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Indian Navy	base said house nuclear submarines also vlf facility.training indian navy specialized training command responsible organisation conduct overseeing basic professional specialist training throughout navy.commander chief southern command also serves commander chief training command.chief personnel cop hq indian navy responsible framework training exercises responsibility directorate naval training dnt.training year indian navy defined july june following year.officer training conducted indian naval academy ina ezhimala coast kerala.
Indian Navy	established largest naval academy asia.cadets national defence academy also move ina later terms.navy also specialized training establishments gunnery aviation leadership logistics music medicine physical training educational training engineering hydrography submarines etc.several naval bases along coastline india.naval officers also attend triservice institutions national defence college college defence management defence services staff college various staff courses higher command staff appointments.
Indian Navy	navys war college naval war college goa.dedicated wing naval architecture directorate naval architecture iit delhi operated navy.indian navy also trains officers men navies friendly foreign countries.rank structure july navy officers sailors sanctioned strength officers sailors.inclusive naval aviation marine commandos sagar prahari bal personnel.
Indian Navy	officers india uses midshipman rank navy future officers carry rank upon entering indian naval academy.commissioned sublieutenants upon finishing course study.while provision rank admiral fleet exists primarily intended major wartime use honour.officer indian navy yet conferred rank.army air force officers conferred equivalent rank – field marshals sam manekshaw cariappa army marshal indian air force miaf arjan singh.the highest ranked naval officer organization structure chief naval staff holds rank admiral.rating personnel indian navy sailors initially listed seaman nd class.
Indian Navy	grow ranks attain highest rank enlisted personnel master chief petty officer st class.sailors possess leadership qualities fulfill requisite conditions terms education age etc.may commissioned commission worthy special duties cw sd scheme.naval air arm naval airarm indian navy currently operates twentyone air squadrons.ten operate fixedwing aircraft eight helicopter squadrons remaining three equipped unmanned aerial vehicles uav.
Indian Navy	building legacy inherited royal navy prior indian independence concept naval aviation india started establishment directorate naval aviation naval headquarters nhq early .later year officers sailors indian navy sent britain pilot training.fleet requirement unit fru formed meet aviation requirements navy.on january charge cochin airfield handed navy directorate general civil aviation.march fru commissioned cochin ten newly acquired sealand aircraft.navys first air station ins garuda commissioned two months later.
Indian Navy	february december ten firefly aircraft acquired.meet training requirements pilots indigenously developed hal ht trainer inducted fru.january fru commissioned indian naval air squadron inas first indian naval air squadron.currently air arm operates aircraft carrier ins vikramaditya ability carry thirty aircraft including mig k kamov kamov sea king domesticbuilt haldhruv chetak helicopters.kamov choppers also provide airborne early warning cover fleet.antisubmarine role sea king ka domestic built hal dhruv used.
Indian Navy	marcos also use sea king hal dhruv helicopters conducting operations.maritime patrol reconnaissance operations carried boeing p poseidon ilyushin .uav arm consists iai heron searcheriis operated surface ships shore establishments surveillance missions.the indian navy also maintains aerobatic display team sagar pawan.sagar pawan team replacing present kiran hjt aircraft newly developed hjt aircraft.marcos marine commando force mcf also known marcos special operations unit raised indian navy amphibious warfare close quarter combat counterterrorism direct action special reconnaissance unconventional warfare hostage rescue personnel recovery combat search rescue asymmetric warfare foreign internal defence counterproliferation amphibious reconnaissance including hydrographic reconnaissance.
Indian Navy	since inception marcos proved various operations wars notable include operation pawan operation cactus unosom ii kargil war operation black tornado.also actively deployed antipiracy operations throughout year.equipment ships names service ships naval bases indian navy prefixed letters ins designating indian naval ship indian navy station whereas sail boats prefixed insv indian naval sailing vessel.fleet indian navy mixture domestic built foreign vessels january surface fleet comprises aircraft carrier amphibious transport dock landing ship tanks destroyers frigates corvettes large offshore patrol vessels fleet tankers survey ships research vessel training vessels various auxiliary vessels landing craft utility vessels small patrol boats.after ins viraat decommissioned march navy left one aircraft carrier active service ins vikramaditya serves flagship fleet.vikramaditya formerly admiral gorshkov modified kievclass aircraft carrier procured total cost .
