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Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	michael milken march american financier michael milken indicted counts racketeering fraud relating investigation allegation insider trading offenses.milken accused using wideranging network contacts manipulate stock bond prices.one first occasions rico indictment brought individual ties organized crime.milken pleaded guilty six lesser felonies securities fraud tax evasion rather risk spending rest life prison ended serving months prison.milken also ordered banned life securities industry.on september milkens employer drexel burnham lambert threatened rico charges respondeat superior legal doctrine corporations responsible employees crimes.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	drexel avoided rico charges entering alford plea lesser felonies stock parking stock manipulation.carefully worded plea drexel said position dispute allegations made government.drexel indicted rico statutes would post performance bond billion avoid assets frozen.would taken precedence firms obligations—including loans provided percent capital base.bond ever paid shareholders would practically wiped out.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	since banks extend credit firm indicted rico indictment would likely put drexel business.least one estimate rico indictment would destroyed firm within month.years later drexel president ceo fred joseph said drexel choice plead guilty financial institution cannot survive rico indictment.major league baseball major league baseball team owners voted eliminate two teams presumably minnesota twins montreal expos.former minority owners expos filed charges rico act mlb commissioner bud selig former expos owner jeffrey loria claiming selig loria deliberately conspired devalue team personal benefit preparation move.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	found liable major league baseball could responsible million punitive damages.case lasted two years successfully stalling expos move washington contraction time.eventually sent arbitration arbiters ruled favor major league baseball permitting move washington take place.los angeles police department april federal judge william j. rea los angeles ruling one rampart scandal case said plaintiffs could pursue rico claims lapd unprecedented finding.july us district judge gary a. feess said plaintiffs standing sue lapd rico alleging personal injuries rather economic property damage.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	mohawk industries april supreme court heard mohawk industries inc. v. williams no.u.s. concerned sort corporations fell scope rico.mohawk industries allegedly hired illegal aliens violation rico.court asked decide whether mohawk industries along recruiting agencies constituted enterprise could prosecuted rico.however june year court dismissed case remanded us court appeals.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	gambino crime family john gotti frank locascio convicted april rico act later sentenced life prison.in tampa october four members gambino crime family capo ronald trucchio terry scaglione steven catallono anthony mucciarone associate kevin mcmahon tried rico statutes found guilty sentenced life prison.lucchese crime family mids prosecuting attorneys gregory oconnell charles rose used rico charges bring lucchese family within month period.dismantling lucchese family profound financial impact previously mafia held businesses construction garment garbage hauling.dominated extorted money taxes dues fees.example extortion garbage business.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	hauling garbage world trade center cost building owners .million per year removed mafia monopolized business compared per year competitive bids could sought.bonanno crime family bonanno crime family boss joseph massinos trial began may judge nicholas garaufis presiding greg d. andres robert henoch heading prosecution.faced rico counts seven murders due prospect prosecutors seeking death penalty sciascia murder case severed tried separately arson extortion loansharking illegal gambling money laundering.deliberating five days jury found massino guilty counts july .
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	sentencing initially scheduled october expected receive sentence life imprisonment possibility parole.jury also approved prosecutors recommended million forfeiture proceeds reign bonanno boss day verdict.immediately july conviction court adjourned massino requested meeting judge garaufis made first offer cooperate.hopes sparing life facing death penalty found guilty sciascias murder.indeed one john ashcrofts final acts attorney general order federal prosecutors seek death penalty massino.massino thus stood first mafia boss executed crimes first mob boss face death penalty since lepke buchalter executed .
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	massino first sitting boss new york crime family turn states evidence second history american mafia philadelphia crime family boss ralph natale flipped facing drug charges.chicago outfit us department justices operation family secrets indicted chicago outfit also known outfit chicago mafia chicago mob organization members associates rico predicates.five defendants convicted rico violations crimes.six pleaded guilty two died trial one sick tried.michael conahan mark ciavarella federal grand jury middle district pennsylvania handed count indictment former luzerne county court common pleas judges michael conahan mark ciavarella.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	judges charged rico allegedly committing acts mail wire fraud tax evasion money laundering honest services fraud.judges accused taking kickbacks housing juveniles judges convicted mostly petty crimes private detention center.incident dubbed many local national newspapers kids cash scandal.february federal jury found mark ciavarella guilty racketeering involvement accepting illegal payments robert mericle developer pa child care attorney robert powell coowner facility.ciavarella facing counts federal court.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	scott w. rothstein scott w. rothstein disbarred lawyer former managing shareholder chairman chief executive officer nowdefunct rothstein rosenfeldt adler law firm.accused funding philanthropy political contributions law firm salaries extravagant lifestyle massive .billion dollar ponzi scheme.december rothstein turned federal authorities subsequently arrested charges related rico.although arraignment plea guilty rothstein cooperated government reversed plea guilty five federal crimes january .
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	bond denied us magistrate judge robin rosenbaum ruled due ability forge documents considered flight risk.june rothstein received year prison sentence hearing federal court fort lauderdale.accesshealthsource eleven defendants indicted rico charges allegedly assisting accesshealthsource local health care provider obtaining maintaining lucrative contracts local state government entities city el paso texas bribery kickbacks elected officials others extortion color authority fraudulent schemes artifices false pretenses promises representations deprivation right citizens honest services elected local officials see indictment.fifa fourteen defendants affiliated fifa indicted rico act counts racketeering wire fraud money laundering conspiracies among offenses connection defendants participation year scheme enrich corruption international soccer.defendants include many current former highranking officers fifa affiliate concacaf.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	defendants allegedly used enterprise front collect millions dollars bribes may influenced russia qatars winning bids host fifa world cups respectively.drummond company drummond company sued attorneys terrence p. collingsworth william r. scherer advocacy group international rights advocates iradvocates dutch businessman albert van bilderbeek one owners llanos oil accusing violating rico alleging drummond worked alongside autodefensas unidas de colombia murder labor union leaders within proximity colombian coal mines drummond denies.connecticut senator len fasano federal jury ordered fasano pay rico illegally helping client hide assets bankruptcy case.lechter v. aprio north georgia case lechter v. aprio atlanta georgia accounting firm named aprio llp sued clients involving tax avoidance scheme using conservation easements.complaint david deary attorney plaintiff stated exact kind conduct civil rico statute designed remedy bunch professional advisers put together scheme secret manipulating bunch technical rules laymen dont understand deprive people money.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	specifically claim cites violations racketeer influenced corrupt organizations act rico u.s.c.§§– violations georgia rico statute o.c.g.a.§ et seq.the case followed implications regarding use conservation easements tax shelters.article bloomberg tax states classaction claiming promoters syndicated conservation easements knew outset deals violated tax laws new legal avenue aggrieved investors internal revenue service justice department grind crackdowns.see also continuing criminal enterprisecriminal tribes actpatriot act references bagchi aysha.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	bloomberg tax.participants irstargeted land deals sue alleged promoters.march .reading criminal rico u.s.c.– manual federal prosecutors.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	washington d.c. u.s. dept.justice criminal division organized crime racketeering section .united states.congress.house.committee judiciary.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act	subcommittee no..organized crime control.hearings ... ninetyfirst congress second session s. related proposals relating control organized crime u.s. held may june july august .washington d.c. u.s. government printing office .
