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Democratic Republic of the Congo	around congolese fled neighbouring countries conflicts centre east drc.two million children risk starvation fighting displaced .million people.etymology democratic republic congo named congo river flows throughout country.congo river worlds deepest river worlds secondlargest river discharge.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	comité détudes du haut congo committee study upper congo established king leopold ii belgium international association congo established also named river.the congo river named early european sailors kingdom kongo bantu inhabitants kongo people encountered th century.word kongo comes kongo language also called kikongo.according american writer samuel henry nelson probable word kongo implies public gathering based root konga gather transitive.modern name kongo people bakongo introduced early th century.the democratic republic congo known past chronological order congo free state belgian congo republic congoléopoldville democratic republic congo republic zaire returning current name democratic republic congo.at time independence country named republic congoléopoldville distinguish neighbour republic congobrazzaville.promulgation luluabourg constitution august country became drc renamed zaire past name congo river october president mobutu sese seko part authenticité initiative.the word zaire portuguese adaptation kikongo word nzadi river truncation nzadi nzere river swallowing rivers.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	river known zaire th th centuries congo seems replaced zaire gradually english usage th century congo preferred english name thcentury literature although references zaire name used natives i.e.derived portuguese usage remained common.in sovereign national conference voted change name country democratic republic congo change made.countrys name later restored president laurentdésiré kabila overthrew mobutu .distinguish neighboring republic congo sometimes referred congo kinshasa congokinshasa.history early history geographical area known democratic republic congo populated early years ago shown discovery semliki harpoon katanda one oldest barbed harpoons ever found believed used catch giant river catfish.bantu peoples reached central africa point first millennium bc gradually started expand southward.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	propagation accelerated adoption pastoralism iron age techniques.people living south southwest foraging groups whose technology involved minimal use metal technologies.development metal tools time period revolutionized agriculture.led displacement huntergatherer groups east southeast.final wave bantu expansion complete th century followed establishment bantu kingdoms whose rising populations soon made possible intricate local regional foreign commercial networks traded mostly slaves salt iron copper.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	congo free state – belgian exploration administration took place s. first led sir henry morton stanley undertook explorations sponsorship king leopold ii belgium.eastern regions precolonial congo heavily disrupted constant slave raiding mainly arab–swahili slave traders infamous tippu tip well known stanley.leopold designs become congo colony.succession negotiations leopold professing humanitarian objectives capacity chairman front organization association internationale africaine actually played one european rival another.leopold formally acquired rights congo territory conference berlin made land private property.named congo free state.leopolds regime began various infrastructure projects construction railway ran coast capital leopoldville kinshasa took eight years complete.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	nearly infrastructure projects aimed making easier increase assets leopold associates could extract colony.in free state colonists coerced local population producing rubber spread automobiles development rubber tires created growing international market.rubber sales made fortune leopold built several buildings brussels ostend honor country.enforce rubber quotas army force publique called made practice cutting limbs natives matter policy.during period – millions congolese died consequence exploitation disease.areas population declined dramatically – estimated sleeping sickness smallpox killed nearly half population areas surrounding lower congo river.news abuses began circulate.british consul boma congo roger casement instructed british government investigate.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	report called casement report confirmed accusations humanitarian abuses.belgian parliament forced leopold ii set independent commission inquiry.findings confirmed casements report abuses concluding population congo reduced half period.determining precisely many people died impossible accurate records exist.belgian congo – belgian parliament spite initial reluctance bowed international pressure especially united kingdom took free state king leopold ii.on october belgian parliament voted favour annexing congo belgian colony.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	executive power went belgian minister colonial affairs assisted colonial council conseil colonial located brussels.belgian parliament exercised legislative authority belgian congo.colonial capital moved boma léopoldville kilometres mi upstream interior.the transition congo free state belgian congo break also featured large degree continuity.last governorgeneral congo free state baron théophile wahis remained office belgian congo majority leopold iis administration him.opening congo natural mineral riches belgian economy remained main motive colonial expansion – however priorities healthcare basic education slowly gained importance.colonial administrators ruled territory dual legal system existed system european courts another one indigenous courts tribunaux indigènes.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	indigenous courts limited powers remained firm control colonial administration.records show belgian administrators ran colony.belgian authorities permitted political activity congo whatsoever force publique locally recruited army belgian command put attempts rebellion.the belgian population colony increased nearly .the belgian congo directly involved two world wars.world war – initial standoff force publique german colonial army german east africa tanganyika turned open warfare joint anglobelgianportuguese invasion german colonial territory first east african campaign.force publique gained notable victory marched tabora september command general charles tombeur heavy fighting.after belgium rewarded participation force publique east african campaign league nations mandate previously german colony ruandaurundi.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	world war ii belgian congo provided crucial source income belgian governmentinexile london force publique participated allied campaigns africa.belgian congolese forces command belgian officers notably fought italian colonial army ethiopia asosa bortaï saïo majorgeneral augusteeduard gilliaert second east african campaign.independence political crisis – may growing nationalist movement mouvement national congolais mnc led patrice lumumba parliamentary elections.patrice lumumba became first prime minister democratic republic congo known republic congo june .parliament elected joseph kasavubu president alliance des bakongo abako party.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	parties emerged included parti solidaire africain psa led antoine gizenga parti national du peuple pnp led albert delvaux laurent mbariko.the belgian congo achieved independence june name république du congo republic congo republic congo english.neighboring french colony middle congo moyen congo also chose name republic congo upon achieving independence two countries commonly known congoléopoldville congobrazzaville capital cities.shortly independence force publique mutinied july province katanga led moïse tshombe south kasai engaged secessionist struggles new leadership.europeans remained behind independence fled country opening way congolese replace european military administrative elite.on september kasavubu dismissed lumumba office.lumumba declared kasavubus action unconstitutional crisis two leaders developed.on september colonel joseph mobutu backing u.s. belgium removed lumumba office.january handed katangan authorities executed belgianled katangese troops.