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Red Bull Racing	team scored best finish hungary ricciardo kvyat finished –.chance win single f race united states grand prix ruined mistakes made drivers allowing mercedes pass lewis hamilton race clinched third f world championship.come end season first winless season infiniti red bull since come seasons end red bull wanted end partnership renault due lack progress confidence expressed renault.red bull would however unable agree another engine instead opting run renault engines season rebadged tagheuer.they ended season fourth place points kvyat seventh points ricciardo eighth points lowest finish position seven years.tag heuerbadged renault engines – season red bull racing used renault engines branded tag heuer due public breakdown renault .infiniti also departed main sponsor due renault breakdown.
Red Bull Racing	team announced march one day australian grand prix weekend formed new technology partnership aston martin new season.at chinese grand prix red bull recorded first podium season daniil kvyat finishing third behind sebastian vettel nico rosberg.daniil kvyat max verstappen traded places ahead spanish grand prix verstappen promoted red bull racing kvyat returning scuderia toro rosso.verstappen eventually spanish grand prix becoming youngest ever grand prix winner.general much stronger season red bull racing especially max verstappen replaced daniil kvyat.may daniel ricciardo pushed much verstappen kvyat ricciardo stating learned verstappens driving techniques improve driver.red bull would go collect podium finishes max verstappen austria silverstone daniel ricciardo monaco budapest singapore verstappen ricciardo podium germany malaysia.
Red Bull Racing	daniel ricciardo collected th career victory malaysia lewis hamiltons engine failure.verstappen challenged victory compromised due incident start vettel rosberg leading verstappen referring vettel crazy.incident latest flareup vettel verstappen two disagreed first corner collision belgian grand prix resulted max failing score race started front row outqualifying teammate nd time large number dutch fans traveled see race.towards end brazilian grand prix verstappen dropped th changing back wet tyres.gained incredible places closing laps finishing podium third.red bull racing finished nd constructors championship year daniel ricciardo taking rd drivers championship.season red bull racing retained driver lineup continued using tag heuerbranded renault engines.
Red Bull Racing	first race australia ricciardo retired lap weekend plagued problems verstappen finished th.verstappen suffered various reliability issues car suffering three retirements due engine one due electric problem canadian grand prix.also involved three firstlap collisions ended retirement.the team three races ricciardo azerbaijan grand prix starting tenth verstappen malaysian grand prix mexican grand prix.moreover verstappen ricciardo finished second third japanese grand prix.drivers championship ricciardo finished fifth points verstappen sixth points.team finished third constructors championship points.
Red Bull Racing	season ricciardo verstappen retained team season.september announced aston martin would become red bull racings title sponsor .the team suffered double retirement bahrain grand prix ricciardo retired lap electrical issue whilst verstappen retired two laps later.ricciardo took teams first win season following race chinese grand prix started sixth grid.azerbaijan grand prix drivers crashed turn .team achieved podium verstappen spanish grand prix securing rd place ricciardo achieved th place.
Red Bull Racing	monaco grand prix red bull dominant car due highly efficient high downforce setup.ricciardo scored pole position race win despite running engine issue costing power eventually won.incident reignited bad relationship engine manufacturer renault.meanwhile verstappen crashed free practice started th grid finishing race th place.race also put end streak incidents verstappen.
Red Bull Racing	monaco also last race saw daniel ricciardo podium red bull parting ways team joining rival team renault end season.the european season saw consistent podiums good form verstappen winning red bulls home race red bull ring austrian grand prix.second half season saw great form verstappen good development car verstappen scored possible podiums driver scored points following world champion lewis hamilton.ricciardo spree mechanical issues retirements second half season getting retirements total podiums first six races coming end season.verstappen mexican grand prix second pole position grabbed teammate making red bulls first frontrow lockout turbohybrid era.verstappen also finding backtoback win brazilian grand prix clashed rival esteban ocon latter tried unlap costing victory.following race drivers conflicted resulting days public service verstappen completed february .
Red Bull Racing	ricciardos multiple retirements would end costing red bull key points drivers constructors championships.verstappen would finish season th place points behind kimi räikkönen daniel ricciardo would finish season th place behind valtteri bottas.red bull would finish season rd place behind mercedes ferrari.by french grand prix red bull encouraged progress honda sister team scuderia toro rosso decided would officially end relationship renault honda power.works honda engines – season preceding french grand prix red bull racing confirmed utilise fullworks honda power units signing twoyear deal thus ending twelveyear partnership renault.on august announced ricciardo would leaving team end season join renault signing twoyear contract them.pierre gasly promoted toro rosso replace him.on august announced alex albon would move red bull racing rest season replacing gasly returned toro rosso.
Red Bull Racing	season team retained max verstappen alex albon lineup season.alex albon scored firstever formula one podium tuscan grand prix.season october engine manufacturer honda announced end fullworks participation formula one end season.verstappen contracted continue racing team experienced mexican sergio pérez becoming teammate albon takes reserve driver role.verstappen took pole position seasonopening bahrain grand prix.
Red Bull Racing	verstappen later outqualified sergio pérez emilia romagna grand prix went win race one point behind lewis hamilton drivers championship standings.monaco grand prix red bull racing took lead constructors championship first time since brazilian grand prix result another verstappen win poor result mercedes.verstappen also took lead championship first time career race.azerbaijan grand prix verstappen led majority race looked set win laterace tyre blowout.pérez race.
Red Bull Racing	verstappen took pole next three races pérez took one podium france grow red bulls championship lead.silverstone red bull beaten friday qualifying verstappen sprint saturday claim th consecutive pole position.race hamilton verstappen made contact copse corner resulting verstappen crashing race.hungary red bulls suffered severe damage firstlap accident triggered mercedes valtteri bottas.pérez race verstappen managed salvage thplace finish.
Red Bull Racing	spa verstappen took pole rainshortened race half points awarded.at abu dhabi grand prix verstappen took pole position first since austin.secured first world title first championship team since last lap overtake hamilton.continued cooperation honda season following hondas withdrawal works entity engine development freeze lobbied red bull allowed sign deal honda use engines end .maintain engines formed company named red bull powertrains limited took part hondas milton keynes facility.despite withdrawal honda develop manufacture power unit season – used end – offer assistance.
