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Brazil	brazilian cinema dates back birth medium late th century gained new level international acclaim since s. architecture architecture brazil influenced europe especially portugal.history goes back years time pedro cabral discovered brazil .portuguese colonial architecture first wave architecture go brazil.basis brazilian architecture later centuries.th century time empire brazil brazil followed european trends adopted neoclassical gothic revival architecture.
Brazil	th century especially brasilia brazil experimented modernist architecture.the colonial architecture brazil dates early th century brazil first explored conquered settled portuguese.portuguese built architecture familiar europe aim colonize brazil.built portuguese colonial architecture included churches civic architecture including houses forts brazilian cities countryside.th century brazilian architecture saw introduction european styles brazil neoclassical gothic revival architecture.usually mixed brazilian influences heritage produced unique form brazilian architecture.
Brazil	modernist architecture introduced brasilia built new federal capital interior brazil help develop interior.architect oscar niemeyer idealized built government buildings churches civic buildings modernist style.music music brazil formed mainly fusion european african elements.nineteenth century portugal gateway influences built brazilian music although many elements portuguese origin generally european.first josé maurício nunes garcia author sacred pieces influence viennese classicism.
Brazil	major contribution african element rhythmic diversity dances instruments bigger role development popular music folk flourishing especially twentieth century.popular music since late eighteenth century began show signs forming characteristically brazilian sound samba considered typical unesco cultural heritage list.maracatu afoxê two afrobrazilian music traditions popularized appearance annual brazilian carnivals.sport capoeira usually played music referred capoeira music usually considered callandresponse type folk music.forró type folk music prominent festa junina northeastern brazil.jack a. draper iii professor portuguese university missouri argues forró used way subdue feelings nostalgia rural lifestyle.choro popular music instrumental style.
Brazil	origins thcentury rio de janeiro.spite name style often fast happy rhythm characterized virtuosity improvisation subtle modulations full syncopation counterpoint.bossa nova also wellknown style brazilian music developed popularized s. phrase bossa nova means literally new trend.lyrical fusion samba jazz bossa nova acquired large following starting s. literature brazilian literature dates back th century writings first portuguese explorers brazil pêro vaz de caminha filled descriptions fauna flora commentary indigenous population fascinated european readers.brazil produced significant works romanticism – novelists like joaquim manuel de macedo josé de alencar wrote novels love pain.alencar long career also treated indigenous people heroes indigenist novels guarani iracema ubirajara.
Brazil	machado de assis one contemporaries wrote virtually genres continues gain international prestige critics worldwide.brazilian modernism evidenced week modern art concerned nationalist avantgarde literature postmodernism brought generation distinct poets like joão cabral de melo neto carlos drummond de andrade vinicius de moraes cora coralina graciliano ramos cecília meireles internationally known writers dealing universal regional subjects like jorge amado joão guimarães rosa clarice lispector manuel bandeira.cuisine brazilian cuisine varies greatly region reflecting countrys varying mix indigenous immigrant populations.created national cuisine marked preservation regional differences.examples feijoada considered countrys national dish regional foods beiju feijão tropeiro vatapá moqueca polenta italian cuisine acarajé african cuisine.the national beverage coffee cachaça brazils native liquor.cachaça distilled sugar cane main ingredient national cocktail caipirinha.a typical meal consists mostly rice beans beef salad french fries fried egg.
Brazil	often mixed cassava flour farofa.fried potatoes fried cassava fried banana fried meat fried cheese often eaten lunch served typical restaurants.popular snacks pastel fried pastry coxinha variation chicken croquete pão de queijo cheese bread cassava flour tapioca pamonha corn milk paste esfirra variation lebanese pastry kibbeh arabic cuisine empanada pastry empada little salt pies filled shrimps heart palm.brazil variety desserts brigadeiros chocolate fudge balls bolo de rolo roll cake goiabada cocada coconut sweet beijinhos coconut truffles clove romeu e julieta cheese goiabada.peanuts used make paçoca rapadura pédemoleque.local common fruits like açaí cupuaçu mango papaya cocoa cashew guava orange lime passionfruit pineapple hog plum turned juices used make chocolates ice pops ice cream.
Brazil	cinema brazilian film industry began late th century early days belle époque.national film productions early th century american films rio magnificent made rio de janeiro promote tourism city.films limite ganga bruta latter produced adhemar gonzaga prolific studio cinédia poorly received release failed box office acclaimed nowadays placed among finest brazilian films time.unfinished film true divided four segments two filmed brazil directed orson welles originally produced part united states good neighbor policy getúlio vargas estado novo government.during cinema novo movement rose prominence directors glauber rocha nelson pereira dos santos paulo cesar saraceni arnaldo jabor.rochas films deus e diabo na terra sol terra em transe considered greatest influential brazilian film history.during brazil saw surge critical commercial success films quatrilho fábio barreto que é isso companheiro bruno barreto central brasil walter salles nominated academy award best foreign language film latter receiving best actress nomination fernanda montenegro.
Brazil	crime film city god directed fernando meirelles critically acclaimed scoring rotten tomatoes placed roger eberts best films decade list receiving four academy award nominations including best director.notable film festivals brazil include são paulo rio de janeiro international film festivals gramado festival.theatre theatre brazil origins period jesuit expansion theater used dissemination catholic doctrine th century.th th centuries first dramatists appeared scene european derivation court private performances.th century dramatic theater gained importance thickness whose first representative luis carlos martins pena – capable describing contemporary reality.
Brazil	always period comedy costume comic production imposed.significant also nineteenth century also playwright antônio gonçalves dias.also numerous operas orchestras.brazilian conductor antônio carlos gomes became internationally known operas like il guarany.end th century orchestrated dramaturgias became popular accompanied songs famous artists like conductress chiquinha gonzaga.already early th century presence theaters entrepreneurs actor companies paradoxically quality products staggered brazilian theater received boost renewal thanks action paschoal carlos magno students theater comedians group italian actors adolfo celi ruggero jacobbi aldo calvo founders teatro brasileiro de comedia.
Brazil	attended theater dedicated social religious issues flourishing schools dramatic art.prominent authors stage jorge andrade ariano suassuna.visual arts brazilian painting emerged late th century influenced baroque rococo neoclassicism romanticism realism modernism expressionism surrealism cubism abstracionism making major art style called brazilian academic art.missão artística francesa french artistic mission arrived brazil proposing creation art academy modeled respected académie des beauxarts graduation courses artists craftsmen activities modeling decorating carpentry others bringing artists like jeanbaptiste debret.upon creation imperial academy fine arts new artistic movements spread across country th century later event called week modern art broke definitely academic tradition started nationalist trend influenced modernist arts.among bestknown brazilian painters ricardo pilar manuel da costa ataíde baroque rococo victor meirelles pedro américo almeida junior romanticism realism anita malfatti ismael nery lasar segall emiliano di cavalcanti vicente rego monteiro tarsila amaral expressionism surrealism cubism aldo bonadei josé pancetti cândido portinari modernism.
