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Southern United States	traditional agriculture persisted across region.especially alabama florida rural minorities held control many state legislatures long population shifted industrializing cities legislators resisted business modernizing interests alabama refused redistrict long major population economic shifts cities.decades birmingham generated majority revenue state instance received little back services infrastructure.in late th century texas rapidly expanded railroad network creating network cities connected radial plan linked port galveston.first statein urban economic development proceeded independently rivers primary transportation network past.reflection increasing industry strikes labor unrest texas ranked ninth among forty states number workers involved strikes sixyear period ranked fifteenth.
Southern United States	seventyfive one hundred strikes chiefly interstate strikes telegraphers railway workers occurred year .by dallas became largest city texas population doubled decade later.dallas harnessmaking capital world center manufacturing.example ambitions dallas built praetorian building fifteen storeys tall first skyscraper west mississippi soon followed skyscrapers.texas transformed railroad network linking five important cities among houston nearby port galveston dallas fort worth san antonio el paso.exceeded fifty thousand population major cities three times population.business interests ignored southern democrat ruling class.
Southern United States	nonetheless major new industries started developing cities atlanta ga birmingham al dallas fort worth houston texas.growth began occurring geometric rate.birmingham became major steel producer mining town major population growth early decades th century.the first major oil well south drilled spindletop near beaumont texas morning january .oil fields later discovered nearby arkansas oklahoma gulf mexico.resulting oil boom permanently transformed economy west south central states produced richest economic expansion civil war.in early th century invasion boll weevil devastated cotton crops south producing additional catalyst african americans decisions leave south.
Southern United States	.million african americans left south great migration northern western cities defecting persistent lynching violence segregation poor education inability vote.black migration transformed many northern western cities creating new cultures music.many african americans like groups became industrial workers others started businesses within communities.southern whites also migrated industrial cities like chicago detroit oakland los angeles took jobs booming new auto defense industry.later southern economy dealt additional blows great depression dust bowl.
Southern United States	wall street crash economy suffered significant reversals millions left unemployed.beginning lasting ecological disaster severe wind drought caused exodus texas arkansas oklahoma panhandle region surrounding plains americans homeless hungry jobless.thousands would leave region seek economic opportunities along west coast.president franklin d. roosevelt noted south number one priority terms need assistance great depression.administration created programs tennessee valley authority provide rural electrification stimulate development.locked lowproductivity agriculture regions growth slowed limited industrial development low levels entrepreneurship lack capital investment.
Southern United States	economy th century world war ii marked time dramatic change within south economic standpoint new industries military bases developed federal government providing much needed capital infrastructure many regions.people parts us came south military training work regions many bases new industries.war millions hardscrabble farmers white black left agriculture occupations urban jobs.the united states began mobilizing war major way spring .warm weather south proved ideal building armys new training camps nearly half new airfields.spending new military installations went south.
Southern United States	example small town people starke florida became base camp blanding.march men constructing permanent camp soldiers.money flowed freely war effort billion went military facilities south another billion defense plants.major shipyards built virginia charleston sc along gulf coast.huge warplane plants opened dallasfort worth georgia.
Southern United States	secret expensive operation oak ridge tennessee unlimited amounts locally generated electricity used prepare uranium atom bomb.number production workers doubled war.training centers factories shipyards closed families left hardscrabble farms remained find jobs growing urban south.region finally reached take stage industrial commercial growth although income wage levels lagged well behind national average.nevertheless george b. tindall notes transformation demonstration industrial potential new habits mind recognition industrialization demanded community services.per capita income jumped compared elsewhere united states.
Southern United States	southern income rose .dewey grantham says war brought abrupt departure souths economic backwardness poverty distinctive rural life region moved perceptively closer mainstream national economic social life.farming shifted cotton tobacco include cattle rice soybeans corn foods.industrial growth increased greatly accelerated s. several large urban areas texas georgia florida grew four million people.rapid expansion industries autos telecommunications textiles technology banking aviation gave states south industrial strength rival large states elsewhere country.census south along west leading nation population growth.
Southern United States	growth however come long commute times air pollution problems cities dallas houston atlanta austin charlotte others rely sprawling development highway networks.modern economy late th century south changed dramatically.saw boom service economy manufacturing base high technology industries financial sector.texas particular witnessed dramatic growth population change dominance energy industry tourism industries alamo mission san antonio.tourism florida along gulf coast also grew steadily throughout last decades th century.numerous new automobile production plants opened region soon open mercedesbenz tuscaloosa alabama hyundai montgomery alabama bmw production plant spartanburg south carolina toyota plants georgetown kentucky blue springs mississippi san antonio gm manufacturing plant spring hill tennessee honda factory lincoln alabama nissan north american headquarters franklin tennessee factories smyrna tennessee canton mississippi kia factory west point georgia volkswagen chattanooga assembly plant tennessee.the two largest research parks country located south research triangle park north carolina worlds largest cummings research park huntsville alabama worlds fourth largest.in medicine texas medical center houston achieved international recognition education research patient care especially fields heart disease cancer rehabilitation.
Southern United States	texas medical center largest medical center world including fourteen hospitals two medical schools four colleges nursing six university systems.university texas m.d.anderson cancer center consistently ranked cancer research treatment center united states.many major banking corporations headquarters region.bank america charlotte.wachovia headquartered purchase wells fargo.
Southern United States	regions financial corporation birmingham amsouth bancorporation bbva compass.suntrust banks located atlanta district headquarters federal reserve bank atlanta.bbt headquartered winstonsalem.many corporations headquartered atlanta surrounding area cocacola company delta air lines home depot also many cable television networks turner broadcasting system cnn tbs tnt turner south cartoon network weather channel.recent years southern states notably texas lured companies lower tax burdens lower cost living workforce.fortune companies headquartered southern states included texas virginia florida georgia north carolina tennessee .
