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Cloud	table seen strict singular classification beyond appears template illustration various major cloud types related defined full range altitude levels earths surface edge space.etymology history cloud science nomenclature etymology origin term cloud found old english words clud clod meaning hill mass stone.around beginning th century word came used metaphor rain clouds similarity appearance mass rock cumulus heap cloud.time metaphoric usage word supplanted old english weolcan literal term clouds general.aristotle ancient cloud studies made isolation observed combination weather elements even natural sciences.
Cloud	around bc greek philosopher aristotle wrote meteorologica work represented sum knowledge time natural science including weather climate.first time precipitation clouds precipitation fell called meteors originate greek word meteoros meaning high sky.word came modern term meteorology study clouds weather.meteorologica based intuition simple observation considered scientific method.nevertheless first known work attempted treat broad range meteorological topics systematic way especially hydrological cycle.
Cloud	first comprehensive classification centuries speculative theories formation behavior clouds first truly scientific studies undertaken luke howard england jeanbaptiste lamarck france.howard methodical observer strong grounding latin language used background formally classify various tropospheric cloud types .believed scientific observations changing cloud forms sky could unlock key weather forecasting.lamarck worked independently cloud classification year come different naming scheme failed make impression even home country france used unusually descriptive informal french names phrases cloud types.system nomenclature included categories clouds names translated french hazy clouds dappled clouds broomlike clouds.contrast howard used universally accepted latin caught quickly published .
Cloud	sign popularity naming scheme german dramatist poet johann wolfgang von goethe composed four poems clouds dedicating howard.an elaboration howards system eventually formally adopted international meteorological conference .system covered tropospheric cloud types.however discovery clouds troposphere late th century eventually led creation separate classification schemes reverted use descriptive common names phrases somewhat recalled lamarcks methods classification.high clouds although classified different methods nevertheless broadly similar cloud forms identified troposphere latin names.formation homosphere air becomes saturated terrestrial clouds found throughout homosphere includes troposphere stratosphere mesosphere.
Cloud	within layers atmosphere air become saturated result cooled dew point moisture added adjacent source.latter case saturation occurs dew point raised ambient air temperature.adiabatic cooling adiabatic cooling occurs one three possible lifting agents – convective cyclonicfrontal orographic – cause parcel air containing invisible water vapor rise cool dew point temperature air becomes saturated.main mechanism behind process adiabatic cooling.air cooled dew point becomes saturated water vapor normally condenses form cloud drops.
Cloud	condensation normally occurs cloud condensation nuclei salt dust particles small enough held aloft normal circulation air.one agent convective upward motion air caused daytime solar heating surface level.airmass instability allows formation cumuliform clouds produce showers air sufficiently moist.moderately rare occasions convective lift powerful enough penetrate tropopause push cloud top stratosphere.frontal cyclonic lift occur stable air forced aloft weather fronts around centers low pressure process called convergence.warm fronts associated extratropical cyclones tend generate mostly cirriform stratiform clouds wide area unless approaching warm airmass unstable case cumulus congestus cumulonimbus clouds usually embedded main precipitating cloud layer.cold fronts usually faster moving generate narrower line clouds mostly stratocumuliform cumuliform cumulonimbiform depending stability warm airmass ahead front.a third source lift wind circulation forcing air physical barrier mountain orographic lift.
Cloud	air generally stable nothing lenticular cap clouds form.however air becomes sufficiently moist unstable orographic showers thunderstorms may appear.nonadiabatic cooling along adiabatic cooling requires lifting agent three major nonadiabatic mechanisms exist lowering temperature air dew point.conductive radiational evaporative cooling require lifting mechanism cause condensation surface level resulting formation fog.adding moisture air several main sources water vapor added air way achieving saturation without cooling process evaporation surface water moist ground precipitation virga transpiration plants.
Cloud	classification clouds identified troposphere tropospheric classification based hierarchy categories physical forms altitude levels top.crossclassified total ten genus types divided species subdivided varieties bottom hierarchy.physical forms clouds troposphere assume five physical forms based structure process formation.forms commonly used purpose satellite analysis.given approximate ascending order instability convective activity.
Cloud	stratiform nonconvective stratiform clouds appear stable airmass conditions general flat sheetlike structures form altitude troposphere.stratiform group divided altitude range genera cirrostratus highlevel altostratus midlevel stratus lowlevel nimbostratus multilevel.fog commonly considered surfacebased cloud layer.fog may form surface level clear air may result low stratus cloud subsiding ground sea level.conversely low stratiform clouds result advection fog lifted surface level breezy conditions.
Cloud	cirriform cirriform clouds troposphere genus cirrus appearance detached semimerged filaments.form high tropospheric altitudes air mostly stable little convective activity although denser patches may occasionally show buildups caused limited highlevel convection air partly unstable.clouds resembling cirrus cirrostratus cirrocumulus found troposphere classified separately using common names.stratocumuliform clouds structure cumuliform stratiform characteristics form rolls ripples elements.generally form result limited convection otherwise mostly stable airmass topped inversion layer.
Cloud	inversion layer absent higher troposphere increased airmass instability may cause cloud layers develop tops form turrets consisting embedded cumuliform buildups.stratocumuliform group divided cirrocumulus highlevel strato prefix dropped altocumulus midlevel strato prefix dropped stratocumulus lowlevel.cumuliform cumuliform clouds generally appear isolated heaps tufts.product localized generally freeconvective lift inversion layers troposphere limit vertical growth.general small cumuliform clouds tend indicate comparatively weak instability.
Cloud	larger cumuliform types sign greater atmospheric instability convective activity.depending vertical size clouds cumulus genus type may lowlevel multilevel moderate towering vertical extent.cumulonimbiform largest freeconvective clouds comprise genus cumulonimbus towering vertical extent.occur highly unstable air often fuzzy outlines upper parts clouds sometimes include anvil tops.clouds product strong convection penetrate lower stratosphere.
Cloud	levels genera tropospheric clouds form three levels formerly called étages based altitude range earths surface.grouping clouds levels commonly done purposes cloud atlases surface weather observations weather maps.baseheight range level varies depending latitudinal geographical zone.altitude level comprises two three genustypes differentiated mainly physical form.the standard levels genustypes summarised approximate descending order altitude normally based.multilevel clouds significant vertical extent separately listed summarized approximate ascending order instability convective activity.
Cloud	highlevel high clouds form altitudes ft polar regions ft temperate regions ft tropics.cirriform clouds classified high thus constitute single genus cirrus ci.stratocumuliform stratiform clouds high altitude range carry prefix cirro yielding respective genus names cirrocumulus cc cirrostratus cs.limitedresolution satellite images high clouds analysed without supporting data direct human observations distinguishing individual forms genus types becomes impossible collectively identified hightype informally cirrustype though high clouds cirrus form genus.genus cirrus cithese mostly fibrous wisps delicate white cirriform ice crystal clouds show clearly blue sky.cirrus generally nonconvective except castellanus floccus subtypes show limited convection.