Red Bull Racing	hondared bull deal later extended .software company oracle became teams title sponsor season.pit stop records brazilian grand prix team set world record worlds fastest pitstop time .seconds servicing max verstappen record still hold february .corporate information image marketing red bull vocal wanting make f fun again.one way went employing mark gallagher head marketing nine years jordan exciting brand late s. red bull also started red bulletin sports adventure magazine released four times per race weekend distributed paddock members public behind main grandstand track.in monaco grand prix supported movie superman returns continues line marketing events begun star wars episode iii – revenge sith promotion race pit crew dressed clone troopers oceans twelve promotion well terminator rise machines promotion team ran jaguar racing banner.
Red Bull Racing	david coulthard finished third race donned superman cape appearance podium.in british grand prix logos used livery replace aston martin logos celebrate th grand prix.cars also bondthemed number plates underside rear wings.max verstappen number plate aston martin db goldfinger bmt pierre gasly’s car featured aston martin v plate b wuu living daylights.drivers wore special racing overalls print singlebreasted dinner suit.finances red bull racing revenue .
Red Bull Racing	million expenses .million .revenue came prize money .million sponsors .million remainder red bull.
Red Bull Racing	expenses included .million research development .million salaries employees.red bull technology red bull technology subsidiary set design engineer build cars red bull racing previously sister team scuderia toro rosso.red bull technology regarded loophole allow red bull run two teams car prohibited formula one since s. complaints issued fia rival teams discarded sports governing body.
Red Bull Racing	neither red bull racing scuderia toro rosso denied ran fundamentally chassis claimed separate development programs different engines opinion chassis designed neither team made legal.the regulations changed forbid use identical cars teams toro rosso longer cars produced red bull technology.toro rosso designs builds cars built necessary infrastructure inhouse.red bull technology also supplied scuderia toro rosso later scuderia alphatauri official gearbox partner present kers supplier team lotus – later caterham f – official gearbox supplier kers supplier .red bull technology uses rfactor pro driving simulation software.red bull advanced technologies red bull advanced technologies rbat commercial technology engineering services arm red bull racing.company based united kingdom dedicated facility adjacent red bull racing formula one facilities.red bull advanced technologies collaboration aston martin developed aston martin valkyrie sports car.red bull advanced technologies collaborative effort dallara indycar developed aeroscreen usage indycar series.scuderia alphatauri autumn red bull announced purchased cashstrapped minardi formula one team would known scuderia toro rosso italian team red bull onwards.
Red Bull Racing	scuderia toro rosso str operates separate team two share certain technical resources.str used chassis based red bull racing red bull rb chassis originally designed jaguar racing minardis contracted supply revlimited v cosworth engines.widely speculated chassis teams would essentially adrian newey design although red bull careful announce str built red bull technology toro rosso fully intellectual rights car.formula one teams allowed use another teams chassis.str used b team red bull racing allowing company work drivers.
Red Bull Racing	season arrangement outlawed str first toro rosso car designed built inhouse.in red bull racing driver vitantonio liuzzi given fulltime seat scuderia toro rosso alongside another red bull sponsored driver scott speed.liuzzi retained seat str season.sebastian vettel replaced speed middle season sébastien bourdais replaced liuzzi str season.expectation toro rosso performed well season sebastian vettel italian grand prix.meant toro rosso took first win red bull racing helped secure vettel drive red bull racing also took teams first win.
Red Bull Racing	team rebranded scuderia alphatauri alphatauri red bulls fashion brand achieved maiden grand prix win new name italian grand prix.race marked pierre gaslys first career race victory first french driver since olivier panis monaco grand prix years prior.fictional racing car red bull x originally named red bull x fictional car featured video games assetto corsa gran turismo gran turismo gran turismo sport red bull x junior regular one.prototype vehicle made answer kazunori yamauchis question built fastest racing car land one throws aside rules regulations would car look like would perform would feel drive vehicle designed adrian newey conjunction yamauchi.features enclosed wheels fan element increase low mediumspeed downforce much like chaparral j. racing record constructor red bull racing achieved following statisticsconstructors championships winning percentage .drivers championships winning percentage .winning percentage bold indicates championships won.
Herbert Hoover	references external links official websitered bull junior teamserving president hoover led commission relief belgium served director u.s. food administration served third u.s. secretary commerce.hoover born quaker family west branch iowa grew oregon.took position londonbased mining company graduating stanford university .outbreak world war became head commission relief belgium international relief organization provided food occupied belgium.u.s. entered war president woodrow wilson appointed hoover lead food administration hoover became known countrys food czar.war hoover led american relief administration provided food inhabitants central eastern europe.
Herbert Hoover	hoovers wartime service made favorite many progressives unsuccessfully sought republican nomination presidential election.president warren g. harding appointed hoover secretary commerce continued serve president calvin coolidge harding died .hoover unusually active visible cabinet member becoming known secretary commerce undersecretary departments.influential development air travel radio.led federal response great mississippi flood .hoover republican nomination presidential election decisively defeated democratic candidate al smith.
Herbert Hoover	stock market crashed shortly hoover took office great depression became central issue presidency.hoover pursued variety policies attempt lift economy opposed directly involving federal government relief efforts.in midst economic crisis hoover decisively defeated democratic nominee franklin d. roosevelt presidential election.hoovers retirement years long one longest presidential retirements.authored numerous works became increasingly conservative retirement.strongly criticized roosevelts foreign policy new deal domestic agenda.
Herbert Hoover	public opinion hoover improved served various assignments presidents harry s. truman dwight d. eisenhower including chairing hoover commission.nonetheless hoover often regarded belowaverage u.s. president polls historians political scientists rank bottom third overall.early life herbert hoover born august west branch iowa.father jesse hoover blacksmith farm implement store owner german swiss english ancestry.hoovers mother hulda randall minthorn raised norwich ontario canada moving iowa .
Herbert Hoover	like citizens west branch jesse hulda quakers.around age two bertie called time contracted serious bout croup momentarily thought died resuscitated uncle john minthorn.young child often referred father little stick mud repeatedly got trapped mud crossing unpaved street.herberts family figured prominently towns public prayer life due almost entirely mother huldas role church.child hoover consistently attended schools little reading aside bible.
