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Louisiana	soon thereafter became major sugar producer new settlers arrived develop plantations.william c. c. claiborne louisianas first united states governor said african slave labor needed white laborers cannot unhealthy climate.hugh thomas wrote claiborne unable enforce abolition atlantic slave trade u.s. great britain enacted .united states continued protect domestic slave trade including coastwise trade—the transport slaves ship along atlantic coast new orleans gulf ports.by new orleans biggest slave market united states contributed greatly economy city state.new orleans become one wealthiest cities third largest city nation.
Louisiana	ban african slave trade importation slaves increased demand domestic market.decades american revolutionary war one million enslaved african americans underwent forced migration upper south deep south two thirds slave trade.others transported owners slaveholders moved west new lands.with changing agriculture upper south planters shifted tobacco less laborintensive mixed agriculture planters excess laborers.many sold slaves traders take deep south.slaves driven traders overland upper south transported new orleans coastal markets ship coastwise slave trade.
Louisiana	sales new orleans steamboats operating mississippi transported slaves upstream markets plantation destinations natchez memphis.interestingly slavestate louisiana harbored escaped filipino slaves manila galleons.members filipino community commonly referred manila men manilamen later tagalas free created oldest settlement asians united states village saint malo louisiana inhabitants even joined united states war british empire lead frenchamerican jean lafitte.haitian migration influence spanish occupation louisiana lasted .beginning waves immigration took place saintdomingue following slave rebellion started .
Louisiana	next decade thousands migrants landed louisiana island including ethnic europeans free people color african slaves latter brought free group.greatly increased frenchspeaking population new orleans louisiana well number africans slaves reinforced african culture city.process gaining independence saintdomingue complex uprisings continued.france pulled surviving troops island suffered loss twothirds sent island two years mostly yellow fever.haiti second republic western hemisphere proclaimed independence achieved slave leaders.pierre clément de laussat governor said saintdomingue colonies antilles one whose mentality customs influenced louisiana most.
Louisiana	purchase united states united states independence great britain one major concerns european power western boundary need unrestricted access mississippi river.american settlers pushed west found appalachian mountains provided barrier shipping goods eastward.easiest way ship produce use flatboat float ohio mississippi rivers port new orleans goods could put oceangoing vessels.problem route spanish owned sides mississippi natchez.napoleons ambitions louisiana involved creation new empire centered caribbean sugar trade.terms treaty amiens great britain returned control islands martinique guadeloupe french.
Louisiana	napoleon looked upon louisiana depot sugar islands buffer u.s. settlement.october sent large military force take back saintdomingue control toussaint louverture haitian revolution.army led napoleons brotherinlaw leclerc defeated napoleon decided sell louisiana.thomas jefferson third president united states disturbed napoleons plans reestablish french colonies north america.possession new orleans napoleon could close mississippi u.s. commerce time.jefferson authorized robert r. livingston u.s. minister france negotiate purchase city new orleans portions east bank mississippi free navigation river u.s. commerce.
Louisiana	livingston authorized pay million.an official transfer louisiana french ownership yet taken place napoleons deal spanish poorly kept secret frontier.october however juan ventura morales acting intendant louisiana made public intention spain revoke right deposit new orleans cargo united states.closure vital port united states caused anger consternation.commerce west virtually blockaded.historians believe revocation right deposit prompted abuses americans particularly smuggling french intrigues believed time.
Louisiana	president jefferson ignored public pressure war france appointed james monroe special envoy napoleon assist obtaining new orleans united states.jefferson also raised authorized expenditure million.however april french foreign minister talleyrand surprised livingston asking much united states prepared pay entirety louisiana new orleans surrounding area livingstons instructions covered.monroe agreed livingston napoleon might withdraw offer time leaving ability obtain desired new orleans area approval president jefferson might take months livingston monroe decided open negotiations immediately.april closed deal purchase entire louisiana territory square miles km sixty million francs approximately million.part sum .million used forgive debts owed france united states.
Louisiana	payment made united states bonds napoleon sold face value dutch firm hope company british banking house baring discount ⁄ per unit.result france received cash louisiana.english banker alexander baring conferred marbois paris shuttled united states pick bonds took britain returned france money—which napoleon used wage war barings country.when news purchase reached united states jefferson surprised.authorized expenditure million port city instead received treaties committing government spend million land package would double size country.jeffersons political opponents federalist party argued louisiana purchase worthless desert u.s. constitution provide acquisition new land negotiating treaties without consent federal legislature.
Louisiana	really worried opposition new states would inevitably carved louisiana territory strengthening western southern interests u.s. congress reducing influence new england federalists national affairs.president jefferson enthusiastic supporter westward expansion held firm support treaty.despite federalist objections u.s. senate ratified louisiana treaty october .by statute enacted october president thomas jefferson authorized take possession territories ceded france provide initial governance.transfer ceremony held new orleans november .since louisiana territory never officially turned french spanish took flag french raised theirs.
Louisiana	following day general james wilkinson accepted possession new orleans united states.similar ceremony held st. louis march french tricolor raised near river replacing spanish national flag.following day captain amos stoddard first u.s. artillery marched troops town american flag run forts flagpole.louisiana territory officially transferred united states government represented meriwether lewis.the louisiana territory purchased less three cents acre doubled size united states overnight without war loss single american life set precedent purchase territory.opened way eventual expansion united states across continent pacific ocean.shortly united states took possession area divided two territories along rd parallel north march thereby organizing territory orleans south district louisiana subsequently formed louisiana territory north.