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	investigation belgiums parliament found belgium morally responsible murder lumumba country since officially apologised role death.amidst widespread confusion chaos temporary government led technicians collège des commissaires généraux.secession ended january assistance un forces.several shortlived governments joseph ileo cyrille adoula moise kapenda tshombe took quick succession.lumumba previously appointed joseph mobutu chief staff new congo army armée nationale congolaise anc.taking advantage leadership crisis kasavubu tshombe mobutu garnered enough support within army launch coup.financial support united states belgium mobutu paid soldiers privately.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	aversion western powers communism leftist ideology influenced decision finance mobutus quest neutralize kasavubu lumumba coup proxy.constitutional referendum year mobutus coup resulted countrys official name changed democratic republic congo.mobutu changed name time republic zaire.mobutu dictatorship zaire – new president staunch support united states opposition communism us believed administration would serve effective counter communist movements africa.singleparty system established mobutu declared head state.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	periodically held elections candidate.although relative peace stability achieved mobutus government guilty severe human rights violations political repression cult personality corruption.by late mobutu successfully neutralized political opponents rivals either coopting regime arresting rendering otherwise politically impotent.throughout late mobutu continued shuffle governments cycle officials office maintain control.kasavubus death april ensured person first republic credentials could challenge rule.early mobutu attempting assert zaire leading african nation.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	traveled frequently across continent government became vocal african issues particularly relating southern region.zaire established semiclientelist relationships several smaller african states especially burundi chad togo.corruption became common term le mal zairois zairian sickness meaning gross corruption theft mismanagement coined reportedly mobutu himself.international aid often form loans enriched mobutu allowed national infrastructure roads deteriorate little onequarter existed .zaire became kleptocracy mobutu associates embezzled government funds.in campaign identify african nationalism starting june mobutu renamed nations cities léopoldville became kinshasa country congokinshasa stanleyville became kisangani elisabethville became lubumbashi coquilhatville became mbandaka.renaming campaign completed s.in mobutu renamed country republic zaire fourth name change eleven years sixth overall.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	congo river renamed zaire river.during invited visit united states several occasions meeting u.s. presidents richard nixon ronald reagan george h. w. bush.following dissolution soviet union u.s. relations mobutu cooled longer deemed necessary cold war ally.opponents within zaire stepped demands reform.atmosphere contributed mobutus declaring third republic whose constitution supposed pave way democratic reform.reforms turned largely cosmetic.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	mobutu continued power armed forces forced flee .united states facilitated mobutus attempts hijack political change one academic wrote also assisted rebellion laurentdesire kabila overthrew mobutu regime.in september mobutu died exile morocco.continental civil wars – following rwandan civil war genocide ascension tutsiled government rwanda rwandan hutu militia forces interahamwe fled eastern zaire used refugee camps base incursions rwanda.allied zairian armed forces faz launch campaign congolese ethnic tutsis eastern zaire.a coalition rwandan ugandan armies invaded zaire overthrow government mobutu ultimately control mineral resources zaire launching first congo war.coalition allied opposition figures led laurentdésiré kabila becoming alliance democratic forces liberation congo afdl.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	mobutu fled kabila marched kinshasa named president reverted name country democratic republic congo.kabila later requested foreign military forces return countries.concerns rwandan officers running army plotting give presidency tutsi would report directly rwandan president paul kagame.rwandan troops retreated goma launched new tutsiled rebel military movement called rassemblement congolais pour la democratie rcd fight kabila uganda instigated creation new rebel movement called movement liberation congo mlc led congolese warlord jeanpierre bemba.two rebel movements along rwandan ugandan troops started second congo war attacking drc army .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	angolan zimbabwean namibian militaries entered hostilities side government.kabila assassinated .son joseph kabila succeeded called multilateral peace talks.un peacekeepers monuc known monusco arrived april .bemba intervened central african republic behalf former president angefélix patassé.talks led peace accord kabila would share power former rebels.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	june foreign armies except rwanda pulled congo.transitional government set election.constitution approved voters july drc held first multiparty elections.first free national elections since many believed would mark end violence region.electionresult dispute kabila jeanpierre bemba turned allout battle supporters streets kinshasa.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	monuc took control city.new election took place october kabila december sworn president.continued conflicts – kivu conflict laurent nkunda member rcdgoma rcd branch integrated army defected along troops loyal formed national congress defence people cndp began armed rebellion government starting kivu conflict.believed backed rwanda way tackle hutu group democratic forces liberation rwanda fdlr.march deal drc rwanda rwandan troops entered drc arrested nkunda allowed pursue fdlr militants.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	cndp signed peace treaty government agreed become political party soldiers integrated national army exchange release imprisoned members.bosco ntaganda leader cndp troops loyal mutinied formed rebel military march movement claiming government violated treaty.in resulting rebellion briefly captured provincial capital goma november .neighboring countries particularly rwanda accused arming rebels groups using proxies gain control resourcerich country accusation deny.march united nations security council authorized united nations force intervention brigade neutralize armed groups.november declared end insurgency.additionally northern katanga maimai created laurent kabila slipped control kinshasa gédéon kyungu mutangas mai mai kata katanga briefly invading provincial capital lubumbashi persons displaced province .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	fighting ituri conflict occurred nationalist integrationist front fni union congolese patriots upc claimed represent lendu hema ethnic groups respectively.northeast joseph konys lra moved original bases uganda south sudan dr congo set camps garamba national park.in new york times reported people congo continued die rate estimated per month – estimates number died long conflict range .death toll due widespread disease famine reports indicate almost half individuals died children five years age.frequent reports weapon bearers killing civilians destruction property widespread sexual violence causing hundreds thousands people flee homes breaches humanitarian human rights law.one study found women raped democratic republic congo every year.