Herbert Hoover	hoovers father noted local paper pleasant sunshiny disposition died age .hoovers mother died leaving hoover older brother theodore younger sister may orphans.hoover lived next months uncle allen hoover nearby farm.in november hoover sent newberg oregon live uncle john minthorn quaker physician businessman whose son died year before.minthorn household considered cultured educational imparted strong work ethic.much like west branch newberg frontier town settled largely midwestern quakers.
Herbert Hoover	minthorn ensured hoover received education hoover disliked many chores assigned often resented minthorn.one observer described hoover orphan seemed neglected many ways.hoover attended friends pacific academy george fox university dropped age thirteen become office assistant uncles real estate office oregon land company salem oregon.though attend high school hoover learned bookkeeping typing mathematics night school.hoover member inaugural pioneer class stanford university entering despite failing entrance exams except mathematics.freshman year switched major mechanical engineering geology working john casper branner chair stanfords geology department.
Herbert Hoover	sophomore year reduce costs hoover cofounded first student housing cooperative stanford romero hall.hoover mediocre student spent much time working various parttime jobs participating campus activities.though initially shy among fellow students hoover election student treasurer became known distaste fraternities sororities.served student manager baseball football teams helped organize inaugural big game versus university california.summers senior year hoover interned economic geologist waldemar lindgren united states geological survey experiences convinced hoover pursue career mining geologist.
Herbert Hoover	mining engineer bewick moreing hoover graduated stanford country midst panic initially struggled find job.worked various lowlevel mining jobs sierra nevada mountains convinced prominent mining engineer louis janin hire him.working mine scout year hoover hired bewick moreing co. londonbased company operated gold mines western australia.hoover first went coolgardie center eastern goldfields.though hoover received salary equivalent conditions harsh goldfields.
Herbert Hoover	hoover described coolgardie murchison rangelands edge great victoria desert land black flies red dust white heat.hoover traveled constantly across outback evaluate manage companys mines.convinced bewick moreing purchase sons gwalia gold mine proved one successful mines region.partly due hoovers efforts company eventually controlled approximately percent gold production western australia.hoover brought many italian immigrants cut costs counter labour movement australian miners.time mining company hoover became opposed measures minimum wage workers compensation feeling unfair owners.
Herbert Hoover	hoovers work impressed employers promoted junior partner.open feud developed hoover boss ernest williams company leaders defused situation offering hoover compelling position china.upon arriving china hoover developed gold mines near tianjin behalf bewick moreing chineseowned chinese engineering mining company.became deeply interested chinese history gave learning language fluent level.publicly warned chinese workers inefficient racially inferior.made recommendations improve lot chinese worker seeking end practice imposing longterm servitude contracts institute reforms workers based merit.
Herbert Hoover	boxer rebellion broke shortly hoover arrived china trapping hoovers numerous foreign nationals multinational military force defeated boxer forces battle tientsin.fearing imminent collapse chinese government director chinese engineering mining company agreed establish new sinobritish venture bewick moreing.hoover bewick moreing established effective control new chinese mining company hoover became operating partner bewick moreing late .as operating partner hoover continually traveled world behalf bewick moreing visiting mines operated company different continents.beginning december company faced mounting legal financial issues one partners admitted fraudulently sold stock mine.issues arose british government formed two separate royal commissions investigate bewick moreings labor practices financial dealings western australia.
Herbert Hoover	company lost suit hoover began looking way get partnership sold shares mid.sole proprietor leaving bewick moreing hoover worked londonbased independent mining consultant financier.though risen prominence geologist mine operator hoover focused much attention raising money restructuring corporate organizations financing new ventures.specialized rejuvenating troubled mining operations taking share profits exchange technical financial expertise.hoover thought associates engineering doctors sick concerns earned reputation doctor sick mines.
Herbert Hoover	made investments every continent offices san francisco london new york city paris petrograd mandalay british burma.hoover wealthy man estimated personal fortune million equivalent .million .he cofounded zinc corporation extract zinc near australian city broken hill new south wales.zinc corporation developed froth flotation process extract zinc leadsilver ore operated worlds first selective ore differential flotation plant.hoover worked burma corporation british firm produced silver lead zinc large quantities namtu bawdwin mine.
Herbert Hoover	– – also helped increase copper production kyshtym russia use pyritic smelting.also agreed manage separate mine altai mountains according hoover developed probably greatest richest single body ore known world.– spare time hoover wrote.lectures columbia stanford universities published principles mining became standard textbook.book reflects move towards progressive ideals hoover came endorse eighthour workdays organized labor.
Herbert Hoover	hoover became deeply interested history science especially drawn de metallica influential th century work mining metallurgy georgius agricola.hoover wife published first english translation de metallica.hoover also joined board trustees stanford led successful campaign appoint john branner universitys president.marriage family senior year stanford hoover became smitten classmate named lou henry though financial situation precluded marriage time.daughter banker monterey california lou henry decided study geology stanford attending lecture delivered john branner.
Herbert Hoover	immediately earning promotion hoover cabled lou henry asking marry him.cabled back acceptance proposal hoover briefly returned united states wedding.would remain married lou henry hoovers death .though quaker upbringing strongly influenced career hoover rarely attended quaker meetings adult life.hoover wife two children herbert hoover jr. born allan henry hoover born .
Herbert Hoover	hoover family began living london though frequently traveled part hoovers career.hoovers began living united states maintaining homes palo alto california washington d.c. world war aftermath relief europe world war broke august pitting germany allies france allies.german plan quick victory marching neutral belgium capture paris.failed germans control nearly belgium entire war.hoover londonbased american businessmen established committee organize return roughly americans stranded europe.
Herbert Hoover	hoover appointed committees chair assent congress wilson administration took charge distribution relief americans europe.hoover later stated realize moment august career forever.slippery road public life.early october hoovers organization distributed relief least americans.the german invasion belgium august set food crisis belgium relied heavily food imports.germans refused take responsibility feeding belgian citizens captured territory british refused lift blockade germanoccupied belgium unless u.s. government supervised belgian food imports neutral party war.