Southern United States	economic expansion enabled parts south report lowest unemployment rates united states.even certain southern states areas well economically many southern states areas still high poverty rates compared u.s. nationally.u.s. top ten poorest big cities south represented rankings two cities miami florida memphis tennessee.nine ten poorest states south region.education southern public schools past ranked lower half national surveys.allowance race considered us government list test scores often shows white fourth eighth graders performing better average reading math black fourth eighth graders also performed better average.
Southern United States	comparison hold across board.mississippi often scores lower national averages matter statistics compared.newer data suggests secondary school education south par nationally high schoolers graduating compared nationwide.culture several southern states maryland virginia north carolina south carolina georgia among british colonies sent delegates sign declaration independence fought government great britain along middle new england colonies revolutionary war.basis much southern culture derives states among original thirteen colonies much population colonial south ancestral links colonists emigrated west.
Southern United States	southern manners customs reflect relationship england held early population.overall south lower housing values lower household incomes lower cost living rest united states.factors combined fact southerners continued maintain strong loyalty family ties led sociologists label white southerners ethnic quasiethnic group though interpretation subject criticism grounds proponents view satisfactorily indicate southerners meet criteria ethnicity.the predominant culture south origins settlement region large groups people parts southern england sussex kent west country east anglia moved tidewater eastern parts deep south th early th centuries northern english scots lowlanders ulsterscots later called scotchirish settled appalachia upland south mid late th century many african slaves part southern economy.african american descendants slaves brought south compose united states secondlargest racial minority accounting .total population according census.despite jim crow era outflow north majority black population remains concentrated southern states heavily contributed cultural blend religion food art music see spiritual blues jazz rb soul music country music zydeco bluegrass rock roll characterize southern culture today.in previous censuses largest ancestry group identified southerners english mostly english selfreporting english ancestry census followed listing irish afroamerican.
Southern United States	almost third americans claim english ancestry found american south quarter southerners claim english descent well.religion south majority population adhering evangelical protestantism ever since second great awakening although upper classes often stayed anglicanepiscopalian presbyterian.first great awakening second great awakening generated large numbers methodists baptists remain two main christian confessions south.southern baptist convention become largest protestant denomination whole united states membership concentrated rural areas south.baptists common religious group followed methodists pentecostals denominations.
Southern United States	roman catholics historically concentrated maryland louisiana hispanic areas south texas south florida along gulf coast.great majority black southerners either baptist methodist.statistics show southern states highest religious attendance figures region united states constituting socalled bible belt.pentecostalism strong across south since late th century.national international influences apart climate living experience south increasingly resembles rest nation.
Southern United States	arrival millions northerners westerners mainly since late th century reshaped culture major metropolitan areas coastal areas.observers conclude collective identity southern distinctiveness declining particularly defined earlier south somehow authentic real unified distinct.while hispanics long major factor texas millions arrived southern states early bringing values rooted local traditions.historian raymond mohl emphasizes role nafta lowering trade barriers facilitating largescale population movements.adds factors ongoing economic crisis mexico new liberal immigration policies united states labor recruitment smuggling produced major flow mexican hispanic migration southeast.regions lowwage lowskill economy readily hired cheap reliable nonunion labor without asking applicants many questions legal status.
Southern United States	richard j. gonzales argues rise la raza mexican american community terms numbers influence politics education language cultural rights grow rapidly texas demographers predict hispanics outnumber anglos texas.however thus far political participation latino vote low potential political impact much higher actual one thus far.scholars suggested deep south collective identity southern distinctiveness thus declining particularly defined earlier south somehow authentic real unified distinct.hand southerners moved west large numbers especially california midwest.thus journalist michael hirsh proposed aspects southern culture spread throughout greater portion rest united states process termed southernization.sports racial integration racial integration allwhite collegiate sports teams high regional agenda.
Southern United States	involved issues racial equality racism alumnis demand top players needed order win highprofile games.atlantic coast conference acc would take lead.first started schedule integrated teams north.wakeup call came haskinss texas western college team five black starters upset allwhite university kentucky team win ncaa national basketball championship.happened time black varsity basketball teams either southeastern conference southwest conference.
Southern United States	finally acc schools typically pressure boosters civil rights groups integrated sports teams.alumni base dominated local state politics society business acc flagship schools successful endeavor – historian pamela grundy argues learned winthe widespread admiration athletic ability inspired would help transform athletic fields grounds symbolic play forces social change places wide range citizens could publicly times effectively challenge assumptions cast unworthy full participation u.s. society.athletic successes would rid society prejudice stereotype – black athletes would continue confront racial slurs...minority star players demonstrated discipline intelligence poise contend position influence every arena national life.american football american football heavily considered popular team sport areas southern united states.the region home numerous decorated historic college football programs particularly southeastern conference known sec atlantic coast conference known acc big conference.sec consisting almost entirely teams based southern states widely considered strongest league contemporary college football includes alabama crimson tide program national championships sports modern history.
Southern United States	sport also highly competitive spectator following high school level particularly rural areas high school football games often serve prominent community gatherings.though popular wider basis collegiate game professional football growing tradition southern united states.league expansion began established professional team based south washington redskins called washington football team.still retain large following virginia parts maryland.later national football league began expand many teams southern u.s. franchises like atlanta falcons new orleans saints houston oilers miami dolphins prominently dallas cowboys overtook washington regions popular team eventually became widely considered popular team united states.later decades nfl expansion southern states continued tampa bay buccaneers along carolina panthers jacksonville jaguars s. houston oilers eventually replaced houston texans oilers relocated nashville become tennessee titans.
Southern United States	baseball baseball played southern united states dating back midth century.traditionally popular american football still accounts largest annual attendance amongst sports played south.first mention baseball team houston april .late th century early th century games common especially professional leagues texas league dixie league southern league organized.the shortlived louisville colonels part early national league american association ceased exist .first southern major league baseball team colonels appeared houston colt .s known today houston astros enfranchised.