Provisional Irish Republican Army	external links deadlnk rico act cornell universitys u. s. code databaseactive republican paramilitary group troubles.saw army allisland irish republic sole legitimate successor original ira irish war independence.designated terrorist organisation united kingdom illegal organisation republic ireland whose authority rejected.the provisional ira emerged december due split within previous incarnation ira broader irish republican movement.initially minority faction split compared official ira became dominant faction .troubles begun shortly largely catholic nonviolent civil rights campaign met violence ulster loyalists royal ulster constabulary ruc culminating august riots deployment british soldiers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	ira initially focused defence catholic areas began offensive campaign aided weapons supplied irish american sympathisers libyan leader muammar gaddafi.used guerrilla tactics british army ruc rural urban areas carried bombing campaign northern ireland england military political economic targets british military targets europe.the provisional ira declared final ceasefire july political wing sinn féin admitted multiparty peace talks future northern ireland.resulted good friday agreement ira formally ended armed campaign decommissioned weapons supervision independent international commission decommissioning.several splinter groups formed result splits within ira including continuity ira real ira still active dissident irish republican campaign.iras armed campaign primarily northern ireland also england mainland europe killed people including roughly members british security forces – civilians.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	addition – members ira killed conflict.history origins original ira formed irish volunteers time ireland part united kingdom.volunteers took part easter rising british rule war independence followed declaration independence revolutionary parliament dáil éireann came known ira.ireland partitioned southern ireland northern ireland government ireland act following implementation angloirish treaty southern ireland renamed irish free state became selfgoverning dominion northern ireland chose remain home rule part united kingdom.treaty caused split ira protreaty ira absorbed national army defeated antitreaty ira civil war.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	subsequently denying legitimacy free state surviving elements antitreaty ira focused overthrowing northern ireland state achievement united ireland carrying bombing campaign england campaign northern ireland border campaign –.following failure border campaign internal debate took place regarding future ira.chiefofstaff cathal goulding wanted ira adopt socialist agenda become involved politics traditional republicans seán mac stíofáin wanted increase recruitment rebuild ira.following partition northern ireland became de facto oneparty state governed ulster unionist party parliament northern ireland catholics viewed secondclass citizens.protestants given preference jobs housing local government constituencies gerrymandered places derry.policing carried armed royal ulster constabulary ruc bspecials almost exclusively protestant.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	mids tension catholic protestant communities increasing.ireland celebrated th anniversary easter rising prompting fears renewed ira campaign.feeling threat protestants formed ulster volunteer force uvf paramilitary group killed three people may two catholic men.january northern ireland civil rights association nicra formed diverse group people including ira members liberal unionists.civil rights marches nicra similar organisation peoples democracy protesting discrimination met counterprotests violent clashes loyalists including ulster protestant volunteers paramilitary group led ian paisley.marches marking ulster protestant celebration twelfth july led riots violent clashes belfast derry elsewhere.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	following month threeday riot began catholic bogside area derry following march protestant apprentice boys derry.battle bogside caused catholics belfast riot solidarity bogsiders try prevent ruc reinforcements sent derry sparking retaliation protestant mobs.subsequent arson attacks damage property intimidation forced catholic families protestant families leave homes belfast northern ireland riots august riots resulted buildings destroyed requiring major repairs .occupied catholics.number people killed sides police british army deployed northern ireland.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	ira poorly armed failed properly defend catholic areas protestant attacks considered one roles since s. veteran republicans critical goulding iras dublin leadership political reasons refused prepare aggressive action advance violence.august group including joe cahill seamus twomey dáithí ó conaill billy mckee jimmy steele came together belfast decided remove progoulding belfast leadership billy mcmillen jim sullivan return traditional militant republicanism.september twomey mckee steele among sixteen armed ira men confronted belfast leadership failure adequately defend catholic areas.compromise agreed mcmillen stayed command communication iras dublin based leadership.split ira split provisional official factions december ira convention held boyle county roscommon republic ireland.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	two main issues convention resolution enter national liberation front radical leftwing groups resolution end abstentionism would allow participation british irish northern ireland parliaments.traditional republicans refused vote national liberation front passed twentynine votes seven.traditionalists argued strongly ending abstentionism official minutes report resolution passed twentyseven votes twelve.following convention traditionalists canvassed support throughout ireland ira director intelligence mac stíofáin meeting disaffected members ira belfast.shortly traditionalists held convention elected provisional army council composed mac stíofáin ruairí ó brádaigh paddy mulcahy sean tracey leo martin ó conaill cahill.term provisional chosen mirror provisional government irish republic also designate temporary pending ratification ira convention.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	nine thirteen ira units belfast sided provisional army council december roughly activists supporters.provisional ira issued first public statement december statingwe declare allegiance county irish republic proclaimed easter established first dáil éireann overthrown force arms suppressed day existing britishimposed sixcounty twentysixcounty partition states ... call irish people home exile increased support towards defending people north eventual achievement full political social economic cultural freedom ireland.the irish republican political party sinn féin split along lines january dublin third delegates walked partys highest deliberative body ard fheis protest party leaderships attempt force ending abstentionism despite failure achieve twothirds majority vote delegates required change policy.delegates walked reconvened another venue mac stíofáin ó brádaigh mulcahy provisional army council elected caretaker executive provisional sinn féin.despite declared support faction sinn féin early provisional ira avoided political activity instead relying physical force republicanism.£ donated fianna fáilled irish government defence committees catholic areas ended hands ira.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	resulted arms crisis criminal charges pursued two former government ministers others including john kelly ira volunteer belfast.provisional ira maintained principles pre ira considering british rule northern ireland government republic ireland illegitimate army council provisional government allisland irish republic.belief based series perceived political inheritances constructed legal continuity second dáil –.ira recruited many young nationalists northern ireland involved ira radicalised violence broke .people became known sixty niners joined .
