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Social democracy
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conclude move left needed.in origin ideology transformation political parties eastcentral western europe compared vít hloušek lubomír kopecek explain socialist parties evolved th early st centuries.number people traditional working class occupations factoryworkers miners declined socialists successfully widened appeal middle class diluting ideology however still continuity parties spd labour party britain socialist parties remain part famille spirituelle ideological party family outlined political scientists.many social democrats marxism loosely held valuable emphasis changing world better future.development late th century early th century social democracy broad labour movement within socialism aimed replace private ownership social ownership means production distribution exchange taking influence marxism supporters ferdinand lassalle.– socialism associated karl marx become official theoretical basis first social democratic party established europe social democratic workers party germany.
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Social democracy
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early th century german social democratic politician eduard bernstein rejected ideas orthodox marxism proposed specific historical progression revolution means achieve social equality advancing position socialism grounded ethical moral arguments social justice egalitarianism achieved gradual legislative reform.following split reformist revolutionary socialists second international socialist parties influenced bernstein rejected revolutionary politics favour parliamentary reform remaining committed socialization.during social democracy became dominant tendency within socialist movement mainly associated reformist socialism whilst communism represented revolutionary socialism.influence politicians like carlo rosselli italy social democrats began disassociating orthodox marxism altogether represented marxism–leninism embracing liberal socialism keynesianism appealing morality rather consistent systematic scientific materialist worldview.social democracy made appeals communitarian corporatist sometimes nationalist sentiments rejecting economic technological determinism generally characteristic orthodox marxism economic liberalism.by postworld war ii period economic consensus expansion social democrats europe abandoned ideological connection orthodox marxism shifted emphasis toward social policy reform compromise capitalism socialism.according michael harrington major reason due perspective viewed stalinistera soviet union succeeded propaganda usurping legacy marxism distorting propaganda justify totalitarianism.
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Social democracy
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foundation socialist international denounced bolshevikinspired communist movement falsely claims share socialist tradition.furthermore core tenets marxism regarded social democrats become obsolete including prediction workingclass decisive class development capitalism.view materialize aftermath mass industrialization world war ii.during third way development social democracy social democrats adjusted neoliberal political climate existed since s. social democrats recognized outspoken opposition capitalism politically nonviable accepting powers seeking challenge freemarket laissezfaire variations capitalism immediate concern.third way stands modernized social democracy social democracy remained committed gradual abolition capitalism along social democrats opposed third way merged democratic socialism.although social democracy originated revolutionary socialist communist movement one distinction made separate democratic socialism social democracy former include revolutionary means.
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Social democracy
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latter proposes representative democracy rule law acceptable constitutional form government.social democracy described evolutionary form democratic socialism aims gradually peacefully achieve socialism established political processes rather social revolution advocated revolutionary socialists.sense social democracy synonymous democratic socialism represented original form socialism achieved democratic means usually parliament.social democrats continue call describe democratic socialists simply socialists time postwar association social democracy policy regime development third way democratic socialism come include communist revolutionary tendencies representing original meaning social democracy latter shifted towards reformism.communism third way social democracy associated policy regime specific set socioeconomic policies economics ranged communism syndicalism guild socialists rejected opposed approach fabians regarded excessively bureaucratic insufficiently democratic prospect.communists revolutionary socialists significant part social democracy represented revolutionary wing.
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Social democracy
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although remained committed concept social democracy representing highest form democracy social democracy became associated reformist wing since communist split starting .the russian revolution exacerbated division resulting split supporting october revolution renaming communist opposing bolshevik development favouring liberal social democratic development argued mensheviks remaining social democrat label.rather abandoning social democracy communists remained committed revolutionary social democracy merging communism however saw social democrat associated reformism found irredeemably lost chose communist represent views.communists social democrats betrayed worlds working class supporting imperialist great war leading national governments war.communists also criticized reformism arguing represented reformism without reforms.reformist–revolutionary division culminated german revolution communists wanted overthrow german government turn soviet republic like done russia social democrats wanted preserve came known weimar republic.
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Social democracy
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revolutions transformed social democracy meaning marxist revolutionary form moderate parliamentary socialism.while evolutionary reformist social democrats believe capitalism reformed socialism revolutionary social democrats argue possible social revolution would still necessary.revolutionary criticism reformism necessarily reforms part class struggle goes back marx proclaimed social democrats support bourgeoisie wherever acted revolutionary progressive class bourgeois liberties first conquered criticised.internal rivalry social democratic movement within second international reformists revolutionaries resulted communists led bolsheviks founding separate communist international comintern sought rally revolutionary social democrats together socialist revolution.split social democratic movement dominated reformists founded labour socialist international lsi .lsi history rivalry comintern competed leadership international socialist labour movement.in britain social democratic gaitskellites emphasized goals personal liberty social welfare social equality.
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Social democracy
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gaitskellites part political consensus labour conservative parties famously dubbed butskellism.social democratic third way figures anthony giddens tony blair described christian socialist socialist ethical terms insist socialists claim believe values antithird way critics do.according selfproclaimed social democratic modernizers clause ivs open advocacy state socialism alienating potential middleclass labour supporters nationalization policies thoroughly attacked neoliberal economists politicians including rhetorical comparisons right stateowned industry west soviet union eastern bloc nationalizations state socialism became unpopular.thatcherite conservatives adept condemning stateowned enterprises economically inefficient.gaitskellites nationalization essential achieve major socialist objectives public ownership nationalization specifically rejected rather seen merely one numerous useful devices.
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Social democracy
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according social democratic modernizers like blair nationalization policies become politically unviable s.some critics analysts argue number prominent social democratic parties labour party britain social democratic party germany even maintaining references socialism declaring democratic socialist parties abandoned socialism practice whether unwillingly not.social democracy democratic socialism social democracy significant overlap practical policy positions democratic socialism although usually distinguished other.britain revised version clause iv labour party constitution implemented new labour faction led tony blair affirms formal commitment democratic socialism describing modernized form social democracy however longer commits party public ownership industry place advocates enterprise market rigour competition along high quality public services either owned public accountable them.many social democrats refer socialists democratic socialists blair use used terms interchangeably.others argue clear differences three terms preferred describe political beliefs using term social democracy only.democratic socialism represents social democracy prior postwar displacement keynesianism monetarism neoliberalism caused many social democratic parties adopt third way ideology accepting capitalism status quo time redefining socialism way maintains capitalist structure intact.
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Social democracy
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like modern social democracy democratic socialism tends follow gradual evolutionary path socialism rather revolutionary one.policies commonly supported keynesian nature include degree regulation economy social insurance schemes public pension programs gradual expansion public ownership major strategic industry.internal debates late th century labels embraced contested rejected due emergence developments within european left eurocommunism rise neoliberalism fall soviet union revolutions third way rise antiausterity occupy movements due global financial crisis – great recession causes attributed neoliberal shift deregulation economic policies.latest development contributed rise politicians jeremy corbyn britain bernie sanders united states rejected centrist politicians supported triangulation within labour democratic parties.according rightwing critics supporters alike policies universal health care education pure socialism opposed hedonism capitalist society.partly overlap democratic socialism refers european socialism represented social democracy especially united states tied new deal.
