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Gerald Ford	domestically ford presided worst economy four decades since great depression growing inflation recession tenure.one controversial acts granted presidential pardon richard nixon role watergate scandal.fords presidency foreign policy characterized procedural terms increased role congress began play corresponding curb powers president.republican presidential primary campaign ford defeated former california governor ronald reagan republican nomination.narrowly lost presidential election democratic challenger former georgia governor jimmy carter.
Gerald Ford	surveys historians political scientists ranked ford belowaverage president.following years president ford remained active republican party.moderate views various social issues increasingly put odds conservative members party early s. retirement ford set aside enmity felt towards carter following election two former presidents developed close friendship.experiencing series health problems died home december .early life ford born leslie lynch king jr. july woolworth avenue omaha nebraska parents lived paternal grandparents.child dorothy ayer gardner leslie lynch king sr. wool trader.
Gerald Ford	father son prominent banker charles henry king martha alicia king née porter.gardner separated king sixteen days sons birth.took son oak park illinois home sister tannisse brotherinlaw clarence haskins james.moved home parents levi addison gardner adele augusta ayer grand rapids michigan.gardner king divorced december gained full custody son.
Gerald Ford	fords paternal grandfather charles henry king paid child support shortly death .ford later said biological father history hitting mother.biography ford james m. cannon wrote separation divorce fords parents sparked days fords birth leslie king took butcher knife threatened kill wife infant son fords nursemaid.ford later told confidants father first hit mother smiled another man honeymoon.after living parents twoandahalf years february gardner married gerald rudolff ford salesman familyowned paint varnish company.though never formally adopted young son referred gerald rudolff ford jr. name change formalized december .raised grand rapids three halfbrothers mothers second marriage thomas gardner tom ford – richard addison dick ford – james francis jim ford –.ford involved boy scouts america earned programs highest rank eagle scout.
Gerald Ford	eagle scout ascended u.s. presidency.ford attended grand rapids south high school star athlete captain football team.selected allcity team grand rapids city league.also attracted attention college recruiters.college law school ford attended university michigan played center linebacker long snapper schools football team helped wolverines two undefeated seasons national titles .
Gerald Ford	senior year team suffered steep decline one game ford still teams star player.one games michigan held heavily favored minnesota—the eventual national champion—to scoreless tie first half.game assistant coach bennie oosterbaan said walked dressing room halftime tears eyes proud them.ford cedric sweet played hearts out.everywhere defense.
Gerald Ford	ford later recalled years roughandtumble world politics often thought experiences game .remembering helped many times face tough situation take action make every effort possible despite adverse odds.teammates later voted ford valuable player one assistant coach noting felt jerry one guy would stay fight losing cause.during fords senior year controversy developed georgia tech said would play scheduled game michigan black player named willis ward took field.students players alumni protested university officials capitulated kept ward game.ford wards best friend team roomed together road trips.
Gerald Ford	ford reportedly threatened quit team response universitys decision eventually agreed play georgia tech ward personally asked play.in ford selected eastern team shriners east–west shrine game san francisco benefit physically disabled children played january .part collegiate allstar football team ford played chicago bears chicago college allstar game soldier field.honor athletic accomplishments later political career university michigan retired fords no.jersey .blessing ford family placed back circulation part michigan football legends program issued sophomore linebacker desmond morgan home game illinois october .throughout life ford remained interested school football occasionally attended games.
Gerald Ford	ford also visited players coaches practices one point asked join players huddle.state events ford often navy band play university michigan fight song victors instead hail chief.ford graduated michigan bachelor arts degree economics.turned offers detroit lions green bay packers national football league.instead took job september boxing coach assistant varsity football coach yale university applied law school.ford hoped attend yale law school beginning .yale officials first denied admission law school fulltime coaching responsibilities.
Gerald Ford	spent summer student university michigan law school eventually admitted spring yale law school.year also promoted position junior varsity head football coach yale.yale ford began working model.initially worked john robert powers agency investing harry conovers agency modelled .while attending yale law school ford joined group students led r. douglas stuart jr. signed petition enforce neutrality act.petition circulated nationally inspiration america first committee group determined keep u.s. world war ii.
Gerald Ford	introduction politics summer worked republican presidential campaign wendell willkie.ford graduated top third class admitted michigan bar shortly thereafter.may opened grand rapids law practice friend philip w. buchen.u.s. naval reserve following december attack pearl harbor ford enlisted navy.received commission ensign u.s. naval reserve april .april reported active duty v instructor school annapolis maryland.
Gerald Ford	one month training went navy preflight school chapel hill north carolina one instructors taught elementary navigation skills ordnance gunnery first aid military drill.addition coached nine sports offered mostly swimming boxing football.year preflight school promoted lieutenant junior grade june lieutenant march .sea duty ford applied sea duty sent may precommissioning detachment new aircraft carrier uss monterey cvl new york shipbuilding corporation camden new jersey.ships commissioning june end december ford served assistant navigator athletic officer antiaircraft battery officer board monterey.
Gerald Ford	board carrier participated many actions pacific theater third fifth fleets late .carrier helped secure makin island gilberts participated carrier strikes kavieng new ireland .spring monterey supported landings kwajalein eniwetok participated carrier strikes marianas western carolines northern new guinea well battle philippine sea.overhaul september november aircraft monterey launched strikes wake island participated strikes philippines ryukyus supported landings leyte mindoro.although ship damaged empire japans forces monterey one several ships damaged typhoon cobra hit admiral william halseys third fleet december – .third fleet lost three destroyers men typhoon.
Gerald Ford	monterey damaged fire started several ships aircraft tearing loose cables colliding hangar deck.ford serving general quarters officer deck ordered go assess raging fire.safely reported findings back ships commanding officer captain stuart h. ingersoll.ships crew able contain fire ship got underway again.after fire monterey declared unfit service.ford detached ship sent navy preflight school saint marys college california assigned athletic department april .
Gerald Ford	end april january staff naval reserve training command naval air station glenview illinois rank lieutenant commander.ford received following military awards american campaign medal asiaticpacific campaign medal nine ⁄ bronze stars operations gilbert islands bismarck archipelago marshall islands asiatic pacific carrier raids hollandia marianas western carolines western new guinea leyte operation philippine liberation medal two ⁄ bronze stars leyte mindoro world war ii victory medal.honorably discharged february .u.s. house representatives – ford returned grand rapids became active local republican politics supporters urged challenge bartel j. jonkman incumbent republican congressman.military service changed view world.came back converted internationalist ford wrote course congressman time avowed dedicated isolationist.