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	congo also reported highest levels sexual violence world.the war congo described bloodiest war since world war ii.december fourteen un soldiers five congolese regular soldiers killed rebel attack semuliki beni territory.rebels thought allied democratic forces.un investigations confirmed aggressor december attack.according human rights watch new york universitybased congo research group armed troops drcs eastern kivu region killed civilians kidnapped least people since june june .kabilas term office multiple antigovernment protests major protests broke across country protesters demanded joseph kabila step president.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	protests began passage law congolese lower house also passed congolese upper house would keep kabila power least national census conducted process would likely take several years therefore keep power past planned elections constitutionally barred participating in.this bill passed however gutted provision would keep kabila power census took place.census supposed take place longer tied elections take place.elections scheduled late tenuous peace held congo.on november congolese foreign minister raymond tshibanda told press elections would held december end president kabilas term.conference madagascar tshibanda said kabilas government consulted election experts congo united nations elsewhere decided voter registration operation end july election take place april .protests broke country december kabilas term office ended.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	across country dozens protesters killed hundreds arrested.renewed regional violence according jan egeland presently secretarygeneral norwegian refugee council situation drc became much worse major moral humanitarian challenge comparable wars syria yemen receive much attention.women children abused sexually abused possible manners.besides conflict north kivu violence gone kasai region.armed groups gold diamonds oil cobalt line pockets rich men region internationally.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	also ethnic cultural rivalries play well religious motives political crisis postponed elections.says people believe situation drc stably bad fact become much much worse.big wars congo really top agenda years ago back worsening.due disruption planting harvesting caused conflict un estimated march two million children risk starvation.human rights watch said joseph kabila recruited former march movement fighters put countrywide protests refusal step office end term.fighters patrolled streets congos main cities firing arresting protesters anyone else deemed threat president said.fierce fighting erupted masisi government forces powerful local warlord general delta.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	united nations mission drc largest expensive peacekeeping effort shut five un bases near masisi us led push cut costs.ethnic conflict tribal conflict erupted – december yumbi maindombe province km miles north kinshasa.nearly banunu people four villages slaughtered members batende community deeprooted rivalry monthly tribal duties land fields water resources.banunus fled moniende island congo river another makotimpoko district republic congo.militarystyle tactics employed bloodbath assailants clothed army uniforms.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	local authorities elements within security forces suspected lending support.election new president –present december democratic republic congo general election held.january electoral commission announced opposition candidate félix tshisekedi winner presidential vote officially sworn president january.however widespread suspicions results rigged deal made tshisekedi kabila.catholic church said official results correspond information election monitors collected.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	government also delayed vote march areas citing ebola outbreak kivu well ongoing military conflict.criticized regions known opposition strongholds.august six months inauguration félix tshisekedi coalition government announced.a major measles outbreak country left nearly dead .ebola outbreak ended june caused deaths years.another smaller ebola outbreak équateur province began june ultimately causing deaths.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	global covid pandemic also reached democratic republic congo march vaccination campaign beginning april .the italian ambassador drc luca attanasio bodyguard killed north kivu february .the political allies former president joseph kabila stepped january maintained control key ministries legislature judiciary security services.however president felix tshisekedi succeeded strengthen hold power.series moves legislators gaining support almost members national assembly.prokabila speakers houses parliament forced out.april new government formed without supporters kabila.on april meetings kenyan president uhuru kenyatta drc president felix tshisekedi resulted new agreements increasing international trade security counterterrorism immigration cyber security customs two countries.in february allegations coup détat country lead uncertainty.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	geography democratic republic congo drc located central subsaharan africa bordered northwest republic congo north central african republic northeast south sudan east uganda rwanda burundi tanzania across lake tanganyika south southeast zambia southwest angola west south atlantic ocean cabinda province exclave angola.country lies latitudes °n °s longitudes °e °e.straddles equator onethird north twothirds south.size congo square kilometres sq mi slightly greater combined areas spain france germany sweden norway.secondlargest country africa area algeria.as result equatorial location drc experiences high precipitation highest frequency thunderstorms world.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	annual rainfall total upwards millimetres places area sustains congo rainforest secondlargest rain forest world amazon.massive expanse lush jungle covers vast lowlying central basin river slopes toward atlantic ocean west.area surrounded plateaus merging savannas south southwest mountainous terraces west dense grasslands extending beyond congo river north.high glaciated mountains rwenzori mountains found extreme eastern region.the tropical climate also produced congo river system dominates region topographically along rainforest flows though mutually exclusive.name congo state derived part river.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	river basin meaning congo river myriad tributaries occupies nearly entire country area nearly km sq mi.river tributaries form backbone congolese economics transportation.major tributaries include kasai sangha ubangi ruzizi aruwimi lulonga.the sources congo albertine rift mountains flank western branch east african rift well lake tanganyika lake mweru.river flows generally west kisangani boyoma falls gradually bends southwest passing mbandaka joining ubangi river running pool malebo stanley pool.kinshasa brazzaville opposite sides river pool.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	river narrows falls number cataracts deep canyons collectively known livingstone falls runs past boma atlantic ocean.river also secondlargest flow secondlargest watershed river world trailing amazon respects.river kilometres mi wide strip coastline north bank provide countrys outlet atlantic.the albertine rift plays key role shaping congos geography.northeastern section country much mountainous due rifts tectonic activity area also experiences volcanic activity occasionally loss life.geologic activity area also created african great lakes four lie congos eastern frontier lake albert known mobutu era lake mobutu sese seko lake kivu unknown late lake edward known amin era lake idi amin dada lake tanganyika.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	lake edward lake albert connected semliki river.the rift valley exposed enormous amount mineral wealth throughout south east congo making accessible mining.cobalt copper cadmium industrial gemquality diamonds gold silver zinc manganese tin germanium uranium radium bauxite iron ore coal found plentiful supply especially congos southeastern katanga region.on january mount nyiragongo erupted congo lava running kmh mph yd wide.one three streams extremely fluid lava flowed nearby city goma killing leaving homeless.four hundred thousand people evacuated city eruption.lava poisoned water lake kivu killing fish.