Provisional Irish Republican Army	ira adopted phoenix symbol irish republican rebirth one slogans ashes rose provisionals representing iras resurrection ashes burntout catholic areas belfast.initial phase january army council decided adopt threestage strategy defence nationalist areas followed combination defence retaliation finally launching guerrilla campaign british army.official ira opposed campaign felt would lead sectarian conflict would defeat strategy uniting workers sides sectarian divide.provisional iras strategy use force cause collapse northern ireland government inflict heavy casualties british army british government would forced public opinion withdraw ireland.mac stíofáin decided would escalate escalate escalate british army would later describe classic insurgency.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	october ira began bombing campaign economic targets end year explosions.following year responsible vast majority explosions occurred northern ireland.strategic aim behind bombings target businesses commercial premises deter investment force british government pay compensation increasing financial cost keeping northern ireland within united kingdom.ira also believed bombing campaign would tie british soldiers static positions guarding potential targets preventing deployment counterinsurgency operations.loyalist paramilitaries including uvf carried campaigns aimed thwarting iras aspirations maintaining political union britain.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	loyalist paramilitaries tended target catholics connection republican movement seeking undermine support ira.as result escalating violence internment without trial introduced northern ireland government august suspects arrested first twentyfour hours.despite loyalist violence also increasing arrested republicans including political activists associated ira student civil rights leaders.onesided nature internment united catholics opposition government riots broke protest across northern ireland.twentytwo people killed next three days including six civilians killed british army part ballymurphy massacre august belfast catholics protestants forced homes rioting.introduction internment dramatically increased level violence seven months prior internment people killed people killed introduction internment end year including thirty soldiers eleven ruc officers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	internment boosted ira recruitment dublin taoiseach jack lynch abandoned planned idea introduce internment republic ireland.ira recruitment increased bloody sunday derry january british army killed fourteen unarmed civilians antiinternment march.due deteriorating security situation northern ireland british government suspended northern ireland parliament imposed direct rule march .suspension northern ireland parliament key objective ira order directly involve british government northern ireland ira wanted conflict seen one ireland britain.may official ira called ceasefire leaving provisional ira sole active republican paramilitary organisation.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	new recruits saw official ira existing purpose defence contrast provisional ira existing purpose attack increased recruitment defections official ira provisional ira led latter becoming dominant organisation.on june ira announced ceasefire would begin midnight june anticipation talks british government.two days later ó brádaigh ó conaill held press conference dublin announce éire nua new ireland policy advocated allireland federal republic devolved governments parliaments four historic provinces ireland.designed deal fears unionists united ireland ulster parliament narrow protestant majority would provide protection interests.british government held secret talks republican leadership july mac stíofáin ó conaill ivor bell twomey gerry adams martin mcguinness flying england meet british delegation led william whitelaw.mac stíofáin made demands including british withdrawal removal british army sensitive areas release republican prisoners amnesty fugitives.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	british refused talks broke iras ceasefire ended july.late early iras leadership depleted arrests sides irish border mac stíofáin ó brádaigh mcguinness imprisoned ira membership.due crisis ira bombed london march army council believed bombs england would greater impact british public opinion.followed intense period ira activity england left fortyfive people dead end including twentyone civilians killed birmingham pub bombings.following ira ceasefire christmas period one january february ira issued statement suspending offensive military action six oclock following day.series meetings took place iras leadership british government representatives throughout year ira led believe start process british withdrawal.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	occasional ira violence occurred ceasefire bombs belfast derry south armagh.ira also involved tit tat sectarian killings protestant civilians retaliation sectarian killings loyalist paramilitaries.july army council concerned progress talks concluding prospect lasting peace without public declaration british government intent withdraw ireland.august gradual return armed campaign truce effectively ended september ira set bombs across northern ireland.old guard leadership ó brádaigh ó conaill mckee criticised younger generation activists following ceasefire influence ira slowly declined.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	younger generation viewed ceasefire disastrous ira causing organisation irreparable damage taking close defeated.army council accused falling trap allowed british breathing space time build intelligence ira mckee criticised allowing ira become involved sectarian killings well feud official ira october november left eleven people dead.long war following end ceasefire british government introduced new threepart strategy deal troubles parts became known ulsterisation normalisation criminalisation.ulsterisation involved increasing role locally recruited ruc ulster defence regiment udr parttime element british army order try contain conflict inside northern ireland reduce number british soldiers recruited outside northern ireland killed.normalisation involved ending internment without trial special category status latter introduced following hunger strike led mckee.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	criminalisation designed alter public perception troubles insurgency requiring military solution criminal problem requiring law enforcement solution.result withdrawal special category status september ira prisoner kieran nugent began blanket protest maze prison hundreds prisoners refused wear prison uniforms.in ira evolved new strategy called long war would remain strategy rest troubles.strategy accepted campaign would last many years successful included increased emphasis political activity sinn féin.republican document early states sinn féin ira play different converging roles war national liberation.irish republican army wages armed campaign ... sinn féin maintains propaganda war public political voice movement.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	edition green book induction training manual used ira describes strategy long war termsa war attrition enemy personnel british army aimed causing many casualties deaths possible create demand british people home withdrawal.a bombing campaign aimed making enemys financial interests country unprofitable time curbing longterm investment country.to make six counties ... ungovernable except colonial military rule.to sustain war gain support ends national international propaganda publicity campaigns.by defending war liberation punishing criminals collaborators informers.the long war saw iras tactics move away large bombing campaigns early favour attacks members security forces.iras new multifaceted strategy saw begin use armed propaganda using publicity gained attacks assassination lord mountbatten warrenpoint ambush focus attention nationalist communitys rejection british rule.ira aimed keep northern ireland unstable would frustrate british objective installing power sharing government solution troubles.the prison protest criminalisation culminated irish hunger strike seven ira three irish national liberation army members starved death pursuit political status.hunger strike leader bobby sands anti hblock activist owen carron successively elected british house commons two protesting prisoners elected dáil éireann.electoral successes led iras armed campaign pursued parallel increased electoral participation sinn féin.