Gerald Ford	thought ought replaced.nobody thought could win.ended winning two one.during first campaign ford visited voters doorsteps left factories worked.ford also visited local farms one instance wager resulted ford spending two weeks milking cows following election victory.ford member house representatives years holding michigans th congressional district seat .tenure largely notable modesty.
Gerald Ford	editorial new york times described ford saw negotiator reconciler record shows write single piece major legislation entire career.appointed house appropriations committee two years elected prominent member defense appropriations subcommittee.ford described philosophy moderate domestic affairs internationalist foreign affairs conservative fiscal policy.voted favor civil rights acts well th amendment u.s. constitution voting rights act .ford known colleagues house congressmans congressman.in early ford declined offers run either senate michigan governorship.
Gerald Ford	rather ambition become speaker house called ultimate achievement.sit head honcho people responsibility aside achievement trying run greatest legislative body history mankind ... think got ambition within year two house representatives.warren commission november president lyndon b. johnson appointed ford warren commission special task force set investigate assassination president john f. kennedy.ford assigned prepare biography accused assassin lee harvey oswald.earl warren also interviewed jack ruby oswalds killer.
Gerald Ford	according fbi memo released public ford contact fbi throughout time warren commission relayed information deputy director cartha deloach panels activities.preface book presidential legacy warren commission ford defended work commission reiterated support conclusions.house minority leader – lyndon johnson led landslide victory party secured another term president took seats republicans house representatives.following election members republican caucus looked select new minority leader.three members approached ford see would willing serve consulting family agreed.
Gerald Ford	closely contested election ford chosen replace charles halleck indiana minority leader.members republican caucus encouraged eventually endorsed ford run house minority leader later known young turks one members young turks congressman donald h. rumsfeld illinoiss th congressional district later would serve fords administration chief staff secretary defense.with democratic majority house representatives senate johnson administration proposed passed series programs called johnson great society.first session eightyninth congress alone johnson administration submitted bills congress johnson signed arguably successful legislative agenda congressional history.in criticism johnson administrations handling vietnam war began grow ford congressional republicans expressing concern united states necessary win war.public sentiment also began move johnson midterm elections produced seat swing favor republicans.enough give republicans majority house victory gave ford opportunity prevent passage great society programs.fords private criticism vietnam war became public knowledge spoke floor house questioned whether white house clear plan bring war successful conclusion.
Gerald Ford	speech angered president johnson accused ford played much football without helmet.as minority leader house ford appeared popular series televised press conferences illinois senator everett dirksen proposed republican alternatives johnsons policies.many press jokingly called ev jerry show.johnson said time jerry ford dumb cant fart chew gum time.press used sanitizing johnsons salty language reported gerald ford cant walk chew gum time.after richard nixon elected president november fords role shifted advocate white house agenda.congress passed several nixons proposals including national environmental policy act tax reform act .
Gerald Ford	another highprofile victory republican minority state local fiscal assistance act.passed act established revenue sharing program state local governments.fords leadership instrumental shepherding revenue sharing congress resulted bipartisan coalition supported bill votes favor compared against.during eight years – ford served minority leader many friends house fair leadership inoffensive personality.vice presidency – become house speaker ford worked help republicans across country get majority chamber often traveling rubber chicken circuit.decade failing promised wife would try retire .
Gerald Ford	october vice president spiro agnew resigned pleaded contest criminal charges tax evasion money laundering part negotiated resolution scheme accepted dollars bribes governor maryland.according new york times nixon sought advice senior congressional leaders replacement.advice unanimous.house speaker carl albert recalled later gave nixon choice ford.ford agreed nomination telling wife vice presidency would nice conclusion career.ford nominated take agnews position october first time vicepresidential vacancy provision th amendment implemented.
Gerald Ford	united states senate voted confirm ford november .december house confirmed ford vote .confirmation vote house ford took oath office vice president.ford became vice president watergate scandal unfolding.thursday august chief staff alexander haig contacted ford tell prepare presidency.time ford wife betty living suburban virginia waiting expected move newly designated vice presidents residence washington d.c. however al haig asked come see ford later said tell would new tape released monday said evidence devastating would probably either impeachment resignation.
Gerald Ford	said im warning youve got prepared things might change dramatically could become president.said betty dont think ever going live vice presidents house.presidency – swearingin nixon resigned august ford automatically assumed presidency.made person become nations chief executive without previously voted either presidential vicepresidential office electoral college.immediately ford took oath office east room white house spoke assembled audience speech broadcast live nation.
Gerald Ford	ford noted peculiarity position acutely aware elected president ballots ask confirm president prayers.went statei sought enormous responsibility shirk it.nominated confirmed vice president friends friends.parties elected people acting constitution name.fitting pledge president people.he also statedmy fellow americans long national nightmare over.
Gerald Ford	constitution works great republic government laws men.people rule.higher power whatever name honor ordains righteousness love justice mercy.... let us restore golden rule political process let brotherly love purge hearts suspicion hate.a portion speech would later memorialized plaque entrance presidential museum.on august ford nominated former new york governor nelson rockefeller fill vice presidency vacated.rockefellers top competitor george h. w. bush.
Gerald Ford	rockefeller underwent extended hearings congress caused embarrassment revealed made large gifts senior aides henry kissinger.although conservative republicans pleased rockefeller picked voted confirmation nomination passed house senate.including barry goldwater voted him.pardon nixon september ford issued proclamation gave nixon full unconditional pardon crimes might committed united states president.televised broadcast nation ford explained felt pardon best interests country nixon familys situation tragedy played part.
Gerald Ford	could go someone must write end it.concluded must.fords decision pardon nixon highly controversial.critics derided move said corrupt bargain struck two men believed fords pardon granted exchange nixons resignation elevating ford presidency.fords first press secretary close friend jerald terhorst resigned post protest pardon.according bob woodward nixon chief staff alexander haig proposed pardon deal ford.
Gerald Ford	later decided pardon nixon reasons primarily friendship nixon shared.regardless historians believe controversy one major reasons ford lost presidential election observation ford agreed.editorial time new york times stated nixon pardon profoundly unwise divisive unjust act stroke destroyed new presidents credibility man judgment candor competence.october ford testified congress pardon.first sitting president since abraham lincoln testify house representatives.in months following pardon ford often declined mention president nixon name referring public predecessor former president.
