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Boston	geography boston area .square miles .km—.square miles .km land .
Boston	square miles .km water.citys official elevation measured logan international airport ft .sea level.highest point boston bellevue hill feet sea level lowest point sea level.
Boston	boston situated boston harbor arm massachusetts bay arm atlantic ocean.the geographical center boston roxbury.due north center find south end.confused south boston lies directly east south end.north south boston east boston southwest east boston north end.boston surrounded greater boston metropolitan region.bordered east town winthrop boston harbor islands northeast cities revere chelsea everett north cities somerville cambridge northwest watertown west city newton town brookline southwest town dedham small portions needham canton southeast town milton city quincy.
Boston	charles river separates bostons allstonbrighton fenwaykenmore back bay neighborhoods watertown majority cambridge mass boston charlestown neighborhood.neponset river forms boundary bostons southern neighborhoods quincy milton.mystic river separates charlestown chelsea everett chelsea creek boston harbor separate east boston downtown north end seaport.neighborhoods boston sometimes called city neighborhoods profusion diverse subsections city governments office neighborhood services officially designated neighborhoods.twothirds inner bostons modern land area exist city founded.
Boston	instead created via gradual filling surrounding tidal areas centuries earth leveling lowering bostons three original hills trimountain tremont street named gravel brought train needham fill back bay.downtown immediate surroundings consist largely lowrise masonry buildings often federal style greek revival interspersed modern highrises financial district government center south boston.back bay includes many prominent landmarks boston public library christian science center copley square newbury street new englands two tallest buildings john hancock tower prudential center.near john hancock tower old john hancock building prominent illuminated beacon color forecasts weather.smaller commercial areas interspersed among areas singlefamily homes woodenbrick multifamily row houses.south end historic district largest surviving contiguous victorianera neighborhood us.geography downtown south boston particularly affected central arterytunnel project known unofficially big dig removed elevated central artery incorporated new green spaces open areas.
Boston	climate köppen climate classification depending isotherm used boston either humid subtropical climate köppen cfa − °c .°f isotherm humid continental climate °c isotherm köppen dfa.city best described transitional zone two climates.summers typically warm humid winters cold stormy occasional periods heavy snow.spring fall usually cool mild varying conditions dependent wind direction jet stream positioning.
Boston	prevailing wind patterns blow offshore minimize influence atlantic ocean.however winter areas near immediate coast often see rain snow warm air drawn atlantic times.city lies transition usda plant hardiness zones b city downtown south boston east boston neighborhoods.the hottest month july mean temperature .°f .°c.
Boston	coldest month january mean temperature .°f −.°c.periods exceeding °f °c summer freezing winter uncommon rarely extended days per year seeing respectively.recent sub °f − °c reading occurred january temperature dipped − °f − °c.
Boston	addition several decades may pass °f °c readings recent occurrence july temperature reached °f °c.citys average window freezing temperatures november april .official temperature records ranged − °f − °c february °f °c july .record cold daily maximum °f − °c december conversely record warm daily minimum °f °c august july .bostons coastal location north atlantic moderates temperature makes city prone noreaster weather systems produce much snow rain.city averages .
Boston	inches mm precipitation year .inches cm snowfall per season.snowfall occurs midnovember early april snow rare may october.also high yeartoyear variability snowfall instance winter – saw ..
Boston	cm accumulating snow previous winter corresponding figure ..m.fog fairly common particularly spring early summer.due location along north atlantic city often receives sea breezes especially late spring water temperatures still quite cold temperatures coast °f °c colder miles inland sometimes dropping amount near midday.thunderstorms occur may september occasionally severe large hail damaging winds heavy downpours.although downtown boston never struck violent tornado city experienced many tornado warnings.
Boston	damaging storms common areas north west northwest city.boston relatively sunny climate coastal city latitude averaging hours sunshine per annum.see edit raw graph data.cityscapes demographics boston estimated residents living households—a population increase .city thirdmost densely populated large u.s. city half million residents densely populated state capital..
Boston	million persons may within bostons boundaries work hours many million special events.fluctuation people caused hundreds thousands suburban residents travel city work education health care special events.in city population spread .age ...
Boston	.years age older.median age .years.every females .
Boston	males.every females age .males.households .children age living .
Boston	married couples living together .female householder husband present .nonfamilies..households made individuals .
Boston	someone living alone years age older.average household size .average family size .. estimate boston one largest per capita lgbt populations united states.the median household income boston median income family .fulltime yearround male workers median income versus fulltime yearround female workers.per capita income city .
Boston	.population .families poverty line.total population .age .
Boston	older living poverty line.boston significant racial wealth gap white bostonians median net worth compared median net worth nonimmigrant black residents dominican immigrant residents.in whites represented .bostons population.end th century proportion nonhispanic whites city declined.nonhispanic whites made .
Boston	citys population making city majority minority first time.however st century city experienced significant gentrification affluent whites moved formerly nonwhite areas.us census bureau estimated nonhispanic whites formed slight majority part due housing crash well increased efforts make affordable housing available nonwhite population rebounded.may also increased latin american asian populations clarity surrounding us census statistics indicate nonhispanic white population percent reports give slightly lower figures.people irish descent form largest single ethnic group city making .population followed italians accounting .
Boston	population.people west indian caribbean ancestry another sizable group .in greater boston numbers grew significantly dominicans according estimates puerto ricans salvadorans guatemalans mexicans colombians.east boston diverse hispaniclatino population salvadorans colombians guatemalans mexicans dominicans puerto ricans even portuguesespeaking people portugal brazil.hispanic populations southwest boston neighborhoods mainly made dominicans puerto ricans usually sharing neighborhoods section african americans blacks origins caribbean africa especially cape verdeans haitians.neighborhoods jamaica plain roslindale experienced growing number dominican americans.over chinese americans made home boston city proper .