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Social democracy
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democratic socialists follow social democracy support practical progressive reforms capitalism concerned administrate humanize socialism relegated indefinite future.democratic socialists want go beyond mere meliorist reforms advocate systematic transformation mode production capitalism socialism.united states despite long history overlap two social democracy considered form democratic parliamentary socialism social democrats calling democratic socialists democratic socialism considered misnomer united states.one issue social democracy equated wealthy countries western world especially northern western europe democratic socialism conflated either pink tide latin america especially venezuela communism form marxist–leninist socialism practiced soviet union selfdeclared socialist states.democratic socialism described representing leftwing socialist tradition new deal.the lack strong influential socialist movement united states linked red scare ideology associated socialism brings social stigma due association authoritarian socialist states.
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Social democracy
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socialism used scare word pejorative term without clear definition conservatives libertarians taint liberal progressive policies proposals public figures.although americans may reject idea united states characteristics europeanstyle social democracy argued observers comfortable social safety net albeit severely underfunded comparison western countries.also argued many policies may considered socialist popular socialism not.others tony judt described modern liberalism united states representing european social democracy.policy regime st century become commonplace reference social democracy european social democracies namely actuallyexisting states northern western european countries usually reference model welfare state corporatist system collective bargaining.
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Social democracy
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european social democracies represents socioeconomic order variously described starting either ending s. henning meyer jonathan rutherford associate social democracy socioeconomic order existed europe postwar period early s. accepted adopted across political spectrum including conservatives christian democrats liberals social liberals socialists social democrats one notable difference socialists see welfare state merely provide benefits build foundation emancipation selfdetermination.social democracy influenced development social corporatism form economic tripartite corporatism based upon social partnership interests capital labour involving collective bargaining representatives employers labour mediated government national level.postwar consensus form social democracy major component nordic model lesser degree west european social market economies.development social corporatism began norway sweden consolidated s. system based upon dual compromise capital labour one component market state component.defining features social democracy policy regime included keynesian economic policies industrial agreements balance power capital labour well welfare state.especially associated swedish social democrats.
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Social democracy
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social corporatism evolved neocorporatism replaced it.neocorporatism represented important concept third way social democracy.social democratic theorist robin archer wrote importance social corporatism social democracy work economic democracy politics feasible socialism .welfare state social democracy specific type welfare state policy regime described universalist supportive collective bargaining supportive public provision welfare.especially associated nordic model.social democracy rests three fundamental features namely democracy e.g.
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Social democracy
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equal rights vote form parties economy partly regulated state e.g.keynesianism welfare state offering social support need e.g.equal rights education health service employment pensions.practice social democratic parties instrumental socialliberal paradigm lasting called developed social liberals implemented social democrats.since policies mostly implemented social democrats social liberalism sometimes called social democracy.
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Social democracy
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britain socialliberal beveridge report drafted liberal economist william beveridge influenced labour partys social policies national health service labours welfare state development.socialliberal paradigm represented postwar consensus accepted across political spectrum conservatives liberals socialists s. similarly neoliberal paradigm replaced previous paradigm accepted across mainstream political parties including social democratic supporters third way.caused much controversy within social democratic movement.implementation late th century mid late th century greater public confidence idea statemanaged economy major pillar proponents communism social democracy substantial degree conservatives leftliberals.aside anarchists libertarian socialists confidence amongst socialists concept state socialism effective form socialism.
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Social democracy
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early british social democrats th century th century fabians said british society already mostly socialist economy significantly socialist governmentrun enterprises created conservative liberal governments could run interests people representatives influence argument reinvoked socialists postwar britain.advents economics observation failure state socialism eastern bloc countries western world crisis stagflation combined neoliberal rebuke state interventionism resulted socialists reevaluating redesigning socialism.social democrats sought keep deem socialisms core values changing position state involvement economy retaining significant social regulations.when nationalization large industries relatively widespread th century uncommon commentators describe european social democracies democratic socialist states seeking move countries toward socialist economy.leading labour party politician british author anthony crosland said capitalism abolished britain although others welshman aneurin bevan minister health first postwar labour government architect national health service disputed claim.crosland others supported views britain socialist state.
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Social democracy
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according bevan britain socialist national health service stood opposition hedonism britains capitalist society.although rest europe laws capitalism still operated fully private enterprise dominated economy political commentators stated postwar period social democratic parties power countries britain france democratic socialist states claim applied nordic countries nordic model.government president françois mitterrand aimed expand dirigism attempted nationalize french banks attempt faced opposition european economic community demanded freemarket economy among members.public ownership never accounted – capital formation dropping rise neoliberalism.one issue social democracy response collapse legitimacy state socialism stateinterventionist economics keynesianism discovery phenomenon stagflation issue legitimacy state socialism.provoked rethinking socialism achieved social democrats including changing views social democrats private property—antithird way social democrats robert corfe advocated socialist form private property part new socialism although corfe technically objects private property term collectively describe property publicly owned vague rejecting state socialism failure.third way social democracy formed response proponents saw crisis legitimacy socialism—especially state socialism—and rising legitimacy neoliberalism especially laissezfaire capitalism.
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Social democracy
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third ways view criticized simplistic view crisis.others criticized fall state socialism possible new kind third way socialism combining social ownership markets democracy thereby heralding revitalization social democratic tradition however argued prospect new socialism chimera hopeful invention western socialists understood actually existing socialism totally discredited version socialism among lived it.analysis legacy social democratic policies first adopted german empire conservative chancellor otto von bismarck put place many social welfare proposals initially suggested social democrats hinder electoral success instituted antisocialist laws laying ground first modern welfare state.policies dubbed state socialism liberal opposition term later accepted reappropriated bismarck.set social programs implemented germany initiated bismarck remedial measures appease working class reduce support socialism social democrats following earlier attempts achieve objective bismarcks antisocialist laws.
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Social democracy
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prevent social democrats become biggest party parliament .similar policies later adopted western europe including france united kingdom latter form liberal welfare reforms socialist liberal parties adopting policies.united states progressive movement similar social democratic movement predominantly influenced social liberalism socialism supported progressive liberals democratic presidents woodrow wilson franklin d. roosevelt whose new freedom new deal programmes adopted many social democratic policies.great depression economic interventionism nationalizations became common worldwide postwar consensus saw keynesian social democratic mixed economy policies put place leading postworld war ii boom united states soviet union western european east asian countries experienced unusually high sustained economic growth together full employment.contrary early predictions period high economic growth national development also included many countries devastated war japan japanese postwar economic miracle west germany austria wirtschaftswunder south korea miracle han river france trente glorieuses italy italian economic miracle greece greek economic miracle.with energy crisis abandonment gold standard bretton woods system along keynesian social democratic mixedeconomy policies implementation marketoriented monetarist neoliberal policies privatization deregulation free trade economic globalization antiinflationary fiscal policy among others social democratic welfare state put doubt.caused several social democratic parties adopt third way centrist ideology combining progressivism social liberalism neoliberalism however great recession late early cast doubts washington consensus protests austerity measures ensued.