Louisiana	statehood louisiana became eighteenth u.s. state april territory orleans became state louisiana louisiana territory simultaneously renamed missouri territory.at creation state louisiana include area north east mississippi river known florida parishes.april congress authorized louisiana expand borders include florida parishes border change required approval state legislature give august .roughly three months northern border eastern louisiana course bayou manchac middle lake maurepas lake pontchartrain.from louisiana moved political system based personality ethnicity distinct twoparty system democrats competing first whigs know nothings finally democrats.secession civil war according census people enslaved nearly states total population .strong economic interest elite whites maintaining slave society contributed louisianas decision secede union january .
Louisiana	followed u.s. states seceding election abraham lincoln president united states.louisianas secession announced january became part confederate states america.the state quickly defeated civil war result union strategy cut confederacy two controlling mississippi river.federal troops captured new orleans april .large part population union sympathies compatible commercial interests federal government took unusual step designating areas louisiana federal control state within union elected representatives u.s. congress.post–civil war mid–th century following american civil war emancipation slaves violence rose southern u.s. war carried insurgent private paramilitary groups.
Louisiana	initial period afer war massive rise black participation terms voting holding political office.louisiana saw united states first second black governors oscar dunn p.b.s.pinchback taking office serving lieutenant governors dunn elected post lieutenant governor pinchback appointed elected member state sentate president pro tempore body black members state legislature elected time charles e. nash elected represent states congressional district u.s. house representatives.eventually former confederates came dominante state legislature end reconstruction federal occupation late black codes implemented regulate freedmen increasinlgy restricted right vote.refused extend voting rights african americans free war sometimes obtained education property new orleans.following memphis riots new orleans riot year fourteenth amendment passed provided suffrage full citizenship freedmen.
Louisiana	congress passed reconstruction act establishing military districts states conditions considered worst including louisiana.grouped texas administered fifth military district.african americans began live citizens measure equality law.freedmen people color free war began make advances education family stability jobs.time tremendous social volatility aftermath war many whites actively resisting defeat free labor market.white insurgents mobilized enforce white supremacy first ku klux klan chapters.by federal forces withdrawn white democrats louisiana states regained control state legislatures often paramilitary groups white league suppressed black voting intimidation violence.
Louisiana	following mississippis example white democratic planterdominated legislature passed new constitution effectively disfranchised people color raising barriers voter registration poll taxes residency requirements literacy tests.effect immediate long lasting.black voters rolls number white voters proportion state population evenly divided.the state population african american total citizens.many new orleans descendants creoles color sizeable population free people color civil war.two years new constitution black voters registered state.
Louisiana	disfranchisement black voters less .percent eligible africanamerican men despite advances education literacy among blacks people color.blacks excluded political system also unable serve juries.white democrats established oneparty democratic rule maintained state decades deep th century congressional passage voting rights act provided federal oversight enforcement constitutional right vote.in early decades th century thousands african americans left louisiana great migration north industrial cities jobs education escape jim crow society lynchings.boll weevil infestation agricultural problems cost many sharecroppers farmers jobs.
Louisiana	mechanization agriculture also reduced need laborers.beginning blacks went west california jobs expanding defense industries.during great depression louisiana led governor huey long.elected office populist appeal.public works projects provided thousands jobs people need supported education increased suffrage poor whites long criticized allegedly demogogic autocratic style.extended patronage control every branch louisianas state government.
Louisiana	especially controversial plans wealth redistribution state.longs rule ended abruptly assassinated state capitol .mid–th century present mobilization world war ii created jobs state.thousands workers black white alike migrated california better jobs burgeoning defense industry.many african americans left state second great migration escape social oppression seek better jobs.
Louisiana	mechanization agriculture sharply cut need laborers.sought skilled jobs defense industry california better education children living communities could vote.on november chennault air force base usaf b bomber nuclear weapon board developed fire ground.aircraft wreckage site accident contaminated limited explosion nonnuclear material.in state created new requirements citizenship test voter registration.despite opposition states rights party downstate black voters begun increase rate registration also reflected growth middle classes.state established louisiana state sovereignty commission investigate civil rights activists maintain segregation.despite gradually black voter registration turnout increased first national civil rights legislation era passed.
Louisiana	percentage black voters ranged widely state years .evangeline parish .tensas parish instance white efforts suppress vote blackmajority parish.violent attacks civil rights activists two mill towns catalysts founding first two chapters deacons defense justice late early jonesboro bogalusa respectively.made veterans world war ii korean war armed selfdefense groups established protect activists families.continued violent white resistance bogalusa blacks trying use public facilities following passage civil rights act caused federal government order local police protect activists.
Louisiana	chapters formed louisiana mississippi alabama.by proportion african americans louisiana dropped .black citizens still suppressed segregation disfranchisement.african americans continued suffer disproportionate discriminatory application states voter registration rules.better opportunities elsewhere blacks continued migrate louisiana net loss people.based official census figures african american population stood net gain people compared .
Louisiana	latter period people began migrate cities new south opportunities.since period blacks entered political system began elected office well opportunities.on may nineteenth amendment united states constitution giving women full rights vote passed national level made law throughout united states august .louisiana finally ratified amendment june .due location gulf coast louisiana regularly suffered effects tropical storms damaging hurricanes.august new orleans many lowlying parts state along gulf mexico hit catastrophic hurricane katrina.caused widespread damage due breaching levees largescale flooding city.