Boston	ancestry according – american community survey year estimates largest ancestry groups boston massachusetts demographic breakdown zip code income data – american community survey year estimates.religion according study pew research center population city identified christians attending variety protestant churches professing roman catholic beliefs claim religious affiliation remaining composed adherents judaism buddhism islam hinduism baháʼí faiths.as catholic church highest number adherents single denomination greater boston area two million members churches followed episcopal church adherents churches.united church christ members churches.the city jewish population estimated jews within boston metro area.half jewish households greater boston area reside city brookline newton cambridge somerville adjacent towns.economy global city boston placed among top economically powerful cities world.
Boston	encompassing billion greater boston metropolitan area sixthlargest economy country thlargest world.bostons colleges universities exert significant impact regional economy.boston attracts college students around world contribute us.billion annually citys economy.areas schools major employers attract industries city surrounding region.city home number technology companies hub biotechnology milken institute rating boston top life sciences cluster country.
Boston	boston receives highest absolute amount annual funding national institutes health cities united states.the city considered highly innovative variety reasons including presence academia access venture capital presence many hightech companies.route corridor greater boston continue major center venture capital investment high technology remains important sector.tourism also composes large part bostons economy .million domestic international visitors spending .billion .excluding visitors canada mexico .
Boston	million international tourists visited boston china united kingdom leading list.bostons status state capital well regional home federal agencies rendered law government another major component citys economy.city major seaport along east coast united states oldest continuously operated industrial fishing port western hemisphere.in global financial centres index boston ranked thirteenth competitive financial services center world second competitive united states.bostonbased fidelity investments helped popularize mutual fund made boston one top financial centers united states.city home headquarters santander bank boston center venture capital firms.
Boston	state street corporation specializes asset management custody services based city.boston printing publishing center—houghton mifflin harcourt headquartered within city along bedfordst.martins press beacon press.pearson plc publishing units also employ several hundred people boston.city home three major convention centers—the hynes convention center back bay seaport world trade center boston convention exhibition center south boston waterfront.
Boston	general electric corporation announced january decision move companys global headquarters seaport district boston fairfield connecticut citing factors including bostons preeminence realm higher education.boston home headquarters several major athletic footwear companies including converse new balance reebok.rockport puma wolverine world wide inc. headquarters regional offices outside city.in yearly ranking time wasted traffic listed boston area drivers lost approximately hours year lost productivity due areas traffic congestion.amounted year per driver costs.education primary secondary education boston public schools enroll students attending schools including renowned boston latin academy john d. obryant school math science boston latin school.
Boston	boston latin school established oldest public high school us.boston also operates united states secondoldest public high school oldest public elementary school.systems students hispanic latino black african american white asian.private parochial charter schools well approximately minority students attend participating suburban schools metropolitan educational opportunity council.september city formally inaugurated boston saves program provides every child enrolled citys kindergarten system savings account containing used toward college career training.
Boston	higher education renowned highly ranked universities world near boston.three universities major presence city harvard mit tufts outside boston cities cambridge somerville known brainpower triangle.harvard nations oldest institute higher education centered across charles river cambridge though majority land holdings substantial amount educational activities boston.business school athletics facilities bostons allston neighborhood medical dental public health schools located longwood area.the massachusetts institute technology mit originated boston long known boston tech moved across river cambridge .tufts universitys main campus north city somerville medford though locates medical dental schools bostons chinatown tufts medical center bed academic medical institution home fullservice hospital adults floating hospital children.five members association american universities greater boston metropolitan area harvard university massachusetts institute technology tufts university boston university brandeis university.
Boston	furthermore greater boston contains seven highest research activity r universities per carnegie classification.includes addition aforementioned five boston college northeastern university.large margin highest concentration institutions single metropolitan area.hospitals universities research institutions greater boston received .billion national institutes health grants money american metropolitan area.greater boston colleges universities students enrolled boston cambridge alone.citys largest private universities include boston university also citys fourthlargest employer main campus along commonwealth avenue medical campus south end northeastern university fenway area suffolk university near beacon hill includes law school business school boston college straddles boston brighton–newton border.
Boston	bostons public university university massachusetts boston columbia point dorchester.roxbury community college bunker hill community college citys two public community colleges.altogether bostons colleges universities employ people accounting nearly seven percent citys workforce.smaller private colleges include babson college bentley university boston architectural college emmanuel college fisher college mgh institute health professions massachusetts college pharmacy health sciences simmons university wellesley college wheelock college wentworth institute technology new england school law originally established americas first female law school emerson college.metropolitan boston home several conservatories art schools including lesley university college art design massachusetts college art school museum fine arts new england institute art new england school art design suffolk university longy school music bard college new england conservatory oldest independent conservatory united states.conservatories include boston conservatory berklee college music made boston important city jazz music.public safety boston included million spending boston police department fiscal budget.
Boston	second largest allocation funding city allocation boston public schools.like many major american cities boston seen great reduction violent crime since early s. bostons low crime rate since credited boston police departments collaboration neighborhood groups church parishes prevent youths joining gangs well involvement united states attorney district attorneys offices.helped lead part touted boston miracle.murders city dropped murder rate .per people —not one juvenile—in murder rate .per .in reported homicides.
Boston	december major crime seven percent homicides compared .culture boston shares many cultural roots greater new england including dialect nonrhotic eastern new england accent known boston accent regional cuisine large emphasis seafood salt dairy products.boston also collection neologisms known boston slang sardonic humor.in early william tudor wrote boston perhaps perfect certainly bestregulated democracy ever existed.something impossible immortal fame athens name makes everything modern shrink comparison since days glorious city know none approached near points distant may still illustrious model.boston called athens america also nickname philadelphia literary culture earning reputation intellectual capital united states.in nineteenth century ralph waldo emerson henry david thoreau nathaniel hawthorne margaret fuller james russell lowell henry wadsworth longfellow wrote boston.