Indian Navy	billion russia december .navy amphibious transport dock austin class rechristened ins jalashwa indian service.also maintains fleet landing ship tanks.the navy currently operates three kolkata three delhi three rajputclass guidedmissile destroyers.ships rajput class replaced near future nextgeneration visakhapatnamclass destroyers project b feature number improvements.in addition destroyers navy operates several classes frigates three shivalik project class six talwarclass frigates.seven additional shivalikclass frigates project class frigates order.
Indian Navy	older godavariclass frigates systematically replaced one one new classes frigates brought service next decade.smaller littoral zone combatants service form corvettes indian navy operates kamorta kora khukri veer abhayclass corvettes.replenishment tankers jyoticlass tanker ins aditya new deepakclass fleet tanker help improve navys endurance sea.aircraft submarines december navys subsurface fleet includes one nuclearpowered attack submarine one ballistic missile submarine conventionallypowered attack submarines.conventional attack submarines indian navy consist kalvari french scorpèneclass submarine design sindhughosh russian kiloclass submarine design shishumar german type design classes.india also possesses single akulaclass nuclearpowered attack submarine named ins chakra.lease india period ten years.
Indian Navy	three hundred indian navy personnel trained russia operation submarines.negotiations russia lease second akulaclass submarine.ins arihant launched july visakhapatnam secretly commissioned active service august .navy plans six nuclearpowered ballistic missile submarines service near future.arihant first boat arihantclass nuclearpowered ballistic missile submarines first nuclearpowered submarine built india.weapon systems navy use mix indigenously developed foreign made missile systems.
Indian Navy	include submarinelaunched ballistic missiles shiplaunched ballistic missiles cruise antiship missiles airtoair missiles surfacetoair missiles torpedoes airtoair guns main guns antisubmarine rocket launchers.inventory comprises mm .ak gun range .kilometres .mi kilometres mi khe quad uran asw rbu etc.in recent years brahmos one advanced missile system adapted indian navy.
Indian Navy	jointly developed indias defence research development organisation drdo russian npo mashinostroyeniya.brahmos worlds fastest antiship cruise missile operation.brahmos tailored meet indian needs features large proportion indiadesigned components technology including fire control systems transporter erector launchers onboard navigational attack systems.successful test brahmos ins rajput provides indian navy precision land attack capability.india also fitted boeing pi reconnaissance aircraft allweather activeradarhoming overthehorizon agml harpoon block ii missiles mk allupround lightweight torpedoes.indian warships primary airdefence shield provided barak surfacetoair missile advanced version barak development collaboration israel.
Indian Navy	indias nextgeneration scorpèneclass submarines armed exocet antiship missile system.among indigenous missiles shiplaunched version prithviii called dhanush range kilometres mi carry nuclear warheads.the k sagarika oceanic submarinelaunched ballistic missile slbm range least km sources claim km forms part indias nuclear triad extensively tested integrated arihant class nuclear submarines.longer range submarine launched ballistic missile called k induction process followed k slbm.electronic warfare systems management sangraha joint electronic warfare programme defence research development organisation drdo indian navy.programme intended develop family electronic warfare suites use different naval platforms capable detecting intercepting classifying pulsed carrier wave pulse repetition frequency agile frequency agile chirp radars.
Indian Navy	systems suitable deployment various platforms like helicopters vehicles ships.certain platforms along esm electronic support measures capabilities ecm electronic countermeasure capabilities multiplebeam phased array jammers.the indian navy also relies information technology face challenges st century.indian navy implementing new strategy move platform centric force network centric force linking shorebased installations ships via highspeed data networks satellites.help increased operational awareness.network referred navy enterprise wide network newn.
Indian Navy	indian navy also provided training personnel information technology naval institute computer applications nica located mumbai.information technology also used provide better training like usage simulators better management force.the navy dedicated cadre matters pertaining information technology cadre named information technology cadre directorate information technology dri.cadre responsible implementation enterprise wide networking software development projects development activities respect cyber security products administration shore onboard networks management critical naval networks software applications.naval satellite indias first exclusive defence satellite gsat successfully launched european space consortium arianespaces rocket kourou spaceport french guiana august .gsat fabricated indian space research organisation isro serve least seven years orbital slot °e providing uhf sband cband kuband relay capacity.