Louisiana	officials issued warnings evacuate city nearby areas tens thousands people mostly african americans stayed behind many stranded.many people died survivors suffered damage widespread floodwaters.in july shooting alton sterling sparked protests throughout state capital baton rouge.august unnamed storm dumped trillions gallons rain southern louisiana including cities denham springs baton rouge gonzales st. amant lafayette causing catastrophic flooding.estimated homes damaged thousands residents displaced.in three louisiana black churches set fire.suspect used gasoline destroying church completely.
Louisiana	holden matthews years old charged destruction churches.the first case covid louisiana announced march .since first confirmed case october confirmed cases people died covid.louisiana entered phase one reopening state may .june governor john bel edwards signed order moving phase two.gov.
Louisiana	edwards extended phase two september phase three began speculation october .geography louisiana bordered west texas north arkansas east mississippi south gulf mexico.state may properly divided two parts uplands north region north louisiana alluvial along coast central louisiana acadiana florida parishes greater new orleans regions.alluvial region includes low swamp lands coastal marshlands beaches barrier islands cover square miles km.area lies principally along gulf mexico mississippi river traverses state north south distance mi km empties gulf mexico also state red river ouachita river branches minor streams called bayous.the breadth alluvial region along mississippi – miles – km along rivers alluvial region averages miles km across.
Louisiana	mississippi river flows along ridge formed natural deposits known levee lands decline toward river beyond average fall six feet per mile mkm.alluvial lands along streams present similar features.the higher contiguous hill lands north northwestern part state area square miles km.consist prairie woodlands.elevations sea level range feet coast swamp lands – feet – prairie alluvial lands.uplands hills elevations rise driskill mountain highest point state feet sea level.
Louisiana	state lost square miles due rises sea level erosion.louisiana coastal protection restoration authority cpra spends around billion per year help shore protect louisiana shoreline land federal state funding.besides waterways named sabine forming western boundary pearl eastern boundary calcasieu mermentau vermilion bayou teche atchafalaya boeuf bayou lafourche courtableau river bayou darbonne macon river tensas amite river tchefuncte tickfaw natalbany river number smaller streams constituting natural system navigable waterways aggregating miles km long.the state also political jurisdiction approximately mile .kmwide portion subsea land inner continental shelf gulf mexico.peculiarity political geography united states substantially less mile kmwide jurisdiction nearby states texas florida like louisiana extensive gulf coastlines.the southern coast louisiana united states among fastestdisappearing areas world.largely resulted human mismanagement coast see wetlands louisiana.
Louisiana	one time land added spring floods mississippi river added sediment stimulated marsh growth land shrinking.multiple causes.artificial levees block spring flood water would bring fresh water sediment marshes.swamps extensively logged leaving canals ditches allow salt water move inland.canals dug oil gas industry also allow storms move sea water inland damages swamps marshes.rising sea waters exacerbated problem.
Louisiana	researchers estimate state losing landmass equivalent football fields every day.many proposals save coastal areas reducing human damage including restoring natural floods mississippi.without restoration coastal communities continue disappear.communities disappear people leaving region.since coastal wetlands support economically important coastal fishery loss wetlands adversely affecting industry.the gulf mexico dead zone coast louisiana largest recurring hypoxic zone united states.
Louisiana	square miles km largest ever recorded.geology gulf mexico exist million years ago one supercontinent pangea.pangea split apart atlantic ocean gulf mexico opened.louisiana slowly developed millions years water land north south.oldest rocks exposed north areas kisatchie national forest.
Louisiana	oldest rocks date back early cenozoic era million years ago.history formation rocks found d. spearings roadside geology louisiana.the youngest parts state formed last years successive deltas mississippi river maringouin teche st. bernard lafourche modern mississippi atchafalaya.sediments carried north south mississippi river.in tertiary rocks north relatively new sediments along coast vast belt known pleistocene terraces.age distribution largely related rise fall sea levels past ice ages.general northern terraces sufficient time rivers cut deep channels newer terraces tend much flatter.salt domes also found louisiana.
Louisiana	origin traced back early gulf mexico shallow ocean high rates evaporation.several hundred salt domes state one familiar avery island louisiana.salt domes important source salt also serve underground traps oil gas.climate louisiana humid subtropical climate köppen climate classification cfa long hot humid summers short mild winters.subtropical characteristics state due low latitude low lying topography influence gulf mexico farthest point mi km away.rain frequent throughout year although april september slightly wetter rest year states wet season.
Louisiana	dip precipitation october.summer thunderstorms build heat day bring intense brief tropical downpours.winter rainfall frontal less intense.summers southern louisiana high temperatures june september averaging °f °c overnight lows averaging °f °c.times temperatures °f – °c combined dew points upper °f – °c create sensible temperatures °f °c.humid thick junglelike heat southern louisiana famous subject countless stories movies.temperatures generally warm winter southern part state highs around new orleans baton rouge rest southern louisiana gulf mexico averaging °f °c.
Louisiana	northern part state mildly cool winter highs averaging °f °c.overnight lows winter average well freezing throughout state °f °c average near gulf average low °f °c winter northern part state.on occasion cold fronts lowpressure centers north reach louisiana winter.low temperatures near °f − °c occur occasion northern part state rarely southern part state.snow rare near gulf mexico although residents northern parts state might receive dusting snow times decade.louisianas highest recorded temperature °f °c plain dealing august coldest recorded temperature − °f − °c minden february .louisiana often affected tropical cyclones vulnerable strikes major hurricanes particularly lowlands around new orleans area.