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	strategy known armalite ballot box strategy named danny morrisons speech sinn féin ard fheiswho really believes win war ballot box anyone object ballot paper hand armalite hand take power irelandattacks highprofile political military targets remained priority ira.chelsea barracks bombing london october killed two civilians injured twentythree soldiers week later ira struck london assassination attempt lieutenant general steuart pringle commandant general royal marines.attacks military targets england continued hyde park regents park bombings july killed eleven soldiers injured fifty people including civilians.october carried brighton hotel bombing assassination attempt british prime minister margaret thatcher blamed deaths ten hunger strikers.bombing killed five members conservative party attending party conference including mp anthony berry thatcher narrowly escaping death.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	planned escalation england bombing campaign prevented six ira volunteers including martina anderson brighton bomber patrick magee arrested glasgow.plans major escalation campaign late cancelled ship carrying tonnes weapons donated libya seized coast france.plans modelled tet offensive vietnam war relied element surprise lost ships captain informed french authorities four earlier shipments weapons allowed british army deploy appropriate countermeasures.ira began attacking british military targets mainland europe beginning rheindahlen bombing followed approximately twenty gun bomb attacks aimed british armed forces personnel bases .peace process late troubles military political stalemate ira able prevent british government imposing settlement unable force objective irish reunification.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	sinn féin president adams contact social democratic labour party sdlp leader john hume delegation representing irish government order find political alternatives iras campaign.result republican leadership appearing interested peace british policy shifted peter brooke secretary state northern ireland began engage hoping political settlement.backchannel diplomacy ira british government began october sinn féin given advance copy planned speech brooke.speech given london following month brooke stating british government would give violence offering significant political change violence stopped ending statement sayingthe british government selfish strategic economic interest northern ireland role help enable encourage ... partition acknowledgement reality assertion national selfinterest.the ira responded brookes speech declaring threeday ceasefire christmas first fifteen years.afterwards ira intensified bombing campaign england planting bombs .
Provisional Irish Republican Army	baltic exchange bombing april killed three people caused estimated £ million worth damage £ million total damage caused troubles northern ireland point.december patrick mayhew succeeded brooke secretary state northern ireland gave speech directed ira coleraine stating irish reunification could achieved negotiation british government would give violence.secret talks british government ira via intermediaries continued british government arguing ira would likely achieve objective politics continued violence.talks progressed slowly due continued ira violence including warrington bombing march killed two children bishopsgate bombing month later killed one person caused estimated £ billion worth damage.december press conference held londons downing street british prime minister john major irish taoiseach albert reynolds.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	delivered downing street declaration conceded right irish people selfdetermination separate referendums northern ireland republic ireland.january army council voted reject declaration sinn féin asked british government clarify certain aspects declaration.british government replied saying declaration spoke refused meet sinn féin unless ira called ceasefire.on august ira announced complete cessation military operations understanding sinn féin would included political talks settlement.new strategy known tuas revealed iras rankandfile following ceasefire described either tactical use armed struggle irish republican movement totally unarmed strategy broader irish nationalist movement.strategy involved coalition including sinn féin sdlp irish government acting concert apply leverage british government iras armed campaign starting stopping necessary option call ceasefire negotiations failed.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	british government refused admit sinn féin multiparty talks ira decommissioned weapons standoff began ira refused disarm final peace settlement agreed.ira regarded undefeated decommissioning act surrender stated decommissioning never mentioned prior ceasefire declared.march mayhew set three conditions sinn féin admitted multiparty talks.firstly ira willing agree disarm progressively secondly scheme decommissioning agreed finally weapons decommissioned prior talks beginning confidence building measure.ira responded public statements september calling decommissioning unreasonable demand stalling tactic british government.on february statement army council delivered irish national broadcaster raidió teilifís éireann announcing end ceasefire minutes later docklands bombing killed two people caused estimated £– million damage londons expensive commercial property.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	three weeks later british irish governments issued joint statement announcing multiparty talks would begin june sinn féin excluded unless ira called new ceasefire.iras campaign continued manchester bombing june injured people caused estimated £ million damage city centre.attacks mostly england apart osnabrück mortar attack british army base germany.iras first attack northern ireland since end ceasefire october thiepval barracks bombing killed british soldier.february ira sniper team killed lance bombadier stephen restorick last british soldier killed ira.following may uk general election major replaced prime minister tony blair labour party.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	new secretary state northern ireland mo mowlam announced prior election would willing include sinn féin multiparty talks without prior decommissioning weapons within two months ira ceasefire.ira declared new ceasefire july sinn féin admitted multiparty talks produced good friday agreement april .one aim agreement paramilitary groups northern ireland fully disarm may .ira began decommissioning process monitored canadian general john de chastelains independent international commission decommissioning iicd weapons decommissioned october april .october decommissioning first time irish republican paramilitary organisation voluntarily disposed arms.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	october devolved northern ireland assembly suspended british government direct rule returned order prevent unionist walkout.partly triggered stormontgate—allegations republican spies operating within parliament buildings police service northern ireland psni—and ira temporarily broke contact de chastelain.however decommissioning took place october .aftermath december northern bank robbery minister justice equality law reform michael mcdowell stated could place government either northern ireland republic ireland party supported threatened use violence possessed explosives firearms involved criminality.beginning february ira declared withdrawing decommissioning offer late .
