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Father's Day	corazon cojuangcoaquino.singapore singapore fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.sri lanka fathers day sinhala පියවරුන්ගේ දිනය piyawarunge dhinaya tamil தந்தையர் தினம் thanthaiyar thinam observed third sunday june.public holiday.many schools hold special events honor fathers.
Father's Day	taiwan taiwan fathers day official holiday widely observed august eighth day eighth month year.mandarin chinese pronunciation number eight bā pronunciation similar character 爸 bà means pa dad.eighth day eighth month bābā pun dad 爸爸 bàba.taiwan therefore sometimes refer august bābā holiday pun dads holiday 爸爸節 formal fathers day 父親節.thailand thailand birthday king set fathers day.
Father's Day	december birthday late king bhumibol adulyadej rama ix.traditionally thais celebrate giving father grandfather canna flower ดอกพุทธรักษา dok buddha raksa considered masculine flower however commonly practiced today.thai people wear yellow day show respect late king yellow color day monday day king bhumibol adulyadej born.thais flood sanam luang massive park front palace watch king give annual speech often stay evening national ceremony.thais light candles show respect king declaring faith.
Father's Day	ceremony happens almost every village thailand even overseas thai organizations.it first gained nationwide popularity part campaign prime minister prem tinsulanonda promote thailands royal family.mothers day celebrated birthday queen sirikit august .united arab emirates united arab emirates fathers day celebrated june generally coinciding midsummers day.european traditions roman catholicism roman catholic tradition fathers celebrated saint josephs day commonly called feast saint joseph march though certain countries fathers day become secular celebration.also common catholics honor spiritual father parish priest fathers day.
Father's Day	austria austria fathers day vatertag celebrated second sunday june public holiday.belarus belarus fathers day celebrated third sunday june.belgium belgium fathers day vaderdag celebrated second sunday june june public holiday.except antwerp celebrated march .bulgaria bulgaria fathers day celebrated december public holiday.
Father's Day	according eastern orthodox tradition fathers celebrated saint josephs day one day christmas.croatia croatia according roman catholic tradition fathers celebrated saint josephs day dan svetog josipa march .public holiday.denmark denmark fathers day fars dag celebrated june .coincides constitution day.
Father's Day	estonia estonia fathers day isadepäev celebrated second sunday november.established flag flying day national holiday.finland finland fathers day finnish isänpäivä swedish fars dag celebrated second sunday november.established flag flying day.france france lighter manufacturer flaminaire introduced idea fathers day first commercial reasons.
Father's Day	director marcel quercia wanted sell lighter france.introduced la fête des pères would take place every third sunday june following american example.slogan nos papas nous lont dit pour la fête des pères ils désirent tous un flaminaire daddies told us fathers day want flaminaire.holiday officially decreed.national fathers day committee set give prize fathers deserved originally candidates nominated social services town hallsmayors office complements la fête des mères mothers day made official france added calendar vichy .
Father's Day	germany germany fathers day vatertag celebrated differently parts world.always celebrated ascension day thursday forty days easter federal holiday.regionally also called gentlemens day herrentag.tradition groups males young old usually excluding preteenage boys hiking tour one smaller wagons bollerwagen pulled manpower.wagons wine beer bottles according region traditional regional food hausmannskost.
Father's Day	many men use holiday opportunity get drunk.according federal statistical office germany alcoholrelated traffic accidents multiply three day.tradition fathers day especially prevalent eastern germany.these traditions probably rooted christian ascension days processions farmlands celebrated since th century.men would seated wooden cart carried villages plaza mayor would award prize father children usually big piece ham.late th century religious component progressively lost especially urban areas berlin groups men organized walking excursions beer ham.
Father's Day	th century alcohol consumption become major part tradition.many people take following friday work schools closed friday well many people use resulting fourdaylong weekend short vacation.greece greece fathers day η γιορτή του πατέρα officially celebrated third sunday june.sygapa association supports needs divorced fathers raises awareness advocates fathers role society also organizing various events day across country.hungary hungary fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.
Father's Day	iceland iceland fathers day celebrated second sunday november.ireland ireland fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.italy italy according roman catholic tradition fathers day celebrated saint josephs day commonly called feast saint joseph festa di san giuseppe march .public holiday .latvia latvia fathers day tēvu diena celebrated second sunday september public holiday.
Father's Day	latvia people always celebrate day ussrs influence holidays.day latvia officially born celebrated marked calendar first time september second sunday september promote idea man father must satisfied proud family children also father important gratitude loving words family devoted continuous altruistic concerns.day new country established unique traditions people borrow ideas countrys fathers day traditions congratulate fathers latvia.lithuania lithuania fathers day tėvo diena celebrated first sunday june public holiday.malta malta followed international trend celebrates fathers day third sunday june.
Father's Day	case mothers day introduction fathers day celebrations malta encouraged frans h said uncle frans childrens radio programs.first mention fathers day june day part local events calendar.netherlands netherlands including constituent countries caribbean fathers day vaderdag celebrated third sunday june public holiday.traditionally mothers day fathers get breakfast bed made children families gather together dinner usually grandparents house.recent years families also started dinner mothers day one busiest days restaurants.
Father's Day	school children handcraft presents fathers.consumer goods companies sorts special offers fathers socks ties electronics suits mens healthcare products.norway norway fathers day farsdag celebrated second sunday november.public holiday.poland poland fathers day polish dzień ojca celebrated june public holiday.
Father's Day	google recognized poland fathers day doodle.portugal fathers day dia pai celebrated march see roman catholic tradition portugal.bank public holiday.romania law instituting celebration fathers day romania passed september stated fathers day celebrated annually second sunday may.first time celebrated may .
Father's Day	year celebrated may .next dates celebration take place may may may may may may may .russia russia continues soviet unions tradition celebrating defender fatherland day february .usually called mans day considered russian equivalent fathers day.president russia established fathers day falling third sunday october.
