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Encryption	furthermore quantum computing advancements able utilized favor encryption well.national security agency nsa currently preparing postquantum encryption standards future.quantum encryption promises level security able counter threat quantum computing.attacks countermeasures encryption important tool sufficient alone ensure security privacy sensitive information throughout lifetime.applications encryption protect information rest transit leaving sensitive data clear text potentially vulnerable improper disclosure processing cloud service example.
Encryption	homomorphic encryption secure multiparty computation emerging techniques compute encrypted data techniques general turing complete incur high computational andor communication costs.in response encryption data rest cyberadversaries developed new types attacks.recent threats encryption data rest include cryptographic attacks stolen ciphertext attacks attacks encryption keys insider attacks data corruption integrity attacks data destruction attacks ransomware attacks.data fragmentation active defense data protection technologies attempt counter attacks distributing moving mutating ciphertext difficult identify steal corrupt destroy.integrity protection ciphertexts encryption protect confidentiality messages techniques still needed protect integrity authenticity message example verification message authentication code mac digital signature.authenticated encryption algorithms designed provide encryption integrity protection together.
Encryption	standards cryptographic software hardware perform encryption widely available successfully using encryption ensure security may challenging problem.single error system design execution allow successful attacks.sometimes adversary obtain unencrypted information without directly undoing encryption.see example traffic analysis tempest trojan horse.integrity protection mechanisms macs digital signatures must applied ciphertext first created typically device used compose message protect message endtoend along full transmission path otherwise node sender encryption agent could potentially tamper it.encrypting time creation secure encryption device correct keys tampered with.
Encryption	endpoint device configured trust root certificate attacker controls example attacker inspect tamper encrypted data performing maninthemiddle attack anywhere along messages path.common practice tls interception network operators represents controlled institutionally sanctioned form attack countries also attempted employ attacks form control censorship.ciphertext length padding even encryption correctly hides messages content cannot tampered rest transit messages length form metadata still leak sensitive information message.example wellknown crime breach attacks https sidechannel attacks relied information leakage via length encrypted content.traffic analysis broad class techniques often employs message lengths infer sensitive implementation traffic flows aggregating information large number messages.padding messages payload encrypting help obscure cleartexts true length cost increasing ciphertexts size introducing increasing bandwidth overhead.
Fault tolerance	messages may padded randomly deterministically approach different tradeoffs.encrypting padding messages form padded uniform random blobs purbs practice guaranteeing cipher text leaks metadata cleartexts content leaks asymptotically minimal log ⁡ log ⁡ displaystyle olog log information via length.see also references reading fouché gaines helen cryptanalysis study ciphers solution new york dover publications inc isbn kahn david codebreakers story secret writing isbn preneel bart advances cryptology eurocrypt springer berlin heidelberg isbn sinkov abraham elementary cryptanalysis mathematical approach mathematical association america.isbn tenzer theo super secreto – third epoch cryptography multiple exponential quantumsecure simple practical encryption everyone norderstedt isbn .yehuda lindell jonathan katz introduction modern cryptography hallcrc isbnoperating quality decreases decrease proportional severity failure compared naively designed system even small failure cause total breakdown.fault tolerance particularly sought highavailability missioncritical even lifecritical systems.ability maintaining functionality portions system break referred graceful degradation.a faulttolerant design enables system continue intended operation possibly reduced level rather failing completely part system fails.term commonly used describe computer systems designed continue less fully operational perhaps reduction throughput increase response time event partial failure.system whole stopped due problems either hardware software.
Fault tolerance	example another field motor vehicle designed continue drivable one tires punctured structure able retain integrity presence damage due causes fatigue corrosion manufacturing flaws impact.within scope individual system fault tolerance achieved anticipating exceptional conditions building system cope general aiming selfstabilization system converges towards errorfree state.however consequences system failure catastrophic cost making sufficiently reliable high better solution may use form duplication.case consequence system failure catastrophic system must able use reversion fall back safe mode.similar rollback recovery human action humans present loop.history first known faulttolerant computer sapo built czechoslovakia antonín svoboda.
Fault tolerance	basic design magnetic drums connected via relays voting method memory error detection triple modular redundancy.several machines developed along line mostly military use.eventually separated three distinct categories machines would last long time without maintenance ones used nasa space probes satellites computers dependable required constant monitoring used monitor control nuclear power plants supercollider experiments finally computers high amount runtime would heavy use many supercomputers used insurance companies probability monitoring.most development socalled llnm long life maintenance computing done nasa preparation project apollo research aspects.nasas first machine went space observatory second attempt jstar computer used voyager.computer backup memory arrays use memory recovery methods thus called jpl selftestingandrepairing computer.
Fault tolerance	could detect errors fix bring redundant modules needed.computer still working today.hyperdependable computers pioneered mostly aircraft manufacturers nuclear power companies railroad industry usa.needed computers massive amounts uptime would fail gracefully enough fault allow continued operation relying fact computer output would constantly monitored humans detect faults.ibm developed first computer kind nasa guidance saturn v rockets later bnsf unisys general electric built own.much work happened field.
Fault tolerance	instance f cadc builtin selftest redundancy.in general early efforts faulttolerant designs focused mainly internal diagnosis fault would indicate something failing worker could replace it.sapo instance method faulty memory drums would emit noise failure.later efforts showed fully effective system selfrepairing diagnosing – isolating fault implementing redundant backup alerting need repair.known nmodel redundancy faults cause automatic failsafes warning operator still common form level one faulttolerant design use today.voting another initial method discussed multiple redundant backups operating constantly checking others results outcome example four components reported answer one component reported answer four would vote fifth component faulty taken service.called n majority voting.historically motion always move nmodel n due fact complexity systems difficulty ensuring transitive state faultnegative faultpositive disrupt operations.tandem stratus among first companies specializing design faulttolerant computer systems online transaction processing.
