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History of the United States	u.s. dominated war japan stopped japanese expansion pacific .losing pearl harbor philippines draw battle coral sea may american navy inflicted decisive blow midway june .american ground forces assisted north african campaign eventually concluded collapse mussolinis fascist government italy switched allied side.significant european front opened dday june american allied forces invaded nazioccupied france britain.war fervor also inspired antijapanese sentiment leading internment japanese americans.roosevelts executive order resulted americans japanese descent removed homes placed internment camps.
History of the United States	twothirds interned american citizens half children.military research development also increase leading manhattan project secret effort harness nuclear fission produce atomic bombs.first nuclear device ever detonated conducted july .the allies pushed germans france western front stopped short leaving berlin soviets nazi regime formally capitulated may ending war europe.pacific u.s. implemented island hopping strategy toward tokyo.philippines eventually reconquered japan united states fought historys largest naval battle battle leyte gulf.however war wiped development united states invested philippines cities towns completely destroyed.the united states established airfields bombing runs mainland japan mariana islands achieving hardfought victories iwo jima okinawa .
History of the United States	bloodied okinawa u.s. prepared invade japans home islands bs dropped atomic bombs japanese cities hiroshima nagasaki compelling japan surrender ending world war ii.u.s. occupied japan part germany restructured japan along american lines.during war roosevelt coined term four powers refer four major allies world war ii united states united kingdom soviet union china later became foundation united nations security council.though nation lost military personnel civilians u.s. mostly prospered untouched devastation war inflicted heavy toll europe asia.participation postwar foreign affairs marked end predominant american isolationism.threat nuclear weapons inspired optimism fear.nuclear weapons used since war ended long peace began global powers era competition came known cold war.
History of the United States	truman doctrine characterized reality may .despite absence global war period however regional wars korea vietnam.cold war counterculture civil rights cold war following world war ii united states emerged one two dominant superpowers ussr other.u.s. senate bipartisan vote approved u.s. participation united nations un marked turn away traditional isolationism u.s. toward increased international involvement.the primary american goal – rescue europe devastation world war ii contain expansion communism represented soviet union.u.s. foreign policy cold war built around support western europe japan along policy containment stopping spread communism.
History of the United States	u.s. joined wars korea vietnam toppled leftwing governments third world try stop spread.the truman doctrine provided military economic aid greece turkey counteract threat communist expansion balkans.united states replaced piecemeal financial aid programs comprehensive marshall plan pumped money economy western europe removed trade barriers modernizing managerial practices businesses governments.the plans billion budget context u.s. gdp billion addition billion american aid given europe end war start marshall plan.soviet head state joseph stalin prevented satellite states participating point eastern europe inefficient centralized economies fell behind western europe terms economic development prosperity.united states rejecting longstanding policy military alliances peacetime formed north atlantic treaty organization nato alliance continues st century.response soviets formed warsaw pact communist states leading iron curtain.in august soviets tested first nuclear weapon thereby escalating risk warfare.
History of the United States	threat mutually assured destruction however prevented powers nuclear war resulted proxy wars especially korea vietnam two sides directly confront other.president dwight d. eisenhower elected landslide first republican president since lasting impact american life politics.ended korean war avoided major conflict.cut military spending reliance high technology nuclear weapons carried longrange bombers intercontinental missiles.gave strong support nato alliance built alliances along similar lines never especially effective.after stalin died eisenhower worked obtain friendlier relationships soviet union.home ended mccarthyism expanded social security program presided decade bipartisan comity.
History of the United States	promoted civil rights cautiously sent army trouble threatened racial integration little rock arkansas.the unexpected leapfrogging american technology soviets sputnik first earth satellite began space race americans apollo landed astronauts moon.angst weaknesses american education led largescale federal support science education research.decades world war ii united states became global influence economic political military cultural technological affairs.in john f. kennedy elected president administration saw acceleration nations role space race escalation american role vietnam war bay pigs invasion cuban missile crisis jailing martin luther king jr. birmingham campaign.kennedy assassinated november leaving nation profound shock.great society president lyndon b. johnson secured congressional passage great society programs mids.