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	two planes left local airport possibility explosion stored petrol.lava passed airport ruined runway trapping several airplanes.six months eruption nearby mount nyamuragira also erupted.mount nyamuragira erupted january .world wide fund nature ecoregions located congo includecentral congolian lowland forests – home rare bonobo primatethe eastern congolian swamp forests along congo riverthe northeastern congolian lowland forests one richest concentrations primates worldthe southern congolian forest–savanna mosaicthe western congolian forest–savanna mosaica large section central zambezian miombo woodlandsthe albertine rift montane forests region high forest runs along eastern borders country.world heritage sites located democratic republic congo arevirunga national park garamba national park kahuzibiega national park salonga national park andokapi wildlife reserve .provinces country currently divided cityprovince kinshasa provinces.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	provinces subdivided territories cities.country provinces.flora fauna rainforests democratic republic congo contain great biodiversity including many rare endemic species common chimpanzee bonobo african forest elephant mountain gorilla okapi white rhino.five countrys national parks listed world heritage sites garumba kahuzibiega salonga virunga national parks okapi wildlife reserve.the democratic republic congo one megadiverse countries biodiverse african country.the civil war resulting poor economic conditions endangered much biodiversity.many park wardens either killed could afford continue work.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	five sites listed unesco world heritage danger.conservationists particularly worried primates.congo inhabited several great ape species common chimpanzee pan troglodytes bonobo pan paniscus eastern gorilla gorilla beringei possibly western gorilla gorilla gorilla.country world bonobos found wild.much concern raised great ape extinction.hunting habitat destruction chimpanzee bonobo gorilla whose populations numbered millions dwindled gorillas chimpanzees possibly bonobos.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	gorillas chimpanzees bonobos classified endangered world conservation union well okapi also native area.poaching poaching exotic animal ivory trade persistent problem species loss drc made necessity trying escape poverty means continuing civil war rebel groups including lords resistance army lra.forest elephant particularly risk due high cost ivory especially far east led decrease population – main way poaching ivory reduced hampering international demand ivory drives trade.the introduction park guards implementation ecotourism virunga national park primary habitat great apes allowed endangered mountain gorilla population jump rise numbers.however study indicated poaching still existing problem researchers finding snares park guards continually ambushed killed poachers.government politics fouryear interlude two constitutions new political institutions established various levels government well new administrative divisions provinces throughout country new constitution came effect politics democratic republic congo finally settled stable presidential democratic republic.the transitional constitution established parliament bicameral legislature consisting senate national assembly.the senate among things charge drafting new constitution country.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	executive branch vested member cabinet headed president four vice presidents.president also commanderinchief armed forces.transitional constitution also established relatively independent judiciary headed supreme court constitutional interpretation powers.the constitution also known constitution third republic came effect february .concurrent authority however transitional constitution inauguration elected officials emerged july elections.new constitution legislature remained bicameral executive concomitantly undertaken president government led prime minister appointed party able secure majority national assembly.the government – president – responsible parliament.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	new constitution also granted new powers provincial governments creating provincial parliaments oversight governor head provincial government elect.new constitution also saw disappearance supreme court divided three new institutions.constitutional interpretation prerogative supreme court held constitutional court.although located central african un subregion nation also economically regionally affiliated southern africa member southern african development community sadc.foreign relations global growth demand scarce raw materials industrial surges china india russia brazil developing countries require developed countries employ new integrated responsive strategies identifying ensuring continual basis adequate supply strategic critical materials required security needs.highlighting dr congos importance united states national security effort establish elite congolese unit latest push u.s. professionalize armed forces strategically important region.there economic strategic incentives bring security congo rich natural resources cobalt strategic critical metal used many industrial military applications.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	largest use cobalt superalloys used make jet engine parts.cobalt also used magnetic alloys cutting wearresistant materials cemented carbides.chemical industry consumes significant quantities cobalt variety applications including catalysts petroleum chemical processing drying agents paints inks ground coats porcelain enamels decolorant ceramics glass pigments ceramics paints plastics.country possesses worlds cobalt reserves.it thought due importance cobalt batteries electric vehicles stabilization electric grids large proportions intermittent renewables electricity mix drc could become object increased geopolitical competition.in st century chinese investment drc congolese exports china grown rapidly.july un ambassadors countries including drc signed joint letter unhrc defending chinas treatment uyghurs muslim ethnic minorities.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	president félix tshisekedi called review mining contracts signed china predecessor joseph kabila particular sicomines multibillion mineralsforinfrastructure deal.military forces armées de la république démocratique du congo fardc consist personnel majority part land forces also small air force even smaller navy.fardc established end second congo war integrated many former rebel groups ranks.due presence undisciplined poorly trained exrebels well lack funding spent years fighting different militias fardc suffers rampant corruption inefficiency.agreements signed end second congo war called new national restructured integrated army would made kabilas government forces fac rcd mlc.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	also stipulated rebels like rcdn rcdml maimai would become part new armed forces.also provided creation conseil superieur de la defense superior defence council would declare states siege war give advice security sector reform disarmamentdemobilisation national defence policy.fardc organised basis brigades dispersed throughout provinces democratic republic congo.congolese troops fighting kivu conflict eastern north kivu region ituri conflict ituri region rebellions since second congo war.besides fardc largest peacekeeping mission united nations known monusco also present country peacekeepers.the democratic republic congo signed un treaty prohibition nuclear weapons.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	corruption mobutu sese seko ruled drc renamed zaire .relative explained government illicitly collected revenue mobutu would ask one us go bank take million.wed go intermediary tell get five million.would go bank mobutus authority take ten.mobutu got one took nine.