Father's Day	slovakia slovakia fathers day slovak deň otcov celebrated third sunday june.public holiday.spain fathers day el día del padre observed feast day saint joseph march .celebrated public holiday regions spain.sweden sweden fathers day fars dag celebrated second sunday november public holiday.
Father's Day	turkey turkey fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.ukraine ukraine fathers day den batka celebrated third sunday june.public holiday.united kingdom united kingdom fathers day celebrated third sunday june.day long tradition steve roud english year states entered british popular culture sometime second world war without opposition.
Father's Day	north american traditions canada canada fathers day french fête des pères celebrated third sunday june public holiday.fathers day typically involves spending time ones father father figures ones life.small family gatherings giving gifts may part festivities organized fathers day.costa rica costa rica social christian unity party presented bill change celebration fathers day third sunday june march day saint joseph.give tribute saint gave name capital country san josé costa rica family heads able celebrate fathers day time feast saint joseph worker.
Father's Day	official date still third sunday june.haiti haiti fathers day fête des pères celebrated last sunday june public holiday.fathers recognized celebrated day cards gifts breakfast lunch brunch early sunday dinner whether enjoying day beach mountains spending family time favorite activities.children exclaim bonne fête papa everyone wishes fathers bonne fête des pères happy fathers day.mexico mexico fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.fathers day typically involves spending time ones father father figures ones life.
Father's Day	small family gatherings giving gifts may part festivities organized fathers day.trinidad tobago trinidad tobago fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.united states us fathers day celebrated third sunday june.typically families gather celebrate father figures lives.in recent years retailers exploited holiday promoting greeting cards stereotypically masculine gifts electronics tools.schools session childrens programs commonly activities make fathers day gifts.
Father's Day	holiday coincide juneteenth.oceanian traditions australia australia fathers day celebrated first sunday september first sunday spring australia.families present fathers gifts cards share meal.recognised national holiday however considered public holiday.the idea fathers day wasnt initially well received australia s. many thought either unnecessary undermined fathers assumed “supremacy” head household.newspapers time printed satirical poems critical editorials new american tradition.
Father's Day	fathers day originally observed june matching usa date church services wearing red flower.june janet heyden sydney also advocated mothers day celebrations australia began collecting donations bring cheer elderly men nursing homes.mothers day became instantly popular wasnt fathers day came popularly celebrated australia first sunday september.fathers day council australia established continues honour distinguished fathers annual australian father year award.fathers day traditions australia include school crafts handmade gifts cards younger children taking dad lunch bbqs outdoor family activities.
Father's Day	public schools often hold fathers day gift stall inexpensive presents fathers grandfathers carers rolemodels.ymca victoria continues tradition honouring role fathers father figures play parenting annual awarding local community father year municipalities victoria.fathers day council victoria also annually recognises fathers victorian father year award.new zealand new zealand fathers day celebrated first sunday september public holiday.fathers day first observed st matthews church auckland july first appeared commercial advertising following year.churches adopted day much australia moved mark day beginning september.
Father's Day	new zealand followed wellington advert christchurch salvation army service .samoa samoa fathers day celebrated second sunday august recognized national holiday monday following.fiji fiji fathers day celebrated september.commercial fathers sunday usually first sunday methodist fathers day usually celebrated second sunday.south american traditions argentina fathers day argentina celebrated third sunday june.attempts made change date august commemorate day father nation josé de san martín.
Father's Day	became father.proposal celebrate fathers day educational establishments august honor josé de san martín raised general direction schools mendoza province.day celebrated first time third sunday june included school calendars due pressure several groups.schools mendoza province continued celebrate fathers day august provincial governor passed law declaring fathers day province celebrated day.in proposal change date august presented argentine chamber deputies single unified project.bolivia bolivia fathers day día del padre spanish celebrated march saint joseph day.people usually give present fathers spend time them.
Father's Day	brazil brazil fathers day dia dos pais portuguese celebrated three months mothers day second sunday august.publicist sylvio bhering picked day honor saint joachim patron fathers.official holiday see public holidays brazil widely observed typically involves spending time giving gifts ones father father figure.chile chile fathers day día del padre spanish celebrated one month mothers day june .colombia colombia fathers day celebrated third sunday june.
Father's Day	paraguay paraguay fathers day typically celebrated traditional banquet paraguayan food like chipa mbeju bori soyo sopa paraguaya.paraguay fathers day important day celebrated much fervor.peru peru fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.people usually give present fathers spend time mostly family meal.see also mothers daynational grandparents daylist films set around fathers daygrace golden clayton references citations general sources larossa ralph .
Father's Day	modernization fatherhood social political history.university chicago press.pp.–.isbn .
Father's Day	ann jarvis anna jarvis mothers day.myers robert j. editors hallmark cards .celebrations complete book american holidays.doubleday company.pp.–.
Father's Day	isbn .cite book author generic name helpschmidt leigh eric .consumer rites buying selling american holidays.princeton university press.pp.
Central Asia	–.isbn .external links fathers day curlieregion consists former soviet republics kazakhstan kyrgyzstan tajikistan turkmenistan uzbekistan.also colloquially referred stans countries names ending persian suffix stan meaning land of.central asia historically closely tied silk road trade routes acting crossroads movement people goods ideas europe far east.in preislamic early islamic eras circa earlier central asia inhabited predominantly iranians populated eastern iranianspeaking bactrians sogdians chorasmians seminomadic scythians dahae.expansion turkic peoples central asia also became homeland kazakhs uzbeks tatars turkmen kyrgyz uyghurs turkic languages largely replaced iranian languages spoken area exception tajikistan areas tajik spoken.from midth century almost end th century central asia colonised russians incorporated russian empire later soviet union led russians slavs emigrating area.modernday central asia home large population european settlers mostly live kazakhstan million russians ukrainians germans.stalinistera forced deportation policies also mean koreans live there.central asia population million five countries kazakhstan pop.