Gerald Ford	ford pressed matter trip california white house correspondent fred barnes recalled replied cant bring it.after ford left white house january privately justified pardon nixon carrying wallet portion text burdick v. united states u.s. supreme court decision stated pardon indicated presumption guilt acceptance pardon tantamount confession guilt.john f. kennedy library foundation awarded john f. kennedy profile courage award ford pardon nixon.presenting award ford senator edward kennedy said initially opposed pardon later decided history proven ford made correct decision.draft dodgers deserters september shortly pardoned nixon ford issued presidential proclamation introduced conditional amnesty program military deserters vietnam war draft dodgers fled countries canada.conditions amnesty required reaffirm allegiance united states serve two years working public service job total two years service served less two years honorable service military.
Gerald Ford	program return vietnam era draft evaders military deserters established clemency board review records make recommendations receiving presidential pardon change military discharge status.full pardon draft dodgers came carter administration.administration ford assumed office inherited nixons cabinet.brief administration replaced members except secretary state kissinger secretary treasury william e. simon.political commentators referred fords dramatic reorganization cabinet fall halloween massacre.
Gerald Ford	one fords appointees william coleman—the secretary transportation—was second black man serve presidential cabinet robert c. weaver first appointed republican administration.ford selected george h. w. bush chief us liaison office peoples republic china director central intelligence agency late .fords transition chairman first chief staff former congressman ambassador donald rumsfeld.rumsfeld named ford youngestever secretary defense.ford chose young wyoming politician richard cheney replace rumsfeld new chief staff cheney became campaign manager fords presidential campaign.midterm elections congressional midterm elections took place wake watergate scandal less three months ford assumed office.democratic party turned voter dissatisfaction large gains house elections taking seats republican party increasing majority seats.
Gerald Ford	one number needed twothirds majority number necessary override presidential veto propose constitutional amendment.perhaps due part fact th congress overrode highest percentage vetoes since andrew johnson president united states –.even fords former reliably republican house seat democrat richard vander veen defeated robert vanderlaan.senate elections democratic majority became seat body.domestic policy inflation economy great concern ford administration.
Gerald Ford	one first acts new president took deal economy create executive order september economic policy board.october response rising inflation ford went american public asked whip inflation now.part program urged people wear win buttons.time inflation believed primary threat economy growing unemployment belief controlling inflation would help reduce unemployment.rein inflation necessary control publics spending.
Gerald Ford	try mesh service sacrifice win called americans reduce spending consumption.october ford gave speech front joint session congress part speech kicked win campaign.next nine days americans mailed win pledges.hindsight viewed simply public relations gimmick way solving underlying problems.main point speech introduce congress oneyear fivepercent income tax increase corporations wealthy individuals.
Gerald Ford	plan would also take .billion budget bringing federal spending billion.time inflation twelve percent.budget federal budget ran deficit every year ford president.despite reservations program ultimately would funded era tight public budgeting ford signed education handicapped children act established special education throughout united states.
Gerald Ford	ford expressed strong support full educational opportunities handicapped children according official white house press release bill signing.the economic focus began change country sank worst recession since great depression four decades earlier.focus ford administration turned stopping rise unemployment reached nine percent may .january ford proposed year tax reduction billion stimulate economic growth along spending cuts avoid inflation.ford criticized abruptly switching advocating tax increase tax reduction.congress proposed amount tax reduction increased .
Gerald Ford	billion tax cuts lacked spending cuts.march congress passed ford signed law income tax rebates part tax reduction act .resulted federal deficit around billion fiscal year .billion .when new york city faced bankruptcy mayor abraham beame unsuccessful obtaining fords support federal bailout.incident prompted new york daily news famous headline ford city drop dead referring speech ford declared flatly ... would veto bill calling federal bailout new york city.
Gerald Ford	swine flu ford confronted potential swine flu pandemic.early influenza strain hn shifted form flu affected primarily pigs crossed humans.february army recruit fort dix mysteriously died four fellow soldiers hospitalized health officials announced swine flu cause.soon public health officials ford administration urged every person united states vaccinated.although vaccination program plagued delays public relations problems population vaccinated time program canceled december .
Gerald Ford	equal rights abortion ford outspoken supporter equal rights amendment issuing presidential proclamation no.land free right nature ought men women equal law.now therefore gerald r. ford president united states america remind americans fitting ratify equal rights amendment adopted congress united states america order secure legal equality women men hereby designate proclaim august womens equality day.as president fords position abortion supported federal constitutional amendment would permit one states make choice.also position house minority leader response supreme court case roe v. wade opposed.ford came criticism minutes interview wife betty gave stated roe v. wade great great decision.later life ford would identify prochoice.
Gerald Ford	foreign policy ford continued détente policy soviet union china easing tensions cold war.still place nixon administration strategic arms limitation treaty salt.thawing relationship brought nixons visit china reinforced fords visit december .administration entered helsinki accords soviet union creating framework helsinki watch independent nongovernmental organization created monitor compliance later evolved human rights watch.ford attended inaugural meeting group seven g industrialized nations initially g secured membership canada.ford supported international solutions issues.
Gerald Ford	live interdependent world therefore must work together resolve common economic problems said speech.in november ford adopted global human population control recommendations national security study memorandum – national security directive initially commissioned nixon – united states policy subsequent nsdm .plan explicitly states goal population control improving lives individuals despite instructing organizers emphasize development improvements quality life poor later explaining projects primarily reasons.upon approving plan ford stated united states leadership essential combat population growth implement world population plan action advance united states security overseas interests.population control policies adopted protect american economic military interests memorandum arguing population growth developing countries resulted nations gaining global political power citizens posed risk accessing foreign natural resources also making american businesses vulnerable governments seeking fund growing population younger generations born would prone antiestablishment behavior increasing political instability.according internal white house commission documents posted february national security archive george washington university gerald ford white house significantly altered final report supposedly independent rockefeller commission investigating cia domestic activities objections senior commission staff.changes included removal entire page section cia assassination plots numerous edits report thendeputy white house chief staff richard cheney.
Gerald Ford	middle east middle east eastern mediterranean two ongoing international disputes developed crises.cyprus dispute turned crisis turkish invasion cyprus july causing extreme strain within north atlantic treaty organization nato alliance.midaugust greek government withdrew greece nato military structure midseptember senate house representatives overwhelmingly voted halt military aid turkey.ford concerned effect turkishamerican relations deterioration security natos eastern front vetoed bill.second bill passed congress ford also vetoed although compromise accepted continue aid end year.