Boston	consider old corner bookstore cradle american literature place writers met atlantic monthly first published.boston public library founded first free library united states.bostons literary culture continues today thanks citys many universities boston book festival.music afforded high degree civic support boston.boston symphony orchestra one big five group greatest american orchestras classical music magazine gramophone called one worlds best orchestras.symphony hall west back bay home boston symphony orchestra related boston youth symphony orchestra largest youth orchestra nation boston pops orchestra.
Boston	british newspaper guardian called boston symphony hall one top venues classical music world adding symphony hall boston science became essential part concert hall design.concerts held new england conservatorys jordan hall.boston ballet performs boston opera house.performingarts organizations city include boston lyric opera company opera boston boston baroque first permanent baroque orchestra us handel haydn society one oldest choral companies united states.city center contemporary classical music number performing groups several associated citys conservatories universities.
Boston	include boston modern orchestra project boston musica viva.several theaters near theater district south boston common including cutler majestic theatre citi performing arts center colonial theater orpheum theatre.there several major annual events first night occurs new years eve boston early music festival annual boston arts festival christopher columbus waterfront park annual boston gay pride parade festival held june italian summer feasts north end honoring catholic saints.city site several events fourth july period.include weeklong harborfest festivities boston pops concert accompanied fireworks banks charles river.several historic sites relating american revolution period preserved part boston national historical park citys prominent role.many found along freedom trail marked red line bricks embedded ground.the city also home several art museums galleries including museum fine arts isabella stewart gardner museum.
Boston	institute contemporary art housed contemporary building designed diller scofidio renfro seaport district.bostons south end art design district sowa newbury st. art gallery destinations.columbia point location university massachusetts boston edward m. kennedy institute united states senate john f. kennedy presidential library museum massachusetts archives commonwealth museum.boston athenæum one oldest independent libraries united states boston childrens museum bull finch pub whose building known television show cheers museum science new england aquarium within city.boston noted religious center earliest days.roman catholic archdiocese boston serves nearly parishes based cathedral holy cross south end episcopal diocese massachusetts serves congregations cathedral church st. paul episcopal seat.
Boston	unitarian universalism headquarters fort point neighborhood.christian scientists headquartered back bay mother church .oldest church boston first church boston founded .kings chapel citys first anglican church founded converted unitarianism .churches include christ church better known old north church oldest church building city trinity church park street church old south church jubilee christian church basilica shrine lady perpetual help mission hill .
Boston	environment pollution control air quality boston generally good.four days air unhealthy general public according epa.some cleaner energy facilities boston include allston green district three ecologically compatible housing facilities.boston also breaking ground multiple green affordable housing facilities help reduce carbon impact city simultaneously making initiatives financially available greater population.bostons climate plan updated every three years recently modified .legislature includes building energy reporting disclosure ordinance requires citys larger buildings disclose yearly energy water use statistics partake energy assessment every five years.
Boston	statistics made public city thereby increasing incentives buildings environmentally conscious.mayor thomas menino introduced renew boston whole building incentive reduces cost living buildings deemed energy efficient.gives people opportunity find housing neighborhoods support environment.ultimate goal initiative enlist bostonians participate free inhome energy assessment.south boston sustainable housing wake urban renewal occurring castle square apartments constructed south end affordable housing option.wave urban renewal little consideration energy efficiency.
Boston	time castle square apartments consisted brick concrete walls minimal insulation leaving residents face uncomfortable temperature conditions poor air quality lack ventilation.years later time came renovation heather clark part many green renovations saw opportunity deep energy retrofit der complex.deep energy retrofit type green renovation added emphasis insulation reduces energy use more.winncompanies minority owner castle square worked closely majority owner castle square tenant organization agreed conduct der.project financed combination private public partnerships including masshousing financing agency massachusetts department energy resources boston redevelopment authority others.
Boston	several partnerships large redevelopment team resident engagement throughout process castle square apartments renovation became nations largest der project.retrofit involved several steps installments together provided holistic solution energy consumption.included kingspan superinsulated shell wrapped outside building superinsulated reflective roof highefficiency windows extensive air sealing increased insulation value factor .insulation cuts heating needs hot water usage respectively implementation fresh air trickle vents improved air quality throughout.highefficiency energy star appliances led lights installed reduce energy consumption residents.
Boston	insulation installed around outside building little displacement residents throughout process able remain living complex.twoyear renovation project opened construction jobs people castle square apartments saw reduction energy usage leed platinum certified.total cost .million dollars apartments led overall energy cost reduction two years.today castle square apartments remain standing full occupancy long waitlists vacancies.
Boston	water purity availability many older buildings certain areas boston supported wooden piles driven areas fill piles remain sound submerged water subject dry rot exposed air long periods.ground water levels dropping many areas city due part increase amount rainwater discharged directly sewers rather absorbed ground.boston groundwater trust coordinates monitoring ground water levels throughout city via network public private monitoring wells.however bostons drinking water supply quabbin wachusett reservoirs one country pure satisfy federal clean water act without filtration.climate change sea level rise city boston developed climate action plan covering carbon reduction buildings transportation energy use.mayor thomas menino commissioned citys first climate action plan update released .
Boston	since mayor marty walsh built upon plans updates released .coastal city built largely fill sealevel rise major concern city government.latest version climate action plan anticipates two seven feet sealevel rise boston end century.separate initiative resilient boston harbor lays neighborhoodspecific recommendations coastal resilience.sports boston teams four major north american professional sports leagues plus major league soccer championships leagues.