Central Asia	million kyrgyzstan million tajikistan million turkmenistan million uzbekistan million.definitions one first geographers mentioned central asia distinct region world alexander von humboldt.borders central asia subject multiple definitions.historically political geography culture two significant parameters widely used scholarly definitions central asia.humboldts definition composed every country ° north ° south latitude .°n.
Central Asia	humboldt mentions geographic features region include caspian sea west altai mountains north hindu kush pamir mountains south.give eastern border region.legacy still seen humboldt university berlin named offers course central asian studies.russian geographer nicolay khanykoff questioned latitudinal definition central asia preferred physical one countries located region landlocked water including afghanistan tajikistan uzbekistan turkmenistan kyrgyzstan khorasan uyghuristan xinjiang.russian culture two distinct terms средняя азия srednyaya aziya middle asia narrower definition includes traditionally nonslavic central asian lands incorporated within borders historical russia центральная азия tsentralnaya aziya central asia wider definition includes central asian lands never part historical russia.latter definition includes afghanistan east turkestan.the limited definition official one soviet union defined middle asia consisting solely uzbekistan turkmenistan tajikistan kyrgyzstan omitting kazakhstan.
Central Asia	soon dissolution soviet union leaders four former soviet central asian republics met tashkent declared definition central asia include kazakhstan well original four included soviets.since become common definition central asia.the unesco history civilizations central asia published defines region afghanistan northeastern iran northern central pakistan northern india western china mongolia former soviet central asian republics.an alternative method define region based ethnicity particular areas populated eastern turkic eastern iranian mongolian peoples.areas include xinjiang uyghur autonomous region turkic regions southern siberia five republics afghan turkestan.afghanistan whole northern western areas pakistan kashmir valley india may also included.tibetans ladakhis also included.
Central Asia	mentioned peoples considered indigenous peoples vast region.central asia sometimes referred turkestan.geography central asia region varied geography including high passes mountains tian vast deserts kyzyl kum taklamakan especially treeless grassy steppes.vast steppe areas central asia considered together steppes eastern europe homogeneous geographical zone known eurasian steppe.much land central asia dry rugged farming.gobi desert extends foot pamirs ° e great khingan da hinggan mountains °–° e.central asia following geographic extremesthe worlds northernmost desert sand dunes buurug deliin els mongolia ° n.the northern hemispheres southernmost permafrost erdenetsogt sum mongolia ° n.the worlds shortest distance nonfrozen desert permafrost km mi.the eurasian pole inaccessibility.a majority people earn living herding livestock.
Central Asia	industrial activity centers regions cities.major rivers region include amu darya syr darya irtysh hari river murghab river.major bodies water include aral sea lake balkhash part huge westcentral asian endorheic basin also includes caspian sea.both bodies water shrunk significantly recent decades due diversion water rivers feed irrigation industrial purposes.water extremely valuable resource arid central asia lead rather significant international disputes.historical regions central asia bounded north forests siberia.northern half central asia kazakhstan middle part eurasian steppe.
Central Asia	westward kazakh steppe merges russianukrainian steppe eastward steppes deserts dzungaria mongolia.southward land becomes increasingly dry nomadic population increasingly thin.south supports areas dense population cities wherever irrigation possible.main irrigated areas along eastern mountains along oxus jaxartes rivers along north flank kopet dagh near persian border.east kopet dagh important oasis merv places afghanistan like herat balkh.
Central Asia	two projections tian create three bays along eastern mountains.largest north eastern kazakhstan traditionally called jetysu semirechye contains lake balkhash.center small denselypopulated ferghana valley.south bactria later called tocharistan bounded south hindu kush mountains afghanistan.syr darya jaxartes rises ferghana valley amu darya oxus rises bactria.
Central Asia	flow northwest aral sea.oxus meets aral sea forms large delta called khwarazm later khanate khiva.north oxus lessfamous equally important zarafshan river waters great trading cities bokhara samarkand.great commercial city tashkent northwest mouth ferghana valley.land immediately north oxus called transoxiana also sogdia especially referring sogdian merchants dominated silk road trade.to east dzungaria tarim basin united manchuchinese province xinjiang sinkiang hsinkiang .
Central Asia	caravans china usually went along north south side tarim basin joined kashgar crossing mountains northwest ferghana southwest bactria.minor branch silk road went north tian dzungaria zhetysu turning southwest near tashkent.nomadic migrations usually moved mongolia dzungaria turning southwest conquer settled lands continuing west toward europe.the kyzyl kum desert semidesert oxus jaxartes karakum desert oxus kopet dagh turkmenistan.khorasan meant approximately northeast persia northern afghanistan.margiana region around merv.
Central Asia	ustyurt plateau aral caspian seas.to southwest across kopet dagh lies persia.persian islamic civilisation penetrated central asia dominated high culture russian conquest.southeast route india.early times buddhism spread north throughout much history warrior kings tribes would move southeast establish rule northern india.nomadic conquerors entered northeast.
Central Asia	western civilisation russian soviet form penetrated northwest.names historical regions climate central asia buffered large body water temperature fluctuations often severe excluding hot sunny summer months.areas climate dry continental hot summers cool cold winters occasional snowfall.outside highelevation areas climate mostly semiarid arid.lower elevations summers hot blazing sunshine.
Central Asia	winters feature occasional rain andor snow lowpressure systems cross area mediterranean sea.average monthly precipitation extremely low july september rises autumn october november highest march april followed swift drying may june.winds strong producing dust storms sometimes especially toward end dry season september october.specific cities exemplify central asian climate patterns include tashkent samarkand uzbekistan ashgabat turkmenistan dushanbe tajikistan last representing one wettest climates central asia average annual precipitation mm inches.biogeographically central asia part palearctic realm.largest biome central asia temperate grasslands savannas shrublands biome.