Gerald Ford	ford expected turkish relations considerably disrupted .in continuing arab–israeli conflict although initial cease fire implemented end active conflict yom kippur war kissingers continuing shuttle diplomacy showing little progress.ford considered stalling wrote israeli tactics frustrated egyptians made mad hell.kissingers shuttle israel early march last minute reversal consider withdrawal prompted cable ford prime minister yitzhak rabin includedi wish express profound disappointment israels attitude course negotiations ... failure negotiation far reaching impact region relations.given instructions reassessment united states policy region including relations israel aim ensuring overall american interests ... protected.notified decision.on march ford informed congressional leaders parties reassessment administrations policies middle east.
Gerald Ford	practical terms reassessment meant canceling suspending aid israel.six months march september united states refused conclude new arms agreements israel.rabin notes innocentsounding term heralded one worst periods americanisraeli relations.announced reassessments upset american jewish community israels wellwishers congress.may ford experienced real shock seventysix u.s. senators wrote letter urging responsive israels request .
Gerald Ford	billion equivalent .billion military economic aid.ford felt truly annoyed thought chance peace jeopardized.since september ban arms sales turkey second major congressional intrusion upon presidents foreign policy prerogatives.following summer months described ford americanisraeli war nerves test wills.
Gerald Ford	much bargaining sinai interim agreement sinai ii formally signed september aid resumed.vietnam one fords greatest challenges dealing continuing vietnam war.american offensive operations north vietnam ended paris peace accords signed january .accords declared ceasefire across north south vietnam required release american prisoners war.agreement guaranteed territorial integrity vietnam like geneva conference called national elections north south.
Gerald Ford	paris peace accords stipulated sixtyday period total withdrawal u.s. forces.the agreements negotiated us national security advisor henry kissinger north vietnamese politburo member lê đức thọ.south vietnamese president nguyen van thieu involved final negotiations publicly criticized proposed agreement.however antiwar pressures within united states forced nixon kissinger pressure thieu sign agreement enable withdrawal american forces.multiple letters south vietnamese president nixon promised united states would defend thieus government north vietnamese violate accords.in december months ford took office north vietnamese forces invaded province phuoc long.general trần văn trà sought gauge south vietnamese american response invasion well solve logistical issues proceeding invasion.as north vietnamese forces advanced ford requested congress approve million aid package south vietnam funds promised nixon administration.
Gerald Ford	congress voted proposal wide margin.senator jacob k. javits offered ...large sums evacuation one nickel military aid.president thieu resigned april publicly blaming lack support united states fall country.two days later april ford gave speech tulane university.speech announced vietnam war ...as far america concerned.
Gerald Ford	announcement met thunderous applause.u.s. citizens vietnamese thirdcountry nationals evacuated south vietnamese capital saigon operation frequent wind.operation military air america helicopters took evacuees u.s. navy ships offshore approximately hour period april immediately preceding fall saigon.operation many south vietnamese helicopters landed vessels taking evacuees pushed overboard make room people.helicopters nowhere land deliberately crashlanded sea dropping passengers close ships pilots bailing last moment picked rescue boats.many vietnamese evacuees allowed enter united states indochina migration refugee assistance act.
Gerald Ford	act appropriated million toward costs assisting settlement indochinese refugees.vietnamese refugees came united states .thousands escaped years followed.east timor former portuguese colony east timor declared independence .indonesian president suharto strong u.s. ally southeast asia.
Gerald Ford	december suharto discussed plans invade east timor meeting ford henry kissinger indonesian capital jakarta.ford kissinger made clear u.s. would object proposed indonesian annexation east timor.according ben kiernan invasion occupation resulted deaths nearly quarter timorese population .mayaguez panmunjom north vietnams victory south led considerable shift political winds asia ford administration officials worried consequent loss u.s. influence there.administration proved willing respond forcefully challenges interests region two occasions khmer rouge forces seized american ship international waters american military officers killed demilitarized zone dmz north south korea.the first crisis mayaguez incident.
Gerald Ford	may shortly fall saigon khmer rouge conquest cambodia cambodians seized american merchant ship mayaguez international waters.ford dispatched marines rescue crew marines landed wrong island met unexpectedly stiff resistance unknown u.s. mayaguez sailors released.operation two military transport helicopters carrying marines assault operation shot u.s. servicemen killed wounded approximately khmer rouge soldiers killed.despite american losses operation seen success united states ford enjoyed point boost approval ratings aftermath.americans killed operation became last names inscribed vietnam veterans memorial wall washington d.c.some historians argued ford administration felt need respond forcefully incident construed soviet plot.
Gerald Ford	work andrew gawthorpe published based analysis administrations internal discussions shows fords national security team understood seizure vessel local perhaps even accidental provocation immature khmer government.nevertheless felt need respond forcefully discourage provocations communist countries asia.the second crisis known axe murder incident occurred panmunjom village stands dmz two koreas.encouraged u.s. difficulties vietnam north korea waging campaign diplomatic pressure minor military harassment try convince u.s. withdraw south korea.august north korean forces killed two u.s. officers injured south korean guards engaged trimming tree panmunjoms joint security area.attack coincided meeting conference nonaligned nations colombo sri lanka kim jongil son north korean leader kim ilsung presented incident example american aggression helping secure passage motion calling u.s. withdrawal south.at administration meetings kissinger voiced concern north would see u.s. paper tigers saigon respond ford agreed assessment.
Gerald Ford	mulling various options ford administration decided necessary respond major show force.large number ground forces went cut tree time air force deployed included b bomber flights panmunjom.north korean government backed allowed treecutting go ahead later issued unprecedented official apology.assassination attempts ford target two assassination attempts presidency.sacramento california september lynette squeaky fromme follower charles manson pointed colt .caliber handgun ford pulled trigger pointblank range.
Gerald Ford	larry buendorf secret service agent grabbed gun fromme taken custody.later convicted attempted assassination president sentenced life prison paroled august serving years.in reaction attempt secret service began keeping ford secure distance anonymous crowds strategy may saved life seventeen days later.left st. francis hotel downtown san francisco sara jane moore standing crowd onlookers across street fired .caliber revolver him.shot missed ford feet.fired second round retired marine oliver sipple grabbed gun deflected shot bullet struck wall six inches right fords head ricocheted hit taxi driver slightly wounded.