Fault tolerance	examples hardware fault tolerance sometimes requires broken parts taken replaced new parts system still operational computing known hot swapping.system implemented single backup known single point tolerant represents vast majority faulttolerant systems.systems mean time failures long enough operators sufficient time fix broken devices mean time repair backup also fails.helpful time failures long possible specifically required faulttolerant system.fault tolerance notably successful computer applications.tandem computers built entire business machines used singlepoint tolerance create nonstop systems uptimes measured years.failsafe architectures may encompass also computer software example process replication.data formats may also designed degrade gracefully.
Fault tolerance	html example designed forward compatible allowing web browsers ignore new unsupported html entities without causing document unusable.additionally sites including popular platforms twitter december provide optional lightweight front end rely javascript minimal layout ensure wide accessibility outreach game consoles limited web browsing capabilities.terminology highly faulttolerant system might continue level performance even though one components failed.example building backup electrical generator provide voltage wall outlets even grid power fails.a system designed fail safe failsecure fail gracefully whether functions reduced level fails completely way protects people property data injury damage intrusion disclosure.computers program might failsafe executing graceful exit opposed uncontrolled crash order prevent data corruption experiencing error.
Fault tolerance	similar distinction made failing well failing badly.faildeadly opposite strategy used weapon systems designed kill injure targets even part system damaged destroyed.a system designed experience graceful degradation fail soft used computing similar fail safe operates reduced level performance component failures.example building may operate lighting reduced levels elevators reduced speeds grid power fails rather either trapping people dark completely continuing operate full power.computing example graceful degradation insufficient network bandwidth available stream online video lowerresolution version might streamed place highresolution version.progressive enhancement example computing web pages available basic functional format older smallscreen limitedcapability web browsers enhanced version browsers capable handling additional technologies larger display available.in faulttolerant computer systems programs considered robust designed continue operation despite error exception invalid input instead crashing completely.software brittleness opposite robustness.
Fault tolerance	resilient networks continue transmit data despite failure links nodes resilient buildings infrastructure likewise expected prevent complete failure situations like earthquakes floods collisions.a system high failure transparency alert users component failure occurred even continues operate full performance failure repaired imminent complete failure anticipated.likewise failfast component designed report first point failure rather allow downstream components fail generate reports then.allows easier diagnosis underlying problem may prevent improper operation broken state.single fault condition single fault condition situation one means protection hazard defective.single fault condition results unavoidably another single fault condition two failures considered one single fault condition.
Fault tolerance	source offers following examplea singlefault condition condition single means protection hazard equipment defective single external abnormal condition present e.g.short circuit live parts applied part.criteria providing faulttolerant design every component normally option.associated redundancy brings number penalties increase weight size power consumption cost well time design verify test.therefore number choices examined determine components fault toleranthow critical component car radio critical component less need fault tolerance.how likely component fail components like drive shaft car likely fail fault tolerance needed.how expensive make component fault tolerant requiring redundant car engine example would likely expensive economically terms weight space considered.an example component passes tests cars occupant restraint system.
Fault tolerance	normally think primary occupant restraint system gravity.vehicle rolls undergoes severe gforces primary method occupant restraint may fail.restraining occupants accident absolutely critical safety pass first test.accidents causing occupant ejection quite common seat belts pass second test.cost redundant restraint method like seat belts quite low economically terms weight space pass third test.
Fault tolerance	therefore adding seat belts vehicles excellent idea.supplemental restraint systems airbags expensive pass test smaller margin.another excellent longterm example principle put practice braking system whilst actual brake mechanisms critical particularly prone sudden rather progressive failure case necessarily duplicated allow even balanced application brake force wheels.would also prohibitively costly doubleup main components would add considerable weight.however similarly critical systems actuating brakes driver control inherently less robust generally using cable rust stretch jam snap hydraulic fluid leak boil develop bubbles absorb water thus lose effectiveness.thus modern cars footbrake hydraulic brake circuit diagonally divided give two smaller points failure loss either reducing brake power causing much dangerous brakeforce imbalance straight frontback leftright split hydraulic circuit fail completely relatively rare occurrence failsafe form cableactuated parking brake operates otherwise relatively weak rear brakes still bring vehicle safe halt conjunction transmissionengine braking long demands line normal traffic flow.
Fault tolerance	cumulatively unlikely combination total foot brake failure need harsh braking emergency likely result collision still one lower speed would otherwise case.in comparison foot pedal activated service brake parking brake less critical item unless used onetime backup footbrake cause immediate danger found nonfunctional moment application.therefore redundancy built per se typically uses cheaper lighter less hardwearing cable actuation system suffice happens hill use footbrake momentarily hold vehicle still driving find flat piece road stop.alternatively shallow gradients transmission shifted park reverse first gear transmission lock engine compression used hold stationary need include sophistication first bring halt.on motorcycles similar level failsafety provided simpler methods firstly front rear brake systems entirely separate regardless method activation cable rod hydraulic allowing one fail entirely whilst leaving unaffected.secondly rear brake relatively strong compared automotive cousin even powerful disc sports models even though usual intent front system provide vast majority braking force overall vehicle weight central rear tyre generally larger grippier rider lean back put weight therefore allowing brake force applied wheel locks up.cheaper slower utilityclass machines even front wheel use hydraulic disc extra brake force easier packaging rear usually primitive somewhat inefficient exceptionally robust rodactuated drum thanks ease connecting footpedal wheel way importantly near impossibility catastrophic failure even rest machine like lot lowpriced bikes first years use point collapse neglected maintenance.
Fault tolerance	requirements basic characteristics fault tolerance requireno single point failure – system experiences failure must continue operate without interruption repair process.fault isolation failing component – failure occurs system must able isolate failure offending component.requires addition dedicated failure detection mechanisms exist purpose fault isolation.recovery fault condition requires classifying fault failing component.national institute standards technology nist categorizes faults based locality cause duration effect.fault containment prevent propagation failure – failure mechanisms cause system fail propagating failure rest system.example kind failure rogue transmitter swamp legitimate communication system cause overall system failure.