Louisiana	unique geography region many bayous marshes inlets result water damage across wide area major hurricanes.area also prone frequent thunderstorms especially summer.the entire state averages days thunderstorms year state except florida.louisiana averages tornadoes annually.entire state vulnerable tornado strike extreme southern portion state slightly less rest state.tornadoes common january march southern part state february march northern part state.
Louisiana	publicly owned land owing location geology state high biological diversity.vital areas southwestern prairie experienced loss excess percent.pine flatwoods also great risk mostly fire suppression urban sprawl.yet properly organized system natural areas represent protect louisianas biological diversity.system would consist protected system core areas linked biological corridors florida planning.louisiana contains number areas varying degrees prevent people using them.
Louisiana	addition national park service areas united states national forest louisiana operates system state parks state historic sites one state preservation area one state forest many wildlife management areas.one louisianas largest governmentowned areas kisatchie national forest.acres area half flatwoods vegetation supports many rare plant animal species.include louisiana pinesnake redcockaded woodpecker.system governmentowned cypress swamps around lake pontchartrain another large area southern wetland species including egrets alligators sturgeon.least core areas would needed build protected areas system state would range southwestern prairies pearl river floodplain east mississippi river alluvial swamps north.
Louisiana	additionally state operates system state parks state historic sites one state preservation area lands louisiana maintains diversity fauna flora.national park service historic scenic areas managed protected otherwise recognized national park service include u.s. forest service kisatchie national forest louisianas national forest.includes acres central northern louisiana large areas flatwoods longleaf pine forest.major cities louisiana contains incorporated municipalities consisting four consolidated cityparishes cities towns villages.louisianas municipalities cover .
Louisiana	states land mass home .population.majority urban louisianians live along coast northern louisiana.oldest permanent settlement state nachitoches.baton rouge state capital secondlargest city state.
Louisiana	populous city new orleans.defined u.s. census bureau louisiana contains nine metropolitan statistical areas.major areas include greater new orleans greater baton rouge lafayette shreveport–bossier city.demographics louisiana secondmost populous south central united states texas.majority states growing population lives southern louisiana spread throughout greater new orleans florida parishes acadiana central north louisiana losing population.
Louisiana	united states census louisiana apportioned population .resident population .united states census bureau estimated population louisiana july .increase since united states census.state louisiana population .according immigration statistics approximately four percent louisianians immigrants another four percent nativeborn u.s. citizens least one immigrant parent.
Louisiana	majority louisianian immigrants came mexico honduras vietnam philippines guatemala .among immigrant population estimated undocumented louisianas undocumented immigrant population earned billion u.s. dollars paid million taxes.undocumented immigrant population increased comprised two percent state population.new orleans defined sanctuary city.the population density state .people per square mile.
Louisiana	center population louisiana located pointe coupee parish city new roads.according united states census .population age older spoke spanish home ..spoke french including louisiana french louisiana creole .
Louisiana	.race ethnicity several american indian tribes atakapa caddo primary residents louisiana european colonization concentrated along red river gulf mexico.beginning french spanish colonization louisiana white black americans began move area.french spanish rule louisiana joined filipinos germans slave free settled enclaves within greater new orleans region acadiana.by th th centuries states population fluctuated white black americans population black african american .black african american population declined following migration states including new york california efforts flee jim crow regulations.at end th century louisianas population experienced diversification nonhispanic latino american white population declining.
Louisiana	since black african american population made largest nonwhite share youths.hispanic latino americans also increased secondlargest racial ethnic composition state making nearly louisianas population census.largest single hispanic latino american ethnicity mexican americans .followed puerto ricans .cuban americans .. hispanic latino americans altogether made .
Louisiana	louisianas hispanic latino american population.asian american multiracial communities also experienced rapid growth many louisianas multiracial population identifying cajun louisiana creole.at american community survey largest ancestry groups louisiana african american .french .german .english .
Louisiana	italian .scottish .. african american french heritage dominant since colonial louisiana..louisianas population younger age minorities.religion christians made adult population making louisiana one predominantlychristian states united states public religion research institute study .
Louisiana	total adult population christian.largest christian denominations number adherents catholic church southern baptist convention united methodist church .nondenominational evangelical protestant churches members.as southern u.s. states majority louisianians particularly north state belong various protestant denominations protestants comprising states adult population pew research center study public religion research institutes study.protestants concentrated north louisiana central louisiana northern tier florida parishes.according study louisianas largest protestant christian denominations southern baptist convention national baptist convention usa national baptist convention america progressive national baptist convention american baptist churches usa noninterdenominational evangelicals mainline protestants assemblies god usa church god christ african methodist episcopal christian methodist episcopal churches united methodist church.because french spanish heritage descendants creoles later irish italian portuguese german immigrants southern louisiana greater new orleans area predominantly catholic according study population catholic.
Louisiana	since creoles first settlers planters leaders territory traditionally well represented politics.instance early governors creole catholics.catholics still constitute significant fraction louisianas population continued influential state politics.high proportion influence catholic population makes louisiana distinct among southern states.roman catholic archdiocese new orleans diocese baton rouge diocese lafayette louisiana largest catholic jurisdictions state located within greater new orleans greater baton rouge lafayette metropolitan statistical areas.jewish communities established states larger cities notably new orleans baton rouge.
Louisiana	significant jewish community new orleans area.hurricane katrina population .louisiana among southern states significant jewish population th century virginia south carolina georgia also influential jewish populations major cities th th centuries.earliest jewish colonists sephardic jews immigrated thirteen colonies.later th century german jews began immigrate followed eastern europe russian empire late th early th centuries.