Provisional Irish Republican Army	followed demand democratic unionist party paisley insisting photographic evidence decommissioning.end armed campaign july ira announced end armed campaign stating would work achieve aims solely peaceful political means volunteers end paramilitary activity.ira also stated would complete process disarmament quickly possible.ira invited two independent witnesses view secret disarmament work catholic priest father alec reid protestant minister reverend harold good.september iicd announced totality iras arsenal decommissioned.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	janes information group estimated weaponry decommissioned september included rifles tonnes plastic explosive semtex– heavy machine guns surfacetoair missiles flamethrowers detonators rocketpropelled grenade launchers handguns hand grenadeshaving compared weapons decommissioned british irish security forces estimates iras arsenal iras full involvement process decommissioning weapons iicd arrived conclusion ira weaponry decommissioned.secretary state northern ireland peter hain said accepted conclusion iicd.since occasional claims media ira decommissioned weaponry.response claims independent monitoring commission imc stated tenth report ira decommissioned weaponry control.said weapons kept would kept individuals ira orders.in february garda commissioner nóirín osullivan stated republic irelands police service gardaí evidence iras military structure remains ira engaged crime.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	august george hamilton psni chief constable stated ira longer exists paramilitary organisation.said structure remains group committed following peaceful political path engaged criminal activity directing violence.however added members engaged criminal activity violence ends.statement response recent killings two former ira members.august kevin mcguigan shot dead believed revenge killing former ira members shooting death former belfast ira commander gerard davison three months earlier.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	chief constable stated evidence killing mcguigan sanctioned ira leadership.response british government commissioned assessment paramilitary groups northern ireland concluded october ira committed peace continued exist reduced form.weaponry operations early days troubles ira poorly armed derry early iras weaponry consisted six carbines two thompson submachine guns one two garand rifles variety handguns.result black market arms deals donations sympathisers ira obtained large array weapons surfacetoair missiles machine guns armalite ar fn fal akm rifles dshk heavy machine guns lpo flamethrowers barrett sniper rifles.ira also used variety bombs armed campaign car truck bombs time bombs booby traps using explosives including anfo gelignite plastic explosive semtex.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	iras engineering department also manufactured series improvised mortars built standard comparable military models.iras development mortar tactics response heavy fortifications ruc british army bases ira mortars generally fired indirectly able bypass perimeter security measures.mortars used variety different firing mechanisms including delay timers combined disposable nature weapons allowed ira volunteers reduce risk arrested scene.the ira mainly active northern ireland although also attacked targets england mainland europe limited activity also took place republic ireland.iras offensive campaign mainly targeted british army including udr ruc british soldiers iras preferred target.targets included british government officials politicians establishment judicial figures senior british army police officers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	bombing campaign principally targeted political economic military targets described counterterrorism expert andy oppenheimer biggest terrorist bombing campaign history.economic targets included shops restaurants hotels railway stations public buildings.ira blamed abercorn restaurant bombing march bomb exploded without warning killing two women injuring many people.due negative publicity abercorn bombing ira introduced system telephoned coded warnings try avoid civilian casualties still causing intended damage properties economy.civilian deaths counterproductive ira provided british propaganda coups affected recruitment funding.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	despite ira bombs continued kill civilians generally due ira mistakes incompetence errors communication.included donegall street bombing killed seven people including four civilians bloody friday nine people five civilians killed twentytwo bombs planted onemile radius belfast city centre.premature explosions another cause civilian deaths remembrance day bombing killed eleven people including ten civilians shankill road bombing killed ten people including eight civilians.casualties ira responsible deaths organisation troubles.two detailed studies deaths troubles conflict archive internet cain book lost lives differ slightly numbers killed ira total number conflict deaths.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	according cain ira responsible deaths total conflict deaths.members former members british security forces civilians.according lost lives ira responsible deaths total conflict deaths.members british security forces civilians including former members security forces.civilian figure also includes civilians employed british security forces politicians members judiciary alleged criminals informers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	remainder loyalist republican paramilitary members including ira members accidentally killed bombs shot security force agents informers.overall ira responsible – total british security force deaths – total civilian deaths.iras campaign england responsible least incidents causing injuries deaths including civilians british soldiers.ira members killed troubles iras biggest loss life single incident loughgall ambush eight volunteers attempting bomb police station killed british armys special air service.structure levels organisation entitled send delegates general army conventions.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	convention iras supreme decisionmaking authority supposed meet every two years every four years following change iras constitution .conventions met regularly owing difficulty organising large gathering illegal organisation secret iras armed campaign ongoing held september october october november .ceasefire held frequently known held october may december early june .convention elected member executive selected seven members usually within executive form army council.vacancies executive would filled substitutes previously elected convention.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	daytoday purposes authority vested army council well directing policy taking major tactical decisions appointed chiefofstaff one number less often outside ranks.the chiefofstaff would assisted adjutant general well general headquarters ghq staff consisted quartermaster general directors finance engineering training intelligence publicity operations security.ghqs largest department quartermaster generals accounted approximately iras personnel responsible acquiring weapons smuggling ireland would hidden arms dumps distributed ira units needed.next important department engineering manufactured improvised explosive devices improvised mortars.ghq ira divided northern command southern command.northern command operated northern ireland well border counties donegal leitrim cavan monaghan louth southern command operated remainder ireland.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	parallel introduction cell structures local level command warzone given northern command facilitated coordinated attacks across northern ireland rapid alterations tactics.southern command consisted dublin brigade number smaller units rural areas.main responsibilities support activities northern command importation storage arms providing safe houses raising funds robberies organising training camps.another department attached ghq separate ira structures england department responsible bombing campaign england.the ira referred ordinary members volunteers óglaigh irish reflect ira irregular army people forced join could leave time.late ira volunteers organised units based conventional military structures.