Southern United States	later atlanta braves came followed texas rangers finally miami marlins tampa bay rays s.college baseball appears well attended southern u.s. elsewhere teams like florida state arkansas lsu virginia mississippi state ole miss south carolina florida texas commonly top ncaas attendance.south generally produces successful collegiate baseball teams virginia vanderbilt lsu south carolina florida coastal carolina winning recent college world series titles.the following list mlb team southern u.s. total fan attendance auto racing southern states commonly associated stock car racing prominent competition level nascar headquartered charlotte daytona beach.sport developed south early th century stock car racings historic mecca daytona beach cars initially raced wide flat beachfront construction daytona international speedway.though sport attained following throughout united states majority nascar races continue take place southern tracks.basketball basketball popular throughout southern united states recreational spectator sport particularly states kentucky north carolina.
Southern United States	states home several prominent college basketball programs including kentucky wildcats louisville cardinals duke blue devils north carolina tar heels.nba teams based south include san antonio spurs houston rockets oklahoma city thunder dallas mavericks washington wizards charlotte hornets atlanta hawks orlando magic memphis grizzlies new orleans pelicans miami heat.spurs heat particular become prominent within nba eight championships two .golf golf popular recreational sport areas south regions warm climate allowing host many professional tournaments numerous destination golf resorts particularly state florida.region home masters one four major championships professional golf.masters played augusta national golf club augusta georgia become one professional games important tournaments.
Southern United States	hilton head island south carolina also home prominent american golf tournament several highquality courses.soccer recent decades association football known south rest united states soccer become popular sport youth collegiate levels throughout region.game historically widespread college level atlantic coast states maryland virginia carolinas contain many nations successful college soccer programs.the establishment major league soccer led professional soccer clubs southern cities including fc dallas houston dynamo d.c. united orlando city inter miami cf nashville sc atlanta united future austin fc charlotte fc.current united states second division soccer league usl championship initially geographically based coastal southeast around clubs charleston richmond charlotte wilmington raleigh virginia beach atlanta.major sports teams south southern region home numerous professional sports franchises big four leagues nfl nba nhl mlb many championships collectively among them.dallasfort worth cowboys nfl rangers mlb mavericks nba stars nhlwashington d.c. washington football team nfl nationals mlb wizards nba capitals nhlmiamifort lauderdale dolphins nfl marlins mlb heat nba panthers nhlhouston texans nfl astros mlb rockets nbaatlanta falcons nfl braves mlb hawks nbatampa bay buccaneers nfl rays mlb lightning nhlbaltimore ravens nfl orioles mlbcharlotte panthers nfl hornets nbanashville titans nfl predators nhlnew orleans saints nfl pelicans nbaorlando magic nbasan antonio spurs nbajacksonville jaguars nfloklahoma city thunder nbamemphis grizzlies nbaraleigh hurricanes nhl health nine southern states obesity rates exceeding population highest country.
Southern United States	states include mississippi louisiana west virginia alabama oklahoma arkansas south carolina kentucky texas.rates hypertension diabetes states also highest nation.study reported six southern states worst incidence sleep disturbances nation attributing disturbances high rates obesity smoking.south higher percentage obese people diabetics compared national regional averages.region also largest number people dying stroke complications highest rates cognitive decline.
Southern United States	life expectancy lower death rates higher compared national averages regions united states.disparity reflects substantial divergence south regions since middle th century.the east south central census division united states made kentucky tennessee mississippi alabama highest rate inpatient hospital stays .divisions west south central texas oklahoma arkansas louisiana south atlantic west virginia delaware maryland virginia north carolina south carolina georgia florida ranked seventh fifth.south significantly higher rate hospital discharges regions united states rate declined closer overall national rate .for cancer causes south particularly axis west virginia texas leads nation adult obesity adult smoking low exercise low fruit consumption low vegetable consumption known cancer risk factors matches similar high risk axis cancers combined death rates state centers disease control prevention.politics first decades reconstruction s–s white democrats regained power state legislatures began make voter registration complicated reduce black voting.
Southern United States	combination intimidation fraud violence paramilitary groups suppressed black voting turned republicans office.ten eleven states ratified new constitutions amendments effectively disenfranchised black voters many poor white voters.disenfranchisement persisted six decades th century depriving blacks poor whites political representation.could vote could sit juries.one represent interests resulting state legislatures consistently underfunding programs services schools blacks poor whites.
Southern United States	scholars characterized pockets southern united states authoritarian enclaves reconstruction civil rights act.with collapse republican party nearly parts south region became known “solid south” democratic party moved system primaries select candidates.victory primary tantamount election.late rarely state national southern politician republican outside southern republican strongholds within appalachian mountain districts.southern republicans time period would continue control parts appalachian mountain areas compete power former border states.apart states byrd machine virginia crump machine memphis local organizations democratic party lightly organized.
Southern United States	managed primaries party officials little role.successful politician built network friends neighbors allies.reelection norm result late th century southern democrats congress accumulated seniority automatically took chairmanships committees.supreme court began find disenfranchisement measures like “grandfather clause” white primary unconstitutional.southern legislatures quickly passed measures keep blacks disenfranchised even suffrage extended widely poor whites.
Southern United States	white democrats controlled southern seats u.s. congress outsize power could sidetrack filibuster efforts pass legislation didnt agree with.increasing support civil rights legislation national democratic party beginning caused segregationist southern democrats nominate strom thurmond thirdparty “dixiecrat” ticket .dixiecrats returned party southern democrats held republican inroads suburbs arguing could defend region onslaught northern liberals civil rights movement.response brown v. board education ruling southern congressmen senators house members southern democrats republicans denounced brown decisions clear abuse judicial power climaxes trend federal judiciary undertaking legislate derogation authority congress encroach upon reserved rights states people.manifesto lauded “...those states declared intention resist enforced integration lawful means”.signed southern senators except majority leader lyndon b. johnson tennessee senators albert gore sr. estes kefauver.