Louisiana	dominant jewish movements state include orthodox reform judaism.prominent jews louisianas political leadership included whig later democrat judah p. benjamin – represented louisiana u.s. senate american civil war became confederate secretary state democratturnedrepublican michael hahn elected governor serving – louisiana occupied union army later elected u.s. congressman democrat adolph meyer – confederate army officer represented state u.s. house representatives death republican secretary state jay dardenne – republican democrat attorney general buddy caldwell –.other nonchristian religions also primarily established metropolitan areas louisiana including islam buddhism hinduism.shreveport–bossier city metropolitan area muslims made estimated louisianas total muslim population .largest islamic denominations major metropolises louisiana sunni islam nondenominational islam quranism shia islam nation islam.states irreligious community affiliated atheism claimed religion estimated states population practiced nothing particular study.economy louisianas population agricultural products abundance oil natural gas southern louisianas medical technology corridors contributed growing diversifying economy.
Louisiana	louisiana ranked one small business friendly states based study drawing upon data small business owners.states principal agricultural products include seafood biggest producer crawfish world supplying approximately cotton soybeans cattle sugarcane poultry eggs dairy products rice.among energy industries chemical products petroleum coal products processed foods transportation equipment paper products contributed significant portion states gsp.tourism gaming also important elements economy especially greater new orleans.the port south louisiana located mississippi river new orleans baton rouge largest volume shipping port western hemisphere th largest world well largest bulk cargo port u.s. .port south louisiana continued busiest port tonnage u.s. .
Louisiana	south louisiana number among world ports .new orleans shreveport baton rouge home thriving film industry.state financial incentives since aggressive promotion given louisiana nickname hollywood south.distinctive culture within united states alaska louisianas rival popularity setting reality television programs.late early squarefoot film studio scheduled open tremé stateoftheart production facilities film training institute.tabasco sauce marketed one united states biggest producers hot sauce mcilhenny company originated avery island.from louisianas gross state product increased .
Louisiana	billion .billion th highest united states time.gsp greater gdps greece peru new zealand.ranking st united states per capita personal income residents per capita income decreased .median household income national average american community survey.
Louisiana	july states unemployment rate .decreased ..louisiana three personal income tax brackets ranging .state sales tax rate .parishes levy additional sales tax top this.
Louisiana	state also use tax includes distributed local governments.property taxes assessed collected local level.louisiana subsidized state louisiana taxpayers receive federal funding per dollar federal taxes paid compared average state.per dollar federal tax collected louisiana citizens received approximately .way federal spending.
Louisiana	ranks state fourth highest nationally represents rise louisiana received .per dollar taxes federal spending ranked seventh nationally.neighboring states amount federal spending received per dollar federal tax collected texas .arkansas .mississippi .. federal spending subsequent years since exceptionally high due recovery hurricane katrina.
Louisiana	culture louisiana home many cultures especially notable distinct cultures louisiana creoles cajuns descendants french spanish settlers colonial louisiana.african culture french colony la louisiane struggled decades survive.conditions harsh climate soil unsuitable certain crops colonists knew suffered regional tropical diseases.colonists slaves imported high mortality rates.settlers kept importing slaves resulted high proportion native africans west africa continued practice culture new surroundings.
Louisiana	described historian gwendolyn midlo hall developed marked afrocreole culture colonial era.at turn th century early new orleans received major influx white mixedrace refugees fleeing violence haitian revolution many brought slaves them.added another infusion african culture city slaves saintdomingue africa united states.strongly influenced africanamerican culture city terms dance music religious practices.creole culture creole culture amalgamation french african spanish european native american cultures.creole comes portuguese word crioulo originally referred colonist european specifically french descent born new world comparison immigrants france.
Louisiana	oldest louisiana manuscript use word creole applied slave born french colony.originally referred generally french colonists born louisiana.over time developed french colony relatively large group creoles color gens de couleur libres primarily descended african slave women french men later europeans became part mix well native americans.often french would free concubines mixedrace children pass social capital them.might educate sons france instance help enter french army career.also settled capital property mistresses children.
Louisiana	free people color gained rights colony sometimes education generally spoke french roman catholic.many became artisans property owners.time term creole became associated class creoles color many achieved freedom long american civil war.wealthy french creoles generally maintained town houses new orleans well houses large sugar plantations outside town along mississippi river.new orleans largest population free people color region could find work created culture marrying among decades.acadian culture ancestors cajuns immigrated mostly west central france new france settled atlantic provinces new brunswick nova scotia prince edward island known originally french colony acadia.
Louisiana	british defeated france french indian war seven years war france ceded territory east mississippi river britain.acadians refused swear oath loyalty british crown expelled acadia made way places france britain new england.other acadians covertly remained british north america moved new spain.many acadians settled southern louisiana region around lafayette lafourche bayou country.developed distinct rural culture different french creole colonists new orleans.intermarrying others area developed called cajun music cuisine culture.
Louisiana	isleño culture third distinct culture louisiana isleños.members descendants colonists canary islands settled spanish louisiana intermarried communities frenchman acadians creoles spaniards groups mainly th early th centuries.in louisiana isleños originally settled four communities included galveztown valenzuela barataria san bernardo.settlements valenzuela san bernardo successful two plagued disease flooding.large migration acadian refugees bayou lafourche led rapid gallicization valenzuela community community san bernardo saint bernard able preserve much unique culture language st century.said transmission spanish customs completely halted st. bernard competency spanish octogenarians.through centuries various isleño communities louisiana kept alive different elements canary islander heritage also adopting building upon customs traditions communities surround them.