Gerald Ford	moore later sentenced life prison.paroled december serving years.judicial appointments supreme court ford appointed john paul stevens associate justice supreme court united states replace retiring justice william o. douglas.stevens judge united states court appeals seventh circuit appointed president nixon.tenure house republican leader ford led efforts douglas impeached.
Gerald Ford	confirmed stevens eventually disappointed conservatives siding courts liberal wing regarding outcome many key issues.nevertheless ford praised stevens.served nation well ford said stevens dignity intellect without partisan political concerns.judicial appointments ford appointed judges united states courts appeals judges united states district courts.presidential election ford reluctantly agreed run office first counter challenge republican party nomination.
Gerald Ford	former governor california ronald reagan partys conservative wing faulted ford failing south vietnam signing helsinki accords negotiating cede panama canal.negotiations canal continued president carter eventually signed torrijos–carter treaties.reagan launched campaign autumn numerous primaries including north carolina texas indiana california failed get majority delegates reagan withdrew race republican convention kansas city missouri.conservative insurgency lead ford dropping liberal vice president nelson rockefeller favor u.s. senator bob dole kansas.in addition pardon dispute lingering antirepublican sentiment ford counter plethora negative media imagery.chevy chase often pratfalls saturday night live imitating ford seen stumbling two occasions term.
Gerald Ford	chase commented even mentioned autobiography effect period time affected election degree.fords election campaign benefitted incumbent president several anniversary events held period leading united states bicentennial.washington d.c. fireworks display fourth july presided president televised nationally.july president first lady served hosts white house state dinner queen elizabeth ii prince philip united kingdom televised public broadcasting service network.th anniversary battles lexington concord massachusetts gave ford opportunity deliver speech concord acknowledging need strong national defense tempered plea reconciliation recrimination reconstruction rancor united states would pose threats peace.speaking new hampshire previous day ford condemned growing trend toward big government bureaucracy argued return basic american virtues.televised presidential debates reintroduced first time since election.
Gerald Ford	ford became first incumbent president participate one.carter later attributed victory election debates saying gave viewers reason think jimmy carter something offer.turning point came second debate ford blundered stating soviet domination eastern europe never ford administration.ford also said believe poles consider dominated soviet union.interview years later ford said intended imply soviets would never crush spirits eastern europeans seeking independence.
Gerald Ford	however phrasing awkward questioner max frankel visibly incredulous response.in end carter election receiving .popular vote electoral votes compared .electoral votes ford.postpresidency – nixon pardon controversy eventually subsided.fords successor jimmy carter opened inaugural address praising outgoing president saying nation want thank predecessor done heal land.after leaving white house fords moved denver colorado.
Gerald Ford	ford successfully invested oil marvin davis later provided income fords children.he continued make appearances events historical ceremonial significance nation presidential inaugurals memorial services.january became president eisenhower fellowships philadelphia served chairman board trustees .later reluctantly agreed interviewed james m. naughton new york times journalist given assignment write former presidents advance obituary article would updated prior eventual publication.ford published autobiography time heal harperreaders digest pages.review foreign affairs described serene unruffled unpretentious like author.
Gerald Ford	shortest honest recent presidential memoirs surprises deep probings motives events.meets eye.during term office successor jimmy carter ford received monthly briefs president carters senior staff international domestic issues always invited lunch white house whenever washington d.c. close friendship developed carter left office catalyst trip together funeral anwar elsadat .fords death carter wife rosalynn visited fords home frequently.ford carter served honorary cochairs national commission federal election reform continuity government commission .like presidents carter george h. w. bush bill clinton ford honorary cochair council excellence government group dedicated excellence government performance provides leadership training top federal employees.also devoted much time love golf often playing privately public events comedian bob hope longtime friend.
Gerald Ford	shot hole one proam held conjunction danny thomas memphis classic colonial country club memphis tennessee.hosted jerry ford invitational vail colorado .in ford established gerald r. ford institute public policy albion college albion michigan give undergraduates training public policy.april opened gerald r. ford library ann arbor michigan north campus alma mater university michigan followed september gerald r. ford museum grand rapids.ford considered run republican nomination forgoing numerous opportunities serve corporate boards keep options open rematch carter.ford attacked carters conduct salt ii negotiations foreign policy middle east africa.many argued ford also wanted exorcise image accidental president win term right.
Gerald Ford	ford also believed conservative ronald reagan would unable defeat carter would hand incumbent second term.ford encouraged former secretary state henry kissinger well jim rhodes ohio bill clements texas make race.march ford announced would forgo run republican nomination vowing support eventual nominee.after securing republican nomination ronald reagan considered former rival ford potential vicepresidential running mate negotiations reagan ford camps republican national convention unsuccessful.ford conditioned acceptance reagans agreement unprecedented copresidency giving ford power control key executive branch appointments kissinger secretary state alan greenspan treasury secretary.rejecting terms reagan offered vicepresidential nomination instead george h. w. bush.
Gerald Ford	ford appear campaign commercial reaganbush ticket declared country would better served reagan presidency rather continuation weak politically expedient policies jimmy carter.october ford said former president nixons involvement general election potentially could negatively impact reagan campaign think would much helpful mr. nixon stayed background campaign.would much beneficial ronald reagan.on october ford cast blame carter latters charges ineffectiveness part federal reserve board due appointing members president carter going gets tough anything save political skin.latest action president cowardly.following attempted assassination ronald reagan ford told reporters appearing fundraiser thomas kean criminals use firearms get death penalty event someone injured weapon.in september ford advised reagan succumbing wall street demands follow agenda economic policies us appearance good morning america shouldnt let gurus wall street decide economic future country going be.wrong opinion.