Herbert Hoover	cooperation wilson administration cnsa belgian relief organization hoover established commission relief belgium crb.crb obtained imported millions tons foodstuffs cnsa distribute helped ensure german army appropriate food.private donations government grants supplied majority millionamonth budget crb became veritable independent republic relief flag navy factories mills railroads.hoover worked hour days london administering distribution two million tons food nine million war victims.early form shuttle diplomacy crossed north sea forty times meet german authorities persuade allow food shipments.
Herbert Hoover	also convinced british chancellor exchequer david lloyd george allow individuals send money people belgium thereby lessening workload crb.request french government crb began delivering supplies people germanoccupied northern france .american diplomat walter page described hoover probably man living privately i.e.without holding office negotiated understandings british french german dutch belgian governments.u.s. food administration war upon germany declared april american food essential allied victory.
Herbert Hoover	u.s. mobilizing war president wilson appointed hoover head u.s. food administration charged ensuring nations food needs war.hoover hoped join administration capacity since least obtained position lobbying several members congress wilsons confidant edward m. house.earning appellation food czar hoover recruited volunteer force hundreds thousands women deployed propaganda movie theaters schools churches.carefully selected men assist agency leadership—alonzo taylor technical abilities robert taft political associations gifford pinchot agricultural influence julius barnes business acumen.world war created global food crisis dramatically increased food prices caused food riots starvation countries war.hoovers chief goal food czar provide supplies allied powers also sought stabilize domestic prices prevent domestic shortages.
Herbert Hoover	broad powers granted food fuel control act food administration supervised food production throughout united states administration made use authority buy import store sell food.determined avoid rationing hoover established set days people avoid eating specified foods save soldiers rations meatless mondays wheatless wednesdays doubt eat potatoes.policies dubbed hooverizing government publicists spite hoovers continual orders publicity mention name.food administration shipped million metric tons food allied powers preventing collapse earning hoover great acclaim.head food administration hoover gained following united states especially among progressives saw hoover expert administrator symbol efficiency.
Herbert Hoover	postwar relief europe world war came end november europe continued face critical food situation hoover estimated many million people faced possibility starvation.united states food administration became american relief administration ara hoover charged providing food central eastern europe.addition providing relief ara rebuilt infrastructure effort rejuvenate economy europe.throughout paris peace conference hoover served close adviser president wilson largely shared wilsons goals establishing league nations settling borders basis selfdetermination refraining inflicting harsh punishment defeated central powers.following year famed british economist john maynard keynes wrote economic consequences peace hoovers realism knowledge magnanimity disinterestedness found wider play councils paris world would good peace.
Herbert Hoover	u.s. government funding ara expired mid hoover transformed ara private organization raising millions dollars private donors.also established european childrens fund provided relief fifteen million children across fourteen countries.despite opposition senator henry cabot lodge republicans hoover provided aid defeated german nation war well relief faminestricken russian soviet federative socialist republic.hoover condemned bolsheviks warned president wilson intervention russian civil war viewed white russian forces little better bolsheviks feared possibility protracted u.s. involvement.russian famine – claimed six million people intervention ara likely saved millions lives.asked helping bolshevism providing relief hoover stated twenty million people starving.
Herbert Hoover	whatever politics shall fed reflecting gratitude many europeans july soviet author maxim gorky told hoover help enter history unique gigantic achievement worthy greatest glory long remain memory millions russians saved death.in hoover established hoover war collection stanford university.donated files commission relief belgium u.s. food administration american relief administration pledged endowment equivalent .scholars sent europe collect pamphlets society publications government documents newspapers posters proclamations ephemeral materials related war revolutions followed it.collection renamed hoover war library known hoover institution library archives.postwar period hoover also served president federated american engineering societies.
Herbert Hoover	election hoover little known among american public service wilson administration established contender presidential election.hoovers wartime push higher taxes criticism attorney general a. mitchell palmers actions first red scare advocacy measures minimum wage fortyeighthour workweek elimination child labor made appealing progressives parties.despite service democratic administration woodrow wilson hoover never closely affiliated either democrats republicans.initially sought avoid committing party election hoping either two major parties would draft president national conventions.march changed strategy declared republican motivated large part belief democrats little chance winning.
Herbert Hoover	despite national renown hoovers service wilson administration alienated farmers conservative old guard gop presidential candidacy fizzled defeat california primary favorite son hiram johnson.republican national convention warren g. harding emerged compromise candidate convention became deadlocked supporters johnson leonard wood frank orren lowden.hoover backed hardings successful campaign general election began laying groundwork future presidential run building base strong supporters republican party.secretary commerce – election president harding rewarded hoover support offering appoint either secretary interior secretary commerce.secretary commerce considered minor cabinet post limited vaguely defined responsibilities hoover decided accept position.
Herbert Hoover	hoovers progressive stances continuing support league nations recent conversion republican party aroused opposition appointment many senate republicans.overcome opposition harding paired hoovers nomination conservative favorite andrew mellon secretary treasury nominations hoover mellon confirmed senate.hoover would serve secretary commerce serving harding hardings death president calvin coolidge.prominent members harding administration including attorney general harry m. daugherty secretary interior albert b. fall implicated major scandals hoover emerged largely unscathed investigations harding administration.hoover envisioned commerce department hub nations growth stability.experience mobilizing wartime economy convinced federal government could promote efficiency eliminating waste increasing production encouraging adoption databased practices investing infrastructure conserving natural resources.
Herbert Hoover	contemporaries described hoovers approach third alternative unrestrained capitalism socialism becoming increasingly popular europe.hoover sought foster balance among labor capital government variously labeled corporatist associationalist.high priority economic diplomacy including promoting growth exports well protection monopolistic practices foreign governments especially regarding rubber coffee.hoover demanded received authority coordinate economic affairs throughout government.created many subdepartments committees overseeing regulating everything manufacturing statistics air travel.instances seized control responsibilities cabinet departments deemed carrying responsibilities well began referring secretary commerce undersecretary departments.
Herbert Hoover	response depression – convinced harding assemble presidential commission unemployment encouraged local governments engage countercyclical infrastructure spending.endorsed much mellons tax reduction program favored progressive tax system opposed treasury secretarys efforts eliminate estate tax.radio regulation air travel number families radios grew million hoovers tenure secretary commerce heavily influenced radio use united states.early mids hoovers radio conferences played key role organization development regulation radio broadcasting.hoover also helped pass radio act allowed government intervene abolish radio stations deemed nonuseful public.