Central Asia	central asia also contains montane grasslands shrublands deserts xeric shrublands temperate coniferous forests biomes.history although golden age orientalism place central asia world history marginalised contemporary historiography rediscovered centrality central asia.history central asia defined areas climate geography.aridness region made agriculture difficult distance sea cut much trade.thus major cities developed region instead area millennia dominated nomadic horse peoples steppe.relations steppe nomads settled people around central asia long marked conflict.
Central Asia	nomadic lifestyle well suited warfare steppe horse riders became militarily potent people world limited lack internal unity.internal unity achieved probably due influence silk road traveled along central asia.periodically great leaders changing conditions would organise several tribes one force create almost unstoppable power.included hun invasion europe wu hu attacks china notably mongol conquest much eurasia.during preislamic early islamic times southern central asia inhabited predominantly speakers iranian languages.among ancient sedentary iranian peoples sogdians chorasmians played important role iranian peoples scythians later alans lived nomadic seminomadic lifestyle.the main migration turkic peoples occurred th th centuries spread across central asia.
Central Asia	tang chinese expanded westwards controlled large parts central asia directly indirectly turkic vassals.tang china actively supported turkification central asia extending cultural influence.tang chinese defeated arabs battle talas marking end tang dynastys western expansion years chinese influence.tibetan empire would take chance rule portion central asia along south asia.th th centuries mongols conquered ruled largest contiguous empire recorded history.
Central Asia	central asia fell control chagatai khanate.the dominance nomads ended th century firearms allowed settled peoples gain control region.russia china powers expanded region captured bulk central asia end th century.russian revolution western central asian regions incorporated soviet union.eastern part central asia known east turkestan xinjiang incorporated peoples republic china previously subjugated manchu empire.mongolia regained independence remained independent became soviet satellite state dissolution soviet union.
Central Asia	afghanistan remained relatively independent major influence soviet union saur revolution .the soviet areas central asia saw much industrialisation construction infrastructure also suppression local cultures hundreds thousands deaths failed collectivisation programmes lasting legacy ethnic tensions environmental problems.soviet authorities deported millions people including entire nationalities western areas soviet union central asia siberia.according touraj atabaki sanjyot mehendale two million people various parts soviet union migrated central asia one million moved kazakhstan.with collapse soviet union five countries gained independence.nearly new states former communist party officials retained power local strongmen.none new republics could considered functional democracies early days independence although recent years kyrgyzstan kazakhstan mongolia made progress towards open societies unlike uzbekistan tajikistan turkmenistan maintained many sovietstyle repressive tactics.
Central Asia	culture arts crossroads asia shamanistic practices live alongside buddhism.thus yama lord death revered tibet spiritual guardian judge.mongolian buddhism particular influenced tibetan buddhism.qianlong emperor qing china th century tibetan buddhist would sometimes travel beijing cities personal religious worship.central asia also indigenous form improvisational oral poetry years old.principally practiced kyrgyzstan kazakhstan akyns lyrical improvisationalists.
Central Asia	engage lyrical battles aitysh alym sabak.tradition arose early bardic oral historians.usually accompanied stringed instrument—in kyrgyzstan threestringed komuz kazakhstan similar twostringed instrument dombra.photography central asia began develop russian mennonite photographer named wilhelm penner moved khanate khiva mennonite migration central asia led claas epp jr. upon arrival khanate khiva penner shared photography skills local student khudaybergen divanov later became founder uzbek photography.some also learn sing manas kyrgyzstans epic poem learn manas exclusively improvise called manaschis.soviet rule akyn performance coopted authorities subsequently declined popularity.fall soviet union enjoyed resurgence although akyns still use art campaign political candidates.
Central Asia	washington post article proposed similarity improvisational art akyns modern freestyle rap performed west.as consequence russian colonisation european fine arts – painting sculpture graphics – developed central asia.first years soviet regime saw appearance modernism took inspiration russian avantgarde movement.central asian arts developed along general tendencies soviet arts.arts region underwent significant changes.institutionally speaking fields arts regulated birth art market stayed representatives official views many sponsored international organisations.
Central Asia	years – times establishment contemporary arts.region many important international exhibitions taking place central asian art represented european american museums central asian pavilion venice biennale organised since .sports equestrian sports traditional central asia disciplines like endurance riding buzkashi dzhigit kyz kuu.the traditional game buzkashi played throughout central asian region countries sometimes organise buzkashi competition amongst other.first regional competition among central asian countries russia chinese xinjiang turkey held .first world title competition played kazakhstan.association football popular across central asia.
Central Asia	countries members central asian football association region asian football confederation.however kazakhstan member uefa.wrestling popular across central asia kazakhstan claimed olympic medals uzbekistan seven kyrgyzstan three.former soviet states central asian countries successful gymnastics.mixed martial arts one common sports central asia kyrgyz athlete valentina shevchenko holding ufc flyweight champion title.cricket popular sport afghanistan.afghanistan national cricket team first formed claimed wins bangladesh west indies zimbabwe.notable kazakh competitors include cyclists alexander vinokourov andrey kashechkin boxer vassiliy jirov gennady golovkin runner olga shishigina decathlete dmitriy karpov gymnast aliya yussupova judoka askhat zhitkeyev maxim rakov skier vladimir smirnov weightlifter ilya ilyin figure skaters denis ten elizabet tursynbaeva.notable uzbekistani competitors include cyclist djamolidine abdoujaparov boxer ruslan chagaev canoer michael kolganov gymnast oksana chusovitina tennis player denis istomin chess player rustam kasimdzhanov figure skater misha ge.economy since gaining independence early central asian republics gradually moving statecontrolled economy market economy.