Boston	one eight cities along chicago detroit los angeles new york philadelphia st. louis washington championships four major american sports leagues.suggested boston new titletown usa citys professional sports teams twelve championships since patriots red sox celtics bruins .love sports made boston united states olympic committees choice bid hold summer olympic games city cited financial concerns withdrew bid july .the boston red sox founding member american league major league baseball play home games fenway park near kenmore square citys fenway section.built oldest sports arena stadium active use united states among four major professional american sports leagues major league baseball national football league national basketball association national hockey league.boston site first game first modern world series .
Boston	series played al champion boston americans nl champion pittsburgh pirates.persistent reports team known boston pilgrims appear unfounded.bostons first professional baseball team red stockings one charter members national association national league .team played name name beaneaters name braves moved milwaukee season.since played atlanta atlanta braves.the td garden formerly called fleetcenter built replace old sincedemolished boston garden adjoined north station home two major league teams boston bruins national hockey league boston celtics national basketball association.
Boston	arena seats basketball games ice hockey games.bruins first american member national hockey league original six franchise.boston celtics founding members basketball association america one two leagues merged form nba.celtics along los angeles lakers distinction championships nba team seventeen.venue also set host laver cup international mens tennis tournament consisting two teams team europe team world latter consisting noneuropean players.
Boston	th edition tournament first time boston hosted atp tournament since marat safin defeated greg rusedski.while played suburban foxborough since new england patriots national football league founded boston patriots changing name relocating.team super bowl seasons.share gillette stadium new england revolution major league soccer.boston breakers womens professional soccer formed played home games dilboy stadium somerville.boston storm united womens lacrosse league formed .the areas many colleges universities active college athletics.
Boston	four ncaa division members play area—boston college boston university harvard university northeastern university.four boston college participates college football highest level football bowl subdivision.harvard participates secondhighest level football championship subdivision.boston cannons mll play harvard stadium.boston esports teams well overwatch leagues boston uprising.established first team complete perfect stage losses.one best known sporting events city boston marathon .mile .
Boston	km race worlds oldest annual marathon run patriots day april.april two explosions killed three people injured hundreds marathon.another major annual event head charles regatta held october.parks recreation boston common near financial district beacon hill oldest public park united states.along adjacent boston public garden part emerald necklace string parks designed frederick law olmsted encircle city.emerald necklace includes back bay fens arnold arboretum jamaica pond bostons largest body freshwater franklin park citys largest park home franklin park zoo.
Boston	another major park esplanade along banks charles river.hatch shell outdoor concert venue adjacent charles river esplanade.parks scattered throughout city major parks beaches near castle island charlestown along dorchester south boston east boston shorelines.bostons park system wellreputed nationally.parkscore ranking trust public land reported boston tied sacramento san francisco thirdbest park system among populous us cities.parkscore ranks city park systems formula analyzes citys median park size park acres percent city area percent residents within halfmile park spending park services per resident number playgrounds per residents.
Boston	government politics boston strong mayor – council government system mayor elected every fourth year extensive executive power.michelle wu city councilor became mayor november succeeding kim janey former city council president became acting mayor march following marty walshs confirmation position secretary labor bidenharris administration.walshs predecessor thomas meninos twentyyear tenure longest citys history.the boston city council elected every two years nine district seats four citywide atlarge seats.school committee oversees boston public schools appointed mayor.in addition city government numerous commissions state authorities—including massachusetts department conservation recreation boston public health commission massachusetts water resources authority mwra massachusetts port authority massport—play role life bostonians.capital massachusetts boston plays major role state politics.the city several federal facilities including john f. kennedy federal office building thomas p. oneill jr. federal building john w. mccormack post office courthouse federal reserve bank boston united states court appeals first circuit united states district court district massachusetts.
Boston	courts housed john joseph moakley united states courthouse.federally boston split two congressional districts.threefourths city th district represented ayanna pressley remaining southern fourth th district represented stephen lynch democrats republican represented significant portion boston century.states senior member united states senate democrat elizabeth warren first elected .states junior member united states senate democrat ed markey elected succeed john kerry kerrys appointment confirmation united states secretary state.the city uses algorithm created walsh administration called cityscore measure effectiveness various city services.score available public online dashboard allows city managers police fire schools emergency management services take action make adjustments areas concern.boston ordinance enacted bars boston police department detaining anyone based immigration status unless criminal warrant.
Boston	media newspapers boston globe oldest largest daily newspaper city generally acknowledged paper record.city also served publications boston herald boston magazine digboston boston edition metro.christian science monitor headquartered boston formerly worldwide daily newspaper ended publication daily print editions switching continuous online weekly magazine format publications.boston globe also releases teen publication citys public high schools called teens print t.i.p.written citys teens delivered quarterly within school year.
Boston	improper bostonian glossy lifestyle magazine published april .the bay state banner independent newspaper primarily geared toward readership interests africanamerican community boston massachusetts.bay state banner founded melvin b. miller remains chief editor publisher.publication celebrated th anniversary serving regions minorityoriented neighborhoods.the citys growing latino population given rise number local regional spanishlanguage newspapers.include el planeta owned former publisher boston phoenix el mundo la semana.siglo main offices nearby lawrence also widely distributed.the largest conservative publication boston newbostonpost.com.there number weekly newspapers dedicated boston neighborhoods.
Boston	among south boston online founded appears print online covers events south boston seaport district.various lgbt publications serve citys large lgbt lesbian gay bisexual transgender population rainbow times minority lesbianowned lgbt news magazine.founded rainbow times based boston serves new england.radio television boston largest broadcasting market new england radio market ninth largest united states.several major stations include talk radio wrko sportstalk station weei iheartmedia wbz.wbz broadcasts news radio format watt clear channel station whose nighttime broadcasts heard hundreds miles boston.