Indian Navy	kuband allows highdensity data transmission including audio video.satellite also provision reach smaller mobile terminals.gsat approximately footprint – kilometres – miles – nautical miles indian ocean region including arabian sea bay bengal region.enables navy operate networkcentric atmosphere realtime networking operational assets sea land.on june navy placed order gsatr satellite replacement gsat.satellite costs rs crores us.million expected launched .
Indian Navy	activities fleet reviews president india entitled inspect hisher fleet heshe supreme commander indian armed forces.first presidents fleet review india hosted dr. rajendra prasad october .presidents reviews usually take place presidents term.ten fleet reviews taken place including february former president dr. apj abdul kalam took review.latest february president pranab mukherjee.the indian navy also conducted international fleet review named bridges friendship february mumbai.
Indian Navy	many ships friendly navies around world participated including two us navy.second international fleet review international fleet review held visakhapatnam coast february indian navys focus improving diplomatic relations military compatibility nations.naval exercises india often conducts naval exercises friendly countries designed increase naval cooperation also strengthen cooperative security relationship.exercises take place annually bienniallycoordinated patrols include indo–thai corpat editions indonesia–india corpat editions imcor myanmar editions.indian navy conducted naval exercise peoples liberation army navy also sent ships south china sea participate fleet review.
Indian Navy	tropex theatrelevel readiness operational exercises held indian navy experimented doctrine influencing land air battle support indian army indian air force.tropex conducted annually every year exception .indian navy conducted naval exercises japan maritime selfdefence force u.s navy pacific also signed agreement japan october joint naval patrolling asiapacific region.india conducted naval exercises vietnam philippines new zealand.india south korea conducted annual naval exercise alongside indias participation south korean international fleet review .
Indian Navy	first atlantic ocean deployment indian navy happened .deployment indian naval fleet conducted exercises french german russian british navies.two years navies indian ocean region meet andaman nicobar islands exercise milan.india assisted usled exercise cutlass express trainer.in india held first indian ocean naval symposium ions objective provide forum littoral nations indian ocean cooperate mutually agreed areas better security region.since past decade indian naval ships made goodwill port calls israel turkey egypt greece thailand indonesia australia new zealand tonga south africa kenya qatar oman united arab emirates bahrain kuwait various countries.
Indian Navy	exploration indian navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions.sailing ship training vessel ins tarangini began circumnavigating world january intending foster good relations various nations returned india may visiting ports nations.lt.cdr.m. s. kohli led indian navys first successful expedition mount everest navys ensign flown atop everest may similar expedition.another navy team also successfully scaled everest north face technically challenging route.
Indian Navy	expedition led cdr satyabrata dam submarine arm.cdr.dam mountaineer international repute climbed many mountains including patagonias alps among others.commemorate years navys first expedition team set climb mount everest.an indian navy team comprising members successfully completed expedition arctic pole.prepare first traveled iceland attempted summit peak.
Indian Navy	team next flew eastern greenland kulusuk angmassalik areas used inuit boats navigate regions icechoked fjords.crossed northward across arctic circle reaching seventy degrees north skis.team scaled unnamed peak height feet named ’indian peak’.the indian naval ensign first flew antarctica .indian navy succeeded mission dakshin dhruv traversing south pole skis.historic expedition set record first military team successfully completed ski traverse geographic south pole.
Indian Navy	also three ten member team—the expedition leader—cdr.satyabrata dam leading medical assistants rakesh kumar vikas kumar among people world visited two poles summited mt.everest.indian navy became first organisation reach poles mt.everest.
Indian Navy	cdr.dilip donde completed first solo circumnavigation indian citizen may .future indian navy end th plan indian navy expects ships close aircraft.addition existing mission securing sea flanks bay bengal arabian sea navy would able respond emergency situations far away main land.marine assault capabilities enhanced setting new amphibious warfare facility kakinada andhra pradesh.the indian navy initiated phase ii expansion ins kadamba third largest naval base near karwar.
Indian Navy	phase ii involve expansion berthing facilities accommodate – frontline warships including aircraft carrier ins vikramaditya raise manpower officers around sailors build naval air station foot runway.followed phase iia iib end ins kadamba able base frontline warships.indian navy also process constructing new naval base ins varsha rambilli arihant class submarines.india plans construct pair aircraft carriers.first ins vikrant launched cochin shipyard undocked june .expected completed february undergo extensive sea trials thereafter commissioning planned end .