Central Asia	ultimate aim emulate asian tigers becoming local equivalent central asian snow leopards.however reform deliberately gradual selective governments strive limit social cost ameliorate living standards.five countries implementing structural reforms improve competitiveness.kazakhstan cis country included iwb world competitiveness rankings.particular modernizing industrial sector fostering development service industries businessfriendly fiscal policies measures reduce share agriculture gdp.
Central Asia	share agriculture dropped tajikistan increased industry decreased.fastest growth industry observed turkmenistan whereas services sector progressed four countries.public policies pursued central asian governments focus buffering political economic spheres external shocks.includes maintaining trade balance minimizing public debt accumulating national reserves.cannot totally insulate negative exterior forces however persistently weak recovery global industrial production international trade since .notwithstanding emerged relatively unscathed global financial crisis –.
Central Asia	growth faltered briefly kazakhstan tajikistan turkmenistan uzbekistan economy grew per year average .turkmenistan achieved unusually high .growth .kyrgyzstans performance erratic phenomenon visible well .the republics fared best benefitted commodities boom first decade s. kazakhstan turkmenistan abundant oil natural gas reserves uzbekistans reserves make less selfsufficient.kyrgyzstan tajikistan uzbekistan gold reserves kazakhstan worlds largest uranium reserves.
Central Asia	fluctuating global demand cotton aluminium metals except gold recent years hit tajikistan hardest since aluminium raw cotton chief exports − tajik aluminium company countrys primary industrial asset.january minister agriculture announced governments intention reduce acreage land cultivated cotton make way crops.uzbekistan turkmenistan major cotton exporters ranking fifth ninth respectively worldwide volume .although exports imports grown significantly past decade central asian republics countries remain vulnerable economic shocks owing reliance exports raw materials restricted circle trading partners negligible manufacturing capacity.kyrgyzstan added disadvantage considered resource poor although ample water.electricity generated hydropower.the kyrgyz economy shaken series shocks .
Central Asia	april president kurmanbek bakiyev deposed popular uprising former minister foreign affairs roza otunbayeva assuring interim presidency election almazbek atambayev november .food prices rose two years row production major kumtor gold mine fell site perturbed geological movements.according world bank .population living absolute poverty .year later.despite high rates economic growth recent years gdp per capita central asia higher average developing countries kazakhstan ppp turkmenistan ppp .
Central Asia	dropped ppp uzbekistan home regions population even lower kyrgyzstan tajikistan.kazakhstan leads central asian region terms foreign direct investments.kazakh economy accounts investment attracted central asia.in terms economic influence big powers china viewed one key economic players central asia especially beijing launched grand development strategy known belt road initiative bri .the central asian countries attracted .billion foreign direct investment fdi .kazakhstan accounted .total fdi directed region.
Central Asia	kazakhstan also largest country central asia accounting percent regions gross domestic product gdp.education science technology modernisation research infrastructure bolstered strong economic growth kyrgyzstan national development strategies fostering new hightech industries pooling resources orienting economy towards export markets.many national research institutions established soviet era since become obsolete development new technologies changing national priorities.led countries reduce number national research institutions since grouping existing institutions create research hubs.several turkmen academy sciences institutes merged institute botany merged institute medicinal plants become institute biology medicinal plants sun institute merged institute physics mathematics become institute solar energy institute seismology merged state service seismology become institute seismology atmospheric physics.
Central Asia	uzbekistan institutions academy sciences reorganised following issuance decree cabinet ministers february .aim orient academic research towards problemsolving ensure continuity basic applied research.example mathematics information technology research institute subsumed national university uzbekistan institute comprehensive research regional problems samarkand transformed problemsolving laboratory environmental issues within samarkand state university.research institutions remained attached uzbek academy sciences centre genomics bioinformatics.kazakhstan turkmenistan also building technology parks part drive modernise infrastructure.construction began technopark village bikrova near ashgabat turkmen capital.
Central Asia	combine research education industrial facilities business incubators exhibition centres.technopark house research alternative energy sources sun wind assimilation nanotechnologies.technological parks set east south north kazakhstan oblasts administrative units capital nursultan.centre metallurgy also established east kazakhstan oblast well centre oil gas technologies part planned caspian energy hub.addition centre technology commercialisation set kazakhstan part parasat national scientific technological holding joint stock company established stateowned.
Central Asia	centre supports research projects technology marketing intellectual property protection technology licensing contracts startups.centre plans conduct technology audit kazakhstan review legal framework regulating commercialisation research results technology.countries seeking augment efficiency traditional extractive sectors also make greater use information communication technologies modern technologies solar energy develop business sector education research.march two research institutes created presidential decree foster development alternative energy sources uzbekistan funding asian development bank institutions spu physical−technical institute physics sun institute international solar energy institute.three universities set since foster competence strategic economic areas nazarbayev university kazakhstan first intake international research university inha university uzbekistan first intake specializing information communication technologies international oil gas university turkmenistan founded .kazakhstan uzbekistan generalizing teaching foreign languages school order facilitate international ties.
Central Asia	kazakhstan uzbekistan adopted threetier bachelors masters phd degree system respectively gradually replacing soviet system candidates doctors science.kazakhstan became central asian member bologna process seeks harmonise higher education systems order create european higher education area.financial investment research central asian republics ambition developing business sector education research hampered chronic low investment research development.decade regions investment research development hovered around .–.gdp.
Central Asia	uzbekistan broke trend raising research intensity .gdp.kazakhstan country business enterprise private nonprofit sectors make significant contribution research development – research intensity overall low kazakhstan .gdp .moreover industrial enterprises conduct research kazakhstan.one eight .