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	mobutu institutionalized corruption prevent political rivals challenging control leading economic collapse .mobutu allegedly stole much us– billion office.first corrupt congolese leader means government system organized theft goes back king leopold ii noted adam hochschild .july swiss court determined statute limitations run international asset recovery case .million deposits mobutus swiss bank therefore assets returned mobutus family.president joseph kabila established commission repression economic crimes upon ascension power .however enough project issued report claiming congo run violent kleptocracy.in june court democratic republic congo found president felix tshisekedis chief staff vital kamerhe guilty corruption.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	sentenced years hard labour facing charges embezzling almost £m public funds.highprofile figure convicted corruption drc.in november judicial investigation targeting former president joseph kabila associates opened kinshasa revelations alleged embezzlement million.human rights international criminal court investigation democratic republic congo initiated joseph kabila april .international criminal court prosecutor opened case june .child soldiers used large scale drc estimated children still operating armed groups.instances child labor forced labor observed reported u.s. department labors findings worst forms child labor drc six goods produced countrys mining industry appear departments december list goods produced child labor forced labor.crime law enforcement congolese national police pnc primary police force democratic republic congo.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	violence women violence women seems perceived large sectors society normal.– dhs survey pp.found .women agreed husband justified beating wife certain circumstances.the united nations committee elimination discrimination women expressed concern postwar transition period promotion womens human rights gender equality seen priority.mass rapes sexual violence sexual slavery used weapon war armed forces democratic republic congo armed groups eastern part country.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	eastern part country particular described rape capital world prevalence sexual violence described worst world.female genital mutilation fgm also practiced drc although large scale.prevalence fgm estimated women.fgm illegal law imposes penalty two five years prison fine congolese francs person violates physical functional integrity genital organs.in july international committee red cross expressed concern situation eastern drc.phenomenon pendulum displacement developed people hasten night safety.according yakin ertürk un special rapporteur violence women toured eastern congo july violence women north south kivu included unimaginable brutality.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	ertürk added armed groups attack local communities loot rape kidnap women children make work sexual slaves.december guardianfilms guardian released film documenting testimony women girls abused marauding militia.in june oxfam reported dramatic increase number rapes democratic republic congo researchers harvard discovered rapes committed civilians increased seventeenfold.june freedom torture published reported rape sexual violence used routinely state officials congolese prisons punishment politically active women.women included report abused several locations across country including capital kinshasa areas away conflict zones.in figures inside outside country filimbi emmanuel weyi spoke need curb violence instability elections approached.economy central bank congo responsible developing maintaining congolese franc serves primary form currency democratic republic congo.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	world bank decided grant democratic republic congo .billion assistance funds following three years.congolese government started negotiating membership organization harmonization business law africa ohada .the democratic republic congo widely considered one worlds richest countries natural resources untapped deposits raw minerals estimated worth excess us trillion.congo worlds coltan third cobalt diamond reserves tenth copper.despite vast mineral wealth economy democratic republic congo declined drastically since mids.african country generated export revenue minerals particularly hit resource prices deteriorated time.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	drcs revenues derived minerals exenberger hartmann .congolese citizens among poorest people earth.dr congo consistently lowest nearly lowest nominal gdp per capita world.drc also one twenty lowestranked countries corruption perception index.mining democratic republic congo drc worlds largest producer cobalt ore major producer copper diamonds.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	latter come kasai province west.far largest mines drc located southern katanga province formerly shaba highly mechanized capacity several million tons per year copper cobalt ore refining capability metal ore. drc secondlargest diamondproducing nation world artisanal smallscale miners account production.at independence drc secondmost industrialized country africa south africa boasted thriving mining sector relatively productive agriculture sector.first second congo wars began .conflicts dramatically reduced national output government revenue increased external debt resulted deaths five million people war associated famine disease.malnutrition affects approximately twothirds countrys population.foreign businesses curtailed operations due uncertainty outcome conflict lack infrastructure difficult operating environment.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	war intensified impact basic problems uncertain legal framework corruption inflation lack openness government economic policy financial operations.conditions improved late large portion invading foreign troops withdrew.number international monetary fund world bank missions met government help develop coherent economic plan president joseph kabila began implementing reforms.much economic activity still lies outside gdp data.drc lowest human development index ranked countries.the economy drc relies heavily mining.however smallerscale economic activity artisanal mining occurs informal sector reflected gdp data.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	third drcs diamonds believed smuggled country making difficult quantify diamond production levels.tin discovered east country date mined small scale.smuggling conflict minerals coltan cassiterite ores tantalum tin respectively helped fuel war eastern congo.in september stateowned gécamines signed agreement global enterprises corporate gec company formed merger dan gertler international dgi beny steinmetz global rehabilitate operate kananga tilwezembe copper mines.deal ratified presidential decree.world bank report reviewed dr congos three biggest mining contracts finding deals including one global enterprises company approved complete lack transparency mahtani january .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	gertler steinmetz put gecs share komoto oliveira virgule kov project made tilwezembe kananga along kolwesi concentrator nikanor plc.registered isle man reached market capitalization .billion .february nikanor mining company owned gertner family trust dan gertler.january katanga mining acquired nikanor million.in april gertlers dgi took major stake dem mining cobaltcopper mining services company based katanga.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	june gertler bought tremalt zimbabwean businessman john bredenkamp million.tremalt half share mukondo mine.tremalt owned prairie international ltd dan gertlers family trust major shareholder.tremalt owned savannah mining held concessions c c katanga province mukondo project.mukondo held boss mining turn owned central african mining exploration company camec.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	boss mining rented operated bredenkamps half mukondo.gertler terminated arrangement.katanga mining limited swissowned company owns luilu metallurgical plant capacity tonnes copper tonnes cobalt per year making largest cobalt refinery world.major rehabilitation program company resumed copper production operations december cobalt production may .in april anticorruption ngos revealed congolese tax authorities failed account million mining sector despite booming production positive industrial performance.missing funds date tax bodies paid central bank.later extractive industries transparency initiative suspended countrys candidacy membership due insufficient reporting monitoring independent audits july country improved accounting transparency practices point eiti gave country full membership.in february global asset management firm alliancebernstein defined drc economically saudi arabia electric vehicle age due cobalt resources essential lithiumion batteries drive electric vehicles.