Herbert Hoover	hoovers attempts regulating radio supported congressmen received much opposition senate radio station owners.hoover also influential early development air travel sought create thriving private industry boosted indirect government subsidies.encouraged development emergency landing fields required runways equipped lights radio beams encouraged farmers make use planes crop dusting.also established federal governments power inspect planes license pilots setting precedent later federal aviation administration.as commerce secretary hoover hosted national conferences street traffic collectively known national conference street highway safety.hoovers chief objective address growing casualty toll traffic accidents scope conferences grew soon embraced motor vehicle standards rules road urban traffic control.left invited interest groups negotiate agreements among presented adoption states localities.
Herbert Hoover	automotive trade associations best organized many positions taken conferences reflected interests.conferences issued model uniform vehicle code adoption states model municipal traffic ordinance adoption cities.widely influential promoting greater uniformity jurisdictions tending promote automobiles priority city streets.hoovers image building phillips payson obrien argues hoover britain problem.spent many years living britain australia employee british companies risk would labeled british tool.
Herbert Hoover	three solutions tried close collaboration media greatly admired him.first came image dispassionate scientist emotionally uninvolved always committed finding implementing best possible solution.second solution gain reputation humanitarian deeply concerned worlds troubles famine belgium well specific american problems solved food commissioner world war.third solution fall back old tactic twisting british tail.employed solution – worldwide rubber crisis.
Herbert Hoover	american auto industry consumed worlds output british investors controlled much supply.plan drastically cut back output british malaya effect tripling rubber prices.hoover energetically gave series speeches interviews denouncing monopolistic practice demanding ended.american state department wanted crisis compromised issue .hoover solved image problem campaign successfully squelched attacks alleged close british interests.
Herbert Hoover	initiatives goal encouraging wise business investments hoover made commerce department clearinghouse information.recruited numerous academics various fields tasked publishing reports different aspects economy including steel production films.eliminate waste encouraged standardization products like automobile tires baby bottle nipples.efforts eliminating waste included reducing labor losses trade disputes seasonal fluctuations reducing industrial losses accident injury reducing amount crude oil spilled extraction shipping.promoted international trade opening overseas offices advise businessmen.
Herbert Hoover	hoover especially eager promote hollywood films overseas.home campaign collaboration promote ownership singlefamily dwellings groups better houses america movement architects small house service bureau home modernizing bureau.worked bankers savings loan industry promote new longterm home mortgage dramatically stimulated home construction.accomplishments included winning agreement u.s. steel adopt eighthour workday fostering colorado river compact water rights compact among southwestern states.mississippi flood great mississippi flood broke banks levees lower mississippi river early resulting flooding millions acres leaving .
Herbert Hoover	million people displaced homes.although disaster response fall duties commerce department governors six states along mississippi river specifically asked president coolidge appoint hoover coordinate response flood.believing disaster response domain federal government coolidge initially refused become involved eventually acceded political pressure appointed hoover chair special committee help region.hoover established one hundred tent cities fleet six hundred vessels raised million equivalent .million .
Herbert Hoover	large part due leadership flood crisis hoover begun overshadow president coolidge himself.though hoover received wide acclaim role crisis ordered suppression reports mistreatment african americans refugee camps.cooperation africanamerican leader robert russa moton promised unprecedented influence hoover became president.presidential election hoover quietly built support future presidential bid throughout carefully avoided alienating coolidge eligible run another term presidential election.along rest nation surprised coolidge announced august would seek another term.
Herbert Hoover	impending retirement coolidge hoover immediately emerged frontrunner republican nomination quickly put together strong campaign team led hubert work h. hays reed smoot.coolidge unwilling anoint hoover successor one occasion remarked six years man given unsolicited advice—all bad.despite lukewarm feelings towards hoover coolidge desire split party publicly opposing popular commerce secretarys candidacy.many wary republican leaders cast alternative candidate treasury secretary andrew mellon former secretary state charles evans hughes.however hughes mellon declined run potential contenders like frank orren lowden vice president charles g. dawes failed garner widespread support.hoover presidential nomination first ballot republican national convention.
Herbert Hoover	convention delegates considered renominating vice president charles dawes hoovers running mate coolidge hated dawes remarked would personal affront him.convention instead selected senator charles curtis kansas.hoover accepted nomination stanford stadium telling huge crowd would continue policies harding coolidge administrations.democrats nominated new york governor al smith became first catholic major party nominee president.hoover centered campaign around republican record peace prosperity well reputation successful engineer public official.averse giving political speeches hoover largely stayed fray left campaigning curtis republicans.
Herbert Hoover	smith charismatic gregarious hoover campaign damaged anticatholicism overt opposition prohibition.hoover never strong proponent prohibition accepted republican partys plank favor issued ambivalent statement calling prohibition great social economic experiment noble motive farreaching purpose.south hoover national party pursued lilywhite strategy removing black republicans leadership positions attempt curry favor white southerners.hoover maintained polling leads throughout campaign decisively defeated smith election day taking percent popular vote electoral votes.historians agree hoovers national reputation booming economy combined deep splits democratic party religion prohibition guaranteed landslide victory.hoovers appeal southern white voters succeeded cracking solid south five southern states.
Herbert Hoover	hoovers victory positively received newspapers one wrote hoover would drive forcefully tasks nation end eight years president find us looking back era prodigious achievement.hoovers detractors wondered anything reapportion congress united states census saw increase urban immigrant populations.census first decennial census results used reapportion congress ultimately influenced electoral college impacted presidential election.presidency – hoover saw presidency vehicle improving conditions americans encouraging publicprivate cooperation—what termed volunteerism.tended oppose governmental coercion intervention thought infringed american ideals individualism selfreliance.first major bill signed agricultural marketing act established federal farm board order stabilize farm prices.
Herbert Hoover	hoover made extensive use commissions study issues propose solutions many commissions sponsored private donors rather government.one commissions started hoover research committee social trends tasked surveying entirety american society.appointed cabinet consisting largely wealthy businessoriented conservatives including secretary treasury andrew mellon.lou henry hoover activist first lady.typified new woman post–world war era intelligent robust aware multiple female possibilities.