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Social democracy
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resurgence social democratic parties policies especially united states united kingdom rise politicians bernie sanders jeremy corbyn rejected third way economic recession caused pasokification many social democratic parties.the united nations world happiness report shows happiest nations concentrated social democratic nations especially northern europe nordic model applied.times attributed success social democratic nordic model region similar democratic socialist labourist social democratic parties dominated regions political scene laid ground universal welfare states th century.nordic countries including denmark finland iceland norway sweden well greenland faroe islands also ranks highest metrics real gdp per capita economic equality public health life expectancy someone count perceived freedom make life choices generosity quality life human development countries practicing neoliberal form government registered relatively poorer results.similarly several reports listed scandinavian social democratic countries ranking high indicators civil liberties democracy press labour economic freedoms peace freedom corruption.numerous studies surveys indicate people tend live happier lives countries ruled social democratic parties compared countries ruled neoliberal centrist rightwing governments.
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Social democracy
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criticism social democracy criticized socialists serves devise new means strengthen capitalist system conflicts socialist goal replacing capitalism socialist system.according view social democracy fails address systemic issues inherent capitalism.american democratic socialist philosopher david schweickart contrasts social democracy democratic socialism defining former attempt strengthen welfare state latter alternative economic system capitalism.according schweickart democratic socialist critique social democracy capitalism never sufficiently humanized attempt suppress economic contradictions cause emerge elsewhere.gives example attempts reduce unemployment much would result inflation much job security would erode labour discipline.
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Social democracy
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contrast social democracys mixed economy democratic socialists advocate postcapitalist economic system based either market economy combined workers selfmanagement form participatory decentralized planning economy.marxian socialists argue social democratic welfare policies cannot resolve fundamental structural issues capitalism cyclical fluctuations exploitation alienation.accordingly social democratic programs intended ameliorate living conditions capitalism unemployment benefits taxation profits creates contradictions limiting efficiency capitalist system reducing incentives capitalists invest production.welfare state serves legitimize prolong exploitative contradictionladen system capitalism societys detriment.critics contemporary social democracy jonas hinnfors argue social democracy abandoned marxism also abandoned socialism became liberal capitalist movement effectively making social democrats similar nonsocialist parties like democratic party united states.market socialism also critical social democratic welfare states.one common goal concepts achieve greater social economic equality market socialism changes enterprise ownership management whereas social democracy attempts subsidies taxes privately owned enterprises finance welfare programs.
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Social democracy
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franklin delano roosevelt iii grandson united states president franklin d. roosevelt david belkin criticize social democracy maintaining propertyowning capitalist class active interest reversing social democratic welfare policies disproportionate amount power class influence government policy.economists john roemer pranab bardhan point social democracy requires strong labour movement sustain heavy redistribution taxes idealistic think redistribution accomplished countries weaker labour movements noting social democracy scandinavian countries decline labour movement weakened.some critics say social democracy abandoned socialism endorsing keynesian welfare capitalism.democratic socialist political theorist michael harrington argues social democracy historically supported keynesianism part social democratic compromise capitalism socialism.although compromise allow immediate creation socialism created welfare states recognized noncapitalist even anticapitalist principles human need imperatives profit.social democrats favour third way accused endorsed capitalism including antithird way social democrats accused third way proponents anthony giddens antisocial democratic antisocialist practice.social democracys reformism criticized left right left govern capitalist economy would according capitalist socialist logic.
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Social democracy
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argument previously echoed joseph schumpeter capitalism socialism democracy writing socialists govern essentially capitalist world ... social economic system would function except capitalist lines.... run would run according logic.would administer capitalism.similarly irving kristol argued democratic socialism turns inherently unstable compound contradiction terms.every social democratic party power soon finds choosing one point another socialist society aspires liberal society lathered it.
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Social democracy
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joseph stalin vocal critic reformist social democrats later coining term social fascism describe social democracy period embraced similar corporatist economic model model supported fascism.view adopted communist international argued capitalist society entered third period proletarian revolution imminent could prevented social democrats fascist forces.see also references citations notes sources books conferences encyclopedias journals news speeches websites reading external links papers future social democracy canada.mcgill institute study canada.archived original april .
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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retrieved february .shaw martin .social democracy unfinished global revolution.university sussex.retrieved february .cite web cs maint urlstatus linksalient features sector denmark compared developed countries areservice provision public cooperative providersthe introduction voluntary benchmarking system substantial increases efficiency cost savings attributed benchmarking.access source whounicef joint monitoring program access improved water supply sanitation denmark universal.estimated households connected sewer network served onsite sanitation systems septic tanks.water use sources total water consumption denmark almost million per year comes entirely groundwater.compares estimated resource million groundwater per year.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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one third consumed households one third agriculture market gardens one third industry institutions.industries buy water public network others pump water.household water use denmark stood literscapitaday .household consumption declined .per person per year.water savings caused new installations e.g.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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shower toilets water saving campaigns higher awareness environment among consumers combined rise water price.quality service whole population continuous access improved water supply improved sanitation.consumer survey utility association danva showed satisfaction water suppliers water quality security supply high.according european environment health committee national microbial failure rate measured e. coli among large water supply systems generally zero.occasionally large water supply plants microbiological failures limited period.national chemical failure rate measured nitrate ion ions local importance among large water supply systems near zero.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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parts country nitrate drinking water elevated.families depend small private water supply systems.majority water supply systems face problems either nitrate pollution due extensive agriculture production andor pollution pesticides bacterial contamination.water supplies including small private supplies regular control local authorities action taken water quality poor.in proportion microbiological tests complied legislative requirements .quality drinking water checked waterworks distribution network consumers taps.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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waste handling waste collection .million ton business households .recycled incinerated deposited landfills.responsibility water supply sanitation policy regulation single ministry government denmark responsible water supply sanitation considered foremost local government responsibility.danish environmental protection agency responsible environmental policy.in addition central authorities two main levels authorities responsible water wastewater services.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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regional councils local municipal councils denmark.regional councils responsible use protection water resources including extraction permits large abstractions monitoring water quality recipient water bodies rivers sea etc.including authorizations discharge wastewater.municipal councils responsible planning administration supervision water suppliers water supply infrastructure.monitor enforce compliance laws regulations regards water wastewater provision.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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local authorities issue extraction permits small abstractions also operate solid system water quality regulation.service provision danish water supply highly decentralized large small waterworks situated country.common utilities municipalities owned owned consumers cooperatives.number utilities reduced .spite high number utilities drinking water delivered municipal utilities account utilities.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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many cases thus municipalities regulate certain aspects service provision provide services.associations danish water waste water association danva national association water waste water utilities.nonprofit organization funded members utilities municipalities consultants contractors personal members.objective look common interests danish water sewerage suppliers promoting steady highquality water sewerage supply environmentally sustainable basis.danva formed merger two associations danish water supply association danish wastewater association benchmarking danish water sector carried voluntary benchmarking surveys since order help service providers improve efficiency.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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project comparison key indicators performance benchmarking.includes also process benchmarking setting service goals development default chart accounts.project financially independent payment fees participating utilities.estimated around dk million us.m spent benchmarking .danish benchmarking project part north european benchmarking cooperation nebc initiated national water associations several water utilities denmark finland netherlands norway sweden support international water association.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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builds pioneering efforts netherlands field.in danish government undertook service check estimated potential efficiency improvements worth dk .billion us annually.indeed utilities participating benchmarking project able achieve annual savings dk million us.m operations maintenance without reduction service quality harm environment.utility association danva attributes savings lessons utilities drew benchmarking system.exact source savings remains bit unclear.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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savings achieved energy efficiency since specific energy consumption actually increased kwhm .kwhm around national energy usage.neither achieved reducing water losses hovered around low level period.efficiency huge span lowest highest operating maintenance costs water supply denmark varying dkk dkk per cubic meter without wastewater taxes.suggests still scope realizing savings.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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differences determined structural differences depth groundwater table location wells consumption centers politically determined differences pipe replacement policies extent efforts going groundwater protection.water losses accounted production .per km pipe day.level netherlands much higher scotland england wales australia according figures british water regulator ofwat quoted danva.water losses declined .mkmday .