Central Asia	countrys manufacturing firms active innovation according survey unesco institute statistics.enterprises prefer purchase technological solutions already embodied imported machinery equipment.firms purchase license patents come technology.nevertheless appears growing demand products research since enterprises spent .times scientific technological services .
Central Asia	trends researchers kazakhstan uzbekistan count highest researcher density central asia.number researchers per million population close world average kazakhstan higher world average uzbekistan .kazakhstan central asian country business enterprise private nonprofit sectors make significant contribution research development.uzbekistan particularly vulnerable position heavy reliance higher education threequarters researchers employed university sector business enterprise sector.uzbek university researchers nearing retirement imbalance imperils uzbekistans research future.almost holders candidate science doctor science phd years old half aged one three researchers .
Central Asia	holds phd degree equivalent remainder holding bachelors masters degree.kazakhstan kyrgyzstan uzbekistan maintained share women researchers since fall soviet union.kazakhstan even achieved gender parity kazakh women dominating medical health research representing – engineering technology researchers .tajikistan however one three scientists woman .although policies place give tajik women equal rights opportunities underfunded poorly understood.turkmenistan offered state guarantee equality women since law adopted lack available data makes impossible draw conclusions laws impact research.
Central Asia	turkmenistan make data available higher education research expenditure researchers.table phds obtained science engineering central asia closest yearsource unesco science report towards table .note phd graduates science cover life sciences physical sciences mathematics statistics computing phds engineering also cover manufacturing construction.central asia generic term phd also encompasses candidate science doctor science degrees.data unavailable turkmenistan.table central asian researchers field science gender closest yearsource unesco science report towards table .research output number scientific papers published central asia grew almost driven kazakhstan overtook uzbekistan period become regions prolific scientific publisher according thomson reuters web science science citation index expanded.kazakhstans share scientific papers region grew .
Central Asia	although twothirds papers region foreign coauthor main partners tend come beyond central asia namely russian federation usa german united kingdom japan.five kazakh patents registered us patent trademark office compared three uzbek inventors none three central asian republics kyrgyzstan tajikistan turkmenistan.kazakhstan central asias main trader hightech products.kazakh imports nearly doubled us.billion us.billion.surge imports computers electronics telecommunications products represented investment us million us.
Central Asia	billion five years later.growth exports gradual – us.billion us.billion – dominated chemical products pharmaceuticals represented twothirds exports us.billion us.
Central Asia	billion .international cooperation five central asian republics belong several international bodies including organization security cooperation europe economic cooperation organization shanghai cooperation organisation.also members central asia regional economic cooperation carec programme also includes afghanistan azerbaijan china mongolia pakistan.november member countries adopted carec strategy blueprint furthering regional cooperation.decade us billion invested priority projects transport trade energy improve members competitiveness.
Central Asia	landlocked central asian republics conscious need cooperate order maintain develop transport networks energy communication irrigation systems.kazakhstan azerbaijan turkmenistan border caspian sea none republics direct access ocean complicating transportation hydrocarbons particular world markets.kazakhstan also one three founding members eurasian economic union along belarus russian federation.armenia kyrgyzstan since joined body.cooperation among member states science technology already considerable wellcodified legal texts eurasian economic union expected limited additional impact cooperation among public laboratories academia encourage business ties scientific mobility since includes provision free circulation labour unified patent regulations.kazakhstan tajikistan participated innovative biotechnologies programme – launched eurasian economic community predecessor eurasian economic union programme also involved belarus russian federation.within programme prizes awarded annual bioindustry exhibition conference.
Central Asia	russian organisations participated plus three belarus one kazakhstan three tajikistan well two scientific research groups germany.time vladimir debabov scientific director genetika state research institute genetics selection industrial microorganisms russian federation stressed paramount importance developing bioindustry.world today strong tendency switch petrochemicals renewable biological sources said.biotechnology developing two three times faster chemicals.kazakhstan also participated second project eurasian economic community establishment centre innovative technologies april signing agreement russian venture company government fund funds kazakh jsc national agency belarusian innovative foundation.selected projects entitled funding us– million implemented within public–private partnership.
Central Asia	first approved projects focused supercomputers space technologies medicine petroleum recycling nanotechnologies ecological use natural resources.initial projects spawned viable commercial products venture company plans reinvest profits new projects.venture company purely economic structure also designed promote common economic space among three participating countries.kazakhstan recognises role civil society initiatives address consequences covid crisis.four five central asian republics also involved project launched european union september inconet ca.aim project encourage central asian countries participate research projects within horizon european unions eighth research innovation funding programme.
Central Asia	focus research projects three societal challenges considered mutual interest european union central asia namely climate change energy health.inconet ca builds experience earlier projects involved regions eastern europe south caucasus western balkans.inconet ca focuses twinning research facilities central asia europe.involves consortium partner institutions austria czech republic estonia germany hungary kazakhstan kyrgyzstan poland portugal tajikistan turkey uzbekistan.may european union launched month call project applications twinned institutions – universities companies research institutes – funding € enable visit one anothers facilities discuss project ideas prepare joint events like workshops.the international science technology center istc established european union japan russian federation us engage weapons scientists civilian research projects foster technology transfer.
Central Asia	istc branches set following countries party agreement armenia belarus georgia kazakhstan kyrgyzstan tajikistan.headquarters istc moved nazarbayev university kazakhstan june three years russian federation announced withdrawal centre.kyrgyzstan tajikistan kazakhstan members world trade organization since respectively.territorial regional data demographics broad definition including mongolia afghanistan million people live central asia asias total population.regions asia north asia fewer people.population density people per km vastly less .
Central Asia	people per km continent whole.languages russian well spoken around six million ethnic russians ukrainians central asia de facto lingua franca throughout former soviet central asian republics.mandarin chinese equally dominant presence inner mongolia qinghai xinjiang.the languages majority inhabitants former soviet central asian republics belong turkic language group.turkmen mainly spoken turkmenistan minority language afghanistan russia iran turkey.kazakh kyrgyz related languages kypchak group turkic languages spoken throughout kazakhstan kyrgyzstan minority language tajikistan afghanistan xinjiang.