Boston	variety commercial fm radio formats serve area npr stations wbur wgbh.college university radio stations include wers emerson whrb harvard wumb umass boston wmbr mit wzbc boston college wmfo tufts university wbrs brandeis university wtbu boston university campus web wrbb northeastern university wmlnfm curry college.the boston television dma also includes manchester new hampshire th largest united states.city served stations representing every major american network including wbztv sister station wsbktv former cbs oo latter mynetwork tv affiliate wcvbtv sister station wmurtv abc whdh sister station wlvi former independent station latter cw affiliate wbtscd nbc oo wfxt fox.city also home pbs member station wgbhtv major producer pbs programs also operates wgbx .spanishlanguage television networks including unimás wutftv telemundo wneu sister station wbtscd univisión wuni presence region wneu serving network ownedandoperated station.
Boston	areas television stations transmitters nearby needham newton along route corridor.six boston television stations carried canadian satellite television provider bell tv cable television providers canada.film films made boston since early continues popular setting popular filming location.notable movies like fighter town filmed boston.video games video games used boston backdrop setting assassins creed iii published fallout .
Boston	characters video games boston scout team fortress .gaming convention pax east held boston many gaming companies like microsoft ubisoft wizards coast previously attended.healthcare longwood medical academic area adjacent fenway district home large number medical research facilities including beth israel deaconess medical center brigham womens hospital boston childrens hospital dana–farber cancer institute harvard medical school harvard school dental medicine harvard t.h.chan school public health joslin diabetes center massachusetts college pharmacy health sciences.prominent medical facilities including massachusetts general hospital massachusetts eye ear infirmary spaulding rehabilitation hospital beacon hill area.st. elizabeths medical center brighton center citys brighton neighborhood.
Boston	new england baptist hospital mission hill.city veterans affairs medical centers jamaica plain west roxbury neighborhoods.boston public health commission agency massachusetts government oversees health concerns city residents.boston ems provides prehospital emergency medical services residents visitors.many bostons medical facilities associated universities.facilities longwood medical academic area massachusetts general hospital affiliated harvard medical school.
Boston	tufts medical center formerly tuftsnew england medical center southern portion chinatown neighborhood affiliated tufts university school medicine.boston medical center south end neighborhood primary teaching facility boston university school medicine well largest trauma center boston area formed merger boston university hospital boston city hospital first municipal hospital united states.infrastructure transportation logan international airport east boston operated massachusetts port authority massport bostons principal airport.nearby general aviation airports beverly municipal airport north hanscom field west norwood memorial airport south.massport also operates several major facilities within port boston including cruise ship terminal facilities handle bulk container cargo south boston facilities charlestown east boston.downtown bostons streets grew organically form planned grid unlike laterdeveloped back bay east boston south end south boston.
Boston	boston eastern terminus massachusetts runs along massachusetts turnpike.elevated portion central artery carried traffic downtown boston replaced oneill tunnel big dig substantially completed early .former current central artery follow primary north–south artery city.major highways include us carries traffic north shore areas south boston us connects northwestern suburbs massachusetts route connects south shore cape cod massachusetts route connects western suburbs.surrounding city massachusetts route partial beltway largely subsumed routes mostly i.with nearly third bostonians using public transit commute work boston fourthhighest rate public transit usage country.
Boston	city boston higher average percentage households without car..percent boston households lacked car decreased slightly .percent .national average .
Boston	percent .boston averaged .cars per household compared national average .. bostons public transportation agency massachusetts bay transportation authority mbta operates oldest underground rapid transit system americas fourthbusiest rapid transit system country .miles km track four lines.mbta also operates busy bus commuter rail networks water shuttles.amtrak intercity rail boston provided four stations south station north station back bay route .
Boston	south station major intermodal transportation hub terminus amtraks northeast regional acela express lake shore limited routes addition multiple mbta services.back bay also served mbta three amtrak routes route southwestern suburbs boston served acela express northeast regional.meanwhile amtraks downeaster brunswick maine terminates north station amtrak route so.nicknamed walking city boston hosts pedestrian commuters comparably populated cities.owing factors necessity compactness city large student population percent population commutes foot making highest percentage pedestrian commuters country major american cities.walk score ranked boston third walkable city united states.
Boston	walk score still ranks boston third walkable us city walk score transit score bike score .between bicycling magazine named boston three times one worst cities us cycling regardless one highest rates bicycle commuting.consequence improvements made bicycling conditions within city magazine put boston five future list future best city biking bostons bicycle commuting percentage increased ..bikeshare program bluebikes originally called hubway launched late july logging rides close first season.neighboring municipalities cambridge somerville brookline joined hubway program summer .
Boston	bikes docking stations across city.pbsc urban solutions provides bicycles technology bikesharing system.in bostoncambridgenewton metropolitan statistical area boston msa seventhlowest percentage workers commuted private automobile .percent .percent area workers traveling via rail transit.period starting ending boston msa greatest percentage decline workers commuting automobile .
Boston	percent among msas halfmillion residents.international relations city boston twelve official sister cities kyoto japan strasbourg france barcelona spain hangzhou china padua italy melbourne australia beira mozambique taipei taiwan sekonditakoradi ghana belfast northern ireland uk praia cape verde boston lincolnshire uk boston formal partnership relationships memorandum understanding mou five additional cities regions guangzhou china lyon france copenhagen denmark mexico city mexico north west ireland ireland see also outline bostonboston city league high school athletic conferenceboston citgo signboston nicknamesboston–halifax relationslist diplomatic missions bostonlist people bostonnational register historic places listings boston notes references citations sources reading beagle jonathan m. penn elan .boston pictorial celebration.sterling publishing company inc. isbn .brown robin boston globe .bostons secret spaces hidden corners around hub st ed.. globe pequot.
Boston	isbn .hantover jeffrey king gilbert .city time boston.sterling publishing company inc. isbn .oconnell james c. .hubs metropolis greater bostons development railroad suburbs smart growth.mit press.