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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suppliers must pay tax event water losses excess incentive reduce water loss.financial aspects cost recovery danish legislation requires full cost recovery water supply sanitation breakeven principle.tariffs average price water wastewater including taxes vat green taxes dkk .m us.– one highest tariffs eu.consists water wastewater taxes.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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total price water measured fixed prices increased .nevertheless households average expenditures tap water wastewater accounted .total income.share remained constant mainly water consumption declined tariffs increased.water prices vary lot one supplier another depending costs.
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Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
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connection fee normal city onefamily house dkk varying dkk .according survey nus consulting average water tariff price without sewerage large commercial consumers using cubic meters per year denmark equivalent us.per cubic meter.highest tariff among mostly oecd countries covered report.investment investments stood dkk .per .
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Disaster response
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see also eu water policywater framework directive references external links danva danish water waste water associationdanish environmental protection agencyeuropean environment health committee denmark progress towards regional priority goal water sanitationconsists number elements example warningevacuation search rescue providing immediate assistance assessing damage continuing assistance immediate restoration construction infrastructure i.e.provisional storm drains diversion dams.aim emergency response provide immediate assistance maintain life improve health support morale affected population.assistance may range providing specific limited aid assisting refugees transport temporary shelter food establishing semipermanent settlements camps locations.also may involve initial repairs damaged diversion infrastructure.the focus response phase keeping people safe preventing next disasters meeting basic needs people permanent sustainable solutions found.
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Disaster response
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main responsibility address needs respond disaster lies government governments whose territory disaster occurred.addition humanitarian organisations often strongly present phase disaster management cycle particularly countries government lacks resources respond adequately needs.definition disaster noun defined calamitous event especially one occurring suddenly causing great loss life damage hardship flood aircraft crash angry person.response defined context noun answer reply words action.the business dictionary provide comprehensive definition disaster response aggregate decisions measures contain mitigate effects disastrous event prevent loss life andor property restore order immediate aftermath reestablish normality reconstruction rerehabilitation shortly thereafter.first immediate response called emergency response.the johns hopkins international federation red cross red crescent societies ifrc state word disaster implies sudden overwhelming unforeseen event.
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Disaster response
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household level disaster could result major illness death substantial economic social misfortune.community level could flood fire collapse buildings earthquake destruction livelihoods epidemic displacement conflict.occurring district provincial level large number people affected.a recent case study disaster response undertaken ifrc viewed here.the level disaster response depends number factors particular situation awareness.studies undertaken son aziz peñamora shows initial work demand gradually spreads increases based wide range variables including scale disaster vulnerability affected area turn affected population density sitespecific conditions e.g.exposure hazardous conditions effects cascading disasters resulting interdependence elements critical infrastructure.in british governments emergency response recovery guidance disaster response refers decisions actions taken accordance strategic tactical operational objectives defined emergency responders.
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Disaster response
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high level protect life contain mitigate impacts emergency create conditions return normality.response encompasses decisions actions taken deal immediate effects emergency.many scenarios likely relatively short last matter hours days—rapid implementation arrangements collaboration coordination communication therefore vital.response encompasses effort deal direct effects emergency e.g.fighting fires rescuing individuals also indirect effects e.g.
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Disaster response
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disruption media interest.common objectives responders aresaving protecting human liferelieving sufferingcontaining emergency – limiting escalation spread mitigating impactsproviding public businesses warnings advice informationprotecting health safety responding personnelsafeguarding environmentas far reasonably practicable protecting propertymaintaining restoring critical activitiesmaintaining normal services appropriate levelpromoting facilitating selfhelp affected communitiesfacilitating investigations inquiries e.g.preserving scene effective records managementfacilitating recovery community including humanitarian assistance economic infrastructure environmental impactsevaluating response recovery effort andidentifying taking action implement lessons identified.disaster response planning united states national fire protection association nfpa standard nfpa specify elements emergency response defined responsibilities specific actions taken must include protective actions life safety communication directives.within standard nfpa recognize disasters daytoday emergencies characteristically different.nevertheless prescribed response elements same.in support nfpa standard statoils practical application emergency response across three distinct lines incorporate nfpas elements.
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Disaster response
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line responsible operational management incident line typically housed offsite responsible tactical guidance additional resource management.finally case major incidents line provides strategic guidance group resource management government media relations.while impossible plan every disaster crisis emergency statoil investigation terrorist attacks amenas place emphasis importance disaster response.report concludes disaster response framework may utilized array disaster situations amenas.organizations united nations office coordination humanitarian affairs ocha responsible bringing together humanitarian actors ensure coherent response emergencies require international response.ocha plays key role operational coordination crisis situations.
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Disaster response
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includes assessing situations needs agreeing common priorities developing common strategies address issues negotiating access mobilizing funding resources clarifying consistent public messaging monitoring progress.the organisation united kingdom provision communications disaster response raynet.uk organisation provision disaster response offroad vehicles x response.in canada globalmedic established nonsectarian humanitarianaid ngo provide disaster relief services large scale catastrophes around world.time magazine recognized work globalmedic time issue.roster volunteers across canada includes professional rescuers police officers firefighters paramedics donate time respond international disasters.personnel divided rapid response teams rrts operate rescue units water purification units wpus designed provide safe drinking water emergency medical units emus use inflatable field hospitals provide emergency medical treatment.