History of the United States	included civil rights end legal segregation medicare extension welfare federal aid education levels subsidies arts humanities environmental activism series programs designed wipe poverty.later historians explainedgradually liberal intellectuals crafted new vision achieving economic social justice.liberalism early contained hint radicalism little disposition revive new deal era crusades concentrated economic power intention redistribute wealth restructure existing institutions.internationally strongly anticommunist.aimed defend free world encourage economic growth home ensure resulting plenty fairly distributed.
History of the United States	agendamuch influenced keynesian economic theoryenvisioned massive public expenditure would speed economic growth thus providing public resources fund larger welfare housing health educational programs.johnson rewarded electoral landslide conservative barry goldwater broke decadeslong control congress conservative coalition.however republicans bounced back elected richard nixon .nixon largely continued new deal great society programs inherited conservative reaction would come election ronald reagan .meanwhile american people completed great migration farms cities experienced period sustained economic expansion.civil rights movement starting late institutionalized racism across united states especially south increasingly challenged growing civil rights movement.
History of the United States	activism africanamerican leaders rosa parks martin luther king jr. led montgomery bus boycott launched movement.years african americans would struggle violence would achieve great steps toward equality supreme court decisions including brown v. board education loving v. virginia civil rights act voting rights act fair housing act ended jim crow laws legalized racial segregation whites blacks.martin luther king jr. nobel peace prize efforts achieve equality races assassinated .following death others led movement notably kings widow coretta scott king also active like husband opposition vietnam war womens liberation movement.riots american cities first nine months .frustrations seemingly slow progress integration movement led emergence radical discourses early turn gave rise black power movement late early s.the decade would ultimately bring positive strides toward integration especially government service sports entertainment.
History of the United States	native americans turned federal courts fight land rights.held protests highlighting federal governments failure honor treaties.one outspoken native american groups american indian movement aim.cesar chavez began organizing poorly paid mexicanamerican farm workers california.led fiveyearlong strike grape pickers.
History of the United States	chávez formed nations first successful union farm workers.united farm workers america ufw faltered years chavez died became iconic folk saint pantheon mexican americans.womens liberation new consciousness inequality american women began sweeping nation starting publication betty friedans bestseller feminine mystique explained many housewives felt trapped unfulfilled assaulted american culture creation notion women could find fulfillment roles wives mothers keepers home argued women able men every type job.friedan others established national organization women act women naacp african americans.protests began new womens liberation movement grew size power gained much media attention replaced civil rights movement u.ss main social revolution.
History of the United States	marches parades rallies boycotts pickets brought thousands sometimes millions.striking gains women medicine law business elected office.the womens movement split factions political ideology early left womens equity action league weal right national womens political caucus nwpc center radical groups formed younger women farleft.proposed equal rights amendment constitution passed congress defeated conservative coalition mobilized phyllis schlafly.argued degraded position housewife made young women susceptible military draft.however many federal laws i.e.equalizing pay employment education employment opportunities credit ending pregnancy discrimination requiring nasa military academies organizations admit women state laws i.e.
History of the United States	ending spousal abuse marital rape supreme court rulings i.e.ruling equal protection clause fourteenth amendment applied women state eras established womens equal status law social custom consciousness began change accepting womens equality.controversial issue abortion deemed supreme court fundamental right roe v. wade still point debate today.counterculture cold war détente amid cold war united states entered vietnam war whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements including among women minorities young people.president lyndon b. johnsons great society social programs numerous rulings warren court added wide range social reform s. feminism environmental movement became political forces progress continued toward civil rights americans.
History of the United States	counterculture revolution swept nation much western world late sixties early seventies dividing americans culture war also bringing forth liberated social views.johnson succeeded republican richard nixon attempted gradually turn war south vietnamese forces.negotiated peace treaty secured release pows led withdrawal u.s. troops.war cost lives american troops.nixon manipulated fierce distrust soviet union china advantage united states achieving détente parties.the watergate scandal involving nixons coverup operatives breakin democratic national committee headquarters watergate office complex destroyed political base sent many aides prison forced nixons resignation august .succeeded vice president gerald ford.
History of the United States	fall saigon ended vietnam war resulted north south vietnam reunited.communist victories neighboring cambodia laos occurred year.the opec oil embargo marked longterm economic transition since first time energy prices skyrocketed american factories faced serious competition foreign automobiles clothing electronics consumer goods.late economy suffered energy crisis slow economic growth high unemployment high inflation coupled high interest rates term stagflation coined.since economists agreed wisdom deregulation many new deal era regulations ended transportation banking telecommunications.jimmy carter running someone part washington political establishment elected president .world stage carter brokered camp david accords israel egypt.