Louisiana	today two heritage associates exist communities los isleños heritage cultural society st. bernard well canary islanders heritage society louisiana.fiesta de los isleños celebrated annually st. bernard parish features heritage performances local groups canary islands.languages according study modern language association among persons aged five years older .louisiana residents speak english home .speak french standard french french creole cajun french .
Louisiana	speak spanish .speak vietnamese.historically native american peoples area time european encounter seven tribes distinguished languages caddo tunica natchez houma choctaw atakapa chitimacha.native american peoples migrated region escaping european pressure east.among alabama biloxi koasati ofo peoples.koasati still native speakers louisiana choctaw alabama possibly caddo still spoken states although several tribes working revitalize languages.starting french colonists began settle along coast founded new orleans.
Louisiana	established french culture language institutions.imported thousands slaves tribes west africa spoke several different languages.creolization process slaves developed louisiana creole dialect incorporating french african forms colonists adopted communicate persisted beyond slavery.th century still people mixed race particularly spoke louisiana creole french.during th century louisiana purchase united states english gradually gained prominence business government due shift population settlement numerous americans english speakers.many ethnic french families continued use french private.
Louisiana	slaves free people color also spoke louisiana creole french.state constitution gave english official status legal proceedings use french remained widespread.subsequent state constitutions reflect diminishing importance french.constitution passed reconstruction era louisiana readmitted union banned laws requiring publication legal proceedings languages english.subsequently legal status french recovered somewhat never regained precivil war prominence.several unique dialects french creole english spoken louisiana.
Louisiana	dialects french language colonial french houma french.louisiana creole french term one creole languages.two unique dialects developed english language louisiana english frenchinfluenced variety english dropping postvocalic r common informally known yat resembles new york city dialect sometimes southern influences particularly historical brooklyn.accents influenced large communities immigrant irish italians yat dialect developed new orleans also influenced french spanish.colonial french dominant language white settlers louisiana french colonial period spoken primarily french creoles nativeborn.addition dialect mixedrace people slaves developed louisiana creole base west african languages.
Louisiana	limited years spanish rule end th century result widespread adoption spanish language.french louisiana creole still used modernday louisiana often family gatherings.english associated dialects became predominant louisiana purchase area became dominated numerous english speakers.regions english influenced french seen louisiana english.colonial french although mistakenly named cajun french cajuns persisted alongside english.renewed interest french language louisiana led establishment canadianmodeled french immersion schools well bilingual signage historic french neighborhoods new orleans lafayette.
Louisiana	addition private organizations since state maintained council development french louisiana codofil promotes use french language states tourism economic development culture education international relations.in louisiana became first u.s. state join organisation internationale de la francophonie observer.since louisiana joined francophonie new organizations launched help revitalize louisiana french creole including nous foundation.education louisiana home public private colleges universities including louisiana state university baton rouge university louisiana lafayette lafayette tulane university new orleans.louisiana state university largest comprehensive university louisiana university louisiana lafayette second largest enrollment.university louisiana lafayette became r university december .
Louisiana	tulane university major private research university wealthiest university louisiana endowment .billion.tulane also highly regarded academics nationwide consistently ranked top u.s. news world reports list best national universities.louisianas two oldest largest hbcus historically black colleges universities southern university baton rouge grambling state university grambling.southwestern athletic conference swac schools compete football annually much anticipated bayou classic thanksgiving weekend superdome.of note among education system louisiana science education act controversial law passed louisiana legislature june signed law governor bobby jindal june .act allowed public school teachers use supplemental materials science classroom critical established science topics theory evolution global warming.in states louisiana highest percentage students private schools.
Louisiana	danielle dreilinger times picayune wrote louisiana parents national reputation favoring private schools.number students enrolled private schools louisiana declined circa – due proliferation charter schools recession hurricane katrina.ten parishes baton rouge new orleans area combined decline private school enrollment period.prompted private schools lobby school vouchers.louisianas school voucher program known louisiana scholarship program.available new orleans area beginning rest state beginning .
Louisiana	number students using school vouchers attend private schools projected .per ruling ivan lemelle u.s. district judge federal government right review charter school placements ensure racial segregation.transportation louisiana department transportation development state government organization charge maintaining public transportation roadways bridges canals select levees floodplain management port facilities commercial vehicles aviation includes airports.the intracoastal waterway important means transporting commercial goods petroleum petroleum products agricultural produce building materials manufactured goods.state sued federal government repair erosion along waterway.in louisiana ranked among five deadliest states debrislittercaused vehicle accidents per total number registered vehicles population size.figures derived nhtsa show least persons louisiana killed per year motor vehicle collisions nonfixed objects including debris dumped litter animals carcasses.
Louisiana	mass transit predominantly serving new orleans new orleans regional transit authority largest transit agency state.transit organizations st. bernard urban rapid transit jefferson transit capital area transit system lafayette transit system shreveport area transit system monroe transit among others.during louisiana world exposition gondola system built go across mississippi river called mississippi aerial river transit closed less year later.the louisiana transportation authority louisiana department transportation development created created promote plan finance develop construct control regulate operate maintain tollway transitway constructed within jurisdiction.development construction improvement expansion maintenance efficient safe wellmaintained intermodal transportation system essential promote louisianas economic growth ability louisianas business industry compete regional national global markets provide high quality life people louisiana.law government state moved capital new orleans baton rouge.donaldsonville opelousas shreveport briefly served seat louisiana state government.