Cloud	often form along high altitude jetstream leading edge frontal lowpressure disturbance may merge cirrostratus.highlevel cloud genus produce precipitation.genus cirrocumulus ccthis pure white high stratocumuliform layer limited convection.composed ice crystals supercooled water droplets appearing small unshaded round masses flakes groups lines ripples like sand beach.cirrocumulus occasionally forms alongside cirrus may accompanied replaced cirrostratus clouds near leading edge active weather system.genustype occasionally produces virga precipitation evaporates base cloud.genus cirrostratus cscirrostratus thin nonconvective stratiform ice crystal veil typically gives rise halos caused refraction suns rays.
Cloud	sun moon visible clear outline.cirrostratus produce precipitation often thickens altostratus ahead warm front lowpressure area sometimes does.midlevel nonvertical clouds middle level prefixed alto yielding genus names altocumulus ac stratocumuliform types altostratus stratiform types.clouds form low ft surface latitude may based high ft near poles ft midlatitudes ft tropics.high clouds main genus types easily identified human eye distinguishing using satellite photography alone possible.
Cloud	supporting data human observations available clouds usually collectively identified middletype satellite images.genus altocumulus acthis midlevel cloud layer limited convection usually appears form irregular patches extensive sheets arranged groups lines waves.altocumulus may occasionally resemble cirrocumulus usually thicker composed mix water droplets ice crystals bases show least lightgrey shading.altocumulus produce virga light precipitation evaporates reaching ground.genus altostratus asaltostratus midlevel opaque translucent nonconvective veil greybluegrey cloud often forms along warm fronts around lowpressure areas.altostratus usually composed water droplets may mixed ice crystals higher altitudes.widespread opaque altostratus produce light continuous intermittent precipitation.
Cloud	lowlevel low clouds found near surface ft. genus types level either prefix carry one refers characteristic altitude.clouds form low level troposphere generally larger structure form middle high levels usually identified forms genus types using satellite photography alone.genus stratocumulus scthis genus type stratocumuliform cloud layer limited convection usually form irregular patches extensive sheets similar altocumulus larger elements deepergray shading.stratocumulus often present wet weather originating rain clouds produce light precipitation own.genus cumulus cu species humilis – little vertical extentthese small detached fairweather cumuliform clouds nearly horizontal bases flattened tops produce rain showers.genus stratus stthis flat sometimes ragged nonconvective stratiform type sometimes resembles elevated fog.weak precipitation fall cloud usually drizzle snow grains.low stratus cloud subsides surface level loses latin terminology given common name fog prevailing surface visibility less km.
Cloud	visibility km higher visible condensation termed mist.multilevel moderate vertical clouds low midlevel bases form anywhere near surface ft tops extend midaltitude range sometimes higher case nimbostratus.genus nimbostratus ns multilevelthis diffuse dark grey multilevel stratiform layer great horizontal extent usually moderate deep vertical development looks feebly illuminated inside.nimbostratus normally forms midlevel altostratus develops least moderate vertical extent base subsides low level precipitation reach moderate heavy intensity.achieves even greater vertical development simultaneously grows upward high level due largescale frontal cyclonic lift.nimbo prefix refers ability produce continuous rain snow wide area especially ahead warm front.
Cloud	thick cloud layer lacks towering structure may accompanied embedded towering cumuliform cumulonimbiform types.meteorologists affiliated world meteorological organization wmo officially classify nimbostratus midlevel synoptic purposes informally characterizing multilevel.independent meteorologists educators appear split largely follow wmo model classify nimbostratus lowlevel despite considerable vertical extent usual initial formation middle altitude range.genus cumulus cu species mediocris – moderate vertical extentthese cumuliform clouds free convection clearcut mediumgrey flat bases white domed tops form small sproutings generally produce precipitation.usually form low level troposphere except conditions low relative humidity clouds bases rise middlealtitude range.cumulus mediocris officially classified lowlevel informally characterized moderate vertical extent involve one altitude level.
Cloud	towering vertical large cumuliform cumulonimbiform types cloud bases low midlevel range multilevel moderate vertical types tops nearly always extend high levels.unlike less vertically developed clouds required identified standard names abbreviations aviation observations metars forecasts tafs warn pilots possible severe weather turbulence.genus cumulus cu species congestus – great vertical extentincreasing airmass instability cause freeconvective cumulus grow tall extent vertical height base top greater basewidth cloud.cloud base takes darker grey coloration top commonly resembles cauliflower.cloud type produce moderate heavy showers designated towering cumulus tcu international civil aviation organization icao.genus cumulonimbus cbthis genus type heavy towering cumulonimbiform mass freeconvective cloud darkgrey nearly black base high top form mountain huge tower.cumulonimbus produce thunderstorms local heavy downpours rain may cause flash floods variety types lightning including cloudtoground cause wildfires.
Cloud	convective severe weather may may associated thunderstorms include heavy snow showers hail strong wind shear downbursts tornadoes.possible cumulonimbusrelated events lightning one requires thunderstorm taking place since lightning creates thunder.cumulonimbus clouds form unstable airmass conditions tend concentrated intense associated unstable cold fronts.species genus types commonly divided subtypes called species indicate specific structural details vary according stability windshear characteristics atmosphere given time location.despite hierarchy particular species may subtype one genus especially genera physical form differentiated mainly altitude level.
Cloud	species associated genera one physical form.species types grouped according physical forms genera normally associated.forms genera species listed left right approximate ascending order instability convective activity.stable mostly stable nonconvective stratiform group highlevel cirrostratus comprises two species.cirrostratus nebulosus rather diffuse appearance lacking structural detail.
Cloud	cirrostratus fibratus species made semimerged filaments transitional cirrus.midlevel altostratus multilevel nimbostratus always flat diffuse appearance therefore subdivided species.low stratus species nebulosus except broken ragged sheets stratus fractus see below.cirriform clouds three nonconvective species form stable airmass conditions.cirrus fibratus comprise filaments may straight wavy occasionally twisted wind shear.species uncinus similar upturned hooks ends.
Cloud	cirrus spissatus appear opaque patches show light grey shading.stratocumuliform genustypes cirrocumulus altocumulus stratocumulus appear mostly stable air limited convection two species each.stratiformis species normally occur extensive sheets smaller patches minimal convective activity.clouds lenticularis species tend lenslike shapes tapered ends.commonly seen orographic mountainwave clouds occur anywhere troposphere strong wind shear combined sufficient airmass stability maintain generally flat cloud structure.two species found high middle low levels troposphere depending stratocumuliform genus genera present given time.
Cloud	ragged species fractus shows variable instability subdivision genustypes different physical forms different stability characteristics.subtype form ragged mostly stable stratiform sheets stratus fractus small ragged cumuliform heaps somewhat greater instability cumulus fractus.clouds species associated precipitating cloud systems considerable vertical sometimes horizontal extent also classified accessory clouds name pannus see section supplementary features.partly unstable species subdivisions genus types occur partly unstable air limited convection.species castellanus appears mostly stable stratocumuliform cirriform layer becomes disturbed localized areas airmass instability usually morning afternoon.