History of the United States	iranian students stormed u.s. embassy tehran took americans hostage resulting iran hostage crisis.hostage crisis continuing stagflation carter lost election republican ronald reagan.january minutes carters term office ended remaining u.s. captives held u.s. embassy iran released ending day hostage crisis.rise conservatism end cold war ronald reagan produced major political realignment landslide elections.reagans economic policies dubbed reaganomics implementation economic recovery tax act lowered top marginal tax rate course seven years.
History of the United States	reagan continued downsize government taxation regulation.u.s. experienced recession negative indicators reversed inflation rate decreasing unemployment rate decreasing .december .november economic growth rate increasing ...reagan ordered buildup u.s. military incurring additional budget deficits.
History of the United States	reagan introduced complicated missile defense system known strategic defense initiative sdi dubbed star wars opponents theoretically u.s. could shoot missiles laser systems space.soviets reacted harshly thought violated antiballistic missile treaty would upset balance power giving u.s. major military advantage.years soviet leader mikhail gorbachev argued vehemently sdi.however late decided system would never work used block disarmament deals u.s.historians argue great impact sdi threat soviets – whether enough force gorbachev initiate radical reforms whether deterioration soviet economy alone forced reforms.agreement soviets realized well behind americans military technology try catch would expensive military expenses already heavy burden slowing economy.the invasion grenada bombing libya popular u.s though backing contras rebels mired controversy iran–contra affair.reagan met four times soviet leader mikhail gorbachev ascended power summit conferences led signing intermediaterange nuclear forces treaty.
History of the United States	gorbachev tried save communism soviet union first ending expensive arms race america shedding east european empire .soviet union collapsed christmas day ending u.s–soviet cold war.the united states emerged worlds sole remaining superpower continued intervene international affairs including gulf war iraq.following election president bill clinton oversaw one longest periods economic expansion unprecedented gains securities values side effect digital revolution new business opportunities created internet.also worked republican congress pass first balanced federal budget years.in clinton impeached house representatives charges lying oath perjury regarding sexual relationship white house intern monica lewinsky.acquitted senate.
History of the United States	failure impeachment democratic gains election forced house speaker newt gingrich republican resign congress.the republican party expanded base throughout south excepting largely due strength among socially conservative white evangelical protestants traditionalist roman catholics added traditional strength business community suburbs.white democrats south lost dominance democratic party region took twoparty apparatus characterized nation.republican partys central leader ronald reagan whose conservative policies called reduced government spending regulation lower taxes strong antisoviet foreign policy.his iconic status party persists st century practically republican party leaders acknowledge stature.social scientists theodore caplow et al.argue republican party nationally moved rightcenter toward center moved right s. add democratic party nationally moved leftcenter toward center moved toward rightcenter s.the close presidential election governor george w. bush al gore helped lay seeds political polarization come.
History of the United States	vote decisive states new mexico florida extremely close produced dramatic dispute counting votes.including democrats outpolled republicans national vote every election except .st century war terror september united states struck terrorist attack alqaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners used suicide attacks intentionally crashed two twin towers world trade center third pentagon killing victims— aboard three airliners world trade center ground pentagon.fourth plane retaken passengers crew aircraft.able land plane safely able retake control aircraft crash empty field pennsylvania killing people including four terrorists board thereby saving whatever target terrorists aiming for.
History of the United States	within two hours twin towers world trade center completely collapsed causing massive damage surrounding area blanketing lower manhattan toxic dust clouds.total victims perished attacks.response president george w. bush september announced war terror.october united states nato invaded afghanistan oust taliban regime provided safe alqaeda leader osama bin laden.the federal government established new domestic efforts prevent future attacks.usa patriot act increased governments power monitor communications removed legal restrictions information sharing federal law enforcement intelligence services.