Southern United States	virginia closed schools warren county prince edward county charlottesville norfolk rather integrate state followed suit.democratic governors orval faubus arkansas ross barnett mississippi john connally texas lester maddox georgia especially george wallace alabama resisted integration appealed rural bluecollar electorate.the northern democrats’ support civil rights issues culminated democratic president lyndon b. johnson signed law civil rights act voting rights act ended legal segregation provided federal enforcement voting rights blacks.presidential election barry goldwater’s electoral victories outside home state arizona states deep south blacks could vote voting rights act.pockets resistance integration public places broke violence shadowy ku klux klan caused backlash among moderates.major resistance school busing extended s.national republicans richard nixon began develop southern strategy attract conservative white southerners especially middle class suburban voters addition migrants north traditional gop pockets appalachia.
Southern United States	transition republican stronghold south took decades.first states started voting republican presidential elections except native southerners jimmy carter bill clinton .states began electing republican senators finally governors.georgia last state sonny perdue taking governorship .addition middle class business base republicans cultivated religious right attracted strong majorities evangelical fundamentalist vote mostly southern baptists distinct political force prior .
Southern United States	decline southern liberalism th century southern liberals essential part new deal coalition – without roosevelt lacked majorities congress.typical leaders lyndon b. johnson texas jim folsom john sparkman alabama claude pepper florida earl long hale boggs louisiana estes kefauver tennessee.promoted subsidies small farmers supported nascent labor union movement.essential condition north–south coalition northern liberals ignore problem racism throughout south elsewhere country.however northern liberals – led especially young hubert humphrey minnesota – increasingly made civil rights central issue.
Southern United States	convinced truman join .conservative southern democrats – dixiecrats – took control state parties half region ran strom thurmond president truman.thurmond carried deep south threat enough guarantee national democratic party would make civil rights major issue.southern congressmen senators signed southern manifesto denouncing forced desegregation.labor movement south divided lost political influence.
Southern United States	southern liberals quandary – kept quiet moderated liberalism others switched sides rest continued liberal path.one one last group defeated historian numan v. bartley states indeed word liberal gradually disappeared southern political lexicon except term opprobrium.presidents south south produced nine countrys first twelve presidents.zachary taylor presidential election southern politician elected president woodrow wilson .andrew johnson tennessee vice president became president death abraham lincoln.
Southern United States	last eleven u.s. presidents six southern region ties lyndon b. johnson texas – jimmy carter georgia – george h. w. bush texas – bill clinton arkansas – george w. bush texas – joe biden delaware –present.johnson native texas carter georgia clinton arkansas.george h.w.bush george w. bush began political careers texas born new england ancestral roots region.similarly joe biden born pennsylvania grew largely delaware classified southern state u.s. census bureau spent entire political career there.
Southern United States	politicians political movements south produced various nationally known politicians political movements.group democratic congressmen led governor strom thurmond south carolina split democrats reaction antisegregation speech given minneapolis mayor future senator hubert humphrey minnesota.founded states rights democratic dixiecrat party.years presidential election party ran thurmond candidate carried four deep south states.in presidential election alabama governor george c. wallace ran president american independent party ticket.wallace ran law order campaign similar republican candidate richard nixon.
Southern United States	nixons southern strategy gaining electoral votes downplayed race issues focused culturally conservative values family issues patriotism cultural issues appealed southern baptists.in midterm elections another southern politician newt gingrich led republican revolution ushering twelve years gop control house.gingrich became speaker united states house representatives served resignation .tom delay powerful republican leader congress indicted criminal charges forced step aside republican rules.apart bob dole kansas – recent republican senate leaders southerners howard baker – tennessee trent lott – mississippi bill frist – tennessee mitch mcconnell –present kentucky.the republicans candidates president south elections since except .region however entirely monolithic every successful democratic candidate since claimed least three southern states.
Southern United States	barack obama florida maryland delaware north carolina virginia repeat victory north carolina reelection campaign.joe biden also performed well modern democrat south winning maryland delaware virginia georgia united states presidential election.race relations native americans native americans lived american south nearly years.defeated settlers series wars ending war seminole wars removed west indian territory oklahoma kansas large numbers native americans managed stay behind blending surrounding society.especially true wives euroamerican merchants miners.
Southern United States	civil rights movement south witnessed two major events lives th century african americans great migration american civil rights movement.great migration began world war hitting high point world war ii.migration black people left south find work northern factories sectors economy.the migration also empowered growing civil rights movement.movement existed parts united states focus disenfranchisement jim crow laws south.major events movement occurred south including montgomery bus boycott mississippi freedom summer march selma alabama assassination martin luther king jr. addition important writings come movement written south kings letter birmingham jail.
Southern United States	civil rights landmarks found around south.birmingham civil rights national monument birmingham includes birmingham civil rights institute details birminghams role center civil rights movement.th street baptist church served rallying point coordinating carrying birmingham campaign well adjacent kelly ingram park served ground zero infamous childrens protest eventually led passage civil rights act rededicated place revolution reconciliation setting moving sculptures related battle civil rights city center pieces birmingham civil rights district.martin luther king jr. national historical park atlanta includes museum chronicles american civil rights movement well martin luther king jr.s boyhood home auburn avenue.additionally ebenezer baptist church located sweet auburn district king center location martin luther coretta scott kings gravesites.
Southern United States	congress ends segregation guarantees voting rights decisive action ending segregation came congress bipartisan fashion overcame southern filibusters pass civil rights act voting rights act .complex interaction factors came together unexpectedly period – make momentous changes possible.supreme court taken first initiative brown v. board education making segregation public schools unconstitutional.enforcement rapid north border states deliberately stopped south movement called massive resistance sponsored rural segregationists largely controlled state legislatures.southern liberals counseled moderation shouted sides limited impact.