Gerald Ford	october ford stated stopping reagan administrations saudi arms package could large negative impact american relations middle east news conference.on march ford offered endorsement president reagans economic policies also stating possibility reagan met stalemate congress willing compromise washington.ford founded annual aei world forum joined american enterprise institute distinguished fellow.also awarded honorary doctorate central connecticut state university march .during august fundraising reception ford stated opposition constitutional amendment requiring us balanced budget citing need elect members house senate immediately congress convenes act responsibly fiscal matters.ford participant midterm elections traveling tennessee october year help republican candidates.in january letter signed ford carter urging world leaders extend failed effort end world hunger released sent secretarygeneral united nations javier pérez de cuéllar.in ford testified senate judiciary committee favor district columbia circuit court judge former solicitor general robert bork bork nominated president reagan associate justice united states supreme court.borks nomination rejected vote –.in fords humor presidency book humorous political anecdotes published.by ford member several corporate boards including commercial credit nova pharmaceutical pullman company tesoro petroleum tiger international inc. ford also became honorary director citigroup position held death.in october ford appeared gettysburg pennsylvania bob hope commemorate centennial anniversary birth former president dwight d. eisenhower two unveiled plaque signatures living former president.in april ford joined former presidents richard nixon ronald reagan jimmy carter supporting brady bill.three years later wrote u.s. house representatives along carter reagan support assault weapons ban.at republican national convention ford compared election cycle loss carter urged attention paid electing republican congress change want nov. friends place start white house united states capitol.
Gerald Ford	congress every school child knows power purse.nearly years democratic majorities held timetested new deal formula tax tax spend spend elect elect.republicans would later win houses congress midterm elections.in april ford joined president bill clinton former president bush nancy reagan signing summit declaration commitment advocating participation private citizens solving domestic issues within united states.on january interview palm springs home ford said republican partys nominee presidential election would lose party turned ultraconservative ideals get way hard right political spectrum elect republican president.worry party going ultraconservative line.ought learn democrats running ultraliberal candidates didnt win.in prelude impeachment president clinton ford conferred former president carter two agreed speak publicly controversy pact broken carter answering question student emory university.in october ford broke conservative members republican party stating gay lesbian couples ought treated equally.
Gerald Ford	period.became highestranking republican embrace full equality gays lesbians stating belief federal amendment outlawing antigay job discrimination expressing hope republican party would reach gay lesbian voters.also member republican unity coalition new york times described group prominent republicans including former president gerald r. ford dedicated making sexual orientation nonissue republican party.on november new york republican governor george pataki named ford living former presidents carter george h. w. bush bill clinton honorary members board rebuilding world trade center.in prerecorded embargoed interview bob woodward washington post july ford stated disagreed strongly bush administrations choice iraqs alleged weapons mass destruction justification decision invade iraq calling big mistake unrelated national security united states indicating would gone war president.details interview released fords death requested.health problems april ford admitted eisenhower medical center surgery replace left knee orthopedic surgeon dr. robert murphy saying fords entire left knee replaced artificial joint including portions adjacent femur thigh bone tibia leg bone.ford suffered two minor strokes republican national convention made quick recovery admitted hahnemann university hospital.
Gerald Ford	january spent days eisenhower medical center near residence rancho mirage california treatment pneumonia.april president george w. bush visited ford home rancho mirage little hour.fords last public appearance produced last known public photos video footage voice recording.while vacationing vail colorado ford hospitalized two days july shortness breath.august admitted st. marys hospital mayo clinic rochester minnesota testing evaluation.august reported fitted pacemaker.
Gerald Ford	august underwent angioplasty procedure mayo clinic.august ford released hospital returned wife betty california home.october scheduled attend dedication building namesake gerald r. ford school public policy university michigan due poor health advice doctors attend.previous day ford entered eisenhower medical center undisclosed tests released october .november confined bed study.
Gerald Ford	death legacy ford died december home rancho mirage california arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease diffuse arteriosclerosis.endstage coronary artery disease severe aortic stenosis insufficiency caused calcific alteration one heart valves.time death ford longestlived u.s. president lived years days days longer ronald reagan whose record surpassed.died th anniversary president harry s. trumans death last surviving member warren commission.on december ford became th u.s. president lie state rotunda u.s. capitol.state funeral memorial services held national cathedral washington d.c. tuesday january .
Gerald Ford	service ford interred presidential museum grand rapids michigan.scouting important ford family asked scouts participate funeral.selected scouts served ushers inside national cathedral.eagle scouts part funeral procession formed honor guard casket went front museum.ford selected song played funeral procession u.s. capitol.death december university michigan marching band played schools fight song one final time last ride gerald r. ford airport grand rapids michigan.the state michigan commissioned submitted statue ford national statuary hall collection replacing zachariah chandler.unveiled may capitol rotunda.
Gerald Ford	proper right side inscribed quotation tribute tip oneill speaker house end fords presidency god good america especially difficult times.time civil war gave us abraham lincoln.time watergate gave us gerald ford—the right man right time able put nation back together again.proper left side words fords swearingin address constitution works.great republic government laws men.
Gerald Ford	people rule.fords wife betty ford died july .personal life family speaking mother stepfather ford said stepfather magnificent person mother equally wonderful.couldnt written better prescription superb family upbringing.ford three halfsiblings second marriage leslie king sr. biological father marjorie king – leslie henry king – patricia jane king –.never saw one another children know .ford aware biological father parents told circumstances birth.
Gerald Ford	year biological father ford described carefree welltodo man didnt really give damn hopes dreams firstborn son approached ford waiting tables grand rapids restaurant.two maintained sporadic contact leslie king sr.s death .on october ford married elizabeth bloomer – grace episcopal church grand rapids first marriage second marriage.previously married five‐year marriage divorced william warren.originally grand rapids lived new york city several years worked john robert powers fashion model dancer auxiliary troupe martha graham dance company.time engagement ford campaigning would first terms member united states house representatives.wedding delayed shortly election new york times reported profile betty ford jerry ford running congress wasnt sure voters might feel marrying divorced exdancer.the couple four children michael gerald born john gardner known jack born steven meigs born susan elizabeth born .
Gerald Ford	civic fraternal organizations ford member several civic organizations including junior chamber commerce jaycees american legion amvets benevolent protective order elks sons revolution veterans foreign wars.freemasonry ford initiated freemasonry september .later said took obligation master mason—incidentally three younger brothers—i recalled value father attached order.idea would ever added company father country members order also served presidents united states.ford made ° scottish rite mason september .
Gerald Ford	april ford elected unanimous vote honorary grand master international supreme council order demolay position served january .ford received degrees york rite masonry chapter council degrees special ceremony oval office january term president united states.ford also member shriners royal order jesters affiliated bodies freemasonry.public image ford person hold presidential office without elected either president vice president.choice ford fill vacant vicepresidency based fords reputation openness honesty.years sat house never knew mr. ford make dishonest statement statement parttrue partfalse.