Cloud	results formation embedded cumuliform buildups arising common stratiform base.castellanus resembles turrets castle viewed side found stratocumuliform genera tropospheric altitude level limitedconvective patches highlevel cirrus.tufted clouds detached floccus species subdivisions genustypes may cirriform stratocumuliform overall structure.sometimes seen cirrus cirrocumulus altocumulus stratocumulus.a newly recognized species stratocumulus altocumulus given name volutus roll cloud occur ahead cumulonimbus formation.volutus clouds form consequence interactions specific geographical features rather parent cloud.
Cloud	perhaps strangest geographically specific cloud type morning glory rolling cylindrical cloud appears unpredictably gulf carpentaria northern australia.associated powerful ripple atmosphere cloud may surfed glider aircraft.unstable mostly unstable general airmass instability troposphere tends produce clouds freely convective cumulus genus type whose species mainly indicators degrees atmospheric instability resultant vertical development clouds.cumulus cloud initially forms low level troposphere cloudlet species humilis shows slight vertical development.air becomes unstable cloud tends grow vertically species mediocris strongly convective congestus tallest cumulus species type international civil aviation organization refers towering cumulus.with highly unstable atmospheric conditions large cumulus may continue grow even strongly convective cumulonimbus calvus essentially tall congestus cloud produces thunder ultimately species capillatus supercooled water droplets top cloud turn ice crystals giving cirriform appearance.
Cloud	varieties genus species types subdivided varieties whose names appear species name provide fuller description cloud.cloud varieties restricted specific altitude level form therefore common one genus species.opacitybased cloud varieties fall one two main groups.one group identifies opacities particular low midlevel cloud structures comprises varieties translucidus thin translucent perlucidus thick opaque translucent small clear breaks opacus thick opaque.varieties always identifiable cloud genera species variable opacity.
Cloud	three associated stratiformis species altocumulus stratocumulus.however two varieties seen altostratus stratus nebulosus whose uniform structures prevent formation perlucidus variety.opacitybased varieties applied high clouds always translucent case cirrus spissatus always opaque.patternbased second group describes occasional arrangements cloud structures particular patterns discernible surfacebased observer cloud fields usually visible significant altitude formations.varieties always present genera species otherwise associated appear atmospheric conditions favor formation.
Cloud	intortus vertebratus varieties occur occasion cirrus fibratus.respectively filaments twisted irregular shapes arranged fishbone patterns usually uneven wind currents favor formation varieties.variety radiatus associated cloud rows particular type appear converge horizon.sometimes seen fibratus uncinus species cirrus stratiformis species altocumulus stratocumulus mediocris sometimes humilis species cumulus genus altostratus.another variety duplicatus closely spaced layers type one sometimes found cirrus fibratus uncinus species altocumulus stratocumulus species stratiformis lenticularis.variety undulatus wavy undulating base occur clouds species stratiformis lenticularis altostratus.
Cloud	rarely observed stratus nebulosus.variety lacunosus caused localized downdrafts create circular holes form honeycomb net.occasionally seen cirrocumulus altocumulus species stratiformis castellanus floccus stratocumulus species stratiformis castellanus.combinations possible species show combined varieties one time especially one variety opacitybased patternbased.example would layer altocumulus stratiformis arranged seemingly converging rows separated small breaks.
Cloud	full technical name cloud configuration would altocumulus stratiformis radiatus perlucidus would identify respectively genus species two combined varieties.accessory clouds supplementary features derivative types supplementary features accessory clouds subdivisions cloud types species variety level.rather either hydrometeors special cloud types latin names form association certain cloud genera species varieties.supplementary features whether form clouds precipitation directly attached main genuscloud.accessory clouds contrast generally detached main cloud.
Cloud	precipitationbased supplementary features one group supplementary features actual cloud formations precipitation falls water droplets ice crystals make visible clouds grown heavy remain aloft.virga feature seen clouds producing precipitation evaporates reaching ground genera cirrocumulus altocumulus altostratus nimbostratus stratocumulus cumulus cumulonimbus.when precipitation reaches ground without completely evaporating designated feature praecipitatio.normally occurs altostratus opacus produce widespread usually light precipitation thicker clouds show significant vertical development.latter upwardgrowing cumulus mediocris produces isolated light showers downward growing nimbostratus capable heavier extensive precipitation.towering vertical clouds greatest ability produce intense precipitation events tend localized unless organized along fastmoving cold fronts.
Cloud	showers moderate heavy intensity fall cumulus congestus clouds.cumulonimbus largest cloud genera capacity produce heavy showers.low stratus clouds usually produce light precipitation always occurs feature praecipitatio due fact cloud genus lies close ground allow formation virga.cloudbased supplementary features incus typespecific supplementary feature seen cumulonimbus species capillatus.cumulonimbus incus cloud top one spread clear anvil shape result rising air currents hitting stability layer tropopause air longer continues get colder increasing altitude.the mamma feature forms bases clouds downwardfacing bubblelike protuberances caused localized downdrafts within cloud.
Cloud	also sometimes called mammatus earlier version term used standardization latin nomenclature brought world meteorological organization th century.bestknown cumulonimbus mammatus mamma feature also seen occasionally cirrus cirrocumulus altocumulus altostratus stratocumulus.a tuba feature cloud column may hang bottom cumulus cumulonimbus.newly formed poorly organized column might comparatively benign quickly intensify funnel cloud tornado.an arcus feature roll cloud ragged edges attached lower front part cumulus congestus cumulonimbus forms along leading edge squall line thunderstorm outflow.large arcus formation appearance dark menacing arch.several new supplementary features formally recognized world meteorological organization wmo.feature fluctus form conditions strong atmospheric wind shear stratocumulus altocumulus cirrus cloud breaks regularly spaced crests.
Cloud	variant sometimes known informally kelvin–helmholtz wave cloud.phenomenon also observed cloud formations planets even suns atmosphere.another highly disturbed chaotic wavelike cloud feature associated stratocumulus altocumulus cloud given latin name asperitas.supplementary feature cavum circular fallstreak hole occasionally forms thin layer supercooled altocumulus cirrocumulus.fall streaks consisting virga wisps cirrus usually seen beneath hole ice crystals fall lower altitude.
Cloud	type hole usually larger typical lacunosus holes.murus feature cumulonimbus wall cloud lowering rotating cloud base lead development tornadoes.cauda feature tail cloud extends horizontally away murus cloud result air feeding storm.accessory clouds supplementary cloud formations detached main cloud known accessory clouds.heavier precipitating clouds nimbostratus towering cumulus cumulus congestus cumulonimbus typically see formation precipitation pannus feature low ragged clouds genera species cumulus fractus stratus fractus.a group accessory clouds comprise formations associated mainly upwardgrowing cumuliform cumulonimbiform clouds free convection.