Central Asia	uzbek uyghur spoken uzbekistan tajikistan kyrgyzstan afghanistan xinjiang.the turkic languages may belong larger controversial altaic language family includes mongolian.mongolian spoken throughout mongolia buryatia kalmyk inner mongolia xinjiang.middle iranian languages spoken throughout central asia prominent sogdian khwarezmian bactrian scythian extinct belonged eastern iranian family.eastern iranian pashto language still spoken afghanistan northwestern pakistan.minor eastern iranian languages shughni munji ishkashimi sarikoli wakhi yaghnobi ossetic also spoken various places central asia.varieties persian also spoken major language region locally known dari afghanistan tajik tajikistan uzbekistan bukhori bukharan jews central asia.tocharian another indoeuropean language group predominant oases northern edge tarim basin xinjiang extinct.other language groups include tibetic languages spoken around six million people across tibetan plateau qinghai sichuan szechwan ladakh baltistan nuristani languages northeastern afghanistan.
Central Asia	dardic languages shina kashmiri pashayi khowar also spoken eastern afghanistan gilgitbaltistan khyber pakhtunkhwa pakistan disputed territory kashmir.korean spoken koryosaram minority mainly kazakhstan uzbekistan.religions islam religion common central asian republics afghanistan xinjiang peripheral western regions bashkortostan.central asian muslims sunni although sizable shia minorities afghanistan tajikistan.buddhism zoroastrianism major faiths central asia prior arrival islam.zoroastrian influence still felt today celebrations nowruz held five central asian states.
Central Asia	transmission buddhism along silk road eventually brought religion china.amongst turkic peoples tengrism leading religion islam.tibetan buddhism common tibet mongolia ladakh southern russian regions siberia.the form christianity practiced region previous centuries nestorianism largest denomination russian orthodox church many members kazakhstan population million identify christian uzbekistan kyrgyzstan.the bukharan jews sizable community uzbekistan tajikistan nearly emigrated since dissolution soviet union.in siberia shaministic practices persist including forms divination kumalak.contact migration han people china brought confucianism daoism mahayana buddhism chinese folk beliefs region.geostrategy central asia long strategic location merely proximity several great powers eurasian landmass.region never held dominant stationary population able make use natural resources.
Central Asia	thus rarely throughout history become seat power empire influential state.central asia divided redivided conquered existence fragmented time time again.central asia served battleground outside powers power right.central asia advantage disadvantage central location four historical seats power.central location access trade routes regional powers.hand continuously vulnerable attack sides throughout history resulting political fragmentation outright power vacuum successively dominated.to north steppe allowed rapid mobility first nomadic horseback warriors like huns mongols later russian traders eventually supported railroads.
Central Asia	russian empire expanded east would also push central asia towards sea search warm water ports.soviet bloc would reinforce dominance north attempt project power far south afghanistan.to east demographic cultural weight chinese empires continually pushed outward central asia since silk road period han dynasty.however sinosoviet split collapse soviet union china would project soft power central asia notably case afghanistan counter russian dominance region.to southeast demographic cultural influence india felt central asia notably tibet hindu kush slightly beyond.base india british empire competed russian empire influence region th th centuries.to southwest western asian powers expanded southern areas central asia usually uzbekistan afghanistan turkmenistan.several persian empires would conquer reconquer parts central asia alexander greats hellenic empire would extend central asia two islamic empires would exert substantial influence throughout region modern state iran projected influence throughout region well.
Central Asia	turkey common turkic nation identity gradually increased ties influence well region.furthermore since uzbekistan announced intention join april turkey central asian turkicspeaking states except turkmenistan together part turkic council.in post–cold war era central asia ethnic cauldron prone instability conflicts without sense national identity rather mess historical cultural influences tribal clan loyalties religious fervor.projecting influence area longer russia also turkey iran china pakistan india united statesrussia continues dominate political decisionmaking throughout former ssrs although countries move area russias influence begun wane though russia still maintains military bases kyrgyzstan tajikistan.the united states military involvement region oil diplomacy also significantly involved regions politics.united states nato members main contributors international security assistance force afghanistan also exert considerable influence central asian nations.china security ties central asian states shanghai cooperation organisation conducts energy trade bilaterally.india geographic proximity central asian region addition enjoys considerable influence afghanistan.india maintains military base farkhor tajikistan also extensive military relations kazakhstan uzbekistan.turkey also exerts considerable influence region account ethnic linguistic ties turkic peoples central asia involvement bakutbilisiceyhan oil pipeline.
Central Asia	political economic relations growing rapidly e.g.turkey recently eliminated visa requirements citizens central asian turkic republics.iran seat historical empires controlled parts central asia historical cultural links region vying construct oil pipeline caspian sea persian gulf.pakistan nucleararmed islamic state history political relations neighbouring afghanistan termed capable exercising influence.central asian nations shortest route ocean lies pakistan.pakistan seeks natural gas central asia supports development pipelines countries.according independent study turkmenistan supposed fifth largest natural gas field world.
Central Asia	mountain ranges areas northern pakistan lie fringes greater central asia gilgit–baltistan region pakistan lies adjacent tajikistan separated narrow afghan wakhan corridor.located northwest south asia area forming modernday pakistan maintained extensive historical cultural links central asian region.japan important growing influence central asia master plan capital city nursultan kazakhstan designed japanese architect kisho kurokawa central asia plus japan initiative designed strengthen ties promote development stability region.russian historian lev gumilev wrote xiongnu mongols mongol empire zunghar khanate turkic peoples first turkic khaganate uyghur khaganate played role stop chinese aggression north.turkic khaganate special policy chinese assimilation policy.another interesting theoretical analysis historicalgeopolitics central asia made reinterpretation orkhun inscripts.the region along russia also part great pivot per heartland theory halford mackinder says power controls central asia—richly endowed natural resources—shall ultimately empire world.war terror context united states war terror central asia become center geostrategic calculations.