Herbert Hoover	great depression taking office hoover said given chance go forward policies last eight years shall soon help god sight day poverty banished nation.seen fruits prosperity brought technological progress many shared hoovers optimism already bullish stock market climbed even higher hoovers accession.optimism concealed several threats sustained u.s. economic growth including persistent farm crisis saturation consumer goods like automobiles growing income inequality.dangerous economy excessive speculation raised stock prices far beyond value.regulators bankers warned coolidge hoover failure curb speculation would lead one greatest financial catastrophes country ever seen presidents reluctant become involved workings federal reserve system regulated banks.in late october stock market crash occurred worldwide economy began spiral downward great depression.
Herbert Hoover	causes great depression remain matter debate hoover viewed lack confidence financial system fundamental economic problem facing nation.sought avoid direct federal intervention believing best way bolster economy strengthening businesses banks railroads.also feared allowing individuals dole would permanently weaken country.instead hoover strongly believed local governments private giving address needs individuals.early policies though attempted put positive spin black tuesday hoover moved quickly address stock market collapse.
Herbert Hoover	days following black tuesday hoover gathered business labor leaders asking avoid wage cuts work stoppages country faced believed would short recession similar depression –.hoover also convinced railroads public utilities increase spending construction maintenance federal reserve announced would cut interest rates.early hoover acquired congress additional million continue federal farm board lending purchasing policies.actions collectively designed prevent cycle deflation provide fiscal stimulus.time hoover opposed congressional proposals provide federal relief unemployed believed programs responsibility state local governments philanthropic organizations.hoover taken office hoping raise agricultural tariffs order help farmers reeling farm crisis attempt raise agricultural tariffs became connected bill broadly raised tariffs.
Herbert Hoover	hoover refused become closely involved congressional debate tariff congress produced tariff bill raised rates many goods.despite widespread unpopularity bill hoover felt could reject main legislative accomplishment republicancontrolled st congress.objection many economists hoover signed smoot–hawley tariff act law june .canada france nations retaliated raising tariffs resulting contraction international trade worsening economy.progressive republicans senator william e. borah idaho outraged hoover signed tariff act hoovers relations wing party never recovered.
Herbert Hoover	later policies end national unemployment rate reached .percent yet clear americans economic downturn would worse depression –.series bank failures late heralded larger collapse economy .countries left gold standard hoover refused abandon derided monetary system collectivism.hoover viewed weak european economy major cause economic troubles united states.
Herbert Hoover	response collapse german economy hoover marshaled congressional support behind oneyear moratorium european war debts.hoover moratorium warmly received europe united states germany remained brink defaulting loans.worldwide economy worsened democratic governments fell germany nazi party leader adolf hitler assumed power dismantled weimar republic.by mid unemployment rate reached percent giving rise growing fears country experiencing depression far worse recent economic downturns.reserved man fear public speaking hoover allowed opponents democratic party define cold incompetent reactionary outoftouch.hoovers opponents developed defamatory epithets discredit hooverville shanty towns homeless encampments hoover leather cardboard used cover holes soles shoes hoover blanket old newspaper used cover oneself cold.
Herbert Hoover	hoover continued resist direct federal relief efforts governor franklin d. roosevelt new york launched temporary emergency relief administration provide aid unemployed.democrats positioned program kinder alternative hoovers alleged apathy towards unemployed despite hoovers belief programs responsibility state local governments.the economy continued worsen unemployment rates nearing percent early hoover finally heeded calls direct federal intervention.january convinced congress authorize establishment reconstruction finance corporation rfc would provide governmentsecured loans financial institutions railroads local governments.rfc saved numerous businesses failure failed stimulate commercial lending much hoover hoped partly run conservative bankers unwilling make riskier loans.month rfc established hoover signed federal home loan bank act establishing district banks overseen federal home loan bank board manner similar federal reserve system.
Herbert Hoover	also helped arrange passage glass–steagall act emergency banking legislation designed expand banking credit expanding collateral federal reserve banks authorized lend.measures failed stem economic crisis hoover signed emergency relief construction act billion public works bill july .budget policy decade budget surpluses federal government experienced budget deficit .though economists like william trufant foster favored deficit spending address great depression politicians economists believed necessity keeping balanced budget.late hoover proposed tax plan increase tax revenue percent resulting passage revenue act .
Herbert Hoover	act increased taxes across board rolling back much tax cut reduction program mellon presided s. top earners taxed percent net income highest rate since early s. act also doubled top estate tax rate cut personal income tax exemptions eliminated corporate income tax exemption raised corporate tax rates.despite passage revenue act federal government continued run budget deficit.civil rights mexican repatriation hoover seldom mentioned civil rights president.believed african americans races could improve education individual initiative.hoover appointed african americans federal positions harding coolidge combined many africanamerican leaders condemned various aspects hoover administration including hoovers unwillingness push federal antilynching law.
Herbert Hoover	hoover also continued pursue lilywhite strategy removing african americans positions leadership republican party attempt end democratic partys dominance south.though robert moton black leaders accepted lilywhite strategy temporary measure africanamerican leaders outraged.hoover alienated black leaders nominating conservative southern judge john j. parker supreme court parkers nomination ultimately failed senate due opposition naacp organized labor.many black voters switched democratic party election african americans would later become important part franklin roosevelts new deal coalition.as part efforts limit unemployment hoover sought cut immigration united states promulgated executive order requiring individuals employment migrating united states.prohibition taking office hoover urged americans obey eighteenth amendment volstead act established prohibition across united states.
Herbert Hoover	make public policy recommendations regarding prohibition created wickersham commission.hoover hoped commissions public report would buttress stance favor prohibition report criticized enforcement volstead act noted growing public opposition prohibition.wickersham report published hoover rejected advice closest allies refused endorse revision volstead act eighteenth amendment feared would undermine support among prohibition advocates.public opinion increasingly turned prohibition people flouted law grassroots movement began working earnest prohibitions repeal.january constitutional amendment repealing eighteenth amendment approved congress submitted states ratification.