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Disaster response
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since globalmedic teams deployed humanitarian disasters around world.in india national disaster management authority responsible planning mitigating effects natural disasters anticipating avoiding manmade disasters.also coordinates capacitybuilding response government agencies crises emergencies.national disaster response force intergovernment disaster response agency specializes search rescue rehabilitation.in us federal emergency management agency coordinates federal operational logistical disaster response capability needed save sustain lives minimize suffering protect property timely effective manner communities become overwhelmed disasters.centers disease control prevention offer information specific types emergencies disease outbreaks natural disasters severe weather well chemical radiation accidents.also emergency preparedness response program national institute occupational safety health develops resources address responder safety health responder recovery operations.among volunteers american red cross chartered congress lead coordinate nonprofit efforts.
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Disaster response
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supported disaster relief organizations many religious denominations community service agencies.licensed amateur radio operators support volunteer organizations often affiliated american radio relay league arrl.disaster response organizations addition response government great deal assistance wake disaster comes charities disaster response nongovernmental organizations.biggest international umbrella organizations interagency standing committee international council voluntary agencies.humanitarian osm team works update provide map areas struck disaster.disaster response technologies ad hoc infrastructure range infrastructures could restored ad hoc quickly disaster using technologies.
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Disaster response
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communications government emergency telecommunications service supports federal state local tribal government personnel industry nongovernmental organizations crisis emergency providing emergency access priority handling local long distance calls public switched telephone network.nationwide wireless priority service allows user wait celluar bandwidth open.wireless mesh networks deployed rapidly enable internet connectivity substitute failed mobile phone networks emergency postdisaster communication – including disaster response coordination emergency calls.mesh networks b.a.t.m.a.n.often developed deployed opensource volunteer communities little resources.electricity emergency power systems – mobile microgeneration units mobile charging power supplystations specially designed extended smart grids – could support important electrical systems loss normal power supply restore power supply small regions whose connections main power grid cut off.
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Disaster response
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transportation transportation infrastructure may become unpassable due disaster complicating logistics evacuation disaster response.technologies may allow quick ad hoc sufficient restoration transportation network substitutions parts it.include rapid construction stable bridges based mobile lightweight andor locally sourced materials components militaries involved in.waste management disaster waste often managed ad hoc manner.waste generated disaster overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities affect response activities.depending type disaster scope recovery duration conventional waste may need managed similar ways may associated transportation network restoration.
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Disaster response
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emergency accommodation accommodation terms emergency accommodation sometimes considered element infrastructure.temporary accommodation people animals disasters issue.sometimes existing private accommodation infrastructure logistics repurposed disaster response.water supply water supply drainage sewerage infrastructure functioning wastewater treatment plants may disrupted disasters.vaccination infrastructure longterm disaster response well medical infrastructure local disaster regions increased health risk may include vaccination infrastructure.
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Disaster response
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response coordination websites volunteers well people involved disaster response locals civil organizations like technische hilfswerk coordinated coordinate help websites similar icts preventing traffic jams disaster tourists obstruction transportation network allocating different forms help locations need reporting missing persons increasing efficiency.websites specific individual affected regions set european floods.emergency response systems smart emergency response system sers prototype built smartamerica challenge united states government initiative.sers created team nine organizations led mathworks.project featured white house june described todd park u.s. chief technology officer exemplary achievement.the smartamerica initiative challenges participants build cyberphysical systems glimpse future save lives create jobs foster businesses improve economy.
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Disaster response
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sers primarily saves lives.system provides survivors emergency personnel information locate assist disaster.sers allows submit help requests matlabbased mission center connecting first responders apps searchandrescue dogs feettall humanoid robots drones autonomous aircraft ground vehicles.command control center optimizes available resources serve every incoming requests generates action plan mission.wifi network created fly drones equipped antennas.
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Disaster response
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addition autonomous rotorcrafts planes ground vehicles simulated simulink visualized environment google earth unlock ability observe operations mass scale.the international charter space major disasters provides charitable retasking satellite assets providing coverage space agencies etc.wide albeit contingent.focuses beginning disaster cycle timely data essence.digital technologies increasingly used humanitarian action shown improve health recovery populations affected natural manmade disasters.used humanitarian response facilitate coordinate aid various stages including preparedness response recovery emergencies.specifically mobile health mhealth defined use communication devices mobile phones purpose health services information.
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Disaster response
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nowadays millions people use mobile phones means daily communication data transference live developing countries.one important characteristics disasters harms caused infrastructures accessibility issues exponential need medical emergency services.situations use mobile phones mhealth vital especially communication infrastructures hindered.conditions abundance mobile technology developing countries provide opportunity harnessed helping victims vulnerable people.mobile health information technology platforms acute phase disaster response create common operational framework improves disaster response standardizing data acquisition organizing information storage facilitating communication among medical staff.one challenges disaster response need pertinent effective continuous analysis situation information order evaluate needs resources.
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Disaster response
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mhealth shown provide effective disaster preparedness real time collection medical data well helping identify create needs assessments disasters.using mobile technology heath set stage dynamic organization medical resources promotion patient care done quick triage patient tracking documentation storage maintenance.managing effective influential response requires cooperation also facilitated mhealth.retrospective study demonstrated applying mhealth lead decrease unnecessary hospital transfers disasters.addition provide field hospital administrators realtime census information essential planning resource allocation interfacility patient transfers interagency collaboration.mhealth technology systems improve postoperative care patient handoffs volunteer providers.
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Disaster response
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data entry mobile devices widely used facilitate registration displaced individuals conduct surveys identify need assistance capture data issues food security vaccination rates mortality.above mhealth harness power information improve patient outcomes.efforts led harvard humanitarian initiative operational medicine institute haiti earthquake resulted creation webbased mhealth system created patient log unique entries used ontheground medical providers field hospital administrators.helped facilitate provider triage improve provider handoffs track vulnerable populations unaccompanied minors pregnant women traumatic orthopedic injuries specified infectious diseases.also haiti earthquake international red crescent sent million smss viole mobile phone users.resulted receiver reporting gained useful information reported sms helped preparedness.
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Disaster response
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problematic individual collective responses previous experiences false alarms cause people ignore legitimate danger signals fire alarm.amanda ripley points contrary many portrayals movies among general public fires largescale disasters remarkable lack panic sometimes dangerous denial lack reaction rationalization warning signs obvious.says often attributed local national character appears universal typically followed consultations nearby people signals finally get enough attention.disaster survivors advocate training everyone recognize warning signs practice responding.a study published showed social networks function poorly pathways inconvenient truths people would rather ignore interplay communication action may depend structure social networks.also showed communication networks suppress necessary evacuations testscenarios spontaneous diffuse emergence false reassurance compared groups isolated individuals larger networks smaller proportion informed subjects suffered damage due humancaused misinformation.following disaster collective processing emotions leads greater resilience community engagement.