Indian Navy	vikrant displaces tonnes capable operating aircraft including hal tejas migk fighters.second ship ins vishal formerly known indigenous aircraft carrierii displace around tonnes expected delivered indian navy late s. future delivery vishal navys goal three aircraft carriers service two fully operational carriers third refit achieved.as november defence acquisition council launched multirole support vessel.indian navy subsequently sent international rfp large landing helicopter docks.contenders expected tie local shipyards construction ships.in addition aircraft carriers large amphibious assault ships indian navy acquiring numerous surface combatants visakhapatnamclass destroyers project aclass admiral grigorovichclass frigates asw shallow water corvettes asuw corvettes mcm vessels.new submarine types include conventional kalvari class project nuclear arihant class.
Indian Navy	new auxiliary ships include five replenishment oilers missile range instrumentation ship ocean surveillance ship.the indian navy planning procure general atomics sea guardian drones estimated cost billion.first instance general atomics drones sold nonnato military.accidents accidents indian navy attributed ageing ships need maintenance delayed acquisitions ministry defence human error.however naval commentators also argue indias large navy ships clocks around shipdays sea every year varied waters weather incidents inevitable.captains erring ships dismissed command following enquiry.
Indian Navy	accident board ins sindhuratna led resignation chief naval staff cns admiral k joshi february owned moral responsibility.navy envisaging new safety organisation improve safety warships nuclear submarines aircraft view planned increase fleet strength next decade.indian naval ensign indian navy used modified version british white ensign union flag replaced indian tricolor canton.flag replaced white ensign bearing indian navy crest previous ensign thought reflect indias colonial past.however complaints arose new ensign indistinguishable blue naval crest easily merged sky ocean.
Indian Navy	hence ensign changed back st. georges cross design addition emblem india intersection cross.ensign well naval crest modified include devanagari script सत्यमेव जयते satyameva jayate means truth alone triumphs sanskrit.the traditional crest indian navy ships topped crown featuring three sailing ships symbolising indias rich maritime history.ribbon crown depicts ashoka chakra surrounded horse bull.ship unique motif encircled ring lotus buds.documents indian maritime doctrine foundational primer document indian navy.
Indian Navy	three editions published .considered along foundational documents naval strategy freedom use seas updated edition ensuring secure seas .the edition inbr published amidst larger strategic overhaul country.contains large number key words along definitions grouped number sections.select themes pervade throughout document.themes subtle ongoing future transition bluewater navy others louder text related nuclear submarines aircraft carriers.
Douala	justification explaination indias need transitions acquisitions.edition updated include counterterror counterpiracy coordination navies aspects.see also indian ocean naval symposiuminformation management analysis centre imacnaval ranks insignia indiaintegrated defence staff triservicesexclusive economic zone india protected inindian navy football clublist ships indian navy references sources external links official web sitealso capital cameroons littoral region.home central africas largest port major international airport douala international airport dla commercial economic capital cameroon entire cemac region comprising gabon congo chad equatorial guinea central african republic cameroon.consequently handles countrys major exports oil cocoa coffee timber metals fruits.city surrounding area estimated population .city sits estuary wouri river climate tropical.
Douala	history first europeans visit area portuguese .time estuary wouri river known rio dos camarões shrimp river.become site town formed immigrants said arrived congo spoke duala language.th century center transatlantic slave trade.in douala appeared made four different villages located four specific locations village deido dido akwa njo hickorytown today bonaberi located side wouri river.between city german protectorate.the colonial politics focused commerce exploration unoccupied territories.alfred saker organized first mission british baptist church.
Douala	year city known kamerun renamed douala became capital territory capital moved buéa.in ministry colonies established douala citizens.after world war german colonial territories became french british protectorates.france received mandate administer douala.treaty signed local chiefs.from capital cameroon.city inhabitants.in cameroon became independent became federal republic capital yaoundé.douala became major economic city.