History of the United States	u.s. department homeland security created lead coordinate federal counterterrorism activities.since u.s. governments indefinite detention terrorism suspects captured abroad guantanamo bay detention camp prison u.s. naval base guantanamo bay cuba led allegations human rights abuses violations international law.in march may united states launched invasion iraq led collapse iraq government eventual capture iraqi dictator saddam hussein u.s. longstanding tense relations.reasons invasion cited bush administration included spreading democracy elimination weapons mass destruction key demand un well though later investigations found parts intelligence reports inaccurate liberation iraqi people.despite initial successes early invasion continued iraq war fueled international protests gradually saw domestic support decline many people began question whether invasion worth cost.years violence iraqi insurgency president bush deployed troops strategy dubbed surge.
History of the United States	death toll decreased political stability iraq remained doubt.in unpopularity president bush iraq war along financial crisis led election barack obama first multiracial president africanamerican ancestry.election obama reluctantly continued war effort iraq august declared combat operations ended.however american soldiers military personnel kept iraq assist iraqi forces help protect withdrawing forces work counterterrorism december war declared formally last troops left country.time obama increased american involvement afghanistan starting surge strategy using additional troops proposing begin withdrawing troops sometime december .second day office obama issued executive order banning use torture prohibition codified law .
History of the United States	obama also ordered closure secret ciarun prisons overseas black sites.obama sought close guantanamo bay detention camp soon practicable tenure population detention camp declined inmates inmates guantanamo review task force cleared many prisoners release resettlement abroad.obamas efforts close prison entirely stymied congress enacted measure blocking obama transferring guantanamo detainees u.s. facilities.in may nearly decade hiding founder leader al qaeda osama bin laden killed pakistan raid conducted u.s. naval special forces acting president obamas direct orders.al qaeda near collapse afghanistan affiliated organizations continued operate yemen remote areas cia used drones hunt remove leadership.the boston marathon bombing bombing incident followed subsequent related shootings occurred two pressure cooker bombs exploded boston marathon april .bombs exploded near marathons finish line killing people injuring estimated others.the islamic state iraq levant rose prominence september .
History of the United States	addition taking control much western iraq eastern syria isis also beheaded three journalists two american one british.events lead major military offensive united states allies region.on december obama officially ended combat mission afghanistan promised withdrawal remaining u.s. troops end exception embassy guards.us military mission formally ended august .great recession september united states europe entered longest post–world war ii recession often called great recession.multiple overlapping crises involved especially housing market crisis subprime mortgage crisis soaring oil prices automotive industry crisis rising unemployment worst financial crisis since great depression.
History of the United States	financial crisis threatened stability entire economy september lehman brothers failed giant banks grave danger.starting october federal government lent billion financial institutions troubled asset relief program passed bipartisan majorities signed bush.following election victory wide electoral margin november bushs successor – barack obama – signed law american recovery reinvestment act billion economic stimulus aimed helping economy recover deepening recession.obama like bush took steps rescue auto industry prevent future economic meltdowns.included bailout general motors chrysler putting ownership temporarily hands government cash clunkers program temporarily boosted new car sales.the recession officially ended june economy slowly began expand again.beginning december unemployment rate steeply rose around peak falling economy labor markets experienced recovery.
History of the United States	economic expansion followed great recession longest u.s. history strong growth led unemployment rate reaching year low .despite strong economy increases costs housing child care higher education outofpocket healthcare expenses surpassed increases wages phenomenon referred affordability crisis.economic expansion came end early sharp economic contraction largely caused covid pandemic seriously affected united states.recent events th congress passed major legislation patient protection affordable care act informally known obamacare dodd–frank wall street reform consumer protection act dont ask dont tell repeal act signed law president obama.following midterm elections resulted republicancontrolled house representatives democraticcontrolled senate congress presided period elevated gridlock heated debates whether raise debt ceiling extend tax cuts citizens making annually many key issues.
History of the United States	ongoing debates led president obama signing budget control act .following obamas reelection congressional gridlock continued congressional republicans call repeal patient protection affordable care act along various demands resulted first government shutdown since clinton administration almost led first default u.s. debt since th century.result growing public frustration parties congress since beginning decade congressional approval ratings fell record lows.recent events also include rise new political movements conservative tea party movement liberal occupy movement.debate issue rights lgbt community including samesex marriage began shift favor samesex couples.president obama became first president openly support samesex marriage supreme court provided federal recognition samesex unions nationwide legalized gay marriage .political debate continued tax reform immigration reform income inequality u.s. foreign policy middle east particularly regards global terrorism rise islamic state iraq levant accompanying climate islamophobia.the late marked widespread social upheaval change united states.