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Disaster response
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impacts disasters men women immediate aftermath disaster affected population number needs.disaster response relief many actors tend focus addressing immediate needs first.example united nations office coordination humanitarian affairs ocha emphasizes thatresponse efforts focus immediate provision quality lifesaving humanitarian supplies including readytoeat rations food baskets basic relief items vulnerable households including light hygiene dignity kits series initial – largely mobile emergency protection interventions.delivery basic services supported reinforcement available service providers relating sectors including health wash shelter protection education areas hosting newly displaced.these priorities addressing basic needs represent shared needs men women.consequently addressing needs first helps disaster relief responses reach many people possible.
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Disaster response
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meeting gender inclusive needs critical men women also different needs must addressed.specifically biological differences men women create different needs.instance needs women postdisaster context include access menstrual products access secure toilet going non secure toilet leave women vulnerable potential rape sexual assault critical pre post natal services name few.areas also immediate needs need addressed postdisaster relief responses.beyond womens immediate needs women face longterm income disparities result disasters.
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Disaster response
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women womens income disproportionately impacted disasters.study undertaken le masson et al.found following hurricane katrina ratio womens mens earnings new orleans declined .prior disaster ..
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Disaster response
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underlying disproportionate impact gendered vulnerabilities.one notable gendered vulnerability double burden.double burden combination paid unpaid work.one key forms unpaid labor care labor.care labor also referred social reproduction encompasses tasks providing dependants children sick elderly rest us.
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Disaster response
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double burden exacerbates unequal impact disasters women.lafrenière sweetman thylin emphasize women operate unpaid carers keeping societies economies functioning ... poverty crisis make unpaid work even critical survival.makes imperative humanitarian responders understand scope extent unpaid care work work women carers.another critical underlying gendered vulnerability unequal access economic resources.globally women less access livelihoods assets financial accounts opportunities men.
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Southern United States
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times disaster lack access sufficient financial resources force women turn risky behaviour prostitution transactional sex means survival.crises also tend increase burdens care household responsibilities women making ability economically support dependents difficult.see also hurricane response references bibliography external links radio society great britain website rsgbx response networkvideo smart emergency response systemcdcs information specific types emergenciesemergency preparedness response resources national institute occupational safety healthatlantic ocean western united states midwestern united states northeastern united states north gulf mexico mexico south.also major portions part eastern united states.historically south defined states south th century mason–dixon line ohio river °′ parallel.within south different subregions southeast south central upper south deep south.since influx northern transplants midtolate th century maryland delaware northern virginia washington d.c. become culturally economically politically aligned certain aspects northeast often identified part midatlantic subregion northeast many residents businesses public institutions private organizations.however united states census bureau continues define south regard census regions.
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Southern United States
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due cultural variations across region scholars proposed definitions south coincide neatly state boundaries.south precisely correspond entire geographic south united states primarily includes southcentral southeastern states.example california geographically southwestern part country considered part.however geographically southeastern state georgia is.the south home racially diverse areas united states known culture history developed customs fashion architecture musical styles cuisines distinguished many ways areas united states.eleven southern states seceded union forming confederate states america.
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Southern United States
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following american civil war states subsequently added back union.sociological research indicates southern collective identity stems political historical demographic cultural distinctiveness rest united states.ethnic groups south diverse among american regions includes strong european especially english scotsirish scottish irish french spanish african native american components.aspects early historical cultural development south influenced institution slave labor mainly within deep south coastal plain areas early mids.includes presence large proportion african americans within population support doctrine states rights legacy racism magnified civil war reconstruction era –.following effects included thousands lynchings mostly segregated system separate schools public facilities established jim crow laws remained widespread use poll taxes methods deny black poor people ability vote hold office s. scholars characterized pockets southern united states authoritarian enclaves reconstruction civil rights act .
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Southern United States
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since due improved racial relations growing economic base job opportunities region south seen increases african americans moving u.s. regions new great migration.when looked broadly studies shown southerners tend conservative nonsoutherners liberalism mostly predominant places black majority urban areas south.south usually elects republicans states republican democratic party competitive certain southern swing states.region contains almost bible belt area high protestant church attendance especially evangelical churches southern baptist convention.historically south relied heavily agriculture main economic base highly rural world war ii.since region become economically diversified metropolitan helping attract many national international migrants.
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Southern United States
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today among fastestgrowing areas united states houston regions largest city.geography south diverse meteorological region numerous climatic zones including temperate subtropical tropical arid – though south generally reputation hot humid long summers short mild winters.south – except areas higher elevations areas near western southern northern fringes – fall humid subtropical climate zone.crops grow readily south due climate consistently providing growing seasons least six months first frost.another common environment occurs within bayous swamplands gulf coast especially louisiana texas.the question define boundaries subregions south focus research debate centuries.
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Southern United States
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defined united states census bureau southern region united states includes sixteen states.estimated people thirty seven percent u.s. residents lived south nations populous region.census bureau defined three smaller divisionsthe south atlantic states delaware florida georgia maryland north carolina south carolina virginia west virginia.the east south central states alabama kentucky mississippi tennessee.the west south central states arkansas louisiana oklahoma texas.the council state governments organization communication coordination states includes south regional office states alabama arkansas florida georgia kentucky louisiana mississippi missouri north carolina oklahoma south carolina tennessee texas virginia west virginia.other terms related south includethe old south mean either southern states among thirteen colonies virginia delaware maryland georgia north carolina south carolina southern slave states also includes kentucky tennessee alabama florida mississippi missouri arkansas louisiana texas.the new south southern states following american civil war post reconstruction era.southeastern united states usually includes carolinas virginias tennessee kentucky georgia alabama mississippi florida.southern appalachia mainly refers areas situated southern appalachian mountains namely eastern kentucky east tennessee western north carolina western maryland west virginia southwest virginia north georgia northwestern south carolina.upper south usually includes kentucky virginia west virginia tennessee north carolina rare occasions missouri maryland delaware.combined southern appalachian mountains sometimes referred greater appalachia following ulster protestant migrations united states th th centuries.deep south various definitions usually includes alabama georgia louisiana mississippi south carolina.border states includes missouri kentucky maryland delaware west virginia.states outer rim confederacy secede u.s. large numbers residents joined union confederate armed forces.
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Southern United States
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kentucky missouri confederate governmentsinexile represented confederate congress stars confederate battle flag.west virginia formed western region virginia broke away protest old dominions joining confederacy residents new state evenly divided supporting union confederacy.dixie nickname applied southern u.s. region various definitions include certain areas others commonly associated eleven former confederate states.solid south electoral voting bloc largely controlled democratic party largely resulting disenfranchisement reconstruction era late th century.disfranchisement effectively denied black sometimes poor white population voting holding public office time period.gulf coast includes gulf coasts florida louisiana mississippi texas alabama.tidewater lowlying atlantic coastal plain regions maryland delaware virginia north carolina.midsouth various definitions includes states within census bureau east west south central united states.another informal definition tennessee arkansas mississippi included adjoining areas states.historically south defined states south th century mason–dixon line ohio river °′ parallel.newer definitions south today harder define due cultural subregional differences throughout region however definitions usually refer states southeastern south central geographic region united states.although included census definition two u.s. territories located southeast florida puerto rico u.s. virgin islands sometimes included part southern united states.