Cloud	pileus cap cloud form cumulonimbus large cumulus cloud whereas velum feature thin horizontal sheet sometimes forms like apron around middle front parent cloud.accessory cloud recently officially recognized world meteorological organization flumen also known informally beavers tail.formed warm humid inflow supercell thunderstorm mistaken tornado.although flumen indicate tornado risk similar appearance pannus scud clouds rotate.mother clouds clouds initially form clear air become clouds fog rises surface level.
Cloud	genus newly formed cloud determined mainly air mass characteristics stability moisture content.characteristics change time genus tends change accordingly.happens original genus called mother cloud.mother cloud retains much original form appearance new genus termed genitus cloud.one example stratocumulus cumulogenitus stratocumulus cloud formed partial spreading cumulus type loss convective lift.
Cloud	mother cloud undergoes complete change genus considered mutatus cloud.genitus mutatus clouds genitus mutatus categories expanded include certain types originate preexisting clouds.term flammagenitus latin firemade applies cumulus congestus cumulonimbus formed large scale fires volcanic eruptions.smaller lowlevel pyrocumulus fumulus clouds formed contained industrial activity classified cumulus homogenitus latin manmade.contrails formed exhaust aircraft flying upper level troposphere persist spread formations resembling cirrus designated cirrus homogenitus.
Cloud	cirrus homogenitus cloud changes fully highlevel genera termed cirrus cirrostratus cirrocumulus homomutatus.stratus cataractagenitus latin cataractmade generated spray waterfalls.silvagenitus latin forestmade stratus cloud forms water vapor added air forest canopy.stratocumulus fields stratocumulus clouds organized fields take certain specially classified shapes characteristics.general fields discernible high altitudes ground level.
Cloud	often found following formsactinoform resembles leaf spoked wheel.closed cell cloudy center clear edges similar filled honeycomb.open cell resembles empty honeycomb clouds around edges clear open space middle.vortex streets patterns formed phenomenon known kármán vortex named engineer fluid dynamicist theodore von kármán.wind driven clouds form parallel rows follow wind direction.wind clouds encounter high elevation land features vertically prominent islands form eddies around high land masses give clouds twisted appearance.distribution tropospheric clouds least prevalent convergence along lowpressure zones although local distribution clouds significantly influenced topography global prevalence cloud cover troposphere tends vary latitude.
Cloud	prevalent along low pressure zones surface tropospheric convergence encircle earth close equator near th parallels latitude northern southern hemispheres.adiabatic cooling processes lead creation clouds way lifting agents associated convergence process involves horizontal inflow accumulation air given location well rate happens.near equator increased cloudiness due presence lowpressure intertropical convergence zone itcz warm unstable air promotes mostly cumuliform cumulonimbiform clouds.clouds virtually type form along midlatitude convergence zones depending stability moisture content air.extratropical convergence zones occupied polar fronts air masses polar origin meet clash tropical subtropical origin.
Cloud	leads formation weathermaking extratropical cyclones composed cloud systems may stable unstable varying degrees according stability characteristics various airmasses conflict.divergence along high pressure zones divergence opposite convergence.earths troposphere involves horizontal outflow air upper part rising column air lower part subsiding column often associated area ridge high pressure.cloudiness tends least prevalent near poles subtropics close th parallels north south.latter sometimes referred horse latitudes.
Cloud	presence largescale highpressure subtropical ridge side equator reduces cloudiness low latitudes.similar patterns also occur higher latitudes hemispheres.luminance reflectivity coloration luminance brightness cloud determined light reflected scattered transmitted clouds particles.brightness may also affected presence haze photometeors halos rainbows.troposphere dense deep clouds exhibit high reflectance throughout visible spectrum.
Cloud	tiny particles water densely packed sunlight cannot penetrate far cloud reflected giving cloud characteristic white color especially viewed top.cloud droplets tend scatter light efficiently intensity solar radiation decreases depth gases.result cloud base vary light verydarkgrey depending clouds thickness much light reflected transmitted back observer.high thin tropospheric clouds reflect less light comparatively low concentration constituent ice crystals supercooled water droplets results slightly offwhite appearance.however thick dense icecrystal cloud appears brilliant white pronounced grey shading greater reflectivity.as tropospheric cloud matures dense water droplets may combine produce larger droplets.
Cloud	droplets become large heavy kept aloft air circulation fall cloud rain.process accumulation space droplets becomes increasingly larger permitting light penetrate farther cloud.cloud sufficiently large droplets within spaced far enough apart percentage light enters cloud reflected back absorbed giving cloud darker look.simple example ones able see farther heavy rain heavy fog.process reflectionabsorption causes range cloud color white black.striking cloud colorations seen altitude color cloud usually incident light.
Cloud	daytime sun relatively high sky tropospheric clouds generally appear bright white top varying shades grey underneath.thin clouds may look white appear acquired color environment background.red orange pink clouds occur almost entirely sunrisesunset result scattering sunlight atmosphere.sun horizon lowlevel clouds gray middle clouds appear rosecolored high clouds white offwhite.clouds night black dark grey moonless sky whitish illuminated moon.
Cloud	may also reflect colors large fires city lights auroras might present.a cumulonimbus cloud appears greenish bluish tint sign contains extremely high amounts water hail rain scatter light way gives cloud blue color.green colorization occurs mostly late day sun comparatively low sky incident sunlight reddish tinge appears green illuminating tall bluish cloud.supercell type storms likely characterized storm appear way.coloration directly indicate severe thunderstorm confirms potential.since greenblue tint signifies copious amounts water strong updraft support high winds storm raining wet hail elements improve chance become severe inferred this.
Cloud	addition stronger updraft likely storm undergo tornadogenesis produce large hail high winds.yellowish clouds may seen troposphere late spring early fall months forest fire season.yellow color due presence pollutants smoke.yellowish clouds caused presence nitrogen dioxide sometimes seen urban areas high air pollution levels.effects troposphere climate climate change tropospheric clouds exert numerous influences earths troposphere climate.first foremost source precipitation thereby greatly influencing distribution amount precipitation.
Cloud	differential buoyancy relative surrounding cloudfree air clouds associated vertical motions air may convective frontal cyclonic.motion upward clouds less dense condensation water vapor releases heat warming air thereby decreasing density.lead downward motion lifting air results cooling increases density.effects subtly dependent vertical temperature moisture structure atmosphere result major redistribution heat affect earths climate.the complexity diversity clouds troposphere major reason difficulty quantifying effects clouds climate climate change.one hand white cloud tops promote cooling earths surface reflecting shortwave radiation visible near infrared sun diminishing amount solar radiation absorbed surface enhancing earths albedo.