Douala	federal republic became unified state.douala population around .in cameroon struggle liberalization multipartitism grew.may december douala center civil disobedience campaign called ghost town operation ville morte economic activities shut make country ungovernable force government allow multipartitism freedom expression.name arrival portuguese th century area known rio dos camarões.coming german rule town also known cameroons town thereafter became kamerunstadt cameroon city capital german kamerun.
Douala	renamed douala name natives known dua ala ijaws njos became part french cameroon .many ijaw njo natives migrated niger delta nigeria portuguese era.geography city located banks wouri river two sides linked bonaberi bridge.climate douala features tropical monsoon climate köppen climate classification relatively consistent temperatures throughout course year though city experiences somewhat cooler temperatures july august.douala typically features warm humid conditions average annual temperature .
Douala	°c .°f average humidity .douala sees plentiful rainfall course year experiencing average roughly millimetres precipitation per year.driest month december average millimetres .precipitation falls wettest month august average nearly millimetres rain falls.
Douala	population evolution population douala thousandswith .million inhabitants douala populated city cameroon.languages cameroon home nearly languages dialects.local indigenous language duala shares name city.french english official languages douala primarily francophone.in .
Douala	douala inhabitants years knew read write french .knew speak understand french.urbanism contemporary life city douala divided seven districts akwa bassa bonabéri bonapriso bonanjo deïdo new bell neighborhoods.some neighborhoods douala includeakwa.akwa doualas business district bonanjo administrative district.plateau joss name used historically current district akwa.
Douala	name districts refer douala lineage well neighborhoods.example akwa historically divided bell deido bonadibong bonamilengue boneleke bonalembe bonejang bonamuti bonabekombo bonaboijan bonakuamuang prefix bona means descendant of.akwa main places bali housing area located near bonanjo administrative area.bépanda densely populated neighbourhood.probably inhabited area city many inhabitants west africa parts country.seat university douala important telecommunication centre cameroon telecommunications located there.deido historical neighbourhood located north central part city.includes one main junctions city known le rondpoint deïdo symbol city “the njounjou” “the monster”.bonaberi located right wouri river.
Douala	primarily industrial neighborhood gradually becoming mixed area including residential commercial areas.connected two bridges city.also main opening toward western anglophone area country.bonapriso one wealthiest area city even country.historically residential neighbourhood become mixed area including commercial galleries restaurants shops.bonanjo administrative neighborhood many large administrations larger companies banks offices higher buildings rest citybonamoussadi main housing area located northern part city.first time residential recently witnessed significant surge installation malls supermarkets restaurants even night clubs.kotto modern residential neighbourhood next bonamoussadi.
Douala	developed early housing projects société immobilière du cameroun sic prime area small increasing middle upper classes city.new bell historical neighbourhood city.founded early th century expropriation germans natives duala people plateau joss.known housing since newcomers city parts country even abroad mainly west africa.today populous neighbourhood tough conditions.two main markets city central market marché nkololoun area.new bell main places bassa vast area eastern part city.
Douala	mixed area including many neighborhoods wealthier others logbaba ndogpassi cité des palmiers pk many others.also includes one two major industrial zones city bonaberi.architecture according jacques soulillou historical images douala document areas akwa plateau joss port districts bonaberi deido new bell almost images.archives provide documentation city based paris basel hamburg potsdam douala yaoundé.in first urban plan city developed german colonial period.plan included hospital governor residency palace justice police station administrative buildings buildings port customs among old woermann linie bachelors house.
Douala	bonakouamouang chimney also dates back period.construction villa mandessi bell begun.palace king manga ndumbe bell also called la pagode built general plan gross douala established.large population living bonanjo moved new estate neue bell new bell.between french colonial period chamber commerce new palace justice new railway station vault kings bell catholic cathedral saints peter paul built.constructions intensified bridge wouri river built.
Douala	mausoleum kings akwa constructed.temple centenary built.new city plan designed plan dorian according danièle diwoutakotto plan still influencing doualas urban development.independence new development urban plan established.research prepared diagnostic horizon.
Douala	new development urban plan designed routes public canalizations reestablished created.year project sawabeach launched.since terracotta bricks produced douala.the publication suites architecturales focuses heritage reappropriation architecture douala presents characteristics buildings architecture douala independence.among buildings casino showroom la meublerie exhibition hall camitoyota union bank cameroon immeuble hollando baptist church immeuble victoria headquarters cascb espace doualart orange flagship.palace dika akwa mukanda built .along citys main thoroughfare lie cameroons best restaurants coffee houses frenchstyle patisseries along waterfront many bars bistros may found commanding views gulf guinea nearby mangrove swamps.