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Southern United States
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federal aviation administration includes puerto rico u.s. virgin islands part south agricultural research service u.s. national park service.history native american culture first welldated evidence human occupation south united states occurs around bc appearance earliest documented americans referred paleoindians.paleoindians huntergatherers roamed bands frequently hunted megafauna.several cultural stages archaic ca.– bc woodland ca.
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Southern United States
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bc – ad preceded europeans found end th century – mississippian culture.the mississippian culture complex moundbuilding native american culture flourished southeastern united states approximately ad ad.natives elaborate lengthy trading routes connecting main residential ceremonial centers extending river valleys east coast great lakes.noted explorers encountered described mississippian culture decline included pánfilo de narváez hernando de soto pierre le moyne diberville .native american descendants moundbuilders include alabama apalachee caddo cherokee chickasaw choctaw creek guale hitchiti houma seminole peoples still reside south.other peoples whose ancestral links mississippian culture less clear clearly region european incursion include catawba powhatan.european colonization european immigration caused dieoff native americans whose immune systems could protect diseases europeans unwittingly introduced.the predominant culture original southern states english.th century voluntary immigrants english origin settled chiefly along eastern coast pushed far inland appalachian mountains th century.
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Southern United States
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majority early english settlers indentured servants gained freedom working passage.wealthier men paid way received land grants known headrights encourage settlement.the spanish french established settlements florida texas louisiana.spanish settled florida th century reaching peak late th century population small spaniards relatively uninterested agriculture florida mineral resources.in british colonies immigration began continued outbreak revolution .settlers cleared land built houses outbuildings farms.southern rich owned large plantations dominated export agriculture used slaves.
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Southern United States
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many involved laborintensive cultivation tobacco first cash crop virginia.tobacco exhausted soil quickly requiring farmers regularly clear new fields.used old fields pasture crops corn wheat allowed grow woodlots.in midtolateth century large groups ulster scots later called scotchirish people angloscottish border region immigrated settled back country appalachia piedmont.largest group nonenglish immigrants british isles american revolution.census southerners reported english ancestry english largest reported european ancestry every southern state large margin.the early colonists engaged warfare trade cultural exchanges.
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Southern United States
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living backcountry likely encounter creek indians cherokee choctaws regional native groups.the oldest university south college william mary founded virginia pioneered teaching political economy educated future u.s. presidents jefferson monroe tyler virginia.indeed entire region dominated politics first party system era example four first five presidents – washington jefferson madison monroe – virginia.two oldest public universities also south university north carolina university georgia .american revolution american revolutionary war southern colonies helped embrace patriot cause.virginia would provide leaders commanderinchief george washington author declaration independence thomas jefferson.in british largely halted reconquest northern states concentrated south told large loyalist population ready leap arms royal forces arrived.
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Southern United States
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british took control savannah charleston capturing large american army process set network bases inland.although loyalists within southern colonies concentrated larger coastal cities great enough number overcome revolutionaries.british forces battle moncks corner battle lenuds ferry consisted entirely loyalists exception commanding officer banastre tarleton.white black loyalists fought british battle kemps landing virginia.led nathanael greene generals americans engaged fabian tactics designed wear british invasion force neutralize strong points one one.
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Southern United States
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numerous battles large small side claiming victories.by however british general cornwallis moved north virginia approaching army forced fortify await rescue british navy.british navy arrive stronger french fleet cornwallis trapped.american french armies led george washington forced cornwallis surrender entire army yorktown virginia october effectively winning north american part war.the revolution provided shock slavery south regions new country.thousands slaves took advantage wartime disruption find freedom catalyzed british governor dunmore virginias promise freedom service.many others removed loyalist owners became slaves elsewhere british empire.
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Southern United States
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sharp decline percentage blacks – south carolina georgia.addition slaveholders inspired free slaves revolution.moved principles revolution along quaker methodist preachers worked encourage slaveholders free slaves.planters george washington often freed slaves wills.upper south blacks free significant expansion prewar proportions less free.
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Southern United States
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antebellum years cotton became dominant lower south .invention cotton gin short staple cotton could grown widely.led explosion cotton cultivation especially frontier uplands georgia alabama parts deep south well riverfront areas mississippi delta.migrants poured areas early decades th century county population figures rose fell swells people kept moving west.expansion cotton cultivation required slave labor institution became even deeply integral part souths economy.with opening frontier lands government forced native americans move west mississippi major migration whites blacks territories.
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Southern United States
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one million enslaved africans transported deep south forced migration twothirds slave traders others masters moved there.planters upper south sold slaves excess needs shifted tobacco mixed agriculture.many enslaved families broken planters preferred mostly strong males field work.two major political issues festered first half th century caused political alignment along sectional lines strengthened identities north south distinct regions certain strongly opposed interests fed arguments states rights culminated secession civil war.one issues concerned protective tariffs enacted assist growth manufacturing sector primarily north.resistance federal legislation increasing tariffs south carolina passed ordinance nullification procedure state would effect repeal federal law.
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Southern United States
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soon naval flotilla sent charleston harbor threat landing ground troops used compel collection tariffs.compromise reached tariffs would gradually reduced underlying argument states rights continued escalate following decades.the second issue concerned slavery primarily question whether slavery would permitted newly admitted states.issue initially finessed political compromises designed balance number free slave states.issue resurfaced virulent form however around time mexican–american war raised stakes adding new territories primarily southern side imaginary geographic divide.congress opposed allowing slavery territories.before civil war number immigrants arriving southern ports began increase although north continued receive immigrants.
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Southern United States
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huguenots among first settlers charleston along largest number orthodox jews outside new york city.numerous irish immigrants settled new orleans establishing distinct ethnic enclave known irish channel.germans also went new orleans environs resulting large area north city along mississippi becoming known german coast.still greater numbers immigrated texas especially many bought land farmers.many german immigrants arrived texas civil war created brewing industry houston elsewhere became grocers numerous cities also established wide areas farming.by new orleans wealthiest city country third largest population.
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Southern United States
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success city based growth international trade associated products shipped interior country mississippi river.new orleans also largest slave market country traders brought slaves ship overland sell planters across deep south.city cosmopolitan port variety jobs attracted immigrants areas south.lack investment however construction railroads span region lagged behind north.people relied heavily river traffic getting crops market transportation.
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Southern United States
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civil war south lost control congress longer able silence calls end slavery – came mostly populated free states north.republican party founded pledged stop spread slavery beyond states already existed.abraham lincoln elected first republican president seven cotton states declared secession formed confederate states america lincoln inaugurated.united states government outgoing incoming refused recognize confederacy new confederate president jefferson davis ordered troops open fire fort sumter april war broke out.state kentucky attempted remain neutral could briefly.