Southern United States	much significant civil rights movement especially southern christian leadership conference sclc headed martin luther king jr. largely displaced old much moderate naacp taking leadership roles.king organized massive demonstrations seized massive media attention era network television news innovative universally watched phenomenon.sclc student activists smaller local organizations staged demonstrations across south.national attention focused birmingham alabama protesters deliberately provoked bull connor police forces using young teenagers demonstrators – connor arrested one day alone.next day connor unleashed billy clubs police dogs highpressure water hoses disperse punish young demonstrators brutality horrified nation.
Southern United States	bad business image modernizing progressive urban south.president john f. kennedy calling moderation threatened use federal troops restore order birmingham.result birmingham compromise new mayor opened library golf courses city facilities races backdrop church bombings assassinations.confrontations continued escalate.summer demonstrations southern cities towns participants arrests.alabama june governor george wallace escalated crisis defying court orders admit first two black students university alabama.
Southern United States	kennedy responded sending congress comprehensive civil rights bill ordered attorney general robert kennedy file federal lawsuits segregated schools deny funds discriminatory programs.doctor king launched massive march washington august bringing demonstrators front lincoln memorial largest political assembly nations history.kennedy administration gave fullfledged support civil rights movement powerful southern congressmen blocked legislation.kennedy assassinated president lyndon johnson called immediate passage kennedy civil rights legislation memorial martyred president.johnson formed coalition northern republicans led passage house help republican senate leader everett dirksen passage senate early .
Southern United States	first time history southern filibuster broken senate finally passed version june vote .civil rights act powerful affirmation equal rights ever made congress.guaranteed access public accommodations restaurants places amusement authorized justice department bring suits desegregate facilities schools gave new powers civil rights commission allowed federal funds cut cases discrimination.furthermore racial religious gender discrimination outlawed businesses employees well apartment houses.south resisted last moment soon new law signed president johnson july widely accepted across nation.
Southern United States	scattering diehard opposition typified restaurant owner lester maddox georgia became governor great majority restaurants hotels georgia followed new law business community realized peaceful integration way forward.since enactment civil rights act voting rights act black people gone hold many offices within southern states.black people elected appointed mayors police chiefs cities atlanta baltimore birmingham charlotte columbia dover houston jackson jacksonville memphis montgomery nashville new orleans raleigh richmond washington.also gone serve u.s. congress state legislatures southern states.new great migration civil rights movement ended jim crow laws across south areas united states.recent decades second migration appears underway time african americans north moving south record numbers.
Southern United States	race relations still contentious issue south u.s. region surpasses rest country many areas integration racial equality.according report researchers university wisconsin–milwaukee virginia beach charlotte nashvilledavidson jacksonville five integrated nations fifty largest cities memphis number six.southern states tend low disparity incarceration rates blacks whites relative rest country.symbolism southerners use confederate battle flag identify south states rights southern tradition.such groups league south high regard secession movement citing desire protect defend southern heritage.numerous political battles erupted flying confederate flag state capitols naming public buildings highways confederate leaders prominence certain statues monuments everyday display confederate insignia.other symbols south include bonnie blue flag magnolia trees song dixie.
Southern United States	population centers south heavily rural population increasingly concentrated metropolitan areas.following tables show twenty largest cities counties metropolitan combined statistical areas south.houston largest city south.major cities major counties major metropolitan areas asterisk indicates part metropolitan area outside states classified southern u.s. census bureau.major combined statistical areas southern states listed states defined census bureau southern united states.
Southern United States	washington d.c. located southern united states region defined census bureau serves capital city united states state.see also references reading allen john o. clayton e. jewett .slavery south statebystate history.greenwood press.isbn .ayers edward l. caused civil war reflections south southern history ayers edward l. .
Southern United States	promise new south life reconstruction.oxford university press.isbn .billington monroe lee .political south th century.scribner.
Southern United States	isbn .black earl black merle .rise southern republicans.belknap press.isbn .cash wilbur j. mind south cooper christopher a. h. gibbs knotts eds.new politics north carolina u. north carolina press isbn davis donald mark r. stoll.
Southern United States	southern united states environmental history edwards laura f. southern history u.s. history journal southern history aug. –.flynt j. wayne dixies forgotten people souths poor whites .deals th century.frederickson kari..cold war dixie militarization modernization american south.athens ga university georgia press.eugene d. genovese .
Southern United States	roll jordan roll world slaves made.new york vintage books.p. .isbn .grantham dewey w. south modern america survey covers –.grantham dewey w. life death solid south political history .johnson charles s. statistical atlas southern counties listing analysis socioeconomic indices southern counties .excerptdavid m. katzman .
Southern United States	black migration.readers companion american history.houghton mifflin company.key v.o.southern politics state nation classic political analysis state state.online free borrowkirby jack temple.
Southern United States	rural worlds lost american south lsu press major scholarly survey detailed bibliography online free borrow.michael kreyling .inventing southern literature.university press mississippi.p. .isbn .rayford logan .
Southern United States	betrayal negro rutherford b. hayes woodrow wilson.new york da capo press.isbn .mcwhiney grady.cracker culture celtic ways old south mark rebecca rob vaughan.south greenwood encyclopedia american regional cultures morris christopher .
Southern United States	southern environmental history.journal southern history.–.odem mary e. elaine lacy eds.latino immigrants transformation u.s. south u georgia press .rabinowitz howard n. september .exclusion segregation southern race relations –.
Southern United States	journal american history.–.doi.. jstor .nicol c. rae .southern democrats.oxford university press.