Cloud	sunlight reaches ground absorbed warming surface emits radiation upward longer infrared wavelengths.wavelengths however water clouds acts efficient absorber.water reacts radiating also infrared upward downward downward longwave radiation results increased warming surface.analogous greenhouse effect greenhouse gases water vapor.highlevel genustypes particularly show duality shortwave albedo cooling longwave greenhouse warming effects.whole icecrystal clouds upper troposphere cirrus tend favor net warming.
Cloud	however cooling effect dominant midlevel low clouds especially form extensive sheets.measurements nasa indicate whole effects low midlevel clouds tend promote cooling outweigh warming effects high layers variable outcomes associated vertically developed clouds.as difficult evaluate influences current clouds current climate even problematic predict changes cloud patterns properties future warmer climate resultant cloud influences future climate.warmer climate water would enter atmosphere evaporation surface clouds formed water vapor cloudiness would expected increase.warmer climate higher temperatures would tend evaporate clouds.statements considered accurate phenomena known cloud feedbacks found climate model calculations.
Cloud	broadly speaking clouds especially low clouds increase warmer climate resultant cooling effect leads negative feedback climate response increased greenhouse gases.low clouds decrease high clouds increase feedback positive.differing amounts feedbacks principal reason differences climate sensitivities current global climate models.consequence much research focused response low vertical clouds changing climate.leading global models produce quite different results however showing increasing low clouds others showing decreases.
Cloud	reasons role tropospheric clouds regulating weather climate remains leading source uncertainty global warming projections.polar stratospheric polar stratospheric clouds pscs form lowest part stratosphere winter altitude season produces coldest temperatures therefore best chances triggering condensation caused adiabatic cooling.moisture scarce stratosphere nacreous nonnacreous cloud altitude range restricted polar regions winter air coldest.pscs show variation structure according chemical makeup atmospheric conditions limited single high range altitude – – ft classified altitude levels genus types species varieties.latin nomenclature manner tropospheric clouds rather descriptive names using common english.supercooled nitric acid water pscs sometimes known type typically stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus haze frozen crystals show pastel colours nacreous types.type psc identified cause ozone depletion stratosphere.
Cloud	frozen nacreous types typically thin motherofpearl colorations undulating cirriform lenticular stratocumuliform appearance.sometimes known type .polar mesospheric polar mesospheric clouds form extremelevel altitude range km mi.given latin name noctilucent illumination well sunset sunrise.typically bluish silvery white coloration resemble brightly illuminated cirrus.
Cloud	noctilucent clouds may occasionally take red orange hue.common widespread enough significant effect climate.however increasing frequency occurrence noctilucent clouds since th century may result climate change.noctilucent clouds highest atmosphere form near top mesosphere ten times altitude tropospheric high clouds.ground level occasionally seen illuminated sun deep twilight.ongoing research indicates convective lift mesosphere strong enough polar summer cause adiabatic cooling small amount water vapour point saturation.
Cloud	tends produce coldest temperatures entire atmosphere mesopause.conditions result best environment formation polar mesospheric clouds.also evidence smoke particles burntup meteors provide much condensation nuclei required formation noctilucent cloud.noctilucent clouds four major types based physical structure appearance.type veils tenuous lack welldefined structure somewhat like cirrostratus fibratus poorly defined cirrus.type ii bands long streaks often occur groups arranged roughly parallel other.
Cloud	usually widely spaced bands elements seen cirrocumulus clouds.type iii billows arrangements closely spaced roughly parallel short streaks mostly resemble cirrus.type iv whirls partial rarely complete rings cloud dark centres.distribution mesosphere similar stratosphere except much higher altitudes.need maximum cooling water vapor produce noctilucent clouds distribution tends restricted polar regions earth.major seasonal difference convective lift mesosphere pushes scarce water vapor higher colder altitudes required cloud formation respective summer seasons northern southern hemispheres.
Cloud	sightings rare degrees south north pole north south pole.extraterrestrial cloud cover seen planets solar system.venuss thick clouds composed sulfur dioxide due volcanic activity appear almost entirely stratiform.arranged three main layers altitudes km obscure planets surface produce virga.embedded cumuliform types identified broken stratocumuliform wave formations sometimes seen top layer reveal continuous layer clouds underneath.
Cloud	mars noctilucent cirrus cirrocumulus stratocumulus composed waterice detected mostly near poles.waterice fogs also detected mars.both jupiter saturn outer cirriform cloud deck composed ammonia intermediate stratiform hazecloud layer made ammonium hydrosulfide inner deck cumulus water clouds.embedded cumulonimbus known exist near great red spot jupiter.categorytypes found covering uranus neptune composed methane.saturns moon titan cirrus clouds believed composed largely methane.
Cloud	cassini–huygens saturn mission uncovered evidence polar stratospheric clouds methane cycle titan including lakes near poles fluvial channels surface moon.some planets outside solar system known atmospheric clouds.october detection high altitude optically thick clouds atmosphere exoplanet keplerb announced december atmospheres gj b gj b. culture religion clouds play important mythical nonscientific role various cultures religious traditions.ancient akkadians believed clouds meteorologyprobably supplementary feature mamma breasts sky goddess antu rain milk breasts.exodus – yahweh described guiding israelites desert form pillar cloud day pillar fire night.in ancient greek comedy clouds written aristophanes first performed city dionysia bc philosopher socrates declares clouds true deities tells main character strepsiades worship deities clouds pay homage alone.play clouds change shape reveal true nature whoever looking turning centaurs sight longhaired politician wolves sight embezzler simon deer sight coward cleonymus mortal women sight effeminate informer cleisthenes.
Cloud	hailed source inspiration comic poets philosophers masters rhetoric regarding eloquence sophistry alike friends.in china clouds symbols luck happiness.overlapping clouds meteorology probably duplicatus clouds thought imply eternal happiness clouds different colors said indicate multiplied blessings.cloud watching cloud gazing popular childrens activity involving watching clouds looking shapes form pareidolia.see also references bibliography ackerman steven a. .meteorology clouds greenhouse effect.jones bartlett.
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Ninite	reception austrian magazine der standard wrote ninite gets good basic package software computer.computerwoche listed ninite number reviewed freeware tools.pc magazine listed batchinstaller software installation one.operation ninite webpage user chooses software preference activating checkboxes continues downloading executable installer preconfigured users custom selection.executing installer previously chosen software unattended without requested user interaction installed computer.