Brazil	sports popular sport brazil football.brazilian mens national team ranked among best world according fifa world rankings world cup tournament record five times.volleyball basketball auto racing martial arts also attract large audiences.brazil mens national volleyball team example currently holds titles world league world grand champions cup world championship world cup.auto racing three brazilian drivers formula one world championship eight times.some sport variations origins brazil beach football futsal indoor football footvolley emerged brazil variations football.martial arts brazilians developed capoeira vale tudo brazilian jiujitsu.brazil hosted several highprofile international sporting events like fifa world cup recently hosted fifa world cup copa américa copa américa .
Brazil	são paulo circuit autódromo josé carlos pace hosts annual grand prix brazil.são paulo organized iv pan american games rio de janeiro hosted xv pan american games .october rio de janeiro selected host olympic games paralympic games making first south american city host games second latin america mexico city.furthermore country hosted fiba basketball world cups .event brazil national basketball team one two world championship titles.
Weimar Republic	see also outline brazil notes references bibliography reading external links governmentbrazilian federal governmentofficial tourist guide brazilbrazilian institute geography statistics wikimedia atlas brazil geographic data related brazil openstreetmapstate also referred german republic deutsche republik.first term refers city weimar republics constituent assembly first took place.english country usually simply called germany term weimar republic become common english s.after four years hostilities world war heavy losses germany exhausted sued peace desperate circumstances.awareness imminent defeat sparked revolution abdication kaiser wilhelm ii germanys surrender proclamation weimar republic november .from weimar republic suffered grave problems hyperinflation political extremism including political murders two attempted power seizures contending paramilitaries well contentious relationships victors first world war.great deal monetary political stability restored republic enjoyed relative prosperity.
Weimar Republic	years sometimes called golden twenties.global economic crisis october hit germany exceptionally hard.high unemployment led collapse coalition government march various chancellors ruled emergency powers granted president paul von hindenburg.period ended adolf hitlers appointment chancellor january .resentment germany towards treaty versailles strong especially political right great anger towards signed submitted treaty.weimar republic fulfilled requirements treaty versailles although never completely met disarmament commitments eventually paid small portion war reparations twice restructuring debt dawes plan young plan.under locarno treaties signed germany moved toward normalising relations neighbours.
Weimar Republic	germany recognised western borders established versailles treaty however eastern borders remained subject possible revisions.germany joined league nations.from onwards president hindenburg used emergency powers back chancellors heinrich brüning franz von papen general kurt von schleicher.great depression exacerbated brünings policy deflation led surge unemployment.january hindenburg appointed hitler chancellor head coalition government.hitlers nazi party held two ten cabinet seats.
Weimar Republic	von papen vicechancellor intended éminence grise would keep hitler control using close personal connection hindenburg.intentions badly underestimated hitlers political abilities.by end march reichstag fire decree enabling act used perceived state emergency effectively grant new chancellor broad power act outside parliamentary control.hitler promptly used powers thwart constitutional governance suspend civil liberties brought swift collapse democracy federal state level creation singleparty dictatorship hitler.until end world war ii europe nazis governed german state pretense extraordinary measures laws brought force starting legal provisions weimar constitution notably attempt formally enact entirely new constitution replace one adopted .nevertheless hitlers seizure power machtergreifung effectively ended republic.instead government operated führerprinzip principle führers word written law.
Weimar Republic	name symbols weimar republic called assembly adopted constitution met weimar february august name became mainstream .terminology single name new state gained widespread acceptance thus old name deutsches reich officially retained although hardly anyone used weimar period.right spectrum politically engaged rejected new democratic model appalled see honour traditional word reich associated it.zentrum catholic centre party favoured term deutscher volksstaat german peoples state moderate left chancellor friedrich eberts social democratic party germany preferred deutsche republik german republic.mids deutsche republik used germans antidemocratic right word republik painful reminder government structure believed imposed foreign statesmen along relocation seat power weimar expulsion kaiser wilhelm wake massive national humiliation.the first recorded mention term republik von weimar republic weimar came speech delivered adolf hitler nazi party rally munich february .
Weimar Republic	weeks later term weimarer republik first used hitler newspaper article.term become mainstream within outside germany.according historian richard j. evansthe continued use term german empire deutsches reich weimar republic ... conjured image among educated germans resonated far beyond institutional structures bismarck created successor roman empire vision gods empire earth universality claim suzerainty prosaic less powerful sense concept german state would include german speakers central europe—one people one reich one leader nazi slogan put it.flag coat arms old blackredgold tricolor named national flag weimar constitution.coat arms incorporated german imperial eagle derived coat arms paulskirche constitution .armed forces dissolution army former german empire known deutsches heer simply german army reichsheer army realm germanys military forces consisted irregular paramilitaries namely various rightwing freikorps free corps groups composed veterans war.
Weimar Republic	freikorps units formally disbanded although continued exist underground groups january new reichswehr figuratively defence realm created.the treaty versailles limited size reichswehr soldiers consisting seven infantry divisions three cavalry divisions armoured cars navy reichsmarine restricted ships active service.aircraft kind allowed.main advantage limitation however reichswehr could afford pick best recruits service.however inefficient armour air support reichswehr would limited combat abilities.privates mainly recruited countryside believed young men cities prone socialist behaviour would fray loyalty privates conservative officers.although technically service republic army predominantly officered conservative reactionaries sympathetic rightwing organisations.hans von seeckt head reichswehr declared army loyal democratic republic would defend interests.
Weimar Republic	kapp putsch example army refused fire upon rebels.vulgar turbulent sa reichswehrs main opponent throughout existence openly seeking absorb army army fired beer hall putsch.ascendance ss reichswehr took softer line nazis ss presented elitist respectable orderly busy reforming dominating police rather army.in two years adolf hitlers rise power reichswehr renamed wehrmacht defense force.wehrmacht unified armed forces nazi regime consisted heer army kriegsmarine navy luftwaffe air force.history background hostilities world war took place july november involved mobilisation million military personnel resulted million military civilian deaths exclusive fatalities spanish flu pandemic accounted millions making one largest deadliest wars history.after four years war multiple fronts europe around world final allied offensive began august position germany central powers deteriorated leading sue peace.
Weimar Republic	initial offers rejected allied powers germanys position became desperate.awareness impending military defeat sparked german revolution proclamation republic november abdication kaiser wilhelm ii – german surrender marking end imperial germany beginning weimar republic.november revolution – october constitution german empire reformed give powers elected parliament.october rebellion broke kiel among sailors.sailors soldiers workers began electing workers soldiers councils arbeiter und soldatenräte modelled soviets russian revolution .