Fault tolerance	firewalls mechanisms isolate rogue transmitter failing component protect system required.availability reversion modesin addition faulttolerant systems characterized terms planned service outages unplanned service outages.usually measured application level hardware level.figure merit called availability expressed percentage.example five nines system would statistically provide .availability.faulttolerant systems typically based concept redundancy.
Fault tolerance	fault tolerance techniques research kinds tolerances needed critical systems involves large amount interdisciplinary work.complex system carefully possible interactions considered prepared for.considering importance highvalue systems transport public utilities military field topics touch research wide include obvious subjects software modeling reliability hardware design arcane elements stochastic models graph theory formal exclusionary logic parallel processing remote data transmission more.replication spare components address first fundamental characteristic fault tolerance three waysreplication providing multiple identical instances system subsystem directing tasks requests parallel choosing correct result basis quorumredundancy providing multiple identical instances system switching one remaining instances case failure failoverdiversity providing multiple different implementations specification using like replicated systems cope errors specific implementation.all implementations raid redundant array independent disks except raid examples faulttolerant storage device uses data redundancy.a lockstep faulttolerant machine uses replicated elements operating parallel.time replications element state.
Fault tolerance	inputs provided replication outputs expected.outputs replications compared using voting circuit.machine two replications element termed dual modular redundant dmr.voting circuit detect mismatch recovery relies methods.machine three replications element termed triple modular redundant tmr.
Fault tolerance	voting circuit determine replication error twotoone vote observed.case voting circuit output correct result discard erroneous version.internal state erroneous replication assumed different two voting circuit switch dmr mode.model applied larger number replications.lockstep faulttolerant machines easily made fully synchronous gate replication making state transition edge clock clocks replications exactly phase.however possible build lockstep systems without requirement.bringing replications synchrony requires making internal stored states same.
Fault tolerance	started fixed initial state reset state.alternatively internal state one replica copied another replica.one variant dmr pairandspare.two replicated elements operate lockstep pair voting circuit detects mismatch operations outputs signal indicating error.another pair operates exactly way.final circuit selects output pair proclaim error.
Fault tolerance	pairandspare requires four replicas rather three tmr used commercially.failureoblivious computing failureoblivious computing technique enables computer programs continue executing despite errors.technique applied different contexts.first handle invalid memory reads returning manufactured value program turn makes use manufactured value ignores former memory value tried access great contrast typical memory checkers inform program error abort program.second applied exceptions catch blocks written synthesized catch unexpected exceptions.
Fault tolerance	furthermore happens execution modified several times row order prevent cascading failures.the approach performance costs technique rewrites code insert dynamic checks address validity execution time increase .recovery shepherding recovery shepherding lightweight technique enable software programs recover otherwise fatal errors null pointer dereference divide zero.comparing failure oblivious computing technique recovery shepherding works compiled program binary directly need recompile program.it uses justintime binary instrumentation framework pin.attaches application process error occurs repairs execution tracks repair effects execution continues contains repair effects within application process detaches process repair effects flushed process state.interfere normal execution program therefore incurs negligible overhead.
Fault tolerance	systematically collected real world nulldereference dividebyzero errors prototype implementation enables application continue execute provide acceptable output service users errortriggering inputs.circuit breaker circuit breaker design pattern technique avoid catastrophic failures distributed systems.redundancy redundancy provision functional capabilities would unnecessary faultfree environment.this consist backup components automatically kick one component fails.example large cargo trucks lose tire without major consequences.many tires one tire critical exception front tires used steer generally carry less load total four less likely fail.the idea incorporating redundancy order improve reliability system pioneered john von neumann s.two kinds redundancy possible space redundancy time redundancy.
Fault tolerance	space redundancy provides additional components functions data items unnecessary faultfree operation.space redundancy classified hardware software information redundancy depending type redundant resources added system.time redundancy computation data transmission repeated result compared stored copy previous result.current terminology kind testing referred service fault tolerance testing isftt short.disadvantages faulttolerant designs advantages obvious many disadvantages notinterference fault detection component.
Fault tolerance	continue passenger vehicle example either faulttolerant systems may obvious driver tire punctured.usually handled separate automated faultdetection system.case tire air pressure monitor detects loss pressure notifies driver.alternative manual faultdetection system manually inspecting tires stop.interference fault detection another component.another variation problem fault tolerance one component prevents fault detection different component.
Fault tolerance	example component b performs operation based output component fault tolerance b hide problem a. component b later changed less faulttolerant design system may fail suddenly making appear new component b problem.system carefully scrutinized become clear root problem actually component a.reduction priority fault correction.even operator aware fault faulttolerant system likely reduce importance repairing fault.faults corrected eventually lead system failure faulttolerant component fails completely redundant components also failed.test difficulty.certain critical faulttolerant systems nuclear reactor easy way verify backup components functional.
Fault tolerance	infamous example chernobyl operators tested emergency backup cooling disabling primary secondary cooling.backup failed resulting core meltdown massive release radiation.cost.faulttolerant components redundant components tend increase cost.purely economic cost include measures weight.manned spaceships example many redundant faulttolerant components weight increased dramatically unmanned systems dont require level safety.inferior components.
Fault tolerance	faulttolerant design may allow use inferior components would otherwise made system inoperable.practice potential mitigate cost increase use multiple inferior components may lower reliability system level equal even worse comparable nonfaulttolerant system.related terms difference fault tolerance systems rarely problems.instance western electric crossbar systems failure rates two hours per forty years therefore highly fault resistant.fault occur still stopped operating completely therefore fault tolerant.
Telegram (software)	see also referencesservice also provides endtoend encrypted video calling voip file sharing several features.launched ios august android october .servers telegram distributed worldwide decrease frequent data load five data centers different regions operational center based dubai united arab emirates.various client apps available desktop mobile platforms including official apps android ios windows macos linux although registration requires ios android device working phone number.also two official telegram web twin apps webk webz numerous unofficial clients make use telegrams protocol.
Telegram (software)	telegrams official components open source exception server closedsourced proprietary.telegram provides endtoend encrypted voice video calls optional endtoend encrypted secret chats.cloud chats groups encrypted app server isps thirdparties network cant access data telegram server can.users send text voice messages make voice video calls share unlimited number images documents gb per file user locations animated stickers contacts audio files.january telegram surpassed million monthly active users.downloaded app worldwide january billion downloads globally late august .