Central Asia	pakistans status upgraded u.s. government major nonnato ally central role serving staging point invasion afghanistan providing intelligence alqaeda operations region leading hunt osama bin laden.afghanistan served source support alqaeda protection mullah omar taliban target u.s. invasion ongoing reconstruction drugeradication efforts.u.s. military bases also established uzbekistan kyrgyzstan causing russia peoples republic china voice concern permanent u.s. military presence region.western governments accused russia china former soviet republics justifying suppression separatist movements associated ethnics religion war terror.major cultural scientific economic centres cities central asia see also chinese central asia western regionscentral asian football federationcentral asian gamescentral asia regional economic cooperation programcentral asian studiescentral asian unionmountains central asiacentral asians ancient indian literaturecontinental pole inaccessibilityeconomic cooperation organizationhindutashinner asiarussian turkestansoviet central asia references citations sources reading blank stephen j. .central asia .isbn .chow edward.
Central Asia	central asias pipelines field dreams reality pipeline politics asia intersection demand energy markets supply routes.national bureau asian research .farah paolo davide energy security water resources economic development central asia world scientific reference globalisation eurasia pacific rim imperial college press london uk world scientific publishing november .available ssrn httpssrn.comabstractdani a.h. v.m.masson eds.history civilizations central asia.
Central Asia	paris unesco .gorshunova.olga v. svjashennye derevja khodzhi barora... sacred trees khodzhi baror phytolatry cult female deity central asia etnoragraficheskoe obozrenie n° pp.–.issn .
Central Asia	russian.klein i. gessner u. kuenzer .regional land cover mapping change detection central asia using modis timeseries.applied geography.– –.doi.j.apgeog....luong pauline jones .
Central Asia	transformation central asia states societies soviet rule independence.cornell university press.isbn .mandelbaum michael ed.central asia world kazakhstan uzbekistan tajikistan kyrgyzstan turkmenistan.new york council foreign relations press .marcinkowski m. ismail.
Central Asia	persian historiography geography bertold spuler major works produced iran caucasus central asia pakistan early ottoman turkey.singapore pustaka nasional .olcott martha brill.central asias new states independence foreign policy regional security.washington d.c. united states institute peace press .phillips andrew james paul .national identity tradition reflexive modernisation contradictions central asia.
Central Asia	national identities.–.doi.. scid .hasan bulent paksoy.alpamysh central asian identity russian rule.hartford aacar .
Central Asia	httpvlib.iue.itcarrietextscarriebookspaksoysoucek svatopluk.history inner asia.cambridge cambridge university press .rall ted.silk road ruin central asia new middle east new york nbm publishing .stone l.a. international politics central eurasia pp.central eurasian studies line accessible via web page international eurasian institute economic political research httpsweb.archive.orgwebhttp alexei slade gavin caron jeanfrançois ed.
Central Asia	trials tribulations kazakhstans criminal justice reforms kazakhstan soviet legacy singapore springer singapore pp.– isbn retrieved december .vakulchuk roman kazakhstans emerging economy state market peter lang frankfurtmain.available david.teaching inner asia bloomington indiana eric clearinghouse social studies .yellinek roie impact chinas belt road initiative central asia south caucasus einternational relations february .external links central asia encyclopædia iranicacentral asia ethnicity languages religious composition maps columbia universitygeneral map central asia – world digital library historic map
Central Asia	region consists former soviet republics kazakhstan kyrgyzstan tajikistan turkmenistan uzbekistan.also colloquially referred stans countries names ending persian suffix stan meaning land of.central asia historically closely tied silk road trade routes acting crossroads movement people goods ideas europe far east.in preislamic early islamic eras circa earlier central asia inhabited predominantly iranians populated eastern iranianspeaking bactrians sogdians chorasmians seminomadic scythians dahae.expansion turkic peoples central asia also became homeland kazakhs uzbeks tatars turkmen kyrgyz uyghurs turkic languages largely replaced iranian languages spoken area exception tajikistan areas tajik spoken.from midth century almost end th century central asia colonised russians incorporated russian empire later soviet union led russians slavs emigrating area.modernday central asia home large population european settlers mostly live kazakhstan million russians ukrainians germans.stalinistera forced deportation policies also mean koreans live there.central asia population million five countries kazakhstan pop.
Central Asia	million kyrgyzstan million tajikistan million turkmenistan million uzbekistan million.definitions one first geographers mentioned central asia distinct region world alexander von humboldt.borders central asia subject multiple definitions.historically political geography culture two significant parameters widely used scholarly definitions central asia.humboldts definition composed every country ° north ° south latitude .°n.
Central Asia	humboldt mentions geographic features region include caspian sea west altai mountains north hindu kush pamir mountains south.give eastern border region.legacy still seen humboldt university berlin named offers course central asian studies.russian geographer nicolay khanykoff questioned latitudinal definition central asia preferred physical one countries located region landlocked water including afghanistan tajikistan uzbekistan turkmenistan kyrgyzstan khorasan uyghuristan xinjiang.russian culture two distinct terms средняя азия srednyaya aziya middle asia narrower definition includes traditionally nonslavic central asian lands incorporated within borders historical russia центральная азия tsentralnaya aziya central asia wider definition includes central asian lands never part historical russia.latter definition includes afghanistan east turkestan.the limited definition official one soviet union defined middle asia consisting solely uzbekistan turkmenistan tajikistan kyrgyzstan omitting kazakhstan.

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