Boston	isbn .oconnor thomas h. .boston z. harvard university press.isbn .price michael sammarco anthony mitchell .bostons immigrants –.arcadia publishing.
Boston	isbn .krieger alex cobb david turner amy eds..mapping boston.mit press.isbn .seasholes nancy s. .
Boston	gaining ground history landmaking boston.cambridge massachusetts mit press.isbn .shandtucci douglass .built boston city suburb – nd ed.. university massachusetts press.isbn .southworth michael southworth susan .
Boston	aia guide boston rd edition contemporary landmarks urban design parks historic buildings neighborhoods rd ed.. globe pequot.isbn .vrabel jim bostonian society .boston time line almanac.northeastern university press.isbn .whitehill walter muir kennedy lawrence w. .
Boston	boston topographical history rd ed.. belknap press harvard university press.isbn .external links official websiteboston .new students reference work ..boston .
Boston	encyclopædia britannica.vol.th ed.. .pp.–.historical maps boston norman b. leventhal map center boston public libraryboston curlie
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	film final entry lord rings trilogy produced barrie m. osborne jackson fran walsh screenplay walsh philippa boyens jackson.continuing plot two towers frodo sam gollum making final way toward mount doom mordor order destroy one ring unaware gollums true intentions gandalf aragorn legolas gimli rest joining forces together sauron legions minas tirith.preceded fellowship ring two towers .the film features ensemble cast including elijah wood ian mckellen liv tyler viggo mortensen sean astin cate blanchett john rhysdavies bernard hill billy boyd dominic monaghan orlando bloom hugo weaving miranda otto david wenham karl urban john noble andy serkis ian holm sean bean.return king financed distributed american studio new line cinema filmed edited entirely jacksons native new zealand concurrently two parts trilogy.premiered december embassy theatre wellington theatrically released december united states december new zealand.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	film acclaimed critics audiences considered landmark filmmaking fantasy film genre praise visual effects performances action sequences direction screenplay musical score costume design emotional depth.grossed .billion worldwide making highestgrossing film second highestgrossing film time time release well highestgrossing film released new line cinema.like two entries lord rings film trilogy return king widely regarded one greatest influential films ever made.film received numerous accolades th academy awards oscars nominated including best picture tying film benhur titanic movie oscar wins.also became second film series whose entries best visual effects original star wars trilogy.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	plot hobbit sméagol fishing cousin déagol discovers one ring river.sméagols mind ensnared ring kills cousin it.increasingly corrupted physically mentally retreats misty mountains becomes known gollum.centuries later war ring gandalf leads aragorn legolas gimli king théoden rohan isengard reunite merry pippin.gandalf retrieves sarumans palantír group returns edoras celebrate victory helms deep.pippin looks palantír seeing sauron burning tree.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	gandalf deduces enemy plans attack gondors capital minas tirith rides warn gondors steward denethor.pippin accompanies swears fealty denethor whose nowdead heir boromir saved life gandalfs instruction triggers lighting beacons call help rohan.frodo carries ring sam continue journey towards mordor unaware gollum guide plans betray take ring himself.trio witness witchking angmar lord nine nazgûl setting towards gondor army orcs.gollum conspires frame sam eating food supplies desiring ring influenced growing power ring frodo taken deception orders sam go home.gollum tricks frodo venturing lair giant spider shelob.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	frodo narrowly escapes confronts gollum falls chasm scuffle.shelob discovers paralyzes binds frodo wounded driven away returning sam mourning frodos apparent death takes ring.sam realizes mistake group orcs takes frodo captive manages rescue frodo orcs fight among themselves.inside mordor hobbits continue towards mount doom destination.as king théoden gathers army elrond tells aragorn arwen dying refused leave middleearth.elrond gives aragorn andúril reforged shards king elendils sword narsil urges commit claiming gondors throne heir.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	joined legolas gimli aragorn travels paths dead pledges release ghosts curse come gondors aid.meanwhile faramir earlier overwhelmed driven back minas tirith witchking gravely wounded suicide charge believing son dead denethor falls madness.gandalf marshals defenders huge orc army breaks city.denethor attempts burn faramir pyre pippin alerts gandalf rescue faramir.denethor set ablaze agony jumps death.théoden arrives leads army orcs.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	despite initial success orcs ensuing battle decimated oliphauntriding haradrim witchking mortally wounds théoden however niece éowyn slays witchking merrys help.théoden dies nieces arms.aragorn arrives army dead overcome saurons forces win battle.oath fulfilled dead released curse.aragorn decides march mordor distract sauron frodo extremely weak sam saurons remaining forces march meet aragorns diversion allowing hobbits reach mount doom.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	gollum survived earlier fall attacks frodo still manages enter mountain.succumbs rings power putting finger gollum manages bite finger reclaim it.struggle together fall ledge.frodo manages cling pulled sam gollum falls dies ring fell disintegrates lava.mount doom erupts sauron meets demise aragorns army emerges victorious enemies flee.gandalf rescues hobbits help eagles surviving fellowship happily reunited minas tirith.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	aragorn crowned king gondor marries arwen.hobbits return home shire sam marries rosie cotton.years later frodo departs middleearth undying lands uncle bilbo gandalf elves.leaves sam red book westmarch details adventures.sam returns shire embraces rosie children.