Telegram (software)	history development telegram launched brothers nikolai pavel durov.previously pair founded russian social network vk left claiming taken president putins allies.pavel durov sold remaining stake vk left russia resisting government pressure.nikolai durov created mtproto protocol basis messenger pavel durov provided financial support infrastructure digital fortress fund.telegram messenger states end goal bring profit structured nonprofit organization.telegram registered american llc.
Telegram (software)	disclose rents offices legal entities uses rent citing need shelter team unnecessary influence protect users governmental data requests.pavel durov said service headquartered berlin germany early moved different jurisdictions failing obtain residence permits everyone team.pavel durov left russia said moving country country small group computer programmers consisting core members.according press reports telegram employees saint petersburg.telegram team based dubai .
Telegram (software)	users report apps issues recommend development ideas dedicated bugs suggestions platform.usage numbers october telegram announced daily active users.march telegram announced reached million monthly users million daily active users.october south korean governmental surveillance plans drove many citizens switch telegram.december telegram announced million active users generating billion daily messages million new users signing service every week traffic doubled five months billion daily messages.
Telegram (software)	september telegram announced app million active users delivered billion daily messages.in february telegram announced million monthly active users new users signing every day delivering billion messages daily.december telegram reached million monthly active users.march telegram reached million monthly active users.march pavel durov claimed million new users signed telegram within last hours.durov specify prompted flood new signups period matched prolonged technical outage experienced facebook family apps including instagram.according u.s. securities exchange commission number monthly telegram users october million people worldwide.on april telegram announced reached million monthly active users.
Telegram (software)	january durov announced blog post telegram reached million monthly active users.on october telegram gained million new users result outage affected facebook affiliates.features account telegram accounts tied telephone numbers verified sms.account creation requires ios android device regardless platform intended used.users add multiple devices account receive messages them.connected devices removed individually once.
Telegram (software)	associated number changed time users contacts receive new number automatically.addition user set username alias allows send receive messages without exposing phone number.telegram accounts deleted time deleted automatically six months inactivity default optionally changed month shortest months range between.users replace exact last seen timestamps broader messages last seen recently.the default method authentication telegram uses logins smsbased singlefactor authentication.onetime passcode sent via sms users phone number required log account default.
Telegram (software)	users also option create password form twostep verification.telegram allows groups bots channels verified social media wikipedia page verified user accounts.cloudbased messages telegrams default messages cloudbased accessed users connected devices.users share photos videos audio messages files gigabytes per file.users send messages users individually groups members.sent messages edited hours sent deleted time sides.
Telegram (software)	messages chats including groups channels set autodelete hours days month although apply messages sent autodelete timer enabled.telegram offers drafts sync across user devices user starts typing message one device later continue another.draft persist editing area device sent removed.chats including groups channels sorted custom folders set user.users option schedule messages personal chats sent side comes online.users also import chat history including messages media whatsapp line kakaotalk due data portability either making new chat hold messages adding existing one.the transmission cloud messages telegrams servers encrypted services mtproto protocol secret chats use endtoend encryption based protocol.
Telegram (software)	according telegrams privacy policy data stored heavily encrypted encryption keys case stored several data centers different jurisdictions.way local engineers physical intruders cannot get access users data.telegrams local message database encrypted default.telegram clients allow users encrypt local message database setting passphrase.telegram users share live location chat either minutes one hour eight hours.multiple users share live location within group shown interactive map.
Telegram (software)	sharing live location stopped time.secret chats messages also sent clienttoclient encryption socalled secret chats.messages encrypted services mtproto protocol.unlike telegrams cloudbased messages messages sent within secret chat accessed device upon secret chat initiated device upon secret chat accepted.messages sent within secret chats principle deleted time optionally selfdestruct.secret chats initiated accepted via invitation upon encryption keys session exchanged.
Telegram (software)	users secret chat verify maninthemiddle attack occurred comparing pictures visualize public key fingerprints.according telegram secret chats supported perfect forward secrecy since december .encryption keys periodically changed key used times use week.old encryption keys destroyed.secret chats available android ios macos clients app.channels september telegram added channels.channels form oneway messaging admins able post messages users not.
Telegram (software)	user able create subscribe channels.channels created broadcasting messages unlimited number subscribers.channels publicly available alias permanent url anyone join.users join channel see entire message history.users join leave channels time.
Telegram (software)	depending channels settings messages may signed channels name username admin posted them.nonadmin users unable see users whove subscribed channel.admin channel view statistics channel activity message view counter showing many users seen message including views forwarded messages.may creator channel add discussion group separate group messages channel automatically posted subscribers communicate.enables comments posts channel.in december bloomberg moved messengerbased newsletter service whatsapp telegram former banned bulk automated messaging.
Telegram (software)	news service attempting grow audience outside u.s.in december content protection features introduced allow admins private channels groups disable screenshots message forwarding saving data communities.video voice calls end march telegram introduced endtoend encrypted voice calls.connection established peertopeer whenever possible otherwise closest server client used.according telegram neural network working learn various technical parameters call provide better quality service future uses.telegram added group voice chats december .group channel admin launch chat open members ongoing even one currently using it.
Telegram (software)	admins mute members default selectively well create invite links add people muted default.members use raise hand button signal desire speak.pushtotalk option available mobile versions well key shortcuts mute unmute oneself telegram desktop.admins groups channels option join group channel hiding personal account.users also record chats red dot shown warning recording period.telegram announced april would include group video calls end year.
Telegram (software)	august telegram added video calling endtoend encryption.pictureinpicture mode also available users option use functions app remaining call.june telegram implemented group video calls across clients.users stream video camera share screen simultaneously.company stated group calls capped people temporarily limit raised soon.
Telegram (software)	group calls support selective screen sharing split screen view improved noise suppression.july update telegram introduced ability people watch streamed video.livestreams updated unlimited participants.bots june telegram launched platform thirdparty developers create bots.bots telegram accounts operated programs.