Southern United States	isbn .jeffrey a. raffel .historical dictionary school segregation desegregation american experience.greenwood press.isbn .rivers larry e. canter brown eds.varieties womens experiences portraits southern women postcivil war century florida .thornton iii j. mills.
Southern United States	archipelagoes south episodes shaping region – onlinetindall george b. emergence new south online free borrowrobert w. twyman.david c. roller eds..encyclopedia southern history.lsu press.
Southern United States	isbn .virts nancy .change plantation system american south –.explorations economic history.–.doi.j.eeh....wells jonathan daniel .
Southern United States	southern middle class.journal southern history.–.charles reagan wilson william ferris eds..encyclopedia southern culture.
Southern United States	university north carolina press.isbn .woodward c. vann .strange career jim crow.oxford university press.isbn .woodward c. vann.
Southern United States	origins new south – history south gavin wright .old south new south revolutions southern economy since civil war.lsu press.isbn .external links southern united states travel guide wikivoyagedocsouth documenting american south – multimedia collections university north carolina chapel hillcenter study southern culture – research center university mississippi graduate program undergraduate major southern studiesuniversity mississippi libraries.
Indian Navy	southern studies.library guides.university north carolina southern studies.southern studies jumpgate.annotated list sitespresident india supreme commander indian navy.chief naval staff fourstar admiral commands navy.bluewater navy operates significantly persian gulf region horn africa strait malacca routinely conducts antipiracy operations partners navies region.also conducts routine two three monthlong deployments south east china seas well western mediterranean sea simultaneously.primary objective navy safeguard nations maritime borders conjunction armed forces union act deter defeat threats aggression territory people maritime interests india war peace.
Indian Navy	joint exercises goodwill visits humanitarian missions including disaster relief indian navy promotes bilateral relations nations.as june indian navy active reserve personnel service fleet ships submarines aircraft.november operational fleet consists active aircraft carrier amphibious transport dock landing ship tanks destroyers frigates ballistic missile submarine conventionallypowered attack submarines corvettes one mine countermeasure vessel fleet tankers numerous auxiliary vessels small patrol boats sophisticated ships.considered multiregional power projection bluewater navy.history early maritime history maritime history india dates back years birth art navigation navigating indus valley civilisation.kutch mariners log book th century recorded first tidal dock india built lothal around bc indus valley civilisation near present day harbour mangrol gujarat coast.
Indian Navy	rig veda credits varuna hindu god water celestial ocean knowledge ocean routes describes use ships hundred oars naval expeditions indians.also references side wings ship called plava stabilizes vessel storms.plava considered precursor modernday stabilizers.first use mariners compass called matsya yantra recorded ad.alexander great conquest india built harbour patala.army retreated mesopotamia ships built sindh.
Indian Navy	later conquest records show emperor maurya empire chandragupta maurya part war office established admiralty division superintendent ships.many historians ancient india recorded indian trade relations many countries even countries far java sumatra.also references trade routes countries pacific indian ocean.india also trade relations greeks romans.one instance roman historian gaius plinius secundus mentioned indian traders carrying away large masses gold silver rome payment skins precious stones clothes indigo sandalwood herbs perfumes spices.during – ad kalinga empire conquered western java sumatra malaya.
Indian Navy	andaman nicobar islands served important halt point trade ships en route nations well china.– ad daily revenue nations expected around maunds tonnes .long tons .short tons gold.– ad reign raja raja chola rajendra chola kulothunga chola naval expedition chola dynasty captured lands burma sumatra sri lanka malaya simultaneously repressing pirate activities sumatran warlords.during th th centuries indian shipbuilding skills maritime ability sophisticated enough produce ships capacity carry hundred men.
Indian Navy	ships also compartments included design even one compartment damaged ship would remain afloat.features developed indians even europeans aware idea.however end thirteenth century indian naval power started decline reached low time portuguese entered india.soon set foot india portuguese started hunt asian vessels permitting trade.amidst naval war bombay harbour resulted surrender thane karanja bandora.portuguese took complete control bombay harbour.
Indian Navy	zamorin calicut challenged portuguese trade vasco da gama refused pay customs levy per trade agreement.resulted two major naval wars first one—battle cochin fought second engagement happened four years later diu.wars exposed weakness indian maritime power simultaneously helped portuguese gain mastery indian waters.in later seventeenth century indian naval power observed remarkable revival.alliance moghuls sidis janjira marked major power west coast.southern front st sovereign maratha empire chhatrapati shivaji maharaj started creating fleet.
Indian Navy	fleet commanded notable admirals like sidhoji gujar kanhoji angre.maratha navy leadership angre kept english dutch portuguese away konkan coast.however marathas witnessed remarkable decline naval capabilities following death angre .origins independence origins indian navy date english vessel command captain best encountered portuguese.although portuguese defeated incident along trouble caused pirates merchant vessels forced british maintain fleet near surat gujarat.
Indian Navy	east india company heic formed naval arm first squadron fighting ships reached gujarat coast september .objective protect british merchant shipping gulf cambay narmada tapti rivers.heic continued expand rule influence different parts india responsibility companys marine increased too.over time british predominantly operated bombay heics naval arm renamed bombay marine.times bombay marine engaged dutch french maratha sidi vessels.much later also involved first angloburmese war .
Indian Navy	bombay marine became majestys indian navy.navy saw action first opium war second angloburmese war .due unrecorded reasons navys name reverted bombay marine named majestys indian marine.time marine operated two divisions—the eastern division calcutta superintendent bay bengal western division bombay superintendent arabian sea.in marine rechristened royal indian marine end th century operated fifty ships.marine participated world war fleet patrol vessels troop carriers minesweepers.
Indian Navy	d. n. mukherji first indian granted commission rank engineer sublieutenant.also rim accorded combatant status entitled considered true fighting force fly white ensign royal navy.marine upgraded full naval force thus becoming royal indian navy rin presented kings colours recognition services british crown.during early stages world war ii tiny royal indian navy consisted five sloops one survey vessel one depot ship one patrol vessel numerous assorted small craft personnel strength officers sailors.onset war led expansion numbers vessels personnel.june navy doubled number terms personnel material expanded nearly six times prewar strength .