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	transportation ground transport democratic republic congo always difficult.terrain climate congo basin present serious barriers road rail construction distances enormous across vast country.drc navigable rivers moves passengers goods boat ferry country africa air transport remains effective means moving goods people many places within country especially rural areas.chronic economic mismanagement political corruption internal conflicts led longterm underinvestment infrastructure.rail rail transportation provided congo railroad company société nationale des chemins de fer du congo office national des transports congo onatra office uele railways office des chemins de fer des ueles cfu.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	like much infrastructure congo railways poorly maintained dirty crowded dangerous.road democratic republic congo fewer allweather paved highways country population size africa — total km mi km mi good condition see below.put perspective road distance across country direction km mi e.g.matadi lubumbashi km mi road.figure km mi converts km mi paved road per population.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	comparative figures zambia botswana km mi km mi respectively.three routes transafrican highway network pass dr congotripolicape town highway route crosses western extremity country national road no.kinshasa matadi distance km mi one paved sections fair condition.lagosmombasa highway dr congo main missing link east–west highway requires new road constructed function.beiralobito highway east–west highway crosses katanga requires reconstruction length earth track angolan border kolwezi paved road poor condition kolwezi lubumbashi paved road fair condition short distance zambian border.water democratic republic congo thousands kilometres navigable waterways.traditionally water transport dominant means moving around approximately twothirds country.air june dr congo one major national airline congo airways offered flights inside dr congo.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	congo airways based kinshasas international airport.air carriers certified drc banned european union airports european commission due inadequate safety standards.several international airlines service kinshasas international airport also offer international flights lubumbashi international airport.energy democratic republic congo coal crude oil resources mainly used domestically .democratic republic congo infrastructure hydroelectricity congo river inga dams.democratic republic congo also possesses africas forests river system could provide hydroelectric power entire continent according un report countrys strategic significance potential role economic power central africa.the generation distribution electricity controlled société nationale délectricité snel country access electricity.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	drc member three electrical power pools.sapp southern african power pool eapp east african power pool capp central african power pool.renewable energy abundant sunlight potential solar development high drc.already solar power systems drc total power mw located équateur katanga nordkivu two kasaï provinces bascongo .also caritas network system total power .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	mw.demographics education literacy rate population ages estimated ..male .female according dhs nationwide survey.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	education system democratic republic congo governed three government ministries ministère de lenseignement primaire secondaire et professionnel mepsp ministère de lenseignement supérieur et universitaire mesu ministère des affaires sociales mas.primary education democratic republic congo free compulsory even though congolese constitution says article congolese constitution.as result sixyear civil war late s—early .million children country receive education.since end civil war situation improved tremendously number children enrolled primary schools rising .million .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	million number children enrolled secondary schools rising .million .million according unesco.actual school attendance also improved greatly recent years primary school net attendance estimated ..children ages – attended school .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	boys .girls.health hospitals democratic republic congo include general hospital kinshasa.drc worlds secondhighest rate infant mortality chad.april aid global alliance vaccines new vaccine prevent pneumococcal disease introduced around kinshasa.in estimated .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	adults aged – living hivaids.malaria also problem.yellow fever also affects drc.maternal health poor drc.according estimates drc th highest maternal mortality rate world.according unicef .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	children five stunted.in may death toll ebola outbreak drc surpassed .united nations emergency food relief agency warned amid escalating conflict worsening situation following covid democratic republic congo millions lives risk could die hunger.according data world food programme four ten people congo lack food security .million facing hunger crisis.largest cities ethnic groups ethnic groups populate democratic republic congo majority bantu peoples.together mongo luba kongo peoples mangbetu azande peoples constitute around population.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	kongo people largest ethnic group democratic republic congo.in united nations estimated countrys population million rapid increase .million despite ongoing war.many ethnic groups identified named.numerous people kongo luba mongo.pygmies aboriginal people dr congo.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	although several hundred local languages dialects spoken linguistic variety bridged widespread use french national intermediary languages kikongo tshiluba swahili lingala.migration given situation country condition state structures extremely difficult obtain reliable migration data.however evidence suggests drc continues destination country immigrants spite recent declines numbers.immigration diverse nature refugees asylumseekers – products numerous violent conflicts great lakes region – constitute important subset population.additionally countrys large mine operations attract migrant workers africa beyond.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	also considerable migration commercial activities african countries rest world movements well studied.transit migration towards south africa europe also plays role.immigration drc decreased steadily past two decades likely result armed violence country experienced.according international organization migration number immigrants drc fallen one million estimated .official figures unavailable partly due predominance informal economy drc.data also lacking irregular immigrants however given neighbouring countries ethnic links drc nationals irregular migration assumed significant phenomenon.figures congolese nationals abroad vary greatly depending source three six million.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	discrepancy due lack official reliable data.emigrants drc longterm emigrants majority live africa lesser extent europe ..respectively according estimated data.new destination countries include south africa various points en route europe.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	drc produced considerable number refugees asylumseekers located region beyond.numbers peaked according unhcr refugees drc congolese refugees numbered total living african countries.since congolese migrants expelled angola.religion christianity predominant religion democratic republic congo.survey conducted demographic health surveys program – indicated christians constituted .population catholics making .