Telegram (software)	respond messages mentions invited groups integrated programs.also accepts online payments credit cards apple pay.dutch website tweakers reported invited bot potentially read group messages bot controller changes access settings silently later point time.telegram pointed considered implementing feature would announce status change within relevant group.also inline bots used chat screen.
Telegram (software)	order activate inline bot user needs type message field bots username query.bot offer content.user choose content send within chat.bots also handle transactions provided paymentwall yandex.money stripe ravepay razorpay qiwi google pay different countries.bots also power telegrams gaming platform utilizes html games loaded ondemand needed like ordinary webpages.games work iphones newer android .devices newer.people use internet things iot services twoways interaction ifttt implemented within telegram.in april payments .
Telegram (software)	upgrade enabled bot payments within chat using thirdparty services sberbank tranzoo payme click liqpay ecommpay process credit card information.in february telegram launched social login feature users named telegram login.features website widget could embedded websites allowing users sign third party website telegram account.gateway sends users telegram name username profile picture website owner users phone number remains hidden.gateway integrated bot linked developers specific website domain.comments.app tool commenting pages channel posts lets add comments widget website.with widget place telegram users able log two taps leave comments text photos well like dislike reply comments others.they also subscribe comments get notifications discussbot.widgets configurable.
Telegram (software)	developers change color theme use different colors names change design dark theme change maximum number comments page change height assign moderators block user spam mode filled outlined icons also supported.in june update introduced new bot menu users browse send commands chat bot.instant view instant view way view web articles zero page load time.instant view telegram users read articles mass media blogs uniform readable way.instant view pages support text media type work even original website optimized mobile devices.on top instant view pages extremely lightweight cached telegram servers load instantly pretty much connection.telegraph telegraph publishing tool used create formatted posts photos embedded media.
Telegram (software)	designed minimalist style article pages contain controls.article website separate possibility merge articles groups hierarchies.article author specifies title optionally subtitle usually used authors name.addition title article indicates date first publication author article cannot influence.text formatting options also minimal two levels headings singlelevel lists bold italics quotes hyperlinks supported.authors upload images videos page limit mb.
Telegram (software)	author adds links youtube vimeo twitter service allows embed content directly article.when article first published url generated automatically title.nonlatin characters transliterated spaces replaced hyphens date publication added address.example article titled telegraph blog platform published november would receive url telegraphblogplatform.stickers animated emoji telegram stickers.stickers cloudbased highresolution images intended provide expressive emoji.
Telegram (software)	typing emoji user offered send respective sticker instead.stickers come collections called packs multiple stickers offered one emoji.telegram comes one default sticker pack users install additional sticker packs provided thirdparty contributors.sticker sets installed one client become automatically available clients.sticker images use webp file format better optimized transmitted internet.
Telegram (software)	telegram clients also support animated emoji.reallife identification july telegram introduced online authorisation identity management system telegram passport platforms require reallife identification.asks users upload official documents passport identity card driver license etc.online service requires identification documents verification forwards information platform users permission.telegram stated access data platform share information authorised recipient.
Telegram (software)	however service criticised vulnerable online brute force attacks.polls polls available android ios desktop applications.polls option anonymous visible.user enter multiple options poll.quiz mode also enabled user select right answer poll leave group guess.
Telegram (software)	quiz bots also added track correct answers even provide global leaderboard.people nearby groups nearby people nearby help users meet new friends turning phone gps location optingin contacts groups nearby people create local group adding location data groups.architecture encryption scheme telegram uses symmetric encryption scheme called mtproto.protocol developed nikolai durov developers telegram based bit symmetric aes encryption bit rsa encryption diffie–hellman key exchange.servers instant messaging protocols telegram uses centralized servers.
Telegram (software)	telegram messenger llp servers number countries throughout world improve response time service.telegrams serverside software closedsource proprietary.pavel durov said would require major architectural redesign serverside software connect independent servers telegram cloud.for users signed european economic area eea united kingdom general data protection regulations gdpr supported storing data servers netherlands designating londonbased company responsible data controller.client apps telegram various client apps developed telegram messenger llp community.free opensource released gnu general public licence version .
Telegram (software)	official clients support sending file format extensions.builtin media viewer supports common media formats jpeg png webp images h. hevc videos mp container mp flac vorbis opus aac audio.in telegram team announced direct build android app.telegram android available directly telegram website.it automatically updated likely get new versions faster apps play store app store.also distinctive feature version ability view channelsgroups specific topic without censorship cannot viewed app distributed google play apple store due policies.common specificationsno cloud backup option secret chat apis telegram public apis developers access functionality telegrams official apps build messaging applications.february creators unofficial whatsapp client released telegram plus app later renamed plus messenger original project got ceaseanddesist order whatsapp.september samsung released messaging application based apis.telegram also offers api allows developers create bots accounts controlled programs.
Telegram (software)	bots used among things emulate play old games app inform users vaccine availability covid.in addition telegram offers functions making payments directly within platform alongside external service stripe.monetization funding company initially supported ceos personal funds sale stake vk.january launched ico collected .billion investors kleiner perkins sequoia capital benchmark.shutdown ton project company needed repay investors money spent development beginning project active.on march telegram conducted years public bonds placement worth billion.
Telegram (software)	funding required cover debts amounting .million including million investors bought futures gram tokens included purchasers david yakobashvili.march telegram also sold additional bonds worth million abu dhabi mubadala investment company abu dhabi catalyst partners.day later mubadala investment company stated russias sovereign wealth fund participated deal undisclosed russiauae joint investment platform buy convertible bonds.telegram spokesperson stated rdif list investors sold bonds to.
Telegram (software)	wouldn’t open transaction fund funds invest including mubadala confirmed us rdif among lps.according contract holders bonds provided option convert shares discount company conducts open ipo.companys ceo stated move aimed enable telegram continue growing globally sticking values remaining independent.according press reports prior bonds placement durov rejected investment offer stake company well several undisclosed ones valuing company – billion range.advertising paid features telegram stated company never serve advertisements private chats.