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	volunteers living one area formed company part battalion could part brigade belfast brigade derry brigade south armagh brigade east tyrone brigade.late belfast brigade restructured introducing clandestine cells named active service units consisting four ten members.similar changes made elsewhere ira moving away larger conventional military organisational principle owing security vulnerability.old structures used support activities policing nationalist areas intelligencegathering hiding weapons bulk attacks carried active service units using weapons controlled brigades quartermaster.exception reorganisation south armagh brigade retained traditional hierarchy battalion structure.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	handful volunteers south armagh brigade convicted serious offences fewer arrests area meaning security forces struggled recruit informers.political ideology iras goal allireland democratic socialist republic.richard english professor queens university belfast writes iras adherence socialist goals varied according time place radical ideas specifically socialist ones key part ira thinking.former ira volunteer tommy mckearney states iras goal socialist republic coherent analysis understanding socialism idea details would worked following ira victory.contrast official ira irish national liberation army adopted clearly defined marxist positions.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	similarly northern ireland leftwing politician eamonn mccann remarked provisional ira considered nonsocialist ira compared official ira.during iras commitment socialism became solidified ira prisoners began engage works political marxist theory authors frantz fanon che guevara antonio gramsci hochi minh general giap.members felt irish version tet offensive could possibly key victory british pending arrival weapons secured libya.however never came pass fall berlin wall brought dogmatic commitment socialism back question possible socialist allies eastern europe wilted away.years followed ira prisoners began look towards south african politics example set african national congress.many imprisoned ira members saw parallels struggle nelson mandela encouraged mandelas use compromise following ascent power south africa consider compromise themselves.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	categorisation ira proscribed organisation united kingdom terrorism act unlawful organisation republic ireland offences state acts ira volunteers tried nonjury special criminal court.similar system introduced northern ireland northern ireland emergency provisions act diplock court consisting single judge jury.ira rejected authority courts northern ireland republic ireland standing orders allow volunteers trial criminal court enter plea recognise authority court could lead expulsion ira.orders relaxed due sentences republic ireland ira membership increased two years seven years imprisonment.ira prisoners uk republic ireland granted conditional early release part good friday agreement.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	ira members often refused travel visas enter united states due previous criminal convictions immigration nationality act bars entry people members organisation advocates overthrow government force.american tv news broadcasts used terms activists guerrillas describe ira members british tv news broadcasts commonly used term terrorists particularly bbc part editorial guidelines published .republicans reject label terrorism instead describing iras activity war military activity armed struggle armed resistance.ira prefer terms freedom fighter soldier activist volunteer members.ira also described private army.ira saw irish war independence guerrilla war accomplished aims remaining unfinished business.an internal british army document written general sir mike jackson two senior officers released freedom information act.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	examined british armys years deployment northern ireland described ira professional dedicated highly skilled resilient force loyalist paramilitaries republican groups described little collection gangsters.strength support numerical strength unclear many people joined ira troubles keep detailed records personnel.journalists eamonn mallie patrick bishop state roughly people passed ranks ira first years existence many leaving arrest retirement disillusionment.mcguinness held variety leadership positions estimated total membership course troubles.british army estimates ira volunteers july derry belfast journalist ed moloney states end year ira belfast volunteers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	late restructure british army estimated ira fulltime volunteers.british army report brigadier james glover stated restructured ira require number volunteers early small number volunteers could maintain disproportionate level violence.journalist brendan obrien states late ira roughly active volunteers support roles historian richard english states ira believed thirty experienced gunmen bombers twenty volunteers less experience support roles.moloney estimates october ira active volunteers.support countries organisations libyan leader colonel muammar gaddafi supplier arms ira donating two shipments arms early another five mids.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	final shipment intercepted french authorities prior four shipments included akm assault rifles dshk heavy machine guns generalpurpose machine guns rpg rocket launchers sam surfacetoair missiles lpo flamethrowers two tonnes plastic explosive semtex.another main source support irish americans donated weapons money.backbone ira support united states irish northern aid committee better known noraid addition raising money families ira prisoners also secretly funneled money weapons ira.united states november five men including michael flannery noraid george harrison acquitted smuggling arms ira claimed central intelligence agency cia approved shipment arms dealer george de meo although de meo denied connection cia.harrisons conservative estimate smuggled – weapons approximately rounds ammunition ireland.american support weakened september attacks subsequent war terror.the ira links basque separatist group eta.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	maria mcguire states ira received fifty revolvers eta exchange explosives training.ira accused spanish police providing explosives assassination spanish prime minister luis carrero blanco madrid following year eta spokesman told german magazine der spiegel good relations ira.representative basque political party euskal iraultzarako alderdia attended sinn féins ard fheis ó brádaigh close relationship basque separatists regularly visiting basque region .ira received support palestine liberation organization plo volunteers attending training camps middle east.shipment arms plo seized antwerp belgium.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	shipment included twentynine ak assault rifles twentynine french submachine guns seven rpg rocket launchers sixty rocketpropelled grenades two bren light machine guns mortars grenades ammunition.plo leader yasser arafat distanced ira following assassination lord mountbatten .in may federal security service russias internal security service accused estonia arms smuggling claimed ira bought weapons arms dealers linked estonias volunteer defence force kaitseliit.three irishmen known colombia three arrested accused training colombian guerrillas revolutionary armed forces colombia farc.irish minister justice equality law reform stated ira paid million train farc bombmaking techniques including shaped charges propane bombs landmines construction mortars.commander national army colombia stated ira techniques used colombia farc british military experts confirmed bombs used farc previously used ira.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	colombia three acquitted trial april reversed appeal court december although men fled country returned ireland appeal court verdict.activities sectarian attacks ira publicly condemned sectarianism sectarian attacks however ira members carry sectarian attacks.killed ira malcolm sutton classifies sectarian killings protestants committed .unlike loyalists ira denied responsibility sectarian attacks members involved used cover names republican action force used claim responsibility kingsmill massacre ten protestant civilians killed gun attack.stated attacks protestants retaliation attacks catholics.