Gerald Ford	never attempted shade statement never heard utter unkind word said martha griffiths.the trust american public rapidly severely tarnished pardon nixon.nonetheless many grant hindsight respectably discharged considerable dignity great responsibility sought.in spite athletic record remarkable career accomplishments ford acquired reputation clumsy likable simpleminded everyman.incident tripped exiting air force one austria famously repeatedly parodied chevy chase saturday night live cementing fords image klutz.pieces everyman image attributed inevitable comparison nixon midwestern stodginess selfdeprecation.honors foreign honors estonia first class order cross terra mariana january ford received distinguished eagle scout award may well silver buffalo award boy scouts america.
Gerald Ford	also received highest distinction scout association japan golden pheasant award.received old tom morris award golf course superintendents association america gcsaas highest honor.u.s. navy memorial foundation awarded ford lone sailor award naval service subsequent government service.ford honored golden palm star palm springs walk stars.also ford awarded presidential medal freedom bill clinton.
Gerald Ford	presented john f. kennedy profiles courage award decision pardon richard nixon stop agony america experiencing watergate.the following named fordthe ford house office building u.s. capitol complex formerly house annex .gerald r. ford freeway nebraskagerald r. ford freeway michigangerald ford memorial highway eagle county coloradogerald r. ford international airport grand rapids michigangerald r. ford library ann arbor michigangerald r. ford museum grand rapids michigangerald r. ford school public policy university michigangerald r. ford institute public policy albion collegeuss gerald r. ford cvngerald r. ford middle school grand rapids michiganpresident gerald r. ford park alexandria virginia located neighborhood ford lived serving representative vice presidentpresident ford field service council boy scouts america council awarded rank eagle scout.serves counties western northern michigan headquarters located grand rapids michigan.see also list freemasonslist members american legionlist presidents united stateslist presidents united states previous experiencepresidents united states u.s. postage stamps references bibliography primary sources external links official sites gerald r. ford presidential library museumgerald r. ford presidential foundationwhite house biography media coverage gerald ford collected news commentary.new york times.appearances cspanlife portrait gerald r. ford cspans american presidents life portraits november united states congress.gerald ford id f. biographical directory united states congress.gerald ford resource guide library congress.essays gerald ford member cabinet first lady miller center public affairsworks gerald ford internet archiveworks gerald ford librivox public domain audiobooks gerald ford imdb works gerald ford project gutenberg
Louisiana	thsmallest area th populous u.s. states.louisiana bordered state texas west arkansas north mississippi east gulf mexico south.large part eastern boundary demarcated mississippi river.louisiana u.s. state political subdivisions termed parishes equivalent counties making one two u.s. states subdivided counties alaska.states capital baton rouge largest city new orleans.much states lands formed sediment washed mississippi river leaving enormous deltas vast areas coastal marsh swamp.
Louisiana	contain rich southern biota typical examples include birds ibises egrets.also many species tree frogs fish sturgeon paddlefish.elevated areas fire natural process landscape produced extensive areas longleaf pine forest wet savannas.support exceptionally large number plant species including many species terrestrial orchids carnivorous plants.louisiana native american tribes southern state including four federally recognized ten state recognized four received recognition.some louisiana urban environments multicultural multilingual heritage strongly influenced mixture th–century french haitian spanish french canadian native american african cultures considered exceptional u.s. american purchase territory present–day u.s. state louisiana french colony brief period spanish one.
Louisiana	addition colonists imported numerous african people slaves th century.many came peoples region west africa thus concentrating culture filipinos also arrived colonial louisiana.post–civil war environment anglo americans increased pressure anglicization english time made sole language instruction louisiana schools policy multilingualism revived .never official language louisiana state constitution enumerates right people preserve foster promote respective historic linguistic cultural origins.based national averages louisiana frequently ranks low among u.s. terms health education development high measures poverty.louisiana ranked least healthy state country high levels drugrelated deaths excessive alcohol consumption highest homicide rate united states since least s. etymology louisiana named louis xiv king france .
Louisiana	renérobert cavelier sieur de la salle claimed territory drained mississippi river france named la louisiane.suffix –ana –ane latin suffix refer information relating particular individual subject place.thus roughly louis ana carries idea related louis.part french colonial empire louisiana territory stretched present–day mobile bay north present–day canada–united states border including small part canadian provinces alberta saskatchewan.history pre–colonial history area louisiana place origin mound builders culture middle archaic period th millennium bc.
Louisiana	sites caney frenchmans bend securely dated – bp – bc demonstrating seasonal huntergatherers around time organized build complex earthwork constructions northern louisiana.watson brake site near presentday monroe elevenmound complex built bp bc.discoveries overturned previous assumptions archaeology complex mounds built cultures settled peoples dependent maize cultivation.hedgepeth site lincoln parish recent dated – bp – bc.nearly years later poverty point built largest bestknown late archaic site state.city modern–day epps developed near it.
Louisiana	poverty point culture may reached peak around bc making first complex culture possibly first tribal culture north america.lasted approximately bc.the poverty point culture followed tchefuncte lake cormorant cultures tchula period local manifestations early woodland period.tchefuncte culture first people area louisiana make large amounts pottery.cultures lasted ad .middle woodland period started louisiana marksville culture southern eastern part state reaching across mississippi river east around natchez fourche maline culture northwestern part state.
Louisiana	marksville culture named marksville prehistoric indian site avoyelles parish.these cultures contemporaneous hopewell cultures presentday ohio illinois participated hopewell exchange network.trade peoples southwest brought bow arrow.first burial mounds built time.political power began consolidated first platform mounds ritual centers constructed developing hereditary political religious leadership.by late woodland period begun baytown culture troyville culture coastal troyville baytown period succeeded coles creek cultures.baytown peoples built dispersed settlements troyville people instead continued building major earthwork centers.
Louisiana	population increased dramatically strong evidence growing cultural political complexity.many coles creek sites erected earlier woodland period mortuary mounds.scholars speculated emerging elites symbolically physically appropriating dead ancestors emphasize project authority.the mississippian period louisiana plaquemine caddoan mississippian cultures developed peoples adopted extensive maize agriculture cultivating different strains plant saving seeds selecting certain characteristics etc.plaquemine culture lower mississippi river valley western mississippi eastern louisiana began continued .examples louisiana include medora site archaeological type site culture west baton rouge parish whose characteristics helped define culture atchafalaya basin mounds st. mary parish fitzhugh mounds madison parish scott place mounds union parish sims site st. charles parish.plaquemine culture contemporaneous middle mississippian culture represented largest settlement cahokia site illinois east st. louis missouri.