Weimar Republic	revolution spread throughout germany participants seized military civil powers individual cities.power takeover achieved everywhere without loss life.at time socialist movement represented mostly labourers split among two major leftwing parties independent social democratic party germany uspd called immediate peace negotiations favoured sovietstyle command economy social democratic party germany spd also known majority social democratic party germany mspd supported war effort favoured parliamentary system.rebellion caused great fear establishment middle classes sovietstyle aspirations councils.centrist conservative citizens country looked verge communist revolution.by november revolution reached munich resulting king ludwig iii bavaria fleeing.mspd decided make use support grassroots put front movement demanding kaiser wilhelm ii abdicate.
Weimar Republic	refused prince max baden simply announced done frantically attempted establish regency another member house hohenzollern.gustav noske selfappointed military expert mspd sent kiel prevent unrest took task controlling mutinous sailors supporters kiel barracks.sailors soldiers inexperienced matters revolutionary combat welcomed experienced politician allowed negotiate settlement thus defusing initial anger revolutionaries uniform.on november german republic proclaimed mspd member philipp scheidemann reichstag building berlin fury friedrich ebert leader mspd thought question monarchy republic answered national assembly.two hours later free socialist republic proclaimed km .mi away berliner stadtschloss.
Weimar Republic	proclamation issued karl liebknecht coleader rosa luxemburg communist spartakusbund spartacus league group hundred supporters russian revolution allied uspd .legally questionable act imperial chancellor reichskanzler prince max baden transferred powers friedrich ebert shattered monarchys fall reluctantly accepted.view mass support radical reforms among workers councils coalition government called council peoples deputies rat der volksbeauftragten established consisting three mspd three uspd members.led ebert mspd hugo haase uspd sought act provisional cabinet ministers.power question unanswered.
Weimar Republic	although new government confirmed berlin worker soldier council opposed spartacus league.on november armistice signed compiègne german representatives.effectively ended military operations allies germany.amounted german capitulation without concessions allies naval blockade would continue complete peace terms agreed.from november january germany governed council peoples deputies leadership ebert haase.council issued large number decrees radically shifted german policies.introduced eighthour workday domestic labour reform works councils agricultural labour reform right civilservice associations local municipality social welfare relief split reich states national health insurance reinstatement demobilised workers protection arbitrary dismissal appeal right regulated wage agreement universal suffrage years age types elections—local national.
Weimar Republic	ebert called national congress councils reichsrätekongress took place december mspd majority.thus ebert able institute elections provisional national assembly would given task writing democratic constitution parliamentary government marginalising movement called socialist republic.to ensure fledgling government maintained control country ebert made agreement ohl led ludendorffs successor general wilhelm groener.ebert–groener pact stipulated government would attempt reform army long army swore protect state.one hand agreement symbolised acceptance new government military assuaging concern among middle classes hand thought contrary workingclass interests left wing social democrats communists also opposed far right believed democracy would make germany weaker.new reichswehr armed forces limited treaty versailles army soldiers sailors remained fully control german officer class despite nominal reorganisation.the executive council workers’ soldiers’ councils coalition included majority socialists independent socialists workers soldiers implemented programme progressive social change introducing reforms eighthour workday releasing political prisoners abolition press censorship increases workers’ oldage sick unemployment benefits bestowing upon labour unrestricted right organise unions.a number reforms carried germany revolutionary period.
Weimar Republic	made harder estates sack workers prevent leaving wanted provisional act agricultural labour november normal period notice management resident labourers set six weeks.addition supplementary directive december specified female child workers entitled fifteenminute break worked four six hours thirty minutes workdays lasting six eight hours one hour longer days.decree december established committees composed workers representatives relation employer safeguard rights workers.right bargain collectively also established made obligatory elect workers’ committees estates establish conciliation committees.decree february removed right employers acquire exemption domestic servants agricultural workers.with verordnung february ebert government reintroduced original structure health insurance boards according law onethird employers twothirds members i.e.
Weimar Republic	workers.june health insurance committees became elected workers themselves.provisional order january concerning agricultural labour conditions fixed hours maximum per year distributed eight ten eleven hours per day fourmonthly periods.code january bestowed upon landlabourers legal rights industrial workers enjoyed bill ratified year obliged states set agricultural settlement associations noted volker berghahn endowed priority right purchase farms beyond specified size.addition undemocratic public institutions abolished involving noted one writer disappearance prussian upper house former prussian lower house elected accordance threeclass suffrage municipal councils also elected class vote.a rift developed mspd uspd ebert called upon ohl supreme army command troops put mutiny leftist military unit december members volksmarinedivision peoples army division captured citys garrison commander otto wels occupied reichskanzlei reich chancellery council peoples deputies situated.
Weimar Republic	ensuing street fighting left several dead injured sides.uspd leaders outraged believed treachery mspd view joined anticommunist military suppress revolution.thus uspd left council peoples deputies seven weeks.december split deepened communist party germany kpd formed number radical leftwing groups including left wing uspd spartacus league group.in january spartacus league others streets berlin made armed attempts establish communism known spartacist uprising.attempts put paramilitary freikorps units consisting volunteer soldiers.
Weimar Republic	bloody street fights culminated beating shooting deaths rosa luxemburg karl liebknecht arrests january.affirmation ebert responsible tried courtmartial leading lenient sentences made ebert unpopular among radical leftists.the national assembly elections took place january .first time women allowed vote.time radical leftwing parties including uspd kpd barely able get organised leading solid majority seats mspd moderate forces.avoid ongoing fights berlin national assembly convened city weimar giving future republic unofficial name.
Weimar Republic	weimar constitution created republic parliamentary republic system reichstag elected proportional representation.democratic parties obtained solid vote.during debates weimar fighting continued.soviet republic declared munich quickly put freikorps remnants regular army.fall munich soviet republic units many situated extreme right resulted growth farright movements organisations bavaria including organisation consul nazi party societies exiled russian monarchists.sporadic fighting continued flare around country.
Weimar Republic	eastern provinces forces loyal germanys fallen monarchy fought republic militias polish nationalists fought independence great poland uprising provinz posen three silesian uprisings upper silesia.germany lost war country ran allies economic resources running support among population began crumble mid support war among diehard monarchists conservatives.decisive blow came entry united states conflict made vast industrial resources available beleaguered allies.late summer german reserves exhausted fresh american troops arrived france rate day.retreat defeat hand army told kaiser abdicate could longer support him.although retreat german armies still french belgian territory war ended november.