Ninite	supported software may web browserschrome opera firefox microsoft edgemessagingzoom discord skype pidgin thunderbird trillianmediaitunes vlc aimp foobar winamp musicbee audacity klite codec pack gom spotify cccp mediamonkey handbrakeruntimesjava adoptopenjdk x version java adoptopenjdk .net framework silverlightimagingkrita blender paint.net gimp irfanview xnview inkscape faststone greenshot sharexdocumentsfoxit reader libreoffice sumatrapdf cutepdf openofficesecurityms essentials malwarebytes avast avg spybot avira superantispywarefile sharingqbittorrentonline storagedropbox google backup sync onedrive sugarsyncotherevernote google earth steam keepass everything nv accessutilitiesteamviewer imgburn realvnc teracopy cdburnerxp revo launchy windirstat glary infrarecorder classic startcompressionzip peazip winrardeveloper toolspython bit bit available filezilla notepad jdk adoptopenjdk x jdk adoptopenjdk jdk amazon corretto x jdk amazon corretto winscp putty winmerge eclipse visual studio codeto check current available software version hover software choice ninite website.known issues ninite installer offers discontinued unmaintained software cases install outdated versions certain programs.cases may mean security issues related software never addressed.ninite continues install python v. despite end life.python software foundation recommended python users upgrade python v end .uk national cyber security centre also indicated may security issues continuing use python v.microsoft security essentials discontinued january time windows .
File synchronization	newer versions windows functionality already installed operating system feature name windows defender.classic start discontinued end .other applications updated years include see also web platform installerbinary repository managerchocolateysoftware repositorynugetprogetwindows package manager references external links official websitetwoway file synchronization updated files copied directions usually purpose keeping two locations identical other.article term synchronization refers exclusively twoway file synchronization.file synchronization commonly used home backups external hard drives updating transport usb flash drives.bittorrent sync dropbox skysite prominent products.backup software also support realtime file sync.automatic process prevents copying already identical files thus faster save much time versus manual copy less error prone.
File synchronization	however suffers limit synchronized files must physically fit portable storage device.synchronization software keeps list files changed files eliminates problem e.g.snapshot feature beyond compare package feature synchronize it.especially useful mobile workers others work multiple computers.it possible synchronize multiple locations synchronizing one pair time.unison manual describes thisif need reliable way set things organize machines star topology one machine designated hub rest spokes spoke machine synchronizing hub.
File synchronization	big advantage star topology eliminates possibility confusing spurious conflicts arising fact separate archive maintained unison every pair hosts synchronizes.common features common features file synchronization systems includeencryption security especially synchronizing across internet.compressing data sent across network.conflict detection file modified sources opposed modified one.undetected conflicts lead overwriting copies file recent version causing data loss.conflict detection synchronization software needs keep database synchronized files.distributed conflict detection achieved version vectors.open files support ensures data integrity copying data application files inuse database files exclusively locked.specific support using intermediate storage device removable flash disc synchronize two machines.
Mac OS X Leopard	synchronizing programs used way providing specific support reduce amount data stored device.the ability preview changes made.the ability view differences individual files.backup operating systems transfer network computers.ability edit use files multiple computers operating systems.possible security concerns consumergrade file synchronization solutions popular however business use create concern allowing corporate information sprawl unmanaged devices cloud services uncontrolled organization.see also comparison file synchronization softwarecomparison online backup servicesdata synchronizationdata comparisonmirror computingbackup softwarelist backup softwareremote backup serviceshared file access referencessixth major release macos apples desktop server operating system macintosh computers.leopard released october successor mac os x .tiger available two editions desktop version suitable personal computers server version mac os x server.retailed desktop version server.leopard superseded snow leopard version .
Mac OS X Leopard	.leopard final version macos support powerpc architecture snow leopard functions solely intel based macs.according apple leopard contains changes enhancements compared predecessor mac os x tiger covering core operating system components well included applications developer tools.leopard introduces significantly revised desktop redesigned dock stacks semitransparent menu bar updated finder incorporates cover flow visual navigation interface first seen itunes.notable features include support writing bit graphical user interface applications automated backup utility called time machine support spotlight searches across multiple machines inclusion front row photo booth previously included mac models.apple missed leopards release time frame originally announced apples ceo steve jobs.first discussed june jobs stated apple intended release leopard end early .
Mac OS X Leopard	year later amended spring however april apple issued statement release would delayed october development iphone.new changed features enduser features apple advertised mac os x leopard new features includinga new improved automator easy starting points easily start workflow.also quickly create edit workflows new interface improvements.use new action called watch lets record user action like pressing button controlling application without builtin automator support replay action workflow.create useful automator workflows actions rss feeds isight camera video snapshots pdf manipulation much more.back mac feature mobileme users allows users access files home computer away home via internet.boot camp software assistant allowing installation operating systems windows xp sp later windows vista separate partition separate internal drive intelbased macs.dashboard enhancements including web clip feature allows users turn part web page displayed safari live dashboard widget dashcode help developers code widgets.new desktop comprises redesigned dock new grouping feature called stacks displays files either fan style grid style since .. list style.
Mac OS X Leopard	rory prior thinkmac blog criticized shelflike dock along number changes user interface.dictionary search wikipedia dictionary apple terminology well.also included japaneselanguage dictionary daijisen progressive ej progressive je dictionaries word thesaurus tsukaikata wakaru ruigo reikai jiten 使い方の分かる類語例解辞典 provided japanese publisher shogakukan.a redesigned finder features similar seen itunes including cover flow source listlike sidebar.front row reworked closely resemble interface original apple tv.ical calendar sharing group scheduling well syncing event invitations mail.icon also reflects current date even application running.previous versions mac os x icon would show july icon time application running current date application running.ichat enhancements including multiple logins invisibility animated icons tabbed chats similar features present pidgin adium ichat plugin chax ichat theater allowing users incorporate images iphoto presentations keynote videos quicktime quick look features video chats backdrops similar chroma keys use realtime difference matte technique require green blue screen.ichat also implements screen sharing feature previously available apple remote desktop.mail enhancements including additions rss feeds stationery notes todos.
Mac OS X Leopard	todos use systemwide service available applications.network file sharing improvements include granular control permissions consolidation afp ftp smb sharing one control panel ability share individual folders feature available since mac os .parental controls include ability place restrictions use internet set parental controls anywhere using remote setup.photo booth enhancements including video recording realtime filters bluegreenscreen technology.podcast capture application allowing users record distribute podcasts.requires access computer running mac os x server podcast producer.preview adds support annotation graphics extraction search markup instant alpha size adjustment tools.quick look framework allowing documents viewed without opening external application preview full screen.plugins available quick look also view files installer packages.safari includes web clip.spaces implementation virtual desktops individually called spaces allows multiple desktops per user certain applications windows desktop.users organize certain spaces certain applications e.g.one workrelated tasks one entertainment switch them.
Mac OS X Leopard	exposé works inside spaces allowing user see glance desktops one screen.users create control spaces applications switched one creating large workspace.autoswitching feature spaces annoyed users.apple added new preference .. disabled feature still bugs found switching windows... problem addressed longer issue.spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities boolean operators well ability search computers appropriate permissions.time machine automated backup utility allows user restore files deleted replaced another version file.