Indian Navy	navy actively involved operations war around world heavily involved operations around indian ocean including convoy escorts minesweeping supply well supporting amphibious assaults.when hostilities ceased august royal indian navy expanded personnel strength officers sailors.fleet comprised seven sloops four frigates four corvettes fourteen minesweepers sixteen trawlers two depot ships thirty auxiliary vessels one hundred fifty landing craft two hundred harbour craft several offensive defensive motor launches.world war ii navy suffered two hundred seventy five casualties—twenty seven officers two warrant officers ratings killed action two ratings missing action officers two warrant officers ratings wounded.role war officers ratings navy received following honours decorations—a kbe mil.knighthood cb mil.
Indian Navy	cies two dsos cbe dscs obe dsms eight obis two ioms bems indian defence service medals royal humane society medal mentions dispatches assorted commendations.immediately war navy underwent rapid largescale demobilisation vessels personnel.from inception indias naval force senior indian politicians voiced concerns degree indianisation navy subordination royal navy important aspects.eve wwii rin indian senior line officers single indian senior engineer officer.even wars end navy remained predominantly britishofficered service indian officer held rank engineer commander indian officers executive branch held substantive senior line officer rank.situation coupled inadequate levels training discipline poor communication officers ratings instances racial discrimination ongoing trials exindian national army personnel ignited royal indian navy mutiny indian ratings .
Indian Navy	total ships shore establishments sailors involved strike spread much india.strike began sailors received encouragement support communist party india unrest spread naval ships led student worker hartals bombay.strike ultimately failed sailors receive substantial support either indian army political leaders congress muslim league.july h.m.s.choudhry bhaskar sadashiv soman would eventually command pakistani indian navies respectively became first indian rin officers attain acting rank captain.
Indian Navy	independence end th century following independence partition india august rins depleted fleet ships remaining personnel divided newly independent dominion india dominion pakistan.percent navys officer cadre percent sailors opted join portion fleet became royal pakistan navy.indian share navy consisted vessels along personnel.effective date british officers compulsorily retired navy reserve components indian officers promoted replace british senior officers.however number british flag senior officers invited continue serving rin nine navys indian commissioned officers years service majority served five eight years.
Indian Navy	rear admiral john talbot savignac hall headed navy first commanderinchief cinc postindependence.january d.n.mukherji first indian officer rin became first indian promoted acting engineer captain.may captain ajitendu chakraverti became first indian officer appointed rank commodore.india became republic january royal prefix dropped name indian navy officially adopted.
Indian Navy	prefix naval vessels changed majestys indian ship hmis indian naval ship ins.time imperial crown insignia replaced lion capital ashoka union jack canton white ensign replaced indian tricolour.by navy largely overcome postindependence personnel shortfalls.early years following independence many british officers continued serve navy secondment royal navy due postindependence retirement transfer many experienced officers royal pakistan navies.first cinc navy admiral sir edward parry took hall handed admiral sir charles thomas mark pizey .admiral pizey also became first chief naval staff succeeded vice admiral sir stephen hope carlill year pace indianising continued steadily s. senior naval appointments begun filled indian officers basic training naval cadets entirely conducted india.
Indian Navy	ram dass katari became first indian flag officer appointed first indian commander fleet october.april vice admiral katari assumed command indian navy carlill first indian chief staff indian navy.departure last british officer secondment navy commodore david kirke chief naval aviation indian navy finally became entirely indian service.the first engagement action indian navy portuguese navy liberation goa .operation vijay followed years escalating tension due portuguese refusal relinquish colonies india.november portuguese troops fired passenger liner sabarmati near anjadip island killing one person injuring another.
Indian Navy	operation vijay indian navy supported troop landings provided fire support.cruiser ins delhi sank one portuguese patrol boat frigates ins betwa ins beas destroyed portuguese frigate nrp afonso de albuquerque.sinoindian war largely fought himalayas navy defensive role war.at outbreak indopakistani war navy one aircraft carrier two cruisers nineteen destroyers frigates one tanker.twentyships ten refit.others largely involved coastal patrols.
Indian Navy	war pakistani navy attacked indian coastal city dwarka although military resources area.attack insignificant india deployed naval resources patrol coast deter bombardment.following wars india resolved strengthen profile capabilities armed forces.the dramatic change indian navys capabilities stance emphatically demonstrated indopakistani war .command admiral sardarilal mathradas nanda navy successfully enforced naval blockade west east pakistan.pakistans lone longrange submarine pns ghazi sunk following attack destroyer ins rajput coast visakhapatnam midnight – december .
Indian Navy	december indian navy successfully executed operation trident devastating attack pakistan naval headquarters karachi sank minesweeper destroyer ammunition supply ship.attack also irreparably damaged another destroyer oil storage tanks karachi port.commemorate december celebrated navy day.followed operation python december deprecating pakistan navys capabilities.indian frigate ins khukri commanded captain m. n. mulla sunk pns hangor ins kirpan damaged west coast.
Indian Navy	bay bengal aircraft carrier ins vikrant deployed successfully enforce naval blockade east pakistan.sea hawk alizé aircraft ins vikrant sank numerous gunboats pakistani merchant marine ships.demonstrate solidarity ally pakistan united states sent task force centred around aircraft carrier uss enterprise bay bengal.retaliation soviet navy submarines trailed american task force moved away indian ocean towards southeast asia avert confrontation.end indian naval blockade pakistan choked supply reinforcements pakistani forces proved decisive overwhelming defeat pakistan.since playing decisive role victory navy deterrent force maintaining peace india region turmoil.