Weimar Republic	ludendorf hindenburg soon proclaimed defeatism civilian population made defeat inevitable.diehard nationalists blamed civilians betraying army surrender.stabintheback myth unceasingly propagated right ensured many monarchists conservatives would refuse support government called november criminals.years crisis – burden first world war four years following first world war situation german civilians remained dire.severe food shortages improved little none .
Weimar Republic	many german civilians expected life return prewar normality following removal naval blockade june .instead struggles induced first world war persisted decade following.throughout war german officials made rash decisions combat growing hunger nation highly unsuccessful.examples include nationwide pig slaughter schweinemord .rationale behind exterminating population swine decrease use potatoes turnips animal consumption transitioning foods toward human consumption.in three years german signing treaty versailles meat consumption country increased since war era.
Weimar Republic	kg per person per year still less half kg statistic onset war.german citizens felt food shortages even deeper war reality nation contrasted starkly expectations.burdens first world war lightened little immediate years following onset treaty versailles coupled mass inflation germany still remained crisis.continuity pain showed weimar authority negative light public opinion one main sources behind failure.treaty versailles growing postwar economic crisis result lost prewar industrial exports loss supplies raw materials foodstuffs due continental blockade loss colonies worsening debt balances exacerbated exorbitant issue promissory notes raising money pay war.
Weimar Republic	militaryindustrial activity almost ceased although controlled demobilisation kept unemployment around one million.part economic losses also attributed allied blockade germany treaty versailles.the allies permitted low import levels goods germans could afford.four years war famine many german workers exhausted physically impaired discouraged.millions disenchanted considered capitalism hoping new era.meanwhile currency depreciated would continue depreciate following french invasion ruhr.the treaty signed june easily divided four categories territorial issues disarmament demands reparations assignment guilt.
Weimar Republic	german colonial empire stripped given allied forces.greater blow germans however forced give territory alsacelorraine.many german borderlands demilitarised allowed selfdetermine.german military forced men officers.germany forced destroy fortifications west prohibited air force tanks poison gas heavy artillery.
Weimar Republic	many ships scuttled submarines dreadnoughts prohibited.germany forced article pay billion gold marks .billion dollars .article placed germany allies responsibility causing loss damage suffered allies.article angered many germans part treaty fought article .the german peace delegation france signed treaty versailles accepting mass reductions german military prospect substantial war reparations payments victorious allies controversial war guilt clause.
Weimar Republic	explaining rise extreme nationalist movements germany shortly war british historian ian kershaw points national disgrace felt throughout germany humiliating terms imposed victorious allies reflected versailles treaty...with confiscation territory eastern border even guilt clause.adolf hitler repeatedly blamed republic democracy accepting oppressive terms treaty.republics first reichspräsident reich president friedrich ebert spd signed new german constitution law august .the new postworld war germany stripped colonies became smaller european territory imperial predecessor.losses large proportion consisted provinces originally polish imperial territory alsacelorraine seized germany germans constituted majority within alsatian portion said imperial province also within half lorraine.allied rhineland occupation occupation rhineland took place following armistice germany november .
Weimar Republic	occupying armies consisted american belgian british french forces.in massive french pressure saar separated rhine province administered league nations plebiscite region returned deutsches reich.time districts eupen malmedy transferred belgium see germanspeaking community belgium.shortly france completely occupied rhineland strictly controlling important industrial areas.reparations actual amount reparations germany obliged pay billion marks decided london schedule rather billion marks stipulated b bonds.historian sally marks says billion marks c bonds entirely chimerical—a device fool public thinking germany would pay much more.
Weimar Republic	actual total payout payments suspended indefinitely billion german gold marks worth us billion £ billion british pounds..billion cash came mostly loans new york bankers.rest goods coal chemicals assets like railway equipment.reparations bill fixed basis german capacity pay basis allied claims.
Weimar Republic	highly publicised rhetoric paying damages veterans benefits irrelevant total determine recipients spent share.germany owed reparations chiefly france britain italy belgium us treasury received million.hyperinflation early postwar years inflation growing alarming rate government simply printed currency pay debts.republic claimed could longer afford reparations payments required versailles treaty government defaulted payments.response french belgian troops occupied ruhr region germanys productive industrial region time taking control mining manufacturing companies january .
Weimar Republic	strikes called passive resistance encouraged.strikes lasted eight months damaging economy society.the strike prevented goods produced one industrialist hugo stinnes able create vast empire bankrupt companies.production costs germany falling almost hourly prices german products unbeatable.stinnes made sure paid dollars meant mid industrial empire worth entire german economy.end year two hundred factories working fulltime produce paper spiralling bank note production.
Weimar Republic	stinnes empire collapsed governmentsponsored inflation stopped november .in one loaf bread cost mark loaf bread cost billion marks.since striking workers paid benefits state much additional currency printed fuelling period hyperinflation.german inflation started germany goods trade.government printed money deal crisis meant payments within germany made worthless paper money helped formerly great industrialists pay back loans.also led pay raises workers businessmen wanted profit it.circulation money rocketed soon banknotes overprinted thousand times nominal value every town produced promissory notes many banks industrial firms same.the value papiermark declined .
Weimar Republic	marks per u.s. dollar one million per dollar august .led criticism republic.november new currency rentenmark introduced rate one trillion papiermark one rentenmark action known redenomination.time one u.s. dollar equal .rentenmark.
Weimar Republic	reparation payments resumed ruhr returned germany locarno treaties defined borders germany france belgium.war guilt question wake treaty versailles placed responsibility outbreak war entirely germany imposed crushing reparations upon germany question german war guilt became central point debate germany among politicians historians also among general public.war guilt question pervaded entire history weimar republic.weimar embodied debate demise subsequently taken campaign argument nazi party.debate also took place countries involved conflict french third republic united kingdom.entire organizations formed germany chiefly consider question including war guilt section kriegsschuldreferat center study causes war zentralstelle zur erforschung der kriegsursachen existing institutions potsdam reichsarchiv spent significant resources researching propagandizing it.while war guilt question made possible investigate deeprooted causes first world war although without provoking great deal controversy also made possible identify aspects conflict role masses question germanys special path democracy sonderweg.the war guilt debate motivated numerous historians hans delbrück wolfgang j. mommsen gerhard hirschfeld take part.
Weimar Republic	german historian fritz fischer published germanys aims first world war argued german government expansionist foreign policy started war aggression .fischers thesis ignited furious debate germany became known fischer controversy.a century original events debate continues among historians st century.main outlines debate include much room maneuver available diplomatically politically inevitable consequences prewar armament policies role domestic policy social economic tensions foreign relations states involved role public opinion experience war face organized propaganda role economic interests top military commanders torpedoing deescalation peace negotiations sonderweg theory longterm trends tend contextualize first world war condition preparation second raymond aron views two world wars new thirty years war theory reprised enzo traverso work.political turmoil political murders attempted power seizures republic soon attack left rightwing sources.radical left accused ruling social democrats betrayed ideals workers movement preventing communist revolution sought overthrow republic themselves.