Louisiana	peak cahokia estimated population .plaquemine culture considered ancestral historic natchez taensa peoples whose descendants encountered europeans colonial era.by northwestern part state fourche maline culture evolved caddoan mississippian culture.caddoan mississippians occupied large territory including eastern oklahoma western arkansas northeast texas northwest louisiana.archaeological evidence demonstrated cultural continuity unbroken prehistory present.caddo related caddolanguage speakers prehistoric times first european contact direct ancestors modern caddo nation oklahoma today.
Louisiana	significant caddoan mississippian archaeological sites louisiana include belcher mound site caddo parish gahagan mounds site red river parish.many current place names louisiana including atchafalaya natchitouches spelled natchitoches caddo houma tangipahoa avoyel avoyelles transliterations used various native american languages.exploration colonization europeans first european explorers visit louisiana came spanish expedition led pánfilo de narváez located mouth mississippi river.hernando de sotos expedition skirted north west state encountering caddo tunica groups followed mississippi river gulf mexico .spanish interest louisiana faded away century half.in late th century french french canadian expeditions included sovereign religious commercial aims established foothold mississippi river gulf coast.first settlements france laid claim vast region north america set establish commercial empire french nation stretching gulf mexico canada.in french explorer robert cavelier de la salle named region louisiana honor king louis xiv france.
Louisiana	first permanent settlement fort maurepas ocean springs mississippi near biloxi founded pierre le moyne diberville french military officer canada.french also built small fort mouth mississippi settlement named la balise la balize seamark french.built foot wooden lighthousetype structure guide ships river.a royal ordinance —following crowns transfer illinois countrys governance canada louisiana—may featured broadest definition louisiana land claimed france south great lakes rocky mountains alleghenies.generation later trade conflicts canada louisiana led defined boundary french colonies louisiana governor general vaudreuil set northern eastern bounds domain wabash valley mouth vermilion river near presentday danville illinois northwest le rocher illinois river west mouth rock river present day rock island illinois.thus vincennes peoria limit louisianas reach outposts ouiatenon upper wabash near presentday lafayette indiana chicago fort miamis near presentday fort wayne indiana prairie du chien wisconsin operated dependencies canada.the settlement natchitoches along red river presentday northwest louisiana established louis juchereau de st. denis making oldest permanent european settlement modern state louisiana.
Louisiana	french settlement two purposes establish trade spanish texas via old san antonio road deter spanish advances louisiana.settlement soon became flourishing river port crossroads giving rise vast cotton kingdoms along river worked imported african slaves.time planters developed large plantations built fine homes growing town.became pattern repeated new orleans places although commodity crop south primarily sugar cane.louisianas french settlements contributed exploration outposts concentrated along banks mississippi major tributaries louisiana far north region called illinois country around presentday st. louis missouri.latter settled french colonists illinois.initially mobile biloxi served capital la louisiane.
Louisiana	recognizing importance mississippi river trade military interests wanting protect capital severe coastal storms france developed new orleans seat civilian military authority south great lakes.united states acquired territory louisiana purchase france spain jockeyed control new orleans lands west mississippi.in german immigrants settled along mississippi river region referred german coast.france ceded territory east mississippi great britain aftermath britains victory seven years war generally referred north america french indian war.rest louisiana including area around new orleans parishes around lake pontchartrain become colony spain treaty fontainebleau .transfer power either side river would delayed later decade.in spanish rule several thousand acadians french colony acadia nova scotia new brunswick prince edward island made way louisiana expelled acadia british government french indian war.settled chiefly southwestern louisiana region called acadiana.
Louisiana	governor luis de unzaga amézaga eager gain settlers welcomed acadians became ancestors louisianas cajuns.spanish canary islanders called isleños emigrated canary islands spain louisiana spanish crown .frances napoleon bonaparte reacquired louisiana spain treaty san ildefonso arrangement kept secret two years.expansion slavery jeanbaptiste le moyne sieur de bienville brought first two african slaves louisiana transporting french colony west indies.french financier antoine crozat obtained monopoly commerce la louisiane extended gulf mexico illinois.according historian hugh thomas concession allowed bring cargo blacks africa every year.
Louisiana	physical conditions including disease harsh high mortality among colonists slaves resulting continuing demand importation slaves.starting traders began import slaves higher numbers two french ships du maine aurore arrived new orleans carrying black slaves coming africa.previous slaves louisiana transported french colonies west indies.end new orleans counted inhabitants half slaves.in french government issued law called code noir black code english regulated interaction whites blancs blacks noirs colony louisiana much larger current state louisiana.law consisted articles regulated religion colony outlawed interracial marriages people different skin color varying shades also defined law restricted manumission outlined legal punishment slaves various offenses defined obligations owners slaves.main intent french government assert control slave system agriculture louisiana impose restrictions slaveowners there.
Louisiana	practice code noir exceedingly difficult enforce afar.priests continued perform interracial marriage ceremonies example slaveholders continued manumit slaves without permission others punished slaves brutally.article ii code noir required owners provide slaves religious education state religion roman catholicism.sunday day rest slaves.days slaves expected feed take care themselves.economic crisis colony owners trouble feeding slaves themselves.
Louisiana	giving time also effectively gave power slaves started cultivating gardens crafting items sale property.began participate economic development colony time increasing independence selfsubsistence.article vi code noir forbade mixed marriages forbade little protect slave women rape owners overseers slaves.balance code benefitted owners protections flexibility institution slavery southern thirteen colonies.the louisiana black code made cruel punishment slaves crime owners overseers seldom prosecuted acts.fugitive slaves called maroons could easily hide backcountry bayous survive small settlements.word maroon comes spanish cimarron meaning fugitive cattle.in late th century last spanish governor louisiana territory wrotetruly impossible lower louisiana get along without slaves use slaves colony making great strides toward prosperity wealth.when united states purchased louisiana soon accepted enslaved africans could brought louisiana easily brought neighboring mississippi though violated u.s. law so.despite demands united states rep. james hillhouse pamphleteer thomas paine enforce existing federal law slavery newly acquired territory slavery prevailed source great profits lowestcost labor.at start th century louisiana small producer sugar relatively small number slaves compared saintdomingue west indies.

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