Mac OS X Leopard	though generally lauded press step forward data recovery time machine criticized multiple publications lacking capabilities thirdparty backup software.analyzing feature tidbits joe kissell pointed time machine create bootable copies backedup volumes back airport disk hard drives back filevault encrypted home directories user logs concluding feature pretty good use part broader backup strategy.one issues resolved however march updates released airport time machine allowing time machine use usb hard disk connected airport extreme base station.universal access enhancements significant improvements applications including voiceover along increased support braille closed captioning new high‐quality speech synthesis voice.many changes user interface transparent menu bar new icons dock.well apple icon black instead blue.r.l.
Mac OS X Leopard	prior thinkmac blog criticized number changes leopards user interface including transparent menu bar new folder icons.decreased transparency menu bar along ability disable menu bar transparency added .. release february .russian language support bringing total languages.leopard removes support classic applications.introduced alex voice voiceover.developer technologies native support many libraries frameworks bit applications allowing bit cocoa applications.existing bit applications using libraries frameworks continue run without need emulation translation.leopard offers objectivec .runtime includes new features garbage collection.
Mac OS X Leopard	xcode .supports updated language rewritten it.a new framework core animation allows developer create complex animations specifying start goal space.main goal core animation enable creation complex animations small amounts program code.apple integrates dtrace opensolaris project adds graphical interface called instruments previously xray.dtrace provides tools users administrators developers use tune performance operating system applications run it.the new scripting bridge allows programmers use python .ruby .. interface cocoa frameworks.ruby rails included default install.leopard’s opengl stack updated version .
Mac OS X Leopard	uses llvm increase vertex processing speed.apple working get llvm integrated gcc llvm’s use within operating system facilities announced.the graphics media state union address confirmed many features possible core animation live desktops improvements quartz composer custom patches new pdf kit developers improvements quicktime apis.the fsevents framework allows applications register notifications changes given directory tree.leopard includes readonly implementation zfs file system.in middecember prerelease version leopard appeared include support sun’s zfs.jonathan schwartz ceo president sun microsystems boasted june zfs become file system leopard.however senior project marketing director mac os x stated june existing hfs zfs would used leopard.apple later clarified readonly version zfs would included.leopard includes drivers udf .
Mac OS X Leopard	necessary reading hd dvd bluray discs using thirdparty drives included dvd player software play hd dvds authored dvd studio pro.leopard includes framework implementing latent semantic mapping classifying e.g.textual data.leopard first operating system open source bsd code certified fully unixcompliant.certification means software following single unix specification compiled run leopard without need code modification.certification applies leopard run intel processors.leopard includes jse .. security enhancements new security features intend provide better internal resiliency successful attacks addition preventing attacks successful first place.library randomizationleopard implements library randomization randomizes locations libraries memory.vulnerabilities corrupt program memory often rely known addresses library routines allow injected code launch processes change files.
Mac OS X Leopard	library randomization presumably steppingstone complete implementation address space layout randomization later date.application layer firewallleopard ships two firewall engines original bsd ipfw present earlier releases mac os x new leopard application layer firewall.unlike ipfw intercepts filters ip datagrams kernel performs significant processing application layer firewall operates socket layer bound individual processes.application layer firewall therefore make filtering decisions perapplication basis.two firewall engines application layer firewall fully exposed leopard user interface.new firewall offers less control individual packet decisions users decide allow deny connections systemwide individual applications must use ipfw set finegrained tcpip headerlevel policies.
Mac OS X Leopard	also makes several policy exceptions system processes neither mdnsresponder programs running superuser privileges filtered.sandboxesleopard includes kernellevel support rolebased access control rbac.rbac intended prevent example application like mail editing password database.application signingleopard provides framework use public key signatures code signing verify circumstances code tampered with.signatures also used ensure one program replacing another truly update carry special security privileges across new version.reduces number user security prompts likelihood user trained simply clicking ok everything.secure guest accountguests given access leopard system account system erases resets logout.security features leopard criticized weak ineffective publisher heise security documenting leopard installer downgraded firewall protection exposed services attack even firewall reenabled.several researchers noted library randomization feature added leopard ineffective compared mature implementations platforms new secure guest account could abused guests retain access system even leopard log process erased home directory.
Mac OS X Leopard	system requirements apple states following basic leopard system requirements although specific applications features ichat backdrops intel processor requiredprocessor intel processor powerpc g g mhz faster processoroptical drive internal external dvd drive installation operating systemmemory minimum mb ram additional ram gb recommended development purposeshard drive capacity minimum gb disk space available.leopard’s retail version released separate versions type processor instead consisted one universal release could run powerpc intel processors.however install discs ship intelbased macs contain intel binaries.processor type speed checked installation installation halted insufficient however leopard run slower g processor machines e.g.mhz quicksilver installation performed supported mac hard drive moved slowerunsupported one drive may either internal mechanism firewire external.supported machines leopard run later flatpanel imac gs imac g imac intel core duo imac intel core duo powerbook g power mac g power mac g ibook g macbook macbook pro macbook air mac pro mac mini xserve xserve g xserve raid macintosh server g later emac models.leopard run older hardware long g upgrade installed running mhz faster least gb free hard drive space mb ram dvd drive.
Mac OS X Leopard	leopard however run mhz ibook g models even though exceed minimum mhz requirement.due lack altivec support g line processors.leopard hacked see install g pre mhz g machines system may behave erratically many programs features functions may work properly all.mid apple computers firmware factory installed longer allow installation mac os x leopard.computers allow installation mac os x snow leopard.
Mac OS X Leopard	however computers model mac mini leopard installed without hacking.usage unsupported hardware ways running leopard certain unsupported hardware primarily powerpc g computers cpu speeds lower official requirement mhz discovered.common way use program leopardassist bootloader similar respects xpostfacto used installing earlier releases mac os x unsupported g preg macs uses mac’s open firmware tell leopard machine cpu meeting mhz minimum requirement installer checks installation allowed commence reality cpu slower.currently leopardassist runs slower gs many people installed leopard successfully older machines.users access supported hardware installed leopard supported machine simply moved hard drive unsupported machine.alternatively leopard installation dvd booted supported mac installed unsupported mac via firewire target disk mode.
Mac OS X Leopard	leopard compiled altivecenabled powerpc processors g g though well intel methods work macs g later cpus.earlier beta releases made run later g machines mostly later – mhz ibooks success retail version officially reported g macs except later imacs pismo powerbook gs g processor upgrades installed.for number months leopards release appeared g macs leopard could run aftermarket g processor agp graphics card failures os partially booting crashing reported older macs original trayloading imacs beige blue white power mac g g upgrades leopard even begin load without one whereas would boot fine newer macs installer restriction circumvented.however recently reported work use kernel extensions xpostfacto tiger beta builds leopard os made run gupgraded macs old power macintosh despite lack agpbased graphics.leopard run mac g later processor functionality front row time machine fails work without quartz extremecapable graphics card many earlier gs include factory specification.since apple moved using intel processors computers osx community developed also allows mac os x tiger later releases installed run successfully nonapple xbased computers albeit violation apples licensing agreement mac os x. packaging retail packaging leopard significantly smaller previous versions mac os x although later copies tiger also came new smaller box.also includes lenticular cover making x appear float purple galaxy somewhat resembling default leopard desktop wallpaper.