Weimar Republic	various rightwing sources opposed democratic system preferring authoritarian monarchy like german empire.undermine republics credibility rightwingers especially certain members former officer corps also blamed alleged conspiracy socialists jews germanys defeat first world war.in next five years central government assured support reichswehr dealt severely occasional outbreaks violence germanys large cities.left claimed social democrats betrayed ideals revolution army governmentfinanced freikorps committed hundreds acts gratuitous violence striking workers.the first challenge weimar republic came group communists anarchists took bavarian government munich declared creation bavarian soviet republic.uprising brutally attacked freikorps consisted mainly exsoldiers dismissed army wellpaid put forces far left.freikorps army outside control government close contact allies reichswehr.on march kapp putsch freikorps soldiers occupied berlin installed wolfgang kapp rightwing journalist chancellor.
Weimar Republic	national government fled stuttgart called general strike putsch.strike meant official pronouncements could published civil service strike kapp government collapsed four days march.inspired general strikes workers uprising began ruhr region people formed red army took control province.regular army freikorps ended uprising authority.rebels campaigning extension plans nationalise major industries supported national government spd leaders want lend support growing uspd favoured establishment socialist regime.repression uprising spd supporters reactionary forces freikorps instructions spd ministers become major source conflict within socialist movement thus contributed weakening group could withstood nazi movement.
Weimar Republic	rebellions put march saxony hamburg.one manifestations sharp political polarisation occurred rightwing motivated assassinations important representatives young republic.august finance minister matthias erzberger foreign minister walther rathenau murdered members organisation consul.june defamed compliant erfüllungspolitiker regard treaty versailles.erzberger attacked signing armistice agreement rathenau foreign minister responsible among things reparations issue.also sought break germanys isolation world war treaty rapallo russian soviet federative socialist republic.
Weimar Republic	however also drew rightwing extremist hatred jew see also weimar antisemitism.solidarity expressed large public funeral processions murdered passage law defense republic intended put stop rightwing enemies weimar republic.however rightwing state criminals permanently deterred activities lenient sentences given judges influenced imperial conservatism contributing factor.in germany signed treaty rapallo soviet russia allowed germany train military personnel exchange giving russia military technology.treaty versailles limited germany soldiers conscription naval forces men twelve destroyers six battleships six cruisers submarines aircraft.however russia pulled first world war germans result russian revolution excluded league nations.
Weimar Republic	thus germany seized chance make ally.walther rathenau jewish foreign minister signed treaty assassinated two months later two ultranationalist army officers.further pressure political right came beer hall putsch aka munich putsch failed power seizure staged nazi party adolf hitler munich.german workers party become national socialist german workers party nsdap nazi party would eventually become driving force collapse weimar.hitler named chairman party july .november kampfbund pact erich ludendorff took meeting bavarian prime minister gustav von kahr beer hall munich.ludendorff hitler declared weimar government deposed planning take control munich following day.
Weimar Republic	rebels match yet bavarian authorities.hitler arrested sentenced five years prison high treason minimum sentence charge.however hitler served less eight months comfortable cell receiving daily stream visitors release december .jail hitler dictated mein kampf laid ideas future policies.hitler decided focus legal methods gaining power.
Weimar Republic	golden era – gustav stresemann reichskanzler days served foreign minister period relative stability weimar republic known germany goldene zwanziger golden twenties.prominent features period growing economy consequent decrease civil unrest.once civil stability restored stresemann began stabilising german currency promoted confidence german economy helped recovery greatly needed german nation keep reparation repayments time feeding supplying nation.once economic situation stabilised stresemann could begin putting permanent currency place called rentenmark october contributed growing level international confidence weimar republics economy.to help germany meet reparation obligations dawes plan created .agreement american banks german government american banks lent money german banks german assets collateral help pay reparations.german railways national bank many industries therefore mortgaged securities stable currency loans.germany first state establish diplomatic relations new soviet union.treaty rapallo germany accorded formal de jure recognition two mutually cancelled prewar debts renounced war claims.
Weimar Republic	october treaty locarno signed germany france belgium britain italy recognised germanys borders france belgium.moreover britain italy belgium undertook assist france case german troops marched demilitarised rhineland.locarno paved way germanys admission league nations .germany signed arbitration conventions france belgium arbitration treaties poland czechoslovakia undertaking refer future disputes arbitration tribunal permanent court international justice.foreign achievements evacuation foreign troops ruhr .
Weimar Republic	germany admitted league nations permanent member improving international standing giving right vote league matters.overall trade increased unemployment fell.stresemanns reforms relieve underlying weaknesses weimar gave appearance stable democracy.even stresemanns german peoples party failed gain nationwide recognition instead featured flipflop coalitions.grand coalition headed muller inspired faith government didnt last.governments frequently lasted year comparable political situation france s. major weakness constitutional terms inherent instability coalitions often fell prior elections.
Weimar Republic	growing dependence american finance prove fleeting germany one worst hit nations great depression.culture saw remarkable cultural renaissance germany.worst phase hyperinflation clubs bars full speculators spent daily profits would lose value following day.berlin intellectuals responded condemning excesses considered capitalism demanding revolutionary changes cultural scenery.influenced brief cultural explosion soviet union german literature cinema theatre musical works entered phase great creativity.innovative street theatre brought plays public cabaret scene jazz bands became popular.
Weimar Republic	according cliché modern young women americanized wearing makeup short hair smoking breaking traditional mores.euphoria surrounding josephine baker metropolis berlin instance declared erotic goddess many ways admired respected kindled ultramodern sensations minds german public.art new type architecture taught bauhaus schools reflected new ideas time artists george grosz fined defaming military blasphemy.artists berlin influenced contemporary progressive cultural movements impressionist expressionist painters paris well cubists.likewise american progressive architects admired.many new buildings built era followed straightlined geometrical style.
Weimar Republic	examples new architecture include bauhaus building gropius grosses schauspielhaus einstein tower.not everyone however happy changes taking place weimar culture.conservatives reactionaries feared germany betraying traditional values adopting popular styles abroad particularly hollywood popularising american films new york became global capital fashion.germany susceptible americanization close economic links brought dawes plan.in three years receiving nobel peace prize stresemann died heart attack age .new york stock exchange crashed october american loans dried sharp decline german economy brought golden twenties abrupt end.social policy weimar wide range progressive social reforms carried revolutionary period.