History of the United States	metoo movement gained popularity exposing alleged sexual harassment abuse workplace.multiple prominent celebrities accused misconduct rape.period black lives matter movement also gained support online exacerbated police killings multiple black americans.multiple mass shootings including pulse nightclub shooting las vegas shooting claimed lives people led increased calls gun control reform.following stoneman douglas high school shooting gun control advocates organized march lives millions students across country walked school protest gun violence.
History of the United States	womens march protest trumps presidency one largest protests american history.in following contentious election republican donald trump elected president.results election called question u.s. intelligence agencies concluded associates russian government interfered election undermine public faith u.s. democratic process.along questions potential collusion trump campaign russian officials led investigations fbi congress.during trumps presidency espoused america first ideology placing restrictions asylum seekers imposing widely controversial ban immigration seven muslimmajority nations.many executive orders actions challenged court.presidency also engaged united states trade war china imposing wide range tariffs chinese products.
History of the United States	controversy erupted trump administrations zero tolerance policy towards illegal immigrants involved separation thousands undocumented children parents.public outcry trump rescinded policy.trumps term also saw confirmation three new justices supreme court cementing conservative majority.in whistleblower complaint alleged trump withheld foreign aid ukraine demand investigate business dealings son trumps political opponent.result trump impeached abuse power obstruction congress becoming third president impeached acquitted.the worldwide covid pandemic arrived united states first confirmed january .july u.s. suffered coronavirus deaths nation death toll standing u.s. death toll surpassing number u.s. deaths korean war vietnam war combined.
History of the United States	result covid pandemic us life expectancy fell year unemployment rates rose worst rates since great depression.may murder george floyd caused mass protests riots many major cities police brutality many states calling national guard.marked rise domestic terrorist threats widespread conspiracy theories around mailin voting covid.qanon conspiracy theory fringe farright political movement among ardent conservatives gained publicity multiple major cities hit rioting brawls farleft antifascist affiliated groups far right groups proud boys.democrat joe biden defeated trump presidential election first defeat incumbent president since .election exceptional amount voting mail early voting due danger contracting covid traditional voting booths historically high voter turnout.
History of the United States	trump repeatedly made false claims massive voter fraud election rigging leading storming united states capitol supporters trump rightwing militias.storming led trumps impeachment u.s president impeached twice.senate later acquitted trump despite members republican party voting him.the biggest mass vaccination campaign u.s history kicked december icu nurse sandra lindsay became first person u.s receive pfizerbiontech covid vaccine.august u.s population received dose pfizer biontech moderna johnson johnson covid vaccine.following bidens election date us troops withdraw afghanistan moved back april august .afghanistan withdrawal coincided taliban offensive culminating fall kabul.
History of the United States	following massive airlift people us military mission formally ended august .see also notes references surveys outline american history – chapter early america.usa.usembassy.de.archived original november .retrieved september .lesson plan made george washington good military leader.
History of the United States	archived original june .alexander ruth m. norton mary beth .major problems american womens history th ed..beard charles a. beard mary ritter jones wilfred .rise american civilization.macmillan.carnes mark c. garraty john a. .american nation history united states th ed.. prentice hall ptr.
History of the United States	isbn .divine robert a. et al..america past present th ed.. prentice hall ptr.isbn .foner eric .give liberty american history th ed.. w.w. norton company.
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History of the United States	isbn .henretta james a. .history colonial america.encarta online encyclopedia.archived original september .kennedy david m. cohen lizabeth bailey thomas a. .american pageant history republic th ed.. boston houghton mifflin.
History of the United States	isbn .norton mary beth et al..people nation volume th ed.. houghton mifflin.isbn .schweikart larry dougherty dave .patriots history modern world vol.
History of the United States	americas exceptional ascent atomic bomb – vol.ii cold war age entitlement –.tindall george b. shi david e. .america narrative history th ed..zinn howard .peoples history united states.harperperennial modern classics.
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History of the United States	built roads bridges dug artesian wells provided elementary education modern curriculum children whose parents could spare labor something way sanitation public health made start agricultural education broke oppressive hegemony friars… one thing despite commitment modernization prosperity insular government achieved relatively little except fields education public health.certainly case economic development.infrastructure lost much bloom removal forbes embarrassment railroads.taylor alan .colonial america short introduction.taylor alan .american colonies.taylor alan .
