannon barrage two hours shot could reach colonists cannons height.british gave boarded ships sailed away.boston still celebrates evacuation day year.
Boston	washington impressed made rufus putnam chief engineer.postrevolution war revolution bostons long seafaring tradition helped make one nations busiest ports domestic international trade.bostons harbor activity significantly curtailed embargo act adopted napoleonic wars war .foreign trade returned hostilities bostons merchants found alternatives capital investments interim.manufacturing became important component citys economy citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade economic importance midth century.
Boston	network small rivers bordering city connecting surrounding region facilitated shipment goods led proliferation mills factories.later dense network railroads furthered regions industry commerce.during period boston flourished culturally well admired rarefied literary life generous artistic patronage members old boston families—eventually dubbed boston brahmins—coming regarded nations social cultural elites.boston early port atlantic triangular slave trade new england colonies soon overtaken salem massachusetts newport rhode island.boston eventually became center abolitionist movement.city reacted strongly fugitive slave act contributing president franklin pierces attempt make example boston anthony burns fugitive slave case.in citizens boston voted change official name town boston city boston march people boston accepted charter incorporating city.time boston chartered city population area city .
Boston	square miles km.th century bostons population grew rapidly citys ethnic composition changed dramatically first wave european immigrants.irish immigrants dominated first wave newcomers period especially following great famine irish lived boston.latter half th century city saw increasing numbers irish germans lebanese syrians french canadians russian polish jews settling city.end th century bostons core neighborhoods become enclaves ethnically distinct immigrants residence yielding lasting cultural change.
Boston	italians became largest inhabitants north end irish dominated south boston charlestown russian jews lived west end.irish italian immigrants brought roman catholicism.currently catholics make bostons largest religious community irish played major role boston politics since early th century prominent figures include kennedys tip oneill john f. fitzgerald.between city tripled area land reclamation filling marshes mud flats gaps wharves along waterfront.largest reclamation efforts took place th century beginning crown beacon hill used fill acre ha mill pond later became bulfinch triangle haymarket square.presentday state house sits atop lowered beacon hill.
Boston	reclamation projects middle century created significant parts south end west end financial district chinatown.after great boston fire workers used building rubble landfill along downtown waterfront.midtolate th century workers filled almost acres hectares brackish charles river marshlands west boston common gravel brought rail hills needham heights.city annexed adjacent towns south boston east boston roxbury dorchester including presentday mattapan portion south boston brighton including presentday allston west roxbury including presentday jamaica plain roslindale charlestown hyde park .proposals unsuccessful annexation brookline cambridge chelsea.th century fenway park home boston red sox opened .
Boston	many architecturally significant buildings built early years th century horticultural hall tennis racquet club isabella stewart gardner museum fenway studios jordan hall boston opera house.longfellow bridge built mentioned robert mccloskey make way ducklings describing salt pepper shakers feature.logan international airport opened september .boston bruins founded played first game boston garden november .boston went decline early midth century factories became old obsolete businesses moved region cheaper labor elsewhere.boston responded initiating various urban renewal projects direction boston redevelopment authority bra established .bra initiated project improve historic west end neighborhood.
Boston	extensive demolition met strong public opposition thousands families displaced.the bra continued implementing eminent domain projects including clearance vibrant scollay square area construction modernist style government center.columbia point health center opened dorchester neighborhood first community health center united states.mostly served massive columbia point public housing complex adjoining built .health center still operation rededicated geigergibson community health center.columbia point complex redeveloped revitalized mixedincome residential development called harbor point apartments.by citys economy begun recover years economic downturn.
Boston	large number highrises constructed financial district bostons back bay period.boom continued mids resumed pauses.hospitals massachusetts general hospital beth israel deaconess medical center brigham womens hospital lead nation medical innovation patient care.schools boston architectural college boston college boston university harvard medical school tufts university school medicine northeastern university massachusetts college art design wentworth institute technology berklee college music boston conservatory many others attract students area.nevertheless city experienced conflict starting desegregation busing resulted unrest violence around public schools throughout mids.
Boston	st century boston intellectual technological political center lost important regional institutions including loss mergers acquisitions local financial institutions fleetboston financial acquired charlottebased bank america .bostonbased department stores jordan marsh filenes merged new york city–based macys.the acquisition boston globe new york times reversed resold boston businessman john w. henry.announced general electric would moving corporate headquarters connecticut seaport district boston joining many companies rapidly developing neighborhood.boston experienced gentrification latter half th century housing prices increasing sharply since s.on april two chechen islamist brothers detonated pair bombs near finish line boston marathon killing three people injuring roughly .in boston briefly shouldered bid us applicant summer olympics.bid supported mayor coalition business leaders local philanthropists eventually dropped due public opposition.usoc selected los angeles american candidate los angeles ultimately securing right host summer olympics.

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