Louisiana	louisiana state capitol louisiana governors mansion located baton rouge.louisiana supreme court however move baton rouge remains headquartered new orleans.the current louisiana governor democrat john bel edwards.current united states senators republicans john neely kennedy bill cassidy.louisiana six congressional districts represented u.s. house representatives five republicans one democrat.louisiana eight votes electoral college election.in study louisiana ranked th hardest state citizens vote in.
Louisiana	administrative divisions louisiana divided parishes equivalent counties states.list parishes louisianalouisiana census statistical areasmost parishes elected government known police jury dating colonial days.legislative executive government parish elected voters.members called jurors together elect president chairman.a limited number parishes operate home rule charters electing various forms government.include mayor–council council–manager council hires professional operating manager parish others.civil law louisiana political legal structure maintained several elements times french spanish governance.
Louisiana	one use term parish french paroisse place county administrative subdivision.another legal system civil law based french german spanish legal codes ultimately roman law opposed english common law.louisianas civil law system majority sovereign states world use especially europe former colonies excluding derive legal systems british empire.however incorrect equate louisiana civil code napoleonic code.although napoleonic code louisiana law draw common legal roots napoleonic code never force louisiana enacted united states purchased annexed louisiana .while louisiana civil code continuously revised updated since enactment still considered controlling authority state.differences found louisianian civil law common law found u.s. states.
Louisiana	differences bridged due strong influence common law tradition civil law tradition still deeply rooted aspects louisiana private law.thus property contractual business entities structure much civil procedure family law well aspects criminal law still based mostly traditional roman legal thinking.marriage louisiana became first state offer option traditional marriage covenant marriage.covenant marriage couple waives right nofault divorce six months separation available traditional marriage.divorce covenant marriage couple must demonstrate cause.
Louisiana	marriages ascendants descendants marriages collaterals within fourth degree i.e.siblings aunt nephew uncle niece first cousins prohibited.samesex marriages prohibited statute u.s. supreme court declared bans unconstitutional ruling obergefell v. hodges.samesex marriages performed statewide.louisiana community property state.
Louisiana	elections period louisiana effectively disfranchised african americans many poor whites provisions new constitution essentially oneparty state dominated white democrats.elites control early th century populist huey long came power governor.multiple acts resistance blacks left behind segregation violence oppression state moved seek better opportunities northern western industrial cities great migrations – markedly reducing proportion population louisiana.franchise whites expanded somewhat decades blacks remained essentially disfranchised civil rights movement midth century gaining enforcement constitutional rights passage congress voting rights act .since civil rights legislation passed president lyndon johnson protect voting civil rights african americans state affiliated democratic party.years many white social conservatives moved support republican party candidates national gubernatorial statewide elections.
Louisiana	david vitter first republican louisiana popularly elected u.s. senator.previous republican senator john s. harris took office reconstruction chosen state legislature rules th century.louisiana unique among u.s. states using system state local elections similar modern france.candidates regardless party affiliation run nonpartisan blanket primary jungle primary election day.candidate vote two candidates highest vote totals compete runoff election approximately one month later.runoff method take account party identification therefore uncommon democrat runoff fellow democrat republican runoff fellow republican.congressional races also held jungle primary system.
Louisiana	states except washington california maine use singleparty primaries followed general election party candidates conducted either plurality voting system runoff voting elect senators representatives statewide officials.federal congressional elections run closed primary system—limited registered party members.however upon passage house bill louisiana adopted nonpartisan blanket primary federal congressional elections.louisiana six seats u.s. house representatives five currently held republicans one democrat.though state historically flips republican democratic governors louisiana classified swing state presidential elections regularly supported republican candidates since late th century.states two u.s. senators bill cassidy r john neely kennedy r. law enforcement louisianas statewide police force louisiana state police.
Louisiana	began creation highway commission.second branch bureau criminal investigations formed.state highway patrol authorized carry weapons.on july two branches consolidated form louisiana department state police motto courtesy loyalty service.office abolished became division department public safety called louisiana state police.criminal investigation bureau reorganized.
Louisiana	troopers statewide jurisdiction power enforce laws state including city parish ordinances.year patrol million miles million km roadway arrest impaired drivers.state police primarily traffic enforcement agency sections delve trucking safety narcotics enforcement gaming oversight.the elected sheriff parish chief law enforcement officer parish.keepers local parish prisons house felony misdemeanor prisoners.primary criminal patrol first responder agency matters criminal civil.
Louisiana	also official tax collectors parish.sheriffs responsible general law enforcement respective parishes.orleans parish exception general law enforcement duties fall new orleans police department.orleans parish parish two sheriffs offices.orleans parish divided sheriffs duties criminal civil different elected sheriff overseeing aspect.
Louisiana	bill passed eventually consolidated two sheriffs departments one parish sheriff responsible civil criminal matters.in louisiana higher murder rate .per state country th straight year.louisiana state annual average murder rate .per least twice high u.s. annual average .per period according bureau justice statistics fbi uniform crime reports.
Louisiana	different kind criminal activity chicago tribune reports louisiana corrupt state united states.according times picayune louisiana prison capital world.many forprofit private prisons sheriffowned prisons built operate here.louisianas incarceration rate nearly five times irans times chinas times germanys.minorities incarcerated rates disproportionate share states population.the new orleans police department began new sanctuary policy longer cooperate federal immigration enforcement beginning february .judiciary judiciary louisiana defined constitution law louisiana composed louisiana supreme court louisiana circuit courts appeal district courts justice peace courts mayors courts city courts parish courts.