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History of the United States	houston institute culture.archived original january .retrieved july .edsitement history social studies.national endowment humanities.archived original august .the gilder lehrman institute american history.backstory.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	american history public radio show hosted ed ayers brian balogh peter onufearly th century usa high quality photographshistorical hunt.archived original december .retrieved november .– stat.enacted october codified u.s.c.ch.u.s.c.§§ –.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	g. robert blakey adviser united states senate government operations committee drafted law close supervision committees chairman senator john little mcclellan.enacted title ix organized crime control act signed law us president richard m. nixon.original use prosecute mafia well others actively engaged organized crime later application widespread.beginning thirtythree states adopted state rico laws able prosecute similar conduct.summary rico person committed least two acts racketeering activity drawn list crimes— federal crimes eight state crimes—within year period charged racketeering acts related one four specified ways enterprise.found guilty racketeering fined sentenced years prison per racketeering count.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	addition racketeer must forfeit illgotten gains interest business gained pattern racketeering activity.when us attorney decides indict someone rico option seeking pretrial restraining order injunction temporarily seize defendants assets prevent transfer potentially forfeitable property well require defendant put performance bond.provision placed law owners mafiarelated shell corporations often absconded assets.injunction performance bond ensures something seize event guilty verdict.in many cases threat rico indictment force defendants plead guilty lesser charges part seizure assets would make difficult pay defense attorney.despite harsh provisions ricorelated charge considered easy prove court since focuses patterns behavior opposed criminal acts.rico also permits private individual damaged business property racketeer file civil suit.plaintiff must prove existence enterprise.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	defendants enterprise words defendants enterprise one same.must one four specified relationships defendants enterprise either defendants invested proceeds pattern racketeering activity enterprise u.s.c.§ defendants acquired maintained interest control enterprise pattern racketeering activity subsection b defendants conducted participated affairs enterprise pattern racketeering activity subsection c defendants conspired one subsection d. essence enterprise either prize instrument victim perpetrator racketeers.civil rico action filed state federal court.both criminal civil components allow recovery treble damages damages triple amount actualcompensatory damages.although primary intent deal organized crime blakey said congress never intended merely apply mob.told time dont want one set rules people whose collars blue whose names end vowels another set whose collars white ivy league diplomas.the first ever rico trial conducted may united states v. sam bailey gang prosecutor mark l. webb san francisco california northern district california.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	case tried successfully use rico statute alleging gang postal burglars nevada fence collaborated criminally organized crime fashion.case involve mafia crime family.subsequently rico act first used us attorneys office southern district new york september united states v. scotto.scotto convicted charges racketeering accepting unlawful labor payments income tax evasion headed international longshoremans association.federal prosecutors used law bring charges several mafia figures.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	second major success mafia commission trial ran february november .rudy giuliani indicted organized crime figures including heads new yorks socalled five families rico act charges including extortion labor racketeering murder hire.time magazine called case cases possibly significant assault infrastructure organized crime since high command chicago mafia swept away quoted giulianis stated intention approach wipe five families.gambino crime family boss paul castellano evaded conviction underboss thomas bilotti murdered streets midtown manhattan december .however three heads five families sentenced years prison january .
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	genovese colombo leaders tony salerno carmine persico received additional sentences separate trials year year sentences run consecutively.assisted three assistant united states attorneys michael chertoff eventual second united states secretary homeland security coauthor patriot act john savarese later partner wachtell lipton rosen katz gil childers later deputy chief criminal division southern district new york later managing director legal department goldman sachs.state laws beginning thirtythree states well puerto rico united states virgin islands adopted state rico laws cover additional state offenses similar scheme.rico predicate offenses law meaning racketeering activity set u.s.c.§ .