Telegram (software)	late durov announced company working ad platform integrate nontargeted ads public onetomany channels already sell display ads form regular messages.ads began appear channels followers october .durov stated telegram considering paid subscription would hide ads allowing users directly support app.durov announced telegram also consider adding paid features aimed enterprise clients.according features require bandwidth added cost covered feature prices addition covering costs incurred regular users.telegram open network attempt monetize telegram without advertising company began development blockchain platform dubbed either open network telegram open network ton native cryptocurrency gram.
Telegram (software)	project announced middecember page technical paper became available january .codebase behind ton developed pavel durovs brother nikolai durov core developer telegrams mtproto protocol.january page white paper detailed page technical paper ton blockchain became available.durov planned power ton existing telegram user base turn largest blockchain platform apps services akin decentralized wechat google play app store.besides ton potential become decentralized alternative visa mastercard due ability scale support millions transactions per second.january february company ran private sale futures contracts grams raising around .
Telegram (software)	billion.public offering took place.the development ton took place completely isolated manner release postponed several times.test network launched january .launch ton main network scheduled october .yet october u.s. securities exchange commission obtained temporary restrictive order prevent distribution grams initial purchasers regulator considered legal scheme employed telegram unregistered securities offering initial buyers acting underwriters.the judge hearing telegram v. sec case p. kevin castel agreed secs vision kept restrictions gram distribution force.
Telegram (software)	ban applied nonu.s.based purchasers well telegram couldnt prevent resale grams u.s. citizens secondary market anonymity users one key features ton.following durov announced end telegrams active involvement ton.june judge approved settlement telegram sec.company agreed pay .million penalty return .
Telegram (software)	billion gram purchasers.march telegram launched bonds offering cover debt fund growth app.use fringe groups telegram used illegal activities spreading hate messages illegal pornography contact criminals trading illegal goods services drugs contraband stolen personal data.jihadists september response question use telegram islamic state iraq levant isis pavel durov stated think privacy ultimately right privacy important fear bad things happening like terrorism.durov sarcastically suggested ban words terrorists use communication.
Telegram (software)	isis recommended telegram supporters members october able double number followers official channel .november telegram announced blocked public channels operated isis spreading propaganda mass communication.telegram stated would block public channels bots related terrorism would honor politicallymotivated censorship based local restrictions freedom speech allowed peaceful expression alternative opinions.isiss usage telegram reignited encryption debate encrypted messaging applications faced new scrutiny.in august french antiterrorism investigators asserted two isisdirected terrorists murdered priest saintétiennedurouvray normandy france videoed murder communicated via telegram used app coordinate plans attack.isiss media wing subsequently posted video telegram showing pair pledging allegiance.
Telegram (software)	cnn news report stated telegram become known preferred means communication terror group isis used isis cell plotted paris terror attacks november attacks.daily mirror called telegram jihadi messaging app.in june russian communications regulator roskomnadzor hinted possibility blocking telegram russia due usage terrorists.in july director general application informatics indonesian ministry communication informatics semuel abrijani pangerapan said eleven telegram dns servers blocked many channels service promoted radicalism terrorism hatred bomb assembly civil attack disturbing images propaganda contrary indonesian laws regulations.august indonesia lifted block countermeasures negative content deployed association telegram llp.in november telegram participated europols internet referral action day.result telegram expanded strengthened terrorist content detection removal efforts.terroristrelated bots channels removed telegram.
Telegram (software)	according u.s. officials crackdown telegram especially effective seems lasting impact.according europol telegram put forth considerable effort removing abusers platform.farright groups mother jones magazine reported neonazi fascist hate groups used telegram app organize gun rally richmond virginia us antidefamation league called telegram white supremacist safe valuable tool rightwing extremists.neonazi white separatist paramilitary hate group base switched telegram blocked social media platforms including twitter youtube gab.number arrests base members january note appeared official telegram account warning people stop posting.
Telegram (software)	august white supremacist christopher cantwell posted antisemitic comments telegram.the antidefamation league notes telegram founded two russian brothers founded vkontakte vk known lack moderation comes white supremacy.telegrams terms service prohibit promotion violence allowed violent videos posted mass shooters brenton tarrant christchurch new zealand stephan balliet halle germany although social media platforms removed them.league also points rapewaffen division channel openly advocates rape murder part race war.telegram also used altright organization proud boys coordinate throughout united states.united kingdom telegram one main platforms farright publication tr.news maintained tommy robinson britain first whose pages blocked major social media platforms.weblinks related channels received views telegram wellknown mainstream news outlets including guardian daily mail.
Telegram (software)	however relatively small user base algorithmic timeline groups struggle build larger audience telegram.in january telegram confirmed blocked hundreds neonazi white supremacist channels tens thousands followers inciting violence.institute strategic dialogue report farright ireland found messages irish farright groups app increased total .on august u.s. house representatives select committee investigating united states capitol attack demanded records telegram alongside social media companies going back spring .child teenage pornography app used distribution pornographic material including child teenage pornography.telegrams internal reporting system option report content contains child abuse including specific messages groups channels.company verified channel called stop child abuse daily statistics number groups channels banned sharing illegal materials posted.
Telegram (software)	also provides email address dedicated reports content related child abuse.in january north macedonian media outlets reported nowbanned telegram group members titled public room јавна соба used share nude photos women often young teenage girls.along shared photographs anonymous accounts shared private information women including phone numbers social media profiles encouraging members group contact women ask sexual favours.done without prior agreement knowledge women causing intense public backlash demand group shut down.president north macedonia stevo pendarovski along prime minister north macedonia zoran zaev demanded immediate reaction telegram threatened completely restrict access app country actions taken.group banned reports users media although public statement made.