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Southern United States
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lincoln called troops suppress referred combinations powerful suppressed ordinary judicial martial means four states decided secede join confederacy moved capital richmond virginia.although confederacy large supplies captured munitions many volunteers slower union dealing border states.upland border states kentucky missouri west virginia maryland delaware well district columbia continued permit slavery civil war remained union.march union largely controlled border state areas shut commercial traffic confederate ports prevented european recognition confederate government poised seize new orleans.in four years war – south primary battleground two major battles taking place southern soil.union forces led numerous campaigns western confederacy controlling border states tennessee river cumberland river new orleans mississippi river .
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Southern United States
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east however confederate army robert e. lee beat attack attack defense capital richmond.lee tried move north repulsed nearly captured sharpsburg gettysburg .the confederacy resources short war unable finance supply longer war.reversed traditional lowtariff policy south imposing new tax imports union.union blockade stopped commerce entering south smugglers avoided tax confederate tariff produced little revenue finance war.inflated currency solution created distrust richmond government.
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Southern United States
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low investment railroads southern transportation system depended primarily river coastal traffic boat shut union navy.small railroad system virtually collapsed internal travel difficult confederate economy crippled.the confederate cause hopeless time atlanta fell william t. sherman marched georgia late rebels fought lees army surrendered april .confederate forces surrendered region moved reconstruction era – partially successful attempt rebuild destroyed region grant civil rights freed slaves.southerners confederate cause civil war known southern unionists.also known union loyalists lincolns loyalists.within eleven confederate states states tennessee especially east tennessee virginia included west virginia time north carolina home largest populations unionists.
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Southern United States
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many areas southern appalachia harbored prounion sentiment well.many men living states confederate control would serve union army prounion guerilla groups.although southern unionists came classes differed socially culturally economically regions dominant prewar planter class.the south suffered north overall union strategy attrition warfare meant lee could replace casualties total war waged sherman sheridan union armies devastated infrastructure caused widespread poverty distress.confederacy suffered military losses men killed action died disease total total white southern population time around .million.
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Southern United States
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based census figures white males aged died war including north south.northern military casualties exceeded southern casualties absolute numbers twothirds smaller terms proportion population affected.reconstruction jim crow era civil war south devastated terms infrastructure economy.states reluctance grant voting rights freedmen congress instituted reconstruction governments.established military districts governors rule south new governments could established.
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Southern United States
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many white southerners actively supported confederacy temporarily disenfranchised.rebuilding difficult people grappled effects new labor economy free market midst widespread agricultural depression.addition limited infrastructure south mostly destroyed war.time north rapidly industrializing.avoid social effects war southern states initially passed black codes.
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Southern United States
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reconstruction mostly legally nullified federal law anticonfederate legislatures existed short time reconstruction.there thousands people move african americans tried reunite families separated slave sales sometimes migrated better opportunities towns states.freed people moved plantation areas cities towns chance get different jobs.time whites returned refuges reclaim plantations town dwellings.areas many whites returned land farm while.freedpeople left south altogether states ohio indiana later kansas.
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Southern United States
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thousands others joined migration new opportunities mississippi arkansas delta bottomlands texas.with passage th amendment constitution united states outlawed slavery th amendment granted full u.s. citizenship african americans th amendment extended right vote african american males african americans south made free citizens given right vote.federal protection white black republicans formed constitutional conventions state governments.among accomplishments creating first public education systems southern states providing welfare orphanages hospitals similar institutions.northerners came south participate politics business.representatives freedmens bureau agencies reconstruction humanitarians intent help black people.adventurers hoped benefit questionable methods.
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Southern United States
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condemned pejorative term carpetbagger.southerners would also take advantage disrupted environment made money various schemes including bonds financing railroads.secret vigilante organizations ku klux klan – organization sworn perpetuate white supremacy – arisen quickly wars end used lynching physical attacks house burnings forms intimidation keep african americans exercising political rights.although first klan disrupted prosecution federal government early groups persisted.midtolates upper class southerners created increasing resistance altered social structure.paramilitary organizations white league louisiana red shirts mississippi rifle clubs white line organizations used organized violence republicans black white remove republicans political office repress bar black voting restore democratic party power.
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Southern United States
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white democrats regained power state legislatures.began pass laws designed strip african americans poor whites voter registration rolls.success lateth century interracial coalitions several states inspired reaction among white democrats worked harder prevent groups voting.despite discrimination many blacks became property owners areas still developing.instance mississippis bottomlands still frontier undeveloped war.end century twothirds farmers mississippis delta bottomlands black.
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Southern United States
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cleared land often made money early years selling timber.tens thousands migrants went delta work laborers clear timber lumber companies many develop farms.nonetheless long agricultural depression along disenfranchisement lack access credit led many blacks delta losing property becoming sharecroppers landless workers following decade.two generations free african americans lost stake property.nearly southerners black white suffered economically result civil war.within years cotton production harvest back prewar levels low prices much th century hampered recovery.
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Southern United States
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encouraged immigration chinese italian laborers mississippi delta.first chinese entered indentured laborers cuba majority came early th century.neither group stayed long rural farm labor.chinese became merchants established stores small towns throughout delta establishing place white black.migrations continued late th early th centuries among blacks whites.last two decades th century blacks left south totaling loss .
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Southern United States
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movement increased became known great migration second great migration .even whites left south going california opportunities others heading northern industrial cities .loss whites totaled .five million left .from ten eleven former confederate states along oklahoma upon statehood passed disenfranchising constitutions amendments introduced voter registration barriers – poll taxes residency requirements literacy tests – hard minorities meet.african americans mexican americans tens thousands poor whites disenfranchised losing vote decades.
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Southern United States
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states grandfather clauses temporarily exempted white illiterates literacy tests.numbers voters dropped drastically throughout former confederacy result.seen via feature turnout presidential midterm elections university texas’ politics barriers voting.alabama established universal white suffrage became state also substantially reduced voting poor whites.democratcontrolled legislatures passed jim crow laws segregate public facilities services including transportation.while african americans poor whites civil rights groups started litigation provisions early th century decades supreme court decisions overturning provisions rapidly followed new state laws new devices restrict voting.
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Southern United States
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blacks former confederacy oklahoma could vote passage voting rights act federal enforcement ensure people could register.despite increases eligible voting population inclusion women blacks eighteen throughout period turnout exconfederate states remained national average throughout th century.late american citizens regain protected civil rights passage legislation following leadership american civil rights movement.historian william chafe explored defensive techniques developed inside african american community avoid worst features jim crow expressed legal system unbalanced economic power intimidation psychological pressure.chafe says protective socialization blacks created inside community order accommodate whiteimposed sanctions subtly encouraging challenges sanctions.known walking tightrope efforts bringing change slightly effective build foundation younger african americans deployed aggressive largescale activism civil rights movement s. economy end th century white democrats south created state constitutions hostile industry business development antiindustrial laws extensive time new constitutions adopted s. banks small little access credit.
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