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	many ira opposed sectarian attacks others deemed effective preventing similar attacks catholics.robert white professor indiana university states ira generally sectarian organisation rachel kowalski department war studies kings college london states ira acted way mostly blind religious diversity.protestants rural border areas counties fermanagh tyrone number members security forces killed high viewed iras campaign ethnic cleansing.henry patterson professor university ulster concludes iras campaign unavoidably sectarian amount ethnic cleansing.although ira specifically target people religious affiliation protestants joined security forces many people community believed attacks sectarian.mckearney argues due british governments ulsterisation policy increasing role locally recruited ruc udr ira choice target local knowledge acknowledges protestants viewed sectarian attack community.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	financing fund campaign ira allegedly involved criminal activities robberies counterfeiting protection rackets kidnapping ransom fuel laundering cigarette smuggling.ira also raised funds running legitimate businesses taxi firms nightclubs offices nursing homes.british law enforcement estimated ira needed £.million year operate.ira supporters argue clandestine organisation forced use extralegal methods fundraising justified order achieve political goal.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	however activity allowed british government portray ira criminal gang.armed robberies banks trains small businesses across ireland significant source funding ira raids post offices northern ireland.psni imc british irish governments accused ira involvement biggest bank raid british history—the northern bank robbery—when £.million stolen ira denied.generally ira drug dealing prostitution would unpopular within catholic communities moral reasons.chief ruc drugs squad kevin sheehy said ira tried prevent volunteers directly involved drugs noted one occasion ira member caught small amount cannabis disowned humiliated local area.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	ira targeted drug dealers punishment shootings ordered leave ireland killed using covername direct action drugs.however claims ira licensed certain dealers operate forced pay protection money.following murder robert mccartney ira expelled three ira volunteers.adams said sinn féins ard fheis place republicanism anyone involved criminality adding refuse criminalise break law pursuit legitimate political objectives.echoed shortly ira statement issued easter saying criminality within ranks would tolerated.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	imc stated ira longer involved criminality members engaged criminality ends without sanction support ira.vigilantism troubles ira took role policing nationalist areas northern ireland.many nationalists trust official police force—the ruc—and saw biased community.ruc found difficult operate certain nationalist neighbourhoods entered armoured convoys due risk attack preventing community policing could occurred officers patrolled foot.neighbourhoods many residents expected ira act policing force policing propaganda value ira.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	ira also sought minimise contact residents ruc residents might pass information forced become police informer.ira set arbitration panels would adjudicate investigate complaints locals criminal antisocial activities.first time offenders may given warning serious offences curfew may imposed.responsible serious repeat offences could given punishment beating banished community.kneecapping also used ira form punishment.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	punishment attacks officially attributed ira since february .the vigilantism ira paramilitary organisations condemned summary justice.january ira british army held secret talks aimed stopping persistent rioting ballymurphy.agreed ira would responsible policing agreement shortlived.ceasefire incident centres set across northern ireland staffed sinn féin members dealt incidents might endanger truce.residents went report crime well make complaints security forces.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	incident centres seen locals ira police stations gave legitimacy ira policing force.following end ceasefire incident centres remained open sinn féin offices crime continued reported dealt ira.informers throughout troubles members ira passed information security forces.many ira members arrested implicated former ira members known supergrasses raymond gilmour.highprofile allegations senior ira figures british informers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	may american website named freddie scappaticci british spy codenamed stakeknife.scappaticci said highlevel ira informer working british armys force research unit head iras internal security unit interrogated killed suspected informers.scappaticci denies stakeknife involvement ira activity.december sinn féin member former ira volunteer denis donaldson appeared press conference dublin confessed british spy since early s. donaldson ran sinn féins operations new york northern ireland peace process expelled party.april donaldson shot dead real ira splinter group retreat near glenties county donegal.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	prominent informers include eamon collins sean ocallaghan roy mcshane worked driver leadership sinn féin including adams.the ira regarded informers traitors threat organisation lives members.suspected informers dealt iras internal security unit carried investigation interrogated suspects.following court martial would take place consisting three members equal higher rank accused plus member ghq army council acting observer.death sentence would ratified army council would informed verdict observer.original ira well major paramilitary organisations active troubles also killed alleged informers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	ira usually killed informers single shot head left many bodies public deter informers.also group sixteen people known disappeared secretly buried included alleged informers agents security forces people stole ira weapons used armed robberies.march ira apologised prolonged anguish caused families disappeared stated identified burial places nine people including highprofile victim jean mcconville catholic civilian widowed motheroften.led recovery three bodies later although jean mcconvilles body recovered august .bodies columba mcveigh joe lynskey undercover british army intelligence officer robert nairac yet recovered.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	splinter groups former ira volunteers involved various dissident republican splinter groups active lowlevel dissident irish republican campaign.oldest dissident group continuity ira formed following split republican movement decision allow members elected take seats dáil éireann.group inactive several years acquiring weapons finance first attack provisional iras first ceasefire.real ira formed november senior provisional ira members including quartermastergeneral michael mckevitt resigned acceptance mitchell principles.real ira best known omagh bombing killed civilians massereene barracks shooting killed two british soldiers.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	provisional ira members defected formed óglaigh na héireann became active .group also included former members irish national liberation army faction splintered real ira.group calling ira claimed responsibility murder ronan kerr catholic member psni.group believed formed included former senior provisional ira members unhappy sinn féins direction peace process.also republican action drugs raad formed derry.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	vigilante groups membership included former provisional ira members members republican groups.raad ira smaller groups merged real ira form new ira.notes references notes citations bibliography external links media related provisional irish republican army wikimedia commonscain conflict archive internet archive ira statementsbehind mask ira sinn fein pbs frontline documentary subjectthe ira american funding dean peter krogh foreign affairs digital archivesbell j. bowyer.dragonworld ii deception tradecraft provisional ira.international journal intelligence counterintelligence.
Provisional Irish Republican Army	volume no..spring .p. –.published online january .
Father's Day	available researchgateoperation banner analysis military operations northern irelandcatholic countries europe celebrated march saint josephs day since middle ages.united states fathers day founded sonora smart dodd celebrated third sunday june first time .day held various dates across world different regions maintain traditions honoring fatherhood.fathers day recognized public holiday lithuania parts spain regarded italy .national holiday estonia samoa equivalently south korea celebrated parents day.holiday complements similar celebrations honoring family members mothers day siblings day grandparents day.