Telegram (software)	bot abuse bot found selling leaked phone numbers facebook.the chairman public organization electronic democracy volodymyr flents may announced telegram bot appeared web sold personal data ukrainian citizens.estimated bot contains data million ukrainians registered dіia application.however subsequently deputy prime minister minister digital transformation mikhail fedorov denied data app leaked.the criminal activity people already confirmed copies databases seized.a telegram bot blocked apple posting deepfake pornography.telegram reportedly banned bots channels including contained child abuse terrorismrelated content.reception censorship telegram blocked temporarily permanently governments including iran china pakistan.russian government blocked telegram several years lifting ban .
Telegram (software)	companys founder said wants app anticensorship tool iran china similar apps role fighting censorship russia.shutdown russian political bots september prior regional elections russia telegram suspended several bots spreading information election including bot run opposition party critics incumbent president vladimir putins government citing election silence reason though blog post companys ceo implied company following apple google dictate rules game developers.block main smart voting bot criticized allies alexei navalny kremlin critic former opposition leader.navalnys spokeswoman kira yarmysh called block deletion tactical voting app app stores censorship ... imposed private companies.later blog post durov directly stated block result pressure google apple refusal comply policies would result immediate shutdown telegram millions users.
Telegram (software)	post included screenshot showing internal email sent app store developers demanding takedown content related navalny.security telegrams security model received notable criticism cryptography experts.criticized general security model permanently stores contacts messages media together decryption keys servers default enable endtoend encryption messages default.pavel durov argued helps avoid thirdparty unsecured backups allow users access messages files device.cryptography experts furthermore criticized telegrams use customdesigned encryption protocol proven reliable secure.
Telegram (software)	however december study titled automated symbolic verification telegram’s mtproto .published confirming security updated mtproto .reviewing it.paper provides fully automated proof soundness mtproto .’s authentication normal chat endtoend encrypted chat rekeying mechanisms respect several security properties including authentication integrity confidentiality perfect forward secrecy proves formal correctness mtproto .. partially addresses concern lack scrutiny confirming security protocols latest version.the desktop clients excluding macos client feature options endtoend encrypted messages.user assigns local password desktop application data locally encrypted also.
Telegram (software)	telegram defended lack ubiquitous endtoend encryption claiming onlinebackups use clientside encryption secure solution currently possible.critics also disputed claims telegram secure mass market messengers like whatsapp line whatsapp applies endtoend encryption traffic default uses signal protocol reviewed endorsed leading security experts telegram neither stores messages media contacts cloud.since july line also applied endtoend encryption messages default though also criticized susceptible replay attacks lack forward secrecy clients.in author russian programming website habr discovered weakness first version mtproto would allow attacker mount maninthemiddle attack prevent victim alerted changed key fingerprint.bug fixed day publication payout author statement official blog.on february german consumer organization stiftung warentest evaluated several dataprotection aspects telegram along popular instantmessaging clients.among aspects considered security data transmission services terms use accessibility source code distribution app.telegram rated problematic kritisch overall.
Telegram (software)	organization favorable telegrams secure chats partially free code criticized mandatory transfer contact data telegrams servers lack imprint address services website.noted message data encrypted device could analyse transmission due lack source code.the electronic frontier foundation eff listed telegram secure messaging scorecard february .telegrams default chat function received score points scorecard.received points communications encrypted transit code open independent review security design properly documented completed recent independent security audit.telegrams default chat function missed points communications encrypted keys provider didnt access users could verify contacts identities past messages secure encryption keys stolen.
Telegram (software)	telegrams optional secret chat function provides endtoend encryption received score points scorecard.eff said results read endorsements individual tools guarantees security merely indications projects right track.in december two researchers aarhus university published report demonstrated mtproto .achieve indistinguishability chosenciphertext attack indcca authenticated encryption.researchers stressed attack theoretical nature see way turning attack full plaintextrecovery attack.nevertheless said saw reason telegram use less secure encryption scheme secure least efficient solutions exist.
Telegram (software)	telegram team responded flaw affect message security future patch would address concern.telegram .released december supports mtproto .satisfied conditions indcca.mtproto .
Telegram (software)	seen qualified cryptographers vast improvement telegrams security.in april accounts several russian opposition members hijacked intercepting sms messages used login authorization.response telegram recommended using optional twofactor authentication feature.may committee protect journalists nate cardozo senior staff attorney electronic frontier foundation recommended using telegram lack endtoend encryption default use nonstandard mtproto encryption protocol publicly criticized cryptography researchers including matthew green.on august reuters reported iranian hackers compromised dozen telegram accounts identified phone numbers million iranian users well associated user ids.researchers said hackers belonged group known rocket kitten.rocket kittens attacks similar ones attributed irans islamic revolutionary guards corps.
Telegram (software)	attackers took advantage programming interface built telegram.according telegram mass checks longer possible limitations introduced api earlier .login sms messages known intercepted iran russia germany possibly coordination phone companies.pavel durov said telegram users troubled countries enable twofactor authentication creating passwords order prevent this.in june pavel durov interview claimed u.s. intelligence agencies tried bribe companys developers weaken telegrams encryption install backdoor visit u.s. .in telegram sent message iranian users stating telegram talai hotgram unofficial clients secure.telegram promised since least march code released eventually including various client applications android ios desktop etc.serverside code.may telegram still hasnt published serverside source code.
Telegram (software)	january durov explained rationale releasing serverside code citing reasons inability endusers verify released code code run servers government wanted acquire server code make messaging app would end competitors.on june intercept released leaked telegram messages exchanged current brazilian minister justice former judge sérgio moro federal prosecutors.hypothesis either mobile devices hacked sim swap targets’ computers compromised.telegram team tweeted either user malware using step verification.on june telegram confirmed suffered denialofservice attack disrupted normal app functionality approximately one hour.pavel durov tweeted ip addresses used attack mostly came china.in december multiple russian businessmen suffered account takeovers involved bypassing sms singlefactor authentication.security company groupib suggested ss mobile signalling protocol weaknesses illegal usage surveillance equipment telecom insider attacks.on march elasticsearch database holding million records containing user ids phone numbers iranian users exposed online without password.