Louisiana	chief justice louisiana supreme court chief administrator judiciary.administration aided judiciary commission louisiana louisiana attorney disciplinary board judicial council supreme court louisiana.national guard louisiana soldiers louisiana army national guard including th engineer brigade th infantry brigade.units served overseas war terror.louisiana air national guard airmen th fighter wing likewise seen combat.training sites state include camp beauregard near pineville camp villere near slidell camp minden near minden england air park formerly england air force base near alexandria gillis long center near carville jackson barracks new orleans.
Louisiana	sports louisiana nominally least populous state one major professional sports league franchise national basketball associations new orleans pelicans national football leagues new orleans saints.louisiana collegiate ncaa division programs high number given population.state ncaa division ii teams two ncaa division iii teams.lsu tigers football team southeastern conference titles six sugar bowls four national championships.each year new orleans plays host bayou classic new orleans bowl college football games shreveport hosts independence bowl.also new orleans hosted super bowl record eleven times well bcs national championship game nba allstar game ncaa mens division basketball championship.the zurich classic new orleans pga tour golf tournament held since .rock n roll mardi gras marathon crescent city classic two road running competitions held new orleans.as louisiana birthplace nfl players per capita eighth year row.
Louisiana	notable people see also index louisianarelated articlesoutline louisiana louisiana portal united states portal notes references bibliography sugar masters planters slaves louisianas cane world – richard follett louisiana state university press .isbn slave trade story atlantic slave trade – hugh thomas.simon schuster.p. .inhuman bondage rise fall slavery new world david brion davis oxford university press.isbn yiannopoulos a.n.
Louisiana	civil codes louisiana reprinted civil law system louisiana comparative law coursebook texts cases materials edition similar version preface louisiana civil code ed.yiannopoulosrodolfo batiza louisiana civil code actual sources present relevance tul.l. rev.rodolfo batiza sources civil code facts speculation rejoinder tul.l. rev.
Louisiana	robert a. pascal sources digest reply professor batiza tul.l. rev.joseph m. sweeney tournament scholars sources civil code tul.l. rev..the standard history state though civil war charles gayarrés history louisiana various editions culminating vols.
Louisiana	posthumous expanded edition .a number accounts th thcentury french explorers jeanbernard bossu françoismarie perrin du lac pierrefrançoisxavier de charlevoix dumont published fr.mascrier fr.louis hennepin lahontan louis narcisse baudry des lozières jeanbaptiste bénard de la harpe laval.group explorer antoine simon le page du pratz may first historian louisiana histoire de la louisiane vols.paris vols.
Louisiana	london françois xavier martins history louisiana vols.new orleans – later ed.j. f. condon continued new orleans first scholarly treatment subject along françois barbémarbois histoire de la louisiane et de la cession de colonie par la france aux etatsunis paris english philadelphia .alcée fortiers history louisiana n.y. vols.recent largescale scholarly histories state.the official works albert phelps grace king publications louisiana historical society several works history new orleans q.v.among henry rightor john smith kendall provide background.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	external links official websitelouisiana state resource guide library congresslouisiana curlielouisiana geographic information centerlouisiana endowment humanitieslouisiana weather tidesarea second largest country africa algeria thlargest world.population around million democratic republic congo populous officially francophone country world.member united nations nonaligned movement african union comesa.since eastern dr congo site ongoing military conflict kivu.capital largest city kinshasa also worlds populous francophone city.centered congo basin territory drc first inhabited central african foragers around years ago reached bantu expansion years ago.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	west kingdom kongo ruled around mouth congo river th th centuries.northeast center east kingdoms azande luba lunda ruled th th centuries th century.in onset scramble africa european exploration congo basin carried first led henry morton stanley sponsorship leopold ii belgium.leopold formally acquired rights congo territory berlin conference declared land private property naming congo free state.free state colonial military unit force publique forced local population produce rubber.millions congolese people died consequence disease exploitation.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	leopold despite initial reluctance ceded belgium socalled free state thus became known belgian congo.congo achieved independence belgium june name republic congo.congolese nationalist patrice lumumba elected first prime minister joseph kasavubu became first president.congo crisis josephdésiré mobutu later renamed mobutu sese seko officially came power coup détat renamed country zaire .country run dictatorial oneparty state popular movement revolution sole legal party.early mobutus government began weaken.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	destabilisation east resulting rwandan genocide led invasion led rwanda led mobutus ousting first congo war following year.laurentdésiré kabila became new president reverting countrys name democratic republic congo.tensions president kabila rwandan tutsi presence country led second congo war .ultimately nine african countries around twenty armed groups became involved war resulted deaths .million people.two wars devastated country.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	kabila assassinated one bodyguards january succeeded eight days later son joseph human rights country remained poor included frequent abuses forced disappearances torture arbitrary imprisonment restrictions civil liberties according ngos.following general election countrys first peaceful transition power since independence kabila succeeded president félix tshisekedi served president since.the democratic republic congo extremely rich natural resources suffered political instability lack infrastructure corruption centuries commercial colonial extraction exploitation little widespread development.besides capital kinshasa two next largest cities lubumbashi mbujimayi mining communities.drcs largest export raw minerals china accepting exports .dr congos level human development ranked th countries human development index.

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