Mac OS X Leopard	release history compatibility leopard’s release widely reported incidents new leopard installs hanging boot blue screen appears login process starts.apple attributed problems outdated version unsupported addon extension called application enhancer ape unsanity incompatible leopard.users unaware ape silently installed installation logitech mouse drivers.however users latest version ape installed .. time affected.apple published knowledge base article solve problem.google announced chrome browser dropping support leopard starting chrome .
Smart card management system	time chrome longer autoupdate new chrome installations allowed.rationale removal support leopard os x version also longer updated apple.firefox also dropped support leopard shipped firefox october .tenfourfox port firefox ppc architecture released firefox dropped support leopard.references external links wwdc keynote presentation apple.com wwdc keynote presentation apple.commac os x leopard review ars technicathus system issue smart cards maintain smart cards use finally take smart cards use eol.chipsmart cards provide foundation secure electronic identity used control access facilities networks computers.smart cards security credentials authenticating smart card holder example using twofactor authentication security requirements smart card management system often high therefore vendors systems found computer security industry.smart card management systems generally implemented software applications.system needs accessible one operator user simultaneously normally case software application often provided form server application accessible several different client systems.alternative approach multiple synchronized systems.smart card management systems connect smart cards systems.
Smart card management system	systems smart card management system must connect depends use case smart cards.typical systems connect includeconnected smart card readerunconnected rfid smart card readercard printeruser directorycertificate authorityhardware security modulephysical access control systemsduring smart card lifecycle smart card changing state examples states include issued blocked revoked process taking smart card one state another main responsibility smart card management system.different smart card management systems call processes different names.list widely used names processes listed briefly explainedregister – adding smart card smart card management systemissue – issuing personalizing smart card smart card holderinitiate – activating smart card first use smart card holderdeactivate – putting smart card hold backend systemactivate – reactivating smart card deactivated statelock – also called block smart card holder access smart card possibleunlock – also called unblock smart card holder access smart card reenabledrevoke – credentials smart card made invalidretire – smart card disconnected smart card holderdelete – smart card permanently removed systemunregister – smart card removed system could potentially reusedbackup backup smart card certificates selected keysrestore restore smart card certificates selected keys notes references schneier bruce .applied cryptography john wiley sons inc.rankl wolfgang effing wolfgang .
Jungle Disk	smart card handbook john wiley sons ltdwilson chuck .get smart mullaney publishing grouphansche susan berti john hare chris .official isc guide cissp exam auberbach publicationssmart card industry glossary smart card allianceone first backup services use cloud storage amazon s. acquired rackspace service added rackspace cloud files.name word association amazon rainforest jungle disk common shorthand hard disk drive.backup service overview jungle disk backup monthly subscription software service supports laptops desktops servers microsoft windows macos linux operating systems.data backed online disk using either continuous backup aka.sync scheduled back selected files folders everything system.
Jungle Disk	data accessed software client web browser mobile devices running android ios.also provides webdav server integration applications.customers protect data using aes encryption key even jungle disk employees cannot access records.subscription includes gigabytes storage payasyougo additional data.history jungle disk founded atlanta dave wright .
Jungle Disk	october jungle disk entered agreement acquired rackspace hosting inc. rackspace purchased jungle disk order expand cloud hosting services.acquisition integration dave left rackspace found solidfire jungle disk relocated san antonio .pace development slowed rackspace focused cloud infrastructure software platform became openstack.rackspace revived jungle disk customer support going ticket service include phone chat ticketing.january jungle disk spun rackspace us inc. privately held company headquartered san antonio tx.on december jungle disk announced acquired safetynet first backup quickbooks online jobber.
Security token	criticism jungle disk client software receive update part cloud office portfolio new version released december .on june colin percival owner tarsnap competitor jungle disk identified two potential weaknesses jungle disks securitythe lack message authentication code means file corruption accidental deliberate arbitrary file content insertions detected attacker bypass amazon rackspace security directly modify data cloud files.the use md key derivation function makes computationally feasible perform bruteforce attack jungle disk password.see also list online backup servicescomparison online backup services references external links official websitejungle disk blogreview pc magazinereview macworld magazinetoken used addition place password.acts like electronic key access something.examples include wireless keycard opening locked door case customer trying access bank account online use bankprovided token prove customer claim be.some tokens may store cryptographic keys may used generate digital signature biometric data fingerprint details.may also store passwords.designs incorporate tamper resistant packaging others may include small keypads allow entry pin simple button start generating routine display capability show generated key number.
Security token	connected tokens utilize variety interfaces including usb nearfield communication nfc radiofrequency identification rfid bluetooth.tokens audio capability designed visionimpaired people.password types tokens contain secret information used prove identity.four different ways information usedstatic password tokenthe device contains password physically hidden visible possessor transmitted authentication.type vulnerable replay attacks.synchronous dynamic password tokena timer used rotate various combinations produced cryptographic algorithm.
Security token	token authentication server must synchronized clocks.asynchronous password tokena onetime password generated without use clock either onetime pad cryptographic algorithm.challenge response tokenusing public key cryptography possible prove possession private key without revealing key.authentication server encrypts challenge typically random number least data random parts public key device proves possesses copy matching private key providing decrypted challenge.timesynchronized onetime passwords change constantly set time interval e.g.per minute.sort synchronization must exist clients token authentication server.disconnected tokens timesynchronization done token distributed client.
Security token	token types synchronization token inserted input device.main problem timesynchronized tokens time become unsynchronized.however systems rsas securid allow user resynchronize server token sometimes entering several consecutive passcodes.also cannot replaceable batteries last years replaced – additional cost.another type onetime password uses complex mathematical algorithm hash chain generate series onetime passwords secret shared key.password unguessable even previous passwords known.
Security token	opensource oath algorithm standardized algorithms covered us patents.password observably unpredictable independent previous ones whereby adversary would unable guess next password may even knowledge previous passwords.physical types tokens contain chips functions varying simple complex including multiple authentication methods.the simplest security tokens need connection computer.tokens physical display authenticating user simply enters displayed number log in.tokens connect computer using wireless techniques bluetooth.
Security token	tokens transfer key sequence local client nearby access point.alternatively another form token widely available many years mobile device communicates using outofband channel like voice sms ussd.still tokens plug computer may require pin.depending type token computer os either read key token perform cryptographic operation ask tokens firmware perform operation.a related application hardware dongle required computer programs prove ownership software.dongle placed input device software accesses io device question authorize use software question.commercial solutions provided variety vendors proprietary often patented implementation variously used security features.token designs meeting certain security standards certified united states compliant fips federal security standard.tokens without kind certification sometimes viewed suspect often meet accepted government industry security standards put rigorous testing likely cannot provide level cryptographic security token solutions designs independently audited thirdparty agencies.

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