Telegram (software)	accounts extracted unofficial governmentsanctioned version telegram.took days database taken researchers say data accessed parties including hacker reported information specialized forum.in september reported irans rampantkitten ran phishing surveillance campaign dissidents telegram.attack relied people downloading malwareinfected file source point would replace telegram files device clone session data.david wolpoff former department defense contractor stated weak link attack device affected apps there’s way secure communication app keep user safe end devices compromised.in july researchers royal holloway university london eth zurich published analysis mtproto protocol concluding protocol could provide confidential integrityprotected channel communication.also found attackers theoretical ability reorder messages coming client server though attacker would able see content messages.
Telegram (software)	several theoretical vulnerabilities reported well response telegram released document stating mitm attack key exchange impossible well detailing changes made protocol protect future.issues patched papers publication security bounty paid researchers.in september russian researcher published details bug selfdestruct feature allowed user recover deleted photos device.bug patched prior publication telegram representatives offered € bug bounty.researcher sign nda came offer receive award opting disclose bug.cryptography contests telegram organized two cryptography contests challenge security.
Telegram (software)	third parties asked break services cryptography disclose information contained within secret chat two computercontrolled users.reward respectively us us offered.contests expired winners.security researcher moxie marlinspike founder competing signal messenger commenters hacker news criticized first contest rigged framed telegrams favor said telegrams statements value contests proof cryptographys quality misleading.cryptography contest could even completely broken algorithms md hash function used key stream extractor primitives dual ec drbg known backdoored.
Security alarm	puerto rico telegramgate telegram main subject surrounding puerto rico riots ended resignation thengovernor ricardo rosselló.hundreds pages group chat rosselló members staff leaked.messages considered vulgar racist homophobic toward several individuals groups discussed would use media target potential political opponents.see also comparison instant messaging clientsinternet privacysecure instant messaging references reading external links official websitesecurity alarms used residential commercial industrial military properties protect burglary theft property damage well personal protection intruders.security alerts neighborhoods show connection diminished robbery.car alarms likewise help protect vehicles contents.prisons also use security systems control inmates.some alarm systems serve single purpose burglary protection combination systems provide fire intrusion protection.intrusionalarm systems combined closedcircuit television surveillance cctv systems record intruders activities interface access control systems electrically locked doors.
Security alarm	many types security systems.homeowners typically small selfcontained noisemakers.devices also complicated multirole systems computer monitoring control.may even include twoway voice allows communication panel monitoring station.design basic alarm consists least one sensor detect trespassers alerting device indicate intrusion.
Security alarm	however typical premises security alarm employs following componentspremises control unit pcu alarm control panel acp simply panel brain system reads sensor inputs tracks armdisarm status signals intrusions.modern device typically one computer circuit boards inside metal enclosure.many newer networks often use sealed plastic boxes open.also control units builtin keypad humanmachine interface.sensors devices detect intrusions.sensors locations perimeter protected area within both.
Security alarm	sensors detect intruders different methods.example sensors monitor doors windows openings monitor unoccupied interiors motions sound vibration disturbancesalerting devices indicate alarm condition.commonly bells sirens also flashing lights.alerting devices serve dual purposes warning occupants intrusion potentially scaring burglars.devices also warn occupants fire smoke conditionkeypads small devices typically wallmounted function humanmachine interface system.
Security alarm	addition buttons keypads typically feature indicator lights small multicharacter display both.interconnections components.interconnections may consist direct wiring control unit wireless links local power supplies.in addition system security alarms often offer monitoring service.event alarm premises control unit contacts central monitoring station.operators station see signal take appropriate action contacting property owners notifying police dispatching private security forces.alerts transmit via dedicated alarm circuits telephone lines internet many cases.
Security alarm	sensor types hermetically sealed reed switches hermetically sealed reed switch common type twopiece sensor.switch operates electrically conductive reed switch either normally open normally closed influence magnetic field respect proximity second piece contains magnet.magnet moves away reed switch reed switch either closes opens based whether design usually open closed.action coupled electric current typically v dc allows alarm control panel detect fault zone circuit.sensors common found wired directly alarm control panel typically found wireless door window contacts subcomponents.
Security alarm	passive infrared detectors passive infrared pir motion detector one common sensors found household small business environments.offers affordable reliable functionality.term passive refers fact detector generate radiate energy works entirely detecting heat energy given objects.strictly speaking pir sensors detect motion instead identify abrupt changes temperature given point.intruder walks front sensor temperature point rise room temperature body temperature back again.quick change triggers detection.pir sensors designed wall ceilingmounted come various fields view narrowpoint detectors degree radar.
Security alarm	pirs require power supply addition detection signaling circuit.infrasound detectors infrasound detector works detecting infrasound sound waves frequencies hertz.sounds frequencies inaudible human ear.due inherent properties infrasound travel distances many hundreds kilometers.infrasound signals result volcanic eruptions earthquakes gravity waves opening closing doors forcing windows name few.the entire infrasound detection system consists following components speaker infrasound sensor microphone input orderfrequency filter analog digital ad converter finally mcu used analyze recorded signal.each time potential intruder tries enter house tests whether closed locked uses tools openings orand applies pressure therefore creates lowfrequency sound vibrations.
Security alarm	intruder breaks infrasound detector automatically catches sight intruders actionsthe purpose system detect burglars enter house avoid theft vandalism.sensitivity dependent size home presence animals.ultrasonic detectors active detectors transmit ultrasonic sound waves inaudible humans using frequencies khz khz.doppler shift principle underlying method operation detects change frequency due object motion.detection occurs object must cause change ultrasonic frequency receiver relative transmitting frequency.the ultrasonic detector operates transmitter emitting ultrasonic signal area protected.
Security alarm	solid objects surrounding floor walls ceiling reflect sound waves receiver detect.ultrasonic waves transmitted air hardsurfaced objects tend reflect ultrasonic energy soft surfaces tend absorb energy.when surfaces stationary frequency waves detected receiver equal transmitted frequency.however change frequency occur result doppler principle person object moving towards away detector.event initiates alarm signal.technology active many properties many alarm professionals consider obsolete.

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