Father's Day	history early history centuries eastern orthodox church appointed second sunday nativity sunday forefathers commemorate ancestors christ according flesh starting adam emphasizing patriarch abraham god said thy seed shall nations earth blessed feast fall december .feast includes ancestors mary mother jesus various prophets.a customary day celebration fatherhood catholic europe known date back least .usually celebrated march feast day saint joseph referred fatherly nutritor domini nourisher lord catholicism putative father jesus southern european tradition.celebration brought americas spanish portuguese.catholic church actively supported custom celebration fatherhood st. josephs day either last years th century early th century apparently initiative franciscans.in coptic orthodox church celebration fatherhood also observed st josephs day copts observe july .
Father's Day	coptic celebration may date back fifth century.whether celebrate day worldwide remained debatable topic.grace golden clayton proposed day honor men lost lives mining accident us.though accepted sonora smart dodd along five brothers raised father alone attending mothers day church convinced spokane ministerial association celebrate fathers day worldwide.in addition fathers day international mens day celebrated many countries november honor men boys.dates following list fathers day celebrated order date observance.african traditions algeria algeria third sunday june dedicated day celebrate fathers day.
Father's Day	egypt egypt fathers day celebrated june every year.kenya kenya fathers day celebrated third sunday june public holiday.morocco morocco third sunday june dedicated day celebrate fathers day.mozambique mozambique fathers day observed march every year.nigeria nigeria third sunday june dedicated day celebrate fathers day.
Father's Day	seychelles seychelles fathers day celebrated june public holiday.south africa south africa fathers day celebrated third sunday june.public holiday.south sudan south sudan fathers day celebrated last monday august.president salva kiir mayardit proclaimed august .
Father's Day	first celebrated august fathers day celebrated south sudan due countrys independence.sudan sudan fathers day عيد الأب celebrated june .asian traditions bangladesh bangladesh historical tradition celebrating fathers day bangla বাবাআব্বু দিবস babaabbu dibosh popularized western influences country.celebrated third sunday june public holiday.fathers day popular made widespread millennial generation z communities country social media recent times.
Father's Day	even though many religious families celebrate widespread ever.popular phrase used many parents including fathers every day fathermothers day shall love parents everyday.people wish father many people big cities go restaurant celebrate many even cake.many others cut cake home order food online.children may give small gifts father.
Father's Day	china peoples republic china official fathers day.people celebrate third sunday june according tradition united states.fathers day also celebrated special administrative regions.hong kong celebrated third sunday june public holiday.macau fathers day dia pai celebrated third sunday june public holiday.
Father's Day	india fathers day original custom india rather followed influence western world.observed third sunday june.event public holiday.day usually celebrated larger cities like hyderabad chennai mumbai ahmedabad new delhi bengaluru kolkata pune others.huge holiday north eastern state nagaland prayers held church sunday services.
Father's Day	day first observed united states gradually gained popularity indian metropolitan cities much later followed suit recognizing event.india day usually celebrated children giving gifts like greeting cards electronic gadgets shirts gold necklace coffee mugs books fathers.popular story culture fathers day related number stories india mark importance fathers love.stories relate emotional feelings son fathers mind feel time son realises mistake late.indonesia indonesia fathers day celebrated november public holiday.
Father's Day	fathers day indonesia first declared surakarta city hall attended hundreds people various community groups including people community interreligion communication.recent declaration much hype celebration compared celebration mothers day december .google also created doodle indonesia .israel israel fathers day usually celebrated part family day shevat though celebrate may together workers day labor day.japan japan fathers day 父の日 chichi hi celebrated third sunday june public holiday.
Father's Day	common presents sake shochu fashion items kinds gourmet food sports equipment various sweets.kazakhstan since kazakhstan celebrates defender fatherland day kazakh отан қорғаушы күні commemorate foundation armed forces.also called army day celebrated may .kazakh society perceives ‘a men’s day’ honoring men vaguely celebration fathers.korea south korea parents day korean 어버이날 celebrated may public holiday.
Father's Day	setting parents day national holiday holding pannational event intended inherit develop traditional ethical standards filial piety senior citizens ideology.regardless age gender day also opportunity reaffirm traditional filial piety crucial norm cultural value modern society.ceremony mark parents day anniversary put carnations stems christian culture.western religions cultures entered holiday introduced together became traditional holiday combined confucian filial piety process establishing itself.malaysia malaysia fathers day falls third sunday june.
Father's Day	mongolia mongolian mens association began celebration fathers day august .nepal nepalese hindu population well newar population natives kathmandu valley nepal honors fathers day kuse aunsi occurs late august early september depending year since depends lunar calendar.newer generation mistakenly related kuse aunsi celebration westerninspired celebration fathers day imported country always celebrated day gokarna aunsi.the rest population also begun celebrate gokarna aunsi day commonly known abu ya khwa swoyegu nepal bhasa buwaako mukh herne din nepali बुवाको मुख हेर्ने दिन lit.day looking fathers face.new moon day amavasya traditional pay respect ones deceased father hindus go shiva temple gokarneswor mahadev gokarna suburb kathmandu buddhists go jan bahal seto machhendranath white tara temple kathmandu.traditionally kathmandu valley southwestern corner reserved women womenrelated rituals northeastern men menrelated rituals.
Father's Day	worship place mata tirtha aunsi mother pilgrimage new moon located mata tirtha southwestern half valley worship place gokarna aunsi located northeastern half.division reflected many aspects life kathmandu valley.pakistan fathers day celebrated third sunday june.rutgers wpf launched campaign titled greening pakistan – promoting responsible fatherhood fathers day sunday june across pakistan promote active fatherhood responsibility care upbringing children.fathers day public holiday pakistan.
Father's Day	philippines philippines fathers day officially celebrated every third sunday june according recent presidential proclamation public holiday.widely observed public rd sunday june perhaps due american influence proclaimed philippine president corazon aquino.under proclamation no.series issued philippine president joseph ejercito estrada first monday december every year designated mothers day fathers day.proclamation expressly repealed proclamation no.series issued late pres.

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