Indian Navy	indian navy planned operation lal dora support government mauritius feared coup.operation flowers blooming indian navy averted attempted coup seychelles.india launched operation cactus successfully thwart coup détat plote maldives.naval maritime reconnaissance aircraft detected ship hijacked plote rebels.ins godavari indian marine commandos recaptured ship arrested rebels.
Indian Navy	kargil war western eastern fleets deployed northern arabian sea part operation talwar.safeguarded indias maritime assets potential pakistani naval attack also deterred pakistan attempting block indias seatrade routes.indian navys aviators flew sorties marine commandos fought alongside indian army personnel himalayas.in october navy along indian coast guard rescued mv alondra rainbow pirated japanese cargo ship.st century onwards st century indian navy played important role maintaining peace india maritime front spite state foment neighbourhood.deployed humanitarian relief times natural disasters crises across globe well keep indias maritime trade routes free open.the indian navy part joint forces exercises operation parakram – india–pakistan standoff.
Indian Navy	dozen warships deployed northern arabian sea.in october indian navy took operations secure strait malacca relieve us navy resources operation enduring freedom.the navy plays important role providing humanitarian relief times natural disasters including floods cyclones tsunamis.aftermath indian ocean earthquake tsunami indian navy launched massive disaster relief operations help affected indian states well maldives sri lanka indonesia.ships dozens helicopters least six fixedwing aircraft personnel navy deployed relief operations.included operation madad andhra pradesh tamil nadu operation sea waves andaman nicobar islands operation castor maldives operation rainbow sri lanka operation gambhir indonesia.gambhir carried following indian ocean tsunami one largest fastest force mobilisations indian navy undertaken.
Indian Navy	indian naval rescue vessels teams reached neighbouring countries less hours time tsunami hit.lessons response led decision enhance amphibious force capabilities including acquisition landing platform docks ins jalashwa well smaller amphibious vessels.during israellebanon conflict indian navy launched operation sukoon evacuated persons july including sri lankans nepalese lebanese nationals wartorn lebanon.indian naval doctors served days board usns mercy conduct medical camps philippines bangladesh indonesia east timor.indian navy supported relief operations survivors cyclone sidr bangladesh.indian naval vessels first launch international relief operations victims cyclone nargis myanmar.
Indian Navy	navy deployed ins tabar ins mysore gulf aden combat piracy somalia.tabar prevented numerous piracy attempts escorted hundreds ships safely pirateinfested waters.navy also undertook antipiracy patrols near seychelles upon countrys request.february indian navy launched operation safe homecoming rescued indian nationals war torn libya.january–march navy launched operation island watch deter piracy attempts somali pirates lakshadweep archipelago.
Indian Navy	operation numerous successes preventing pirate attacks.crisis yemen indian navy part operation raahat rescued individuals foreign nationals.april poseidoni longrange patrol aircraft managed thwart piracy attack high seas flying mv sezai selaha merchant vessel targeted pirate mother ship two skiffs around nautical miles km mi mumbai.current role currently principal roles indian navy arein conjunction armed forces union act deter defeat threats aggression territory people maritime interests india war peaceproject influence indias maritime area interest nations political economic security objectivesin cooperation indian coast guard ensure good order stability indias maritime zones responsibility.provide maritime assistance including disaster relief indias maritime neighbourhood.command organisation organisation president india serves supreme commander indian armed forces organizational structure indian navy headed chief naval staff cns holds rank admiral.
Indian Navy	provision rank admiral fleet exists primarily intended major wartime use honour.officer indian navy yet conferred rank.cns assisted vice chief naval staff vcns viceadmiral cns also heads integrated headquarters ihq ministry defence navy based new delhi.deputy chief naval staff dcns viceadmiral principal staff officer along chief personnel cop chief materiel com also viceadmirals.director general medical services navy surgeon viceadmiral heads medical services indian navy.the indian navy operates two operational commands one training command.
Indian Navy	command headed flag officer commandinginchief focinc rank vice admiral.eastern western commands fleet commanded rear admiral.western fleet based mumbai commanded flag officer commanding western fleet focwf eastern fleet based visakhapatnam commanded flag officer commanding eastern fleet focef.also commodore commanding submarines comcos commodore commanding submarines east commodore commanding submarines west.flag officer submarines singlepoint class authority submarines based eastern naval command.
Indian Navy	southern naval command home flag officer sea training fost.additionally andaman nicobar command unified indian navy indian army indian air force indian coast guard theater command based capital port blair.commanderinchief andaman nicobar command cincan receives staff support reports directly chairman chiefs staff committee cosc new delhi.command set andaman nicobar islands .facilities indian navy operational training bases gujarat karnataka goa maharashtra lakshadweep kerala odisha tamil nadu andhra pradesh west bengal andaman nicobar islands.bases intended various purposes logistics maintenance support ammunition support air stations hospitals marcos bases coastal defence missile defence submarine missile boat bases forward operating bases etc.
Indian Navy	ins shivaji one oldest naval bases india.commissioned february hmis shivaji serves premier technical training establishment tte indian navy.in may indian navy commissioned ins kadamba karwar kilometres mi goa.built first phase project seabird first exclusively navy controlled base without sharing port facilities commercial shipping.indian navy also berthing rights oman vietnam.navy operates monitoring station fitted radars surveillance gear intercept maritime communication madagascar.
Indian Navy	also plans build radar stations seychelles mauritius maldives sri lanka.according intelligence online published francebased global intelligence gathering organisation indigo publications navy believed operating listening post ras alhadd oman.post located directly across gwadar port balochistan pakistan separated approximately kilometres mi arabian sea.the navy operates ins kattabomman vlf elf transmission facility vijayanarayanapuram near tirunelveli tamil nadu.ins abhimanyu ins karna two bases dedicated marcos.project varsha highly classified project undertaken navy construct hitech base eastern naval command.

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