Weimar Republic	legislation provided maximum working hour workweek restrictions night work halfholiday saturday break thirtysix hours continuous rest week.year health insurance extended wives daughters without income people partially capable gainful employment people employed private cooperatives people employed public cooperatives.series progressive tax reforms introduced auspices matthias erzberger including increases taxes capital increase highest income tax rate .governmental decree february german government met demand veterans associations aid disabled dependents taken central government thus assuming responsibility assistance extended peacetime nationwide network state district welfare bureaus set war coordinate social services war widows orphans.the imperial youth welfare act obliged municipalities states set youth offices charge child protection also codified right education children laws passed regulate rents increase protection tenants .health insurance coverage extended categories population existence weimar republic including seamen people employed educational social welfare sectors primary dependents.
Weimar Republic	various improvements also made unemployment benefits although june maximum amount unemployment benefit family four could receive berlin marks well minimum cost subsistence marks.in unemployment relief consolidated regular programme assistance following economic problems year.modern public assistance programme introduced accident insurance programme reformed allowing diseases linked certain kinds work become insurable risks.addition national unemployment insurance programme introduced .housing construction also greatly accelerated weimar period million new homes constructed modernised.renewed crisis decline – onset great depression onset depression united states america produced severe economic shock germany made worse bankruptcy austrian creditanstalt bank.
Weimar Republic	germanys fragile economy sustained granting loans dawes plan young plan .american banks withdrew line credit german companies onset severe unemployment could abated conventional economic measures.unemployment thereafter grew dramatically million september political earthquake shook republic foundations.national socialist german workers party nsdap minor farright party increased votes becoming germanys second largest party communist party germany kpd also increased votes made unstable coalition system every chancellor governed increasingly unworkable.last years weimar republic marred even systemic political instability previous years political violence increased.
Weimar Republic	four chancellors heinrich brüning franz von papen kurt von schleicher january march hitler governed presidential decree rather parliamentary consultation.effectively rendered parliament means enforcing constitutional checks balances powerless.brünings policy deflation – march months lobbying general kurt von schleicher behalf military finance expert heinrich brüning appointed müllers successor reichspräsident paul von hindenburg.new government expected lead political shift towards conservatism.as brüning majority support reichstag became use emergency powers granted reichspräsident article constitution first weimar chancellor operate independently parliament.made dependent reichspräsident hindenburg.
Weimar Republic	bill reform reichs finances opposed reichstag made emergency decree hindenburg.july result opposition spd kpd dnvp small contingent nsdap members reichstag rejected bill slim margin.immediately afterward brüning submitted presidents decree reichstag dissolved.consequent general election september resulted enormous political shift within reichstag .vote went nsdap five times percentage .
Weimar Republic	result longer possible form prorepublican majority even grand coalition excluded kpd dnvp nsdap.encouraged escalation number public demonstrations instances paramilitary violence organised nsdap.between brüning tried reform weimar republic without parliamentary majority governing necessary presidents emergency decrees.line contemporary economic theory subsequently termed leaveitalone liquidationism enacted draconian policy deflation drastically cutting state expenditure.among measures completely halted public grants obligatory unemployment insurance introduced resulting workers making higher contributions fewer benefits unemployed.benefits sick invalid pensioners also reduced sharply.
Weimar Republic	additional difficulties caused different deflationary policies pursued brüning reichsbank germanys central bank.mid united kingdom abandoned gold standard countries sterling bloc devalued currencies making goods around cheaper produced germany.young plan allow devaluation reichsmark brüning triggered deflationary internal devaluation forcing economy reduce prices rents salaries wages .debate continues whether policy without alternative argue allies would circumstances allowed devaluation reichsmark others point hoover moratorium sign allies understood situation changed fundamentally german reparation payments impossible.brüning expected policy deflation would temporarily worsen economic situation began improve quickly increasing german economys competitiveness restoring creditworthiness.
Weimar Republic	longterm view deflation would case best way help economy.primary goal remove germanys reparation payments convincing allies could longer paid.anton erkelenz chairman german democratic party contemporary critic brüning famously said policy deflation isa rightful attempt release germany grip reparation payments reality meant nothing else committing suicide fearing death.deflation policy causes much damage reparation payments years ... fighting hitler fighting deflation enormous destruction production factors.in american economist irving fisher developed theory debt deflation.explained deflation causes decline profits asset prices still greater decline net worth businesses.
Weimar Republic	even healthy companies therefore may appear overindebted facing bankruptcy.consensus today brünings policies exacerbated german economic crisis populations growing frustration democracy contributing enormously increase support hitlers nsdap.most german capitalists landowners originally supported conservative experiment belief conservatives would best serve interests rather particular liking brüning.working middle classes turned brüning however capitalists landowners declared favour opponents hitler hugenberg.late conservative movement dead hindenburg reichswehr begun contemplate dropping brüning favour accommodating hugenberg hitler.although hindenburg disliked hugenberg despised hitler less supporter sort antidemocratic counterrevolution dnvp nsdap represented.
Weimar Republic	april brüning actively supported hindenburgs successful campaign hitler reelection reichspräsident five weeks later may lost hindenburgs support resigned reichskanzler.papen deal hindenburg appointed franz von papen new reichskanzler.papen lifted ban nsdaps sa paramilitary imposed street riots unsuccessful attempt secure backing hitler.papen closely associated industrialist landowning classes pursued extremely conservative policy along hindenburgs lines.appointed reichswehr minister kurt von schleicher members new cabinet political opinion hindenburg.government expected assure cooperation hitler.
Weimar Republic	since republicans yet ready take action communists want support republic conservatives shot political bolt hitler hugenberg certain achieve power.elections july parties opposed new government papen reichstag dissolved called new elections.general elections july yielded major gains communists nazis .vote—their highwater mark free election.nazi party supplanted social democrats largest party reichstag although gain majority.the immediate question part large nazi party would play government country.
Weimar Republic	party owed huge increase growing support middleclass people whose traditional parties swallowed nazi party.millions radical adherents first forced party towards left.wanted renewed germany new organisation german society.left nazi party strove desperately drift train capitalist feudal reactionaries.therefore hitler refused ministry papen demanded chancellorship rejected hindenburg august .
Weimar Republic	still majority reichstag government result reichstag dissolved elections took place hope stable majority would result.schleicher cabinet november elections yielded nazis two million voters fewer previous election.franz von papen stepped succeeded chancellor reichskanzler general kurt von schleicher december.schleicher retired army officer developed atmosphere semiobscurity intrigue encompassed republican military policy.years camp supporting conservative counterrevolution.
Weimar Republic	schleichers bold unsuccessful plan build majority reichstag uniting trade unionist left wings various parties including nazis led gregor strasser.policy prove successful either.in brief presidential dictatorship intermission schleicher assumed role socialist general entered relations christian trade unions relatively left nazi party even social democrats.schleicher planned sort labour government generalship.reichswehr officers prepared working class natural distrust future allies great capitalists landowners also like plans.hitler learned papen general received hindenburg authority abolish reichstag parliament whereas majority seats did.cabinet previous interpretation article ruled without sitting reichstag could vote dissolution.