Herbert Hoover	december ratified requisite number states become twentyfirst amendment.foreign relations according leuchtenburg hoover last american president take office conspicuous need pay attention rest world.nevertheless hoovers term world order established immediate aftermath world war began crumble.president hoover largely made good pledge made prior assuming office interfere latin americas internal affairs.released clark memorandum rejection roosevelt corollary move towards noninterventionism latin america.
Herbert Hoover	hoover completely refrain use military latin american affairs thrice threatened intervention dominican republic sent warships el salvador support government leftwing revolution.notwithstanding actions wound banana wars ending occupation nicaragua nearly bringing end occupation haiti.hoover placed priority disarmament hoped would allow united states shift money military domestic needs.hoover secretary state henry l. stimson focused extending washington naval treaty sought prevent naval arms race.result hoovers efforts united states major naval powers signed london naval treaty.treaty represented first time naval powers agreed cap tonnage auxiliary vessels previous agreements affected capital ships.at world disarmament conference hoover urged cutbacks armaments outlawing tanks bombers proposals adopted.in japan invaded manchuria defeating republic chinas national revolutionary army establishing manchukuo puppet state.
Herbert Hoover	hoover administration deplored invasion also sought avoid antagonizing japanese fearing taking strong stand would weaken moderate forces japanese government alienate potential ally soviet union saw much greater threat.response japanese invasion hoover secretary state stimson outlined stimson doctrine held united states would recognize territories gained force.bonus army thousands world war veterans families demonstrated camped washington dc june calling immediate payment bonuses promised world war adjusted compensation act terms act called payment bonuses .although offered money congress return home members bonus army remained.washington police attempted disperse demonstrators outnumbered unsuccessful.
Herbert Hoover	shots fired police futile attempt attain order two protesters killed many officers injured.hoover sent u.s. army forces led general douglas macarthur protests.macarthur believing fighting communist revolution chose clear camp military force.though hoover ordered macarthurs clearing protesters endorsed fact.incident proved embarrassing hoover administration hurt bid reelection.
Herbert Hoover	reelection campaign mid observers thought hoover much hope winning second term midst ongoing economic crisis.republican expectations bleak hoover faced serious opposition renomination republican national convention.coolidge prominent republicans passed opportunity challenge hoover.franklin d. roosevelt presidential nomination fourth ballot democratic national convention defeating democratic nominee al smith.democrats attacked hoover cause great depression indifferent suffering millions.
Herbert Hoover	governor new york roosevelt called new york legislature provide aid needy establishing roosevelts reputation favorable toward government interventionism economic crisis.democratic party including al smith national leaders coalesced behind roosevelt progressive republicans like george norris robert la follette jr. deserted hoover.prohibition increasingly unpopular wets offered argument states localities needed tax money.hoover proposed new constitutional amendment vague particulars.roosevelts platform promised repeal th amendment.hoover originally planned make one two major speeches leave rest campaigning proxies sitting presidents traditionally done.
Herbert Hoover	however encouraged republican pleas outraged democratic claims hoover entered public fray.nine major radio addresses hoover primarily defended administration philosophy government urging voters hold foundations experience reject notion government interventionism could save country depression.campaign trips around country hoover faced perhaps hostile crowds ever seen sitting president.besides train motorcades pelted eggs rotten fruit often heckled speaking several occasions secret service halted attempts hurt hoover including capturing one man nearing hoover carrying sticks dynamite another already removed several spikes rails front presidents train.hoovers attempts vindicate administration fell deaf ears much public blamed administration depression.electoral vote hoover lost – carrying six states.
Herbert Hoover	hoover .percent popular vote plunge percentage points result election.postpresidency – roosevelt administration opposition new deal hoover departed washington march bitter election loss continuing unpopularity.coolidge harding wilson taft died early roosevelt died office hoover sole living expresident .hoover wife lived palo alto death point hoover began live permanently waldorf astoria hotel new york city.
Herbert Hoover	hoover increasingly selfidentified conservative.closely followed national events leaving public office becoming constant critic franklin roosevelt.response continued attacks character presidency hoover wrote two dozen books including challenge liberty harshly criticized roosevelts new deal.hoover described new deals national recovery administration agricultural adjustment administration fascistic called banking act move gigantic socialism.only left office hoover held hope another term president throughout s. republican national convention hoovers speech attacking new deal well received nomination went kansas governor alf landon.general election hoover delivered numerous wellpublicized speeches behalf landon landon defeated roosevelt.
Herbert Hoover	though hoover eager oppose roosevelt every turn senator arthur vandenberg republicans urged stillunpopular hoover remain fray debate roosevelts proposed judiciary reorganization bill .republican national convention hoover hoped presidential nomination went internationalist wendell willkie lost roosevelt general election.world war ii trip europe hoover met adolf hitler stayed hermann görings hunting lodge.expressed dismay persecution jews germany believed hitler mad present threat u.s. instead hoover believed roosevelt posed biggest threat peace holding roosevelts policies provoked japan discouraged france united kingdom reaching accommodation germany.september invasion poland germany hoover opposed u.s. involvement world war ii including lendlease policy.
Herbert Hoover	active isolationist america first committee.rejected roosevelts offers help coordinate relief europe help old friends crb helped establish commission polish relief.beginning occupation belgium hoover provided aid belgian civilians though aid described unnecessary german broadcasts.in december sympathetic americans led hoover formed finnish relief fund donate money aid finnish civilians refugees soviet union started winter war attacking finland outraged americans.end january already sent two million dollars finns.during radio broadcast june one week nazi invasion soviet union hoover disparaged tacit alliance u.s. ussr stating join war stalin wins aided impose communism europe world... war alongside stalin impose freedom travesty.tragedy.
Herbert Hoover	much frustration hoover called upon serve united states entered world war ii due differences roosevelt continuing unpopularity.pursue presidential nomination republican national convention request republican nominee thomas e. dewey refrained campaigning general election.hoover advised president harry s. truman drop united states demand unconditional surrender japan high projected casualties planned invasion japan although hoover unaware manhattan project atomic bomb.post–world war ii following world war ii hoover befriended president harry s. truman despite ideological differences.hoovers experience germany end world war truman selected former president tour alliedoccupied germany rome italy ascertain food needs occupied nations.