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	currently amended includesany violation state statutes gambling murder kidnapping extortion arson robbery bribery dealing obscene matter dealing controlled substance listed chemical defined controlled substances actany act bribery counterfeiting theft embezzlement fraud dealing obscene matter obstruction justice slavery racketeering gambling money laundering commission murderforhire many offenses covered federal criminal code title embezzlement union fundsbankruptcy fraud securities frauddrug trafficking longterm elaborate drug networks also prosecuted using continuing criminal enterprise statutecriminal copyright infringementmoney laundering related offensesbringing aiding assisting aliens illegally entering country action financial gainacts terrorism.pattern racketeering activity requires least two acts racketeering activity one occurred effective date chapter last occurred within ten years excluding period imprisonment commission prior act racketeering activity.us supreme court instructed federal courts follow continuityplusrelationship test order determine whether facts specific case give rise established pattern.illegal acts comprising pattern called predicate offenses.predicate acts related similar purposes results participants victims methods commission otherwise interrelated distinguishing characteristics isolated events.continuity closed open ended concept referring either closed period conduct past conduct nature projects future threat repetition.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	application rico laws although rico predicate acts extortion blackmail one successful applications rico laws ability indict sanction individuals behavior actions committed witnesses victims alleged retaliation retribution cooperating federal law enforcement intelligence agencies.violations rico laws alleged civil lawsuit cases criminal charges.instances charges brought individuals corporations retaliation said individuals corporations working law enforcement.charges also brought individuals corporations sued filed criminal charges defendant.antislapp strategic lawsuit public participation laws applied attempt curb alleged abuses legal system individuals corporations use courts weapon retaliate whistle blowers victims silence anothers speech.rico could alleged shown lawyers clients conspired collaborated concoct fictitious legal complaints solely retribution retaliation brought courts.although rico laws may cover drug trafficking crimes addition traditional rico predicate acts extortion blackmail racketeering largescale organized drug networks commonly prosecuted continuing criminal enterprise statute also known kingpin statute.cce laws target traffickers responsible longterm elaborate conspiracies whereas rico law covers variety organized criminal behaviors.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	civil provisions rico statute contains provision allows commencement civil action private party recover damages sustained result commission rico predicate offense.famous cases cowboy mafia rico instrumental indicting members group texas tennessee florida group imported tons marijuana.using shrimp boats agnes pauline monkey jubilee bayou blues group made six trips colombia texas.group arrested federal government seized agnes pauline unloading cargo port arthur texas.members smuggling ring convicted.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	charles muscles foster ranch foreman head operation pleaded innocent reason insanity acquitted .august rex cauble indicted grand jury government believed financial backer smugglers.foster foreman ranches drugs transported caubles ranches throughout texas.cauble multimillionaire former chairman texas aeronautics commission honorary texas ranger.also owner cutter bill famous cutting horse.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	cauble convicted january ten counts including two counts violating racketeer influenced corrupt organizations act statute rico conspiracy violate rico three violations interstate commerce travel act four counts misapplication bank funds.sentenced ten concurrent terms fiveyears.completed prison term released september .cauble died .three books published rex caubles personal jet pilot roy graham released book cowboy mafia catching katy barker milford conspiracy revealed dea agent daniel wedeman sr.as result rico conviction cauble forfeited interest cauble enterprises one largest forfeiture holdings.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	included interests two cutter bill western world stores three texas banks western state bank denton dallas international bank south main bank houston six ranches welding supply company oil gas holdings.companys worth estimated million.however government sold interest back partners caubles wife son estimated million.hells angels motorcycle club united states federal government went sonny barger several members associates oakland chapter hells angels using rico.united states vs. barger prosecution team attempted demonstrate pattern behavior convict barger members club rico offenses related guns illegal drugs.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	jury acquitted barger rico charges hung jury predicate acts proof part club policy much tried government could come incriminating minutes meetings mentioning drugs guns.latin kings several members latin kings convicted rico offenses.gil dozier louisiana commissioner agriculture forestry gil dozier office faced indictment violations hobbs rico laws.accused compelling companies business department make campaign contributions behalf.september baton rougebased united states district court middle district louisiana convicted dozier five counts extortion racketeering.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	sentence ten years imprisonment later upgraded eighteen offenses determined fine suspended pending appeal dozier remained free bail.eventually served nearly four years presidential commutation freed .key west florida police department around june key west police department located monroe county florida declared criminal enterprise federal rico statutes lengthy united states department justice investigation.several highranking officers department including deputy police chief raymond cassamayor arrested federal charges running protection racket illegal cocaine smugglers.trial witness testified routinely delivered bags cocaine deputy chiefs office city hall.

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