Weimar Republic	hitler also learned past crippling nazi debts relieved german big business.on january hitlers efforts persuade oskar von hindenburg presidents son confidant included threats bring criminal charges estate taxation irregularities presidents neudeck estate although acres km extra soon allotted hindenburgs property.outmaneuvered papen hitler plans new cabinet lost hindenburgs confidence schleicher asked new elections.january papen described hitler paul von hindenburg minority part alternative papenarranged government.four great political movements spd communists centre nazis opposition.on january hitler papen thwarted lastminute threat officially sanctioned reichswehr takeover january hindenburg accepted new papennationalisthitler coalition nazis holding three eleven cabinet seats hitler chancellor wilhelm frick minister interior hermann göring minister without portfolio.later day first cabinet meeting attended two political parties representing minority reichstag nazis german national peoples party dnvp led alfred hugenberg seats respectively.
Weimar Republic	eyeing catholic centre partys plus bvp seats hitler refused leaders demands constitutional concessions amounting protection planned dissolution reichstag.hindenburg despite misgivings nazis goals hitler personality reluctantly agreed papens theory nazi popular support wane hitler could controlled chancellor.date dubbed nazis machtergreifung seizure power commonly seen beginning nazi germany.end weimar republic hitlers chancellorship hitler sworn chancellor morning january observers later described brief indifferent ceremony.early february mere week hitlers assumption chancellorship government begun clamp opposition.meetings leftwing parties banned even moderate parties found members threatened assaulted.
Weimar Republic	measures appearance legality suppressed communist party midfebruary included plainly illegal arrests reichstag deputies.on february reichtstag burned ground apparently act arson dutch council communist marinus van der lubbe.hitler blamed fire kpd though van der lubbe member party convinced hinderburg issue reichstag fire decree following day.decree invoked article weimar constitution indefinitely suspended number constitutional protections civil liberties allowing nazi government take swift action political meetings arresting killing communists.hitler nazis exploited german states broadcasting aviation facilities massive attempt sway electorate election yielded scant majority seats nsdapdnvp coalition.reichstag elections took place march nsdap obtained million votes.communist social democrat catholic centre votes stood firm.
Weimar Republic	last multiparty election weimar republic last multiparty allgerman election years.hitler addressed disparate interest groups stressing necessity definitive solution perpetual instability weimar republic.blamed germanys problems communists even threatening lives march.former chancellor heinrich brüning proclaimed centre party would resist constitutional change appealed president investigation reichstag fire.hitlers successful plan induce remained communistdepleted reichstag grant government authority issue decrees force law.hitherto presidential dictatorship hereby give new legal form.on march first cabinet meeting attended two coalition parties representing minority reichstag nazis dnvp led alfred hugenberg seats.
Weimar Republic	according nuremberg trials cabinet meetings first order business last achieve complete counterrevolution means constitutionally allowed enabling act requiring parliamentary majority.act would lead hitler nsdap toward goal unfettered dictatorial powers.hitler cabinet meeting midmarch cabinet meeting march hitler introduced enabling act would authorised cabinet enact legislation without approval reichstag.meanwhile remaining question nazis whether catholic centre party would support enabling act reichstag thereby providing ⁄ majority required ratify law amended constitution.hitler expressed confidence win centres votes.
Weimar Republic	hitler recorded nuremberg trials sure eventual centre party germany capitulation thus rejecting dnvps suggestions balance majority arrests time social democrats.hitler however assured coalition partners arrests would resume elections fact spd social democrats physically removed.meeting centre leader monsignor ludwig kaas centre trade union leaders daily denying substantial participation government negotiation succeeded respect guarantees towards catholic civilservants education issues.at last internal centre meeting prior debate enabling act kaas expressed preference suggestion vote way mollifying opposition centre members granting powers hitler kaas somehow arranged letter constitutional guarantee hitler prior voting centre en bloc favour enabling act.guarantee ultimately given.kaas partys chairman since strong connections vatican secretary state later pope pius xii.
Weimar Republic	return pledging support act kaas would use connections vatican set train draft holy sees long desired reichskonkordat germany possible cooperation nazis.ludwig kaas considered along papen one two important political figures creation nazi regime.enabling act negotiations march negotiation began hitler frick one side catholic centre party zentrum leaders—kaas stegerwald hackelsburger other.aim settle conditions centre would vote favour enabling act.nazis narrow majority reichstag centres support necessary receive required twothirds majority vote.march negotiations concluded hitler promised continue existence german states agreed use new grant power change constitution promised retain zentrum members civil service.
Weimar Republic	hitler also pledged protect catholic confessional schools respect concordats signed holy see bavaria prussia baden .hitler also agreed mention promises speech reichstag vote enabling act.the ceremonial opening reichstag march held garrison church potsdam shrine prussianism presence many junker landowners representatives imperial military caste.impressive often emotional spectacle—orchestrated joseph goebbels—aimed link hitlers government germanys imperial past portray nazism guarantor nations future.ceremony helped convince old guard prussian military elite hitlers homage long tradition turn produced relatively convincing view hitlers government support germanys traditional protector—the army.support would publicly signal return conservatism curb problems affecting weimar republic stability might hand.
Weimar Republic	cynical politically adroit move hitler bowed apparently respectful humility president field marshal hindenburg.passage enabling act reichstag convened march kroll opera house midday opening hitler made historic speech appearing outwardly calm conciliatory.hitler presented appealing prospect respect towards christianity paying tribute christian faiths essential elements safeguarding soul german people.promised respect rights declared governments ambition peaceful accord church state hoped improve friendly relations holy see.speech aimed especially future recognition named holy see therefore votes centre party addressing many concerns kaas voiced previous talks.
Weimar Republic	kaas considered hand therefore drafting speech.kaas also reported voicing holy sees desire hitler bulwark atheistic russian nihilism previously early may .hitler promised act threaten existence either reichstag reichsrat authority president remained untouched länder would abolished.adjournment parties notably centre met discuss intentions.in debate prior vote enabling act hitler orchestrated full political menace paramilitary forces like storm division streets intimidate reluctant reichstag deputies approving enabling act.communists seats empty since reichstag fire decree lesser known procedural measures thus excluding anticipated votes balloting.otto wels leader social democrats whose seats similarly depleted speaker defend democracy futile brave effort deny hitler ⁄ majority made speech critical abandonment democracy dictatorship.