Herbert Hoover	touring germany hoover produced number reports critical u.s. occupation policy.stated one report illusion new germany left annexations reduced pastoral state.cannot done unless exterminate move people it.hoovers initiative school meals program american british occupation zones germany begun april program served children.even important truman appointed hoover lead commission organization executive branch government new high level study.truman accepted recommendations hoover commission eliminating waste fraud inefficiency consolidating agencies strengthening white house control policy.
Herbert Hoover	though hoover opposed roosevelts concentration power believed stronger presidency required advent atomic age.presidential election hoover supported republican nominee thomas deweys unsuccessful campaign truman remained good terms truman.hoover favored united nations principle opposed granting membership soviet union communist states.viewed soviet union morally repugnant nazi germany supported efforts richard nixon others expose communists united states.in new york governor thomas e. dewey offered hoover senate seat vacated robert f. wagner.matter senator two months declined.hoover backed conservative leader robert a. taft republican national convention partys presidential nomination instead went dwight d. eisenhower went win election.
Herbert Hoover	though eisenhower appointed hoover another presidential commission hoover disliked eisenhower faulting latters failure roll back new deal.hoovers public work helped rehabilitate reputation use selfdeprecating humor occasionally remarked person distinction whos ever depression named him.congress passed former presidents act offering yearly pension equivalent former president.hoover took pension even though need money possibly avoid embarrassing truman whose precarious financial status played role laws enactment.early president john f. kennedy offered hoover various positions hoover declined offers defended kennedy bay pigs invasion personally distraught kennedys assassination .hoover wrote several books retirement including ordeal woodrow wilson strongly defended wilsons actions paris peace conference.
Herbert Hoover	began working freedom betrayed often referred magnum opus.freedom betrayed hoover strongly critiques roosevelts foreign policy especially roosevelts decision recognize soviet union order provide aid country world war ii.book published edited historian george h. nash.death hoover faced three major illnesses last two years life including august operation growth large intestine removed.died october new york city following massive internal bleeding.though hoovers last spoken words unknown last known written words get well message friend harry truman six days death heard truman sustained injuries slipping bathroom bathtubs menace expresidents may recall bathtub rose fractured vertebrae venezuela world famine mission .
Herbert Hoover	warmest sympathy best wishes recovery.two months earlier august hoover reached age second u.s. president john adams so.asked felt reaching milestone hoover replied old.time death hoover office years days together.longest retirement presidential history jimmy carter broke record september .hoover honored state funeral lay state united states capitol rotunda.
Herbert Hoover	president lyndon johnson first lady ladybird johnson attended along former presidents truman eisenhower.october buried west branch iowa near presidential library birthplace grounds herbert hoover national historic site.afterwards hoovers wife lou henry hoover buried palo alto california following death reinterred beside him.hoover last surviving member harding coolidge cabinets.john nance garner speaker house second half hoovers term person hoovers united states presidential line succession outlive.
Herbert Hoover	legacy historical reputation hoover extremely unpopular left office election historical reputation would begin recover s. according professor david e. hamilton historians credited hoover genuine belief voluntarism cooperation well innovation programs.however hamilton also notes hoover politically inept failed recognize severity great depression.nicholas lemann writes hoover remembered man rigidly conservative react adeptly depression hapless foil great franklin roosevelt politician managed turn republican country democratic one.polls historians political scientists generally ranked hoover bottom third presidents.poll american political science associations presidents executive politics section ranked hoover th best president.
Herbert Hoover	cspan poll historians also ranked hoover th best president.although hoover generally regarded failed presidency also received praise actions humanitarian public official.biographer glen jeansonne writes hoover one extraordinary americans modern times adding hoover led life prototypical horatio alger story except horatio alger stories stop pinnacle success.biographer kenneth whyte writes question hoover belongs american political tradition remains loaded one day.clearly played important roles development progressive conservative traditions neither side embrace fear contamination other.views race hoover known hold racist attitudes towards black mixedrace people.
Herbert Hoover	many black contemporaries considered racist w. e. b. du bois charging undemocratic racist saw blacks species submen.memorials herbert hoover presidential library museum located west branch iowa next herbert hoover national historic site.library one thirteen presidential libraries run national archives records administration.hoover–minthorn house hoover lived located newberg oregon.rapidan fishing camp virginia donated government national historic landmark within shenandoah national park.
Herbert Hoover	lou henry herbert hoover house built stanford california official residence president stanford university national historic landmark.also located stanford hoover institution think tank research institution started hoover.hoover memorialized names several things including hoover dam colorado river numerous elementary middle high schools across united states.two minor planets hooveria herberta named honor.polish capital warsaw square named hoover historic townsite gwalia western australia contains hoover house bed breakfast hoover resided managing visiting mine first decade twentieth century.medicine ball game known hooverball named hoover invented white house physician admiral joel t. boone help hoover keep fit serving president.
Herbert Hoover	honors hoover inducted national mining hall fame inaugural class.wife inducted hall .hoover inducted australian prospectors miners hall fame category directors management.hoover awarded honorary doctorate charles university prague university helsinki march .ceremonial sword today display lobby hoover tower.see also great depression united stateslist presidents united statesprogressive eraroaring twenties notes references citations works cited reading biographies scholarly studies primary sources external links works herbert hoover project gutenbergappearances cspanwhite house biographyherbert hoover presidential library museumherbert hoover national historic site national park serviceherbert hoover collected news commentary.new york times.herbert hoover imdb
Gerald Ford	earlier served leader republican party house representatives th vice president united states .president richard nixon resigned ford succeeded presidency defeated election full term .born omaha nebraska raised grand rapids michigan ford attended university michigan member schools football team winning two national championships.following senior year turned offers detroit lions green bay packers instead opting go yale law school.attack pearl harbor enlisted u.s. naval reserve serving left lieutenant commander.ford began political career u.s. representative michigans th congressional district.
Gerald Ford	served capacity years final nine house minority leader.december two months resignation spiro agnew ford became first person appointed vice presidency terms th amendment.subsequent resignation president nixon august ford immediately assumed presidency.date last intraterm u.s. presidential succession.as president ford signed helsinki accords marked move toward détente cold war.collapse south vietnam nine months presidency us involvement vietnam war essentially ended.

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