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	cast like preceding films trilogy return king ensemble cast cast respective characters includeelijah wood frodo baggins young hobbit continues quest destroy ring continues torture him.ian mckellen gandalf white istari wizard travels aid men gondor acting general siege gondor.viggo mortensen aragorn elessar dúnedain ranger must finally face destiny king gondor.sean astin samwise gamgee better known sam frodos loyal hobbit gardener companion.andy serkis sméagol trahald gollum wretched treacherous creature one riverfolk extinct race hobbits guides frodo sam mordor.first scene film portrays former life sméagol murder relative déagol possession ring well degeneration gollum.billy boyd peregrin took better known pippin hobbit looks palantír later becomes esquire gondor.dominic monaghan meriadoc brandybuck better known merry cousin frodos becomes esquire rohan.john rhysdavies gimli dwarf warrior companion aragorn along legolas.rhysdavies also voices treebeard ent leader.orlando bloom legolas greenleaf elven prince mirkwood skilled archer aids aragorn quest reclaim throne.bernard hill théoden king rohan triumphing helms deep preparing troops battle pelennor fields.miranda otto éowyn théodens niece wishes prove battle starts fall love aragorn return love.extended cut film finds love faramir residing houses healing.david wenham faramir son stewards gondor head gondorian rangers defending osgiliath seeks fathers love vain.karl urban éomer éowyns brother serves chief marshal riders rohan heir uncles throne.hugo weaving elrond elvenking rivendell must convince aragorn take throne.liv tyler arwen undómiel elronds daughter aragorns true love gives immortal life aragorn.cate blanchett galadriel elvenqueen lothlórien aware time elves end.john noble denethor steward gondor father faramir boromir whose grief boromirs death despair mordors superior numbers drive madness siege gondor.ian holm bilbo baggins frodos elderly uncle rapidly aged giving away ring.sean bean boromir faramirs brother fallen companion aragorn appears flashback death end lord rings fellowship ring extended cut father hallucination.marton csokas celeborn wise elvenking lothlórien.lawrence makoare witchking lord nazgûl leads mordors assault minas tirith.makoare also plays gothmog orc commander voiced craig parker.thomas robins déagol nahald sméagols cousin killed sméagol finds one ring river fishing in.the following appear extended editionchristopher lee saruman white istari wizard formerly head istari order white council trapped treebeard killed servant gríma.brad dourif gríma wormtongue sarumans sycophantic treacherous servant shot legolas stabbing master.bruce spence mouth sauron saurons ambassador black gate.there cameos peter jackson richard taylor gino acevedo rick porras andrew lesnie corsair ship although jackson appear extended edition.jackson also another unofficial cameo sams hand stepping view confronts shelob.sean astins daughter played sam rosies older daughter elanor last scene film scene sarah mcleods daughter plays younger son.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	jacksons children also cameo gondorian extras christian rivers played gondorian soldier guarding beacon pippin lights later seen wounded.royd tolkien cameos ranger osgiliath extended edition howard shore appears celebrating soldier edoras.additionally four designers lord rings strategy battle game featured rohirrim pelennor.end film closing credits cast member gets sketched portrait morphed real photograph beside name sketched alan lee idea suggested ian mckellen.comparison source material peter jacksons movie adaptions lord rings many events timelines geographic distances compressed simplified.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	major events books included leaving events novel omitted film however events film significantly altered novels.events seen film certain details film found books.the film version return king contains major scenes occurred middle portion novel two towers included film version attack shelob palantír subplot owing jacksons realigning events film fit timeline described books appendices rather main prose.however plot second half book iii either completely omitted chapter road isengard shown one scene chapter voice saruman.sarumans murder gríma seen extended edition moved isengard visit cutting scouring shire.film grima killed legolas book killed hobbits.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	film saruman drops palantír fatally attacked whereas book gríma throws fellowship unaware value.in film journeys companions isengard minas tirith compressed simplified entire company travels isengard edoras arrives simultaneously recuperate battle helms deep.pippins looking palantír happens edoras gandalf leave minas tirith book takes place dol baran appearance nazgûl winged steed stay edoras one night.contrast film aragorn théoden march dol baran helms deep take nights rest.hornburg aragorn looks palantír opposed films extended edition much later minas tirith battle pelennor fields decides take paths dead.film aragorn theóden depart encampment dunharrow book aragorn dúnedain absent film ride helms deep fields edoras dunharrow dimholt whereas book théoden takes slower mountain paths arrives dunharrow aragorn companions already left.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	théoden seen set directly dunharrow minas tirith omitting brief return edoras dunharrow muster remaining forces told book.the sequence paths dead adds conversation aragorn king dead book dead dont speak scene companions must flee avalanche skulls leaves encounter baldors skeleton.contrast book viewer doesnt get told happened lebennin aragorn corsairs umbar.film version extended edition doesnt correspond map gondor company sees near river corsair ships immediately leaving haunted mountain.book river anduin lies several hundred miles farther east requiring much longer journey army dead following behind bringing terror towns pass along way.the basis elrond arwens subplot arguing arwens fate derived appendices largely extended film arwen elronds relevance story.denethor steward gondor tragic character book.film overwhelming grief death boromir driven despair given hope defeating sauron gandalf arrives minas tirith.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	thus muster gondor absent film major captains generals including imrahil tower guard knights dol amroth present.book already ordered lighting beacons gandalfs arrival refuses light film sequence pippin secretly lights invented movie.film hints denethors use palantír drives mad information revealed pyre scene includes shadowfax violent book.aware long distance rath dínen front outthrust battlement jackson denethor jump citadel addition burning pyre one earliest changes.the rammas echor encircles pelennor fields isnt shown film fields empty grassland films instead rich farmland dotted small villages book.the battle pelennor fields also altered though faramir goes suicide mission conflict simplification siege osgiliath.generals forlong imrahil absent gandalf commands defence minas tirith owing denethors despair.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	denethor gives command gandalf book film gandalf forcibly takes control denethor tells men flee rather fight.orcs trolls also never get city book.witchking enters stands gandalf rohirrim arrive film orcs invade city grond breaks gate.confrontation takes place gandalf journeys save faramir gandalf staff broken film book.a subplot rohirrim aided primitive drúedain journey besieged gondor excised film.red arrow brought messenger gondor ask aid absent.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	éowyns presence battlefield unknown reader takes helmet film audience aware would difficult miranda otto playing man.hope seems lost gandalf comforts pippin description undying lands descriptive passage books final chapter.film depicts army dead fighting battle whereas book released service prior helping aragorn defeat corsairs umbar port city pelargir lebennin aragorns reinforcements merely gondorians dúnedain aragorns people rangers north.unstoppable invulnerable force dead wipe saurons forces.film also cuts several supporting characters halbarad friend aragorns helps lead dúnedain beregond member citadel guard gondor pippin befriends elladan elrohir twin sons elrond deliver aragorns banner accompany pelennor fields.