Weimar Republic	hitler could longer restrain wrath.in retort wels hitler abandoned earlier pretence calm statesmanship delivered characteristic screaming diatribe promising exterminate communists germany threatening wels social democrats well.even want support bill.germany become free shouted.meanwhile hitlers promised written guarantee monsignor kaas typed asserted kaas thereby kaas persuaded silently deliver centre blocs votes enabling act anyway.act—formally titled act removal distress people reich—was passed vote .
Weimar Republic	spd voted act.every member reichstag whether largest smallest party voted favour act.went effect following day march.consequences passage enabling act widely considered mark end weimar republic beginning nazi era.empowered cabinet legislate without approval reichstag president enact laws contrary constitution.
Weimar Republic	march elections hitler persuaded hindenburg promulgate reichstag fire decree using article empowered government restrict rights habeas corpus ... freedom press freedom organise assemble privacy postal telegraphic telephonic communications legalised search warrants confiscation beyond legal limits otherwise prescribed.intended forestall action government communists.hitler used provisions enabling act preempt possible opposition dictatorship sources mostly successful months following passage enabling act german parties aside nsdap banned force disband trade unions dissolved media brought control reich ministry public enlightenment propaganda partial exception frankfurter zeitung.reichstag dissolved hinderburg snap oneparty election called november giving nsdap full control chamber.the constitution never formally repealed enabling act meant dead letter.reichstag effectively eliminated active player german politics.
Weimar Republic	met sporadically end world war ii held debates enacted laws purposes reduced mere stage hitlers speeches.chamber german parliament reichsrat officially abolished february decision clear violation enabling act stipulated laws passed authority could affect institutions either chamber.time however nazis become law unto actions never challenged court.on august hinderburg died lung cancer thus eliminating remaining obstacle nazi full dominance day death hitler cabinet passed law concerning highest state office reich transferring presidents powers new post führer reich chancellor giving complete power reich without possibility check balance.move later ratified highly nondemocratic referendum.reasons failure reasons weimar republics collapse subject continuing debate.
Weimar Republic	may doomed beginning since even moderates disliked extremists left right loathed situation often referred democracy without democrats.germany limited democratic traditions weimar democracy widely seen chaotic.since weimar politicians blamed dolchstoß stabintheback widely believed theory germanys surrender first world war unnecessary act traitors popular legitimacy government shaky ground.normal parliamentary lawmaking broke replaced around series emergency decrees decreasing popular legitimacy government drove voters extremist parties.no single reason explain failure weimar republic.commonly asserted causes grouped three categories economic problems institutional problems roles specific individuals.
Weimar Republic	economic problems weimar republic serious economic problems ever experienced western democracy history.rampant hyperinflation massive unemployment large drop living standards primary factors.short period economic recovery great depression led worldwide recession.germany particularly affected depended heavily american loans.million germans unemployed rose around million .
Weimar Republic	many blamed weimar republic.made apparent political parties right left wanting disband republic altogether made democratic majority parliament impossible.the weimar republic severely affected great depression.economic stagnation led increased demands germany repay debts owed united states.weimar republic fragile existence depression devastating played major role nazi takeover.most germans thought treaty versailles punishing degrading document forced surrender resourcerich areas pay massive amounts compensation.punitive reparations caused consternation resentment actual economic damage resulting treaty versailles difficult determine.
Weimar Republic	official reparations considerable germany ended paying fraction them.however reparations damaged germanys economy discouraging market loans forced weimar government finance deficit printing currency causing rampant hyperinflation.beginning marks equivalent one us dollar.end one us dollar equal marks.addition rapid disintegration germany return disillusioned army rapid change possible victory defeat political chaos may led extreme nationalism.princeton historian harold james argues clear link economic decline people turning extremist politics.
Weimar Republic	institutional problems widely believed constitution several weaknesses making eventual establishment dictatorship likely unknown whether different constitution could prevented rise nazi party.however west german constitution basic law federal republic germany generally viewed strong response flaws.the institution reichspräsident frequently considered ersatzkaiser substitute emperor attempt replace emperors similarly strong institution meant diminish party politics.article constitution gave president power take necessary steps public order security seriously disturbed endangered.although intended emergency clause often used issue decrees without support parliament see also made gleichschaltung easier.during weimar republic accepted law conform constitution long support twothirds parliament majority needed change constitution verfassungsdurchbrechende gesetze.precedent enabling act .
Weimar Republic	basic law requires explicit change wording prohibits abolishing basic rights federal structure republic.the use proportional representation without large thresholds meant party small amount support could gain entry reichstag.led many small parties extremist building political bases within system made difficult form maintain stable coalition government contributing instability.counter problem modern german bundestag introduced threshold limit party gain parliamentary representation.however reichstag monarchy fractioned similar degree even elected majority vote tworound system.the reichstag could remove reichskanzler office even unable agree successor.use motion confidence meant since government could held office parliament came together.
Weimar Republic	result grundgesetz basic law stipulates chancellor may removed parliament unless successor elected time known constructive vote confidence.role individuals brünings economic policy subject much debate.caused many germans identify republic cuts social spending extremely liberal economics.whether alternatives policy great depression open question.paul von hindenburg became reichspräsident .old style monarchist conservative little love lost republic part formally acted within bounds constitution however ultimately—on advice son others close him—appointed hitler chancellor thereby effectively ending republic.
Weimar Republic	additionally hindenburgs death ended last obstacle hitler assume full power weimar republic.constituent states prior first world war constituent states german empire smaller monarchies three republican citystates imperial territory alsacelorraine.territorial losses treaty versailles german revolution – remaining states continued republics.former ernestine duchies continued briefly republics merging form state thuringia except saxecoburg became part bavaria.these states gradually abolished nazi regime via gleichschaltung process whereby effectively replaced gaue.two notable de jure changes however.
Weimar Republic	end mecklenburgstrelitz merged mecklenburgschwerin form united mecklenburg.second april citystate lübeck formally incorporated prussia greater hamburg act apparently motivated hitlers personal dislike city.remaining states formally dissolved allies end second world war ultimately reorganised modern states germany.see also timeline weimar republicwürttemberg landtag elections weimar republic references notes footnotes sources henig ruth .weimar republic – ebook ed.. routledge.
Weimar Republic	doi.. isbn .kershaw ian .weimar.german democracy fail.london weidenfeld nicolson.isbn .kershaw ian .
Weimar Republic	hitler – hubris.london allen lane.isbn .thoss bruno .der erste weltkrieg als ereignis und erlebnis.paradigmenwechsel der westdeutschen weltkriegsforschung seit der fischerkontroverse first world war event experience.
Weimar Republic	paradigm shift west german world war research since fischer controversy.wolfgang michalka ed.. der erste weltkrieg wirkung wahrnehmung analyse first world war impact awareness analysis.piper series german.munich piper.isbn .

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