Douala	many frequented citys large expatriate population mainly french lebanese work petroleum industry.culture douala maritime museum museum showcasing rich maritime history douala.building shaped like boat however museum occupies building.located administrative area bonanjodoualart art gallerycenterla nouvelle liberté piece joseph francis sumégné inaugurated .permanent monumental sculpture made recycled material located main roundabout douala.
Douala	meters high wingspan meters.images statue liberty douala places worship citys population predominantly christian contains houses worship numerous denominations roman catholic archdiocese douala catholic church evangelical church cameroon world communion reformed churches presbyterian church cameroon world communion reformed churches union baptist churches cameroon baptist world alliance integrity christian missionary fellowship associated churches full gospel mission cameroon assemblies god.also muslim mosques.education large cities cameroon several nursery primary secondary high schools city.recent years surge number private schools.interesting note also large informal educational sector caters huge part population mostly individuals primary school certificate education all.
Douala	form education common sectors like cloth manufacturing bread making construction security car repairing.individuals informal sectors far visibly deprived neighborhoods ndokoti bepanda village logbaba.the city douala home number higher education institutions including university douala.also number professional schools prominent one douala maritime institute.douala aviation school called cae oxford aviation academy douala.transportation douala linked rail yaoundé ngaoundéré kumba nkongsamba.
Douala	douala fairly developed road network compared cities cameroon.however many citys roads decayed due years neglect corruption.efforts recently made renovate citys roads especially deprived neighborhoods.spite numerous domestic international investments roads remain deplorable state largely due embezzlement corruption.a tram network planned douala first line projected open .douala international airport located eastern part city.
Douala	direct flights several european cities including paris brussels istanbul.regional continental destinations include abidjan brazzaville dakar johannesburg kinshasa lagos malabo nairobi.airport busiest cemac area hub cameroons national carrier camairco.airport dire need renovations due poor circulation old infrastructure.the seaport .metres feet draft.
Douala	economy douala city modest oil resource africa excellent agricultural condition therefore one best economies africa.however also faces problems like underdeveloped countries heavy civil service bad climate flood tornado storm business.main economic parameters aregdp .billion est.gdp growth rate .est.exportspartners spain .italy .
Douala	france .south korea .uk .netherlands .belgium .
Douala	us .imports partners france nigeria belgium .china .us .thailand .
Douala	germany .wealth poverty even though douala economic center cameroon large percentage inhabitants live poverty line.recent data shows thirty percent population lives poverty avameg inc. aforementioned percentage doubled rural regions poverty growing problem douala due steadily increasing population.unlike rural populations cameroon grow foods lessen expenses douala locals disadvantaged living port city many opportunities monetary gain.notable people louis brody – german actorjacques kuohmoukouri cameroonian author diplomatprince rené douala manga bell – chief doualaguy kouemou inventor aerospace engineerfrancis bebey – authormanu dibango – musician saxophonist singer world jazz ethnojazz.thérèse kuohmoukouri – feminist authorjeanpierre dikongué pipa – cineastpatrick baudry – second french astronaut first astronaut african countrymaka kotto – canadian politicianangèle etoundi essamba – photographerpetit pays – singer dancer authorhemley boum – writerjeanalain boumsong – footballerpierre womé – footballervéronique mang – track athletepaulgeorges ntep – footballersamuel etoo – footballernarcisse mouelle kombi– writer politicianchristian ngan – entrepreneur business man financiermarc kibong mbamba – footballerpascal siakam – basketball player nba championibrahim amadou – footballerelsa kwin singer competitor voice afrique francophonekareyce fotso cameroonian singerherman dzumafo footballerbebe zahara benet drag queen twin towns – sister cities doula twinned following places strasbourg france akhisar turkey dakar senegal newark united states philadelphia united states windhoek namibia gallery types jobs douala see also list colonial governors cameroontimeline douala references reading english brooke james .
Douala	informal capitalism grows cameroon.new york times.november .in english derrick jonathan .review douala ville et histoire rené gouellain.africa journal international african institute.