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	protestants .christians .. indigenous christian religious movement kimbanguism adherence .muslims made .recent estimates found christianity majority religion followed .population according pew research center estimate cia world factbook reports figure .. proportion followers islam variously estimated million catholics country six archdioceses dioceses.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	impact catholic church democratic republic congo difficult overestimate.schatzberg called countrys truly national institution apart state.schools educated nations primary school students secondary students.church owns manages extensive network hospitals schools clinics well many diocesan economic enterprises including farms ranches stores artisans shops.sixtytwo protestant denominations federated umbrella church christ congo.often simply referred protestant church since covers drc protestants.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	million members constitutes one largest protestant bodies world.kimbanguism seen threat colonial regime banned belgians.kimbanguism officially church christ earth prophet simon kimbangu three million members primarily among bakongo bascongo kinshasa.islam present democratic republic congo since th century arab traders east africa pushed interior ivory slavetrading purposes.today muslims constitute approximately congolese population according pew research center.majority sunni muslims.the first members baháʼí faith live country came uganda .four years later first local administrative council elected.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	national spiritual assembly national administrative council first elected.though religion banned due misrepresentations foreign governments ban lifted end s. plans announced build national baháʼí house worship country.traditional religions embody concepts monotheism animism vitalism spirit ancestor worship witchcraft sorcery vary widely among ethnic groups.syncretic sects often merge elements christianity traditional beliefs rituals recognized mainstream churches part christianity.new variants ancient beliefs become widespread led usinspired pentecostal churches forefront witchcraft accusations particularly children elderly.children accused witchcraft sent away homes family often live street lead physical violence children.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	charities supporting street children congo children trust.congo children trusts flagship project kimbilio works reunite street children lubumbashi.usual term children enfants sorciers child witches enfants dits sorciers children accused witchcraft.nondenominational church organizations formed capitalize belief charging exorbitant fees exorcisms.though recently outlawed children subjected exorcisms oftenviolent abuse hands selfproclaimed prophets priests.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	languages french official language democratic republic congo.culturally accepted lingua franca facilitating communication among many different ethnic groups congo.according oif report million congolese people population could read write french.capital city kinshasa population could read write french .could speak understand it.approximately languages spoken country four status national languages kituba kikongo lingala tshiluba swahili.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	although people speak first languages population speak second language ethnic group.lingala official language colonial army force publique belgian colonial rule remains day predominant language armed forces.since recent rebellions good part army east also uses swahili prevalent.under belgian rule colonizers instituted teaching use four national languages primary schools making one african nations literacy local languages european colonial period.trend reversed independence french became sole language education levels.since four national languages reintroduced first two years primary education french becoming sole language education third year onward practice many primary schools urban areas solely use french first year school onward.portuguese taught congolese schools foreign language.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	lexical similarity phonology french makes portuguese relatively easy language people learn.roughly portuguese speakers drc angolan mozambican expatriates.culture culture democratic republic congo reflects diversity hundreds ethnic groups differing ways life throughout country — mouth river congo coast upriver rainforest savanna centre densely populated mountains far east.since late th century traditional ways life undergone changes brought colonialism struggle independence stagnation mobutu era recently first second congo wars.despite pressures customs cultures congo retained much individuality.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	countrys million inhabitants mainly rural.live urban areas open western influences.music another feature congo culture music.drc influences cuban music rumba originally kumba congo merengue.two later give birth soukous.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	african nations produce music genres derived congolese soukous.african bands sing lingala one main languages drc.congolese soukous guidance le sapeur papa wemba set tone generation young men always dressed expensive designer clothes.came known fourth generation congolese music mostly come former wellknown band wenge musica.elizo kisonga musical artist lives england brings culture congo wherever amazing vocals talent.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	sports many sports played democratic republic congo including football basketball rugby.sports played numerous stadiums throughout country including stade frederic kibassa maliba.as zaire participated world cup football final stage .internationally country especially famous professional basketball nba football players.dikembe mutombo one best african basketball players ever play game.mutombo well known humanitarian projects home country.bismack biyombo christian eyenga emmanuel mudiay others gained significant international attention basketball.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	several congolese players players congolese descent—including strikers romelu lukaku yannick bolasie dieumerci mbokani—have gained prominence world football.dr congo twice african cup nations football tournament.dr congos womens national volleyball team lastly qualified womens african nations volleyball championship.the country featured national team beach volleyball competed – cavb beach volleyball continental cup womens mens section.food media newspapers drc include lavenir radion télévision mwangaza la conscience lobservateur le phare le potentiel le soft lecongolais.cd webbased daily.radio télévision nationale congolaise rtnc national broadcaster democratic republic congo.rtnc currently broadcasts lingala french english.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	literature congolese authors use literature way develop sense national consciousness amongst congo people.tragic history colonialism war lead congolese people settle place complacency accepting culture forced upon belgium.modern congolese literature began emerge late s. rare pieces literature dated back wwi literature written french made appearance congo.gaining independence belgium new authors guy menga jean pierre makoutamboukou inspired older authors jean malonga congobrazzaville used writing bring attention new issues affecting congo.rise female authors began introducing diversity congolese literature support gender empowerment.many authors contributed success congolese literature living abroad due economic political issues.frederick kambemba yamusangie writes literature generations grew congo time colonised fighting independence after.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	yamusangie interview said felt distance literature wanted remedy wrote novel full circle story boy named emanuel beginning book feels difference culture among different groups congo elsewhere.rais neza boneza author katanga province democratic republic congo wrote novels poems promote artistic expressions way address deal conflicts.these authors along others used platforms bring awareness crises conflicts took place congo.environmental issues dense tropical rainforest drcs central river basin eastern highlands bordered east albertine rift western branch africas great rift system.includes several africas great lakes.major environmental issuesdr congos major environmental issues includedeforestationpoaching threatens wildlife populationswater pollutionminingdisplaced refugees cause otherwise responsible significant deforestation soil erosion wildlife poaching.another significant issue environmental damage mining minerals especially diamonds gold coltan – mineral used manufacture capacitors.species biodiversity loss environmental problems associated drc affect many endemic species flora fauna.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	drc worlds second largest contiguous rain forest amazon well ecosystems including savanna swamps flood plains.according world wildlife fund unique habitats species make drc one valuable yet vulnerable areas world biodiversity wildlife protection rainforest sustainability.species loss cited problem drc brought exacerbated reasons include deforestation mining wood fuel infrastructure agriculture war illegal poaching increased consumption bush meat due overpopulation lack food security.attempts combat species loss countries drc actions uns sustainable development goals sdg specifically sdg life land primary goals increase reforestation biodiversity reduce species loss desertification illegal poaching.one primary defences species habitat protection drc system national parks reserves gives protected status nearly drcs rainforest.five parks reserves unesco world heritage sites including africas first national park virunga national park.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	parks put world heritage danger list.poor governance low economic conditions reduced effectiveness protections especially war times.human cost protecting parks also high park ranger deaths past years.virunga national park salongo national park unesco world heritage sites currently looked mining oil exploration.move would open .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	virunga park exploitation highly criticised animal rights activists would threaten habitat mountain gorillas endangered species.deforestation drc lost average hectares .rainforest deforestation per year highest amount deforestation coming .deforestation primary cause biodiversity reduction species loss globally habitat loss fragmentation.one goals sdg reduce deforestation encourage reforestation .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	drc forest landscape integrity index mean score .ranking th globally countries.the drc africas largest rainforest threat deforestation mining operations agriculture infrastructure wood fuel.drc wood taken rainforest used wood fuel mainly due poverty lack energy infrastructure decentralised nature population.mitigate aid agencies tried promote agroforestry fast growing trees avoid exploitation rainforests.large drivers deforestation include mining conflict congo conflict deforestation militia groups high wood fuel small mining operations illegal logging fund operations.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	however conversely conflict reduced deforestation large scale mining due security instability.one policy attempted reduce deforestation increase biodiversity drc unredd program uses emissions trading system developed nations offset carbon emissions paying developing nations rainforest manage conserve forest.bush meat bush meat refers meat procured wild.overpopulation continual conflicts drc led food shortages therefore increased use bush meat.although data bush meat use extensive studies estimate million tonnes animals taken bush meat globally year.animals hunted done indiscriminately without thought importance certain species could ecosystem engineers keystone species.bush meat important source protein millions drc especially rural areas makes – meals.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	cannot afford farmed produce free meal.recent study drc revealed almost animals taken congo year live animals forest extracted bush meat whereas sustainable rate would .huge amount compared amazon bush meat hunted rate congo.study reveals way solve find food sources feed people congo basin bush meat means eating.another study showed species bush meat meat markets drcs third largest city kisangani primarily artiodactyla .
Democratic Republic of the Congo	carcasses sold primates .carcasses sold.recently prevalence hunting bush meat declined risk hunters butchers ebola virus specifically ape bat meat.even though meat cooked smoked dried kills virus business dropped significantly hunters reporting much reduction sales .conflicts war drc different levels intensity since country called zaire.although known africas world war ended eastern part country still ongoing skirmishes rebel groups government forces.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	method reduced species population dramatically conflict militia reached garamba national park within three months half parks elephants two thirds buffalo three quarters hippos vanished.reason conflict damaging wildlife increased use bush meat feed soldiers prevalence weapons lucrative industry selling exotic animals ivory well general failure law order.according another study taken time civil war okapi faunal reserve reduction abundance elephants vast change distribution secluded areas park.see also outline democratic republic congoindex democratic republic congorelated articlesdemocratic republic congo–south sudan border notes references reading external links country profile bbc newsdemocratic republic congo.world factbook.
Jim Gordon (character)	central intelligence agency.democratic republic congo ucb libraries govpubsdemocratic republic congo curlie wikimedia atlas democratic republic congo geographic data related democratic republic congo openstreetmapthe democratic republic congo global issueskaren fung ed.. democratic republic congo.africa south sahara selected internet resources.stanford university.created bill finger bob kane ally batman character debuted first panel detective comics may batmans first appearance making first batman supporting character ever introduced.as police commissioner gotham city gordon shares batmans deep commitment ridding city crime.character typically portrayed full trust batman even somewhat dependent him.many modern stories somewhat skeptical batmans vigilante methods nevertheless believes gotham needs him.two mutual respect tacit friendship.gordon father adoptive father depending continuity barbara gordon first modern batgirl information broker oracle.
Jim Gordon (character)	jim gordon also biological son james gordon jr. psychopathic serial killer first appeared batman year one.one batmans notable enduring allies supporting characters gordon appeared various forms noncomics media portrayed liveaction lyle talbot batman robin serial neil hamilton batman show film pat hingle tim burtonjoel schumacher batman film series gary oldman dark knight trilogy ben mckenzie portraying character gotham j. k. simmons portraying character dc extended universe dceu.portrayed jeffrey wright film batman.jim gordon ranked th igns top comic book heroes.publication history created bill finger bob kane gordon debuted first panel detective comics may referred simply commissioner gordon.characters name taken earlier pulp character commissioner james w. wildcat gordon also known whisperer created henry ralston john nanovic lawrence donovan street smith.
Jim Gordon (character)	fictional character biography scottish descent gordon served united states marine corps prior becoming police officer.versions batman mythos jim gordon one point another depicted commissioner gotham city police department.gordon frequently contacts batman help solving various crimes particularly committed supervillains.generally gordon uses batsignal summon batman become running joke sorts dark knight often disappear middle discussion gordons back turned.gordon usually depicted silver red hair eyeglasses mustache.

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