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	elladan elrohir replaced elrond film instead delivering andúril dunharrow returning rivendell.books aragorn isnt doubtful destiny already decided claim throne gondor beginning quest thus shards narsil forged andúril rivendell carrying whole journey.the film also altered circumstances théodens death death speech names éomer new king book trimmed delivered éowyn instead merry earlier scene extended edition even implying éowyn next line throne.théodens rallying speech death initial charge film spoken éomer book believes théoden éowyn killed combat witch king.the extended edition presents shortened scenes books chapters houses healing warden talk athelas comical conversation herbmaster woman ioreth saying kings healing hands subsequent realizing aragorns true identity left altogether.in film aragorn leads entire remaining force rohan gondors men black gate without incident.book tactics discussed forces divide fight smaller skirmishes anórien ithilien army fraction full remaining strength nations men reach morannon.romance develops éowyn faramir recoveries houses healing also largely cut presumably keep focus aragorn arwen subplot briefly referenced extended edition scene two hold hands.sam frodos major rift friendship due gollums machinations never takes place book added writers believing added drama complexity character frodo.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	frodo enters shelobs lair alone film whereas book sam entered together.done make scene horrific frodo alone sams rescue last minute dramatic.frodos ordeal tower cirith ungol subsequent rescue sam also changed book frodo stripped beaten cruelly interrogated orcs film tied briefly threatened orc moments sams arrival.reunion frodo sam film also shorter less emotional book rather comforting physically injured severely traumatized frodo book sam killing orc threatening frodo struck briefly accepts apology doubted returns ring suggesting find orc clothing frodo wear.film sam also experience delusions grandeur could took ring like book.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	sam instead overcomes brief moment temptation instead stemming thoughts could use ring seems come concern frodo wish reduce rings harm friend sharing burden.also film viewers know sam ring gives back frodo whereas book reader knows sam ring.sam frodo diverted orc march mordor collapse films extended edition start fake combat thus provoke chaos manage escape instead slipping congestion caused several armies trying get narrow isenmouthe told novel.gollums fall lava mount doom also rewritten film writers felt tolkiens original idea gollum simply slips falls anticlimactic.originally even greater deviation planned frodo would heroically push gollum ledge destroy ring production team eventually realized looked like frodo murdering gollum.result frodo gollum struggle possession ring slip edge accident.in addition absent footage film major attacks sauron various regions middleearth referenced briefly main text return king expanded upon appendices invasion rohan orcs moria attacks lothlórien woodland realm thranduil forces dol guldur attack dale lonely mountain force easterlings.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	events hinted comment legolas also book peoples middle earth unlikely ride war gondor war already arrived lands.there several changes battle black gate merry present book pippin kill troll novel instead aragorn fights one eagles fight defeat mounted nazgûl frodo putting one ring distracted nazgûl raced away mount doom book confrontation could occur aragorn kills mouth sauron extended edition film book.even larger change planned sauron would come physical form battle aragorn would saved destruction ring.jackson eventually realized ignored point aragorns true bravery distracting saurons army overwhelming odds computer generated troll placed footage sauron finished film.book destruction ring spirit sauron rises like black cloud ruin baraddûr blown away wind film eye sauron erupts flame explodes baraddûr collapses.jacksons middleearth adaptions eagles speak.during battle minas tirith white tree gondor shown bear one white blossom thus blooming aragorns coronation.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	thereby film ignores books story gandalf aragorn find seedling white tree mountains plant courtyard place stilldead tree.although film runs another approximately minutes climactic downfall baraddûr many following events book omitted significantly altered film.aragorns coronation takes place form great ceremony citadel minas tirith opposed book aragorn crowned tent pelennor fields entering city.omitted entirely camp field cormallen aragorns business minas tirith aragorn arwens wedding galadriel celeborn present ceremonies subsequent travelling along company théodens funeral edoras complete journey back shire stops rivendell bree scouring shire always seen screenwriters anticlimactic.since saruman killed long battle helms deep film unable exact revenge frodo hobbits ruining shire depicted books.film shire virtually unchanged return friends neighbours seem unaware climactic events taken place outside borders.thus esteem earned merry pippin battle bywater work restore shire using galadriels gift dont appear film.at end book frodo sam leave shire alone meet galadriel elrond bilbo along way woody end meet gandalf grey havens merry pippin arriving time say farewells accompany sam back bag end.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	film however hobbits travel gandalf havens find elves waiting including celeborn remains middleearth book.sam returns shire isnt shown live bag end dwells rose book different hobbithole own.production lord rings series first time whose three separate entries written shot simultaneously excluding pick shoots.jackson found return king easiest films make contained climax story.return king originally second two planned films miramax january august less finished structure first film end two towers battle helms deep.
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	filming took place multiple units across new zealand october december pick shoots six weeks films release.design middleearth envisioned jackson primarily designed alan lee john howe former tolkien illustrators created weta workshop handled trilogys weapons armour miniatures prosthetics creatures well art department built sets.richard taylor headed weta grant major dan hennah organized planning building respectively.the city minas tirith glimpsed briefly previous two films seen fully film gondorian civilization.enormous soundstage built dry creek quarry outside wellington helms deep set.sets gate became minas tiriths second hornburg exterior became extended editions scene gandalf confronts witchking.

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