Douala	.in french diwoutakotto danièle .suites architecturales kinshasa douala dakar.épinal association vaa.in english elate som simon .african urban history future.steven salm toyin falola eds globalization urbanization africa.
Douala	trenton africa world press.in french gouellain rené .douala ville et histoire.paris institut dethnologie musée de lhomme.in english hance william .geography modern africa.new york columbia university press.in english lambi c. m. hombe l. f. .
Douala	environmental hazards landuse planning sustainable development douala unstable coastal region.r. g. macinnes jenny jakeways eds instability planning management.london thomas telford.in french lauber wolfgang .architectures allemandes au cameroun .stuttgart karl kramer verlag.in english levine victor .
Douala	cameroon federal republic.ithaca ny cornell university press.in french mainet guy .douala croissance et servitudes.paris lharmattan.in english njoh ambe .planning contemporary africa.
Douala	aldershot ashgate.in french séraphin gilles .vivre à douala.limaginaire et laction dans une ville africaine en crise.paris lharmattan.in english simone a. m. .city yet come changing african life four cities.
Douala	durham duke university press.in french soulillou jacques douala un siècle en images.paris lharmattan.in english schler lynn strangers new bell immigration public space community colonial douala – pretoria unisa.in english brooke james .informal capitalism grows cameroon.new york times.november .in english derrick jonathan .
Douala	review douala ville et histoire rené gouellain.africa journal international african institute..in french diwoutakotto danièle .suites architecturales kinshasa douala dakar.épinal association vaa.in english elate som simon .
Douala	african urban history future.steven salm toyin falola eds globalization urbanization africa.trenton africa world press.in french gouellain rené .douala ville et histoire.paris institut dethnologie musée de lhomme.in english hance william .
Douala	geography modern africa.new york columbia university press.in english lambi c. m. hombe hombe .environmental hazards landuse planning sustainable development douala unstable coastal region.r. g. macinnes jenny jakeways eds instability planning management.london thomas telford.in french lauber wolfgang .
Douala	architectures allemandes au cameroun .stuttgart karl kramer verlag.in english levine victor .cameroon federal republic.ithaca ny cornell university press.in french mainet guy .douala croissance et servitudes.
Douala	paris lharmattan.in english njoh ambe .planning contemporary africa.aldershot ashgate.in french séraphin gilles .vivre à douala.limaginaire et laction dans une ville africaine en crise.
Douala	paris lharmattan.in english simone a. m. .city yet come changing african life four cities.durham duke university press.in french soulillou jacques douala un siècle en images.paris lharmattan.external links media related douala wikimedia commonsofficial douala websitesatellite image douala google earth
Economic effects of Brexit	broad consensus among economists brexit likely reduce real percapita income level uk.immediate impact uk economy immediate impact referendum according one study referendum result pushed uk inflation .percentage points leading annual cost £ average british household.studies published estimated economic costs brexit vote gdp .gdp.
Economic effects of Brexit	according december financial times analysis brexit referendum results reduced national british income ... analysis stanford university nottingham university economists estimated uncertainty around brexit reduced investment businesses approximately percentage points caused employment reduction .percentage points.number studies found brexitinduced uncertainty uks future trade policy reduced british international trade june onwards.analysis found british firms substantially increased offshoring european union brexit referendum whereas european firms reduced new investments uk.shortterm macroeconomic forecasts bank england banks would happen immediately brexit referendum pessimistic.
Economic effects of Brexit	assessments assumed referendum results would create greater uncertainty markets reduce consumer confidence did.number economists noted shortterm macroeconomic forecasts generally considered unreliable something academic economists rather banks do.economists compared shortterm economic forecasts weather forecasts whereas longterm economic forecasts akin climate forecasts methodologies used longterm forecasts wellestablished robust.immediate impact end transition period end transition period trade agreement negotiated eu uk.it solved many issues save trade uk eu significant trade partner uk good eu membership removing paperwork ease trade.longterm impact uk economy overwhelming nearunanimous agreement among economists leaving european union adversely affect british economy medium longterm.
Economic effects of Brexit	surveys economists showed overwhelming agreement brexit would likely reduce uks real percapita income level.surveys existing academic research found credible estimates ranged gdp losses .–.uk cost – uks income per capita.estimates differ depending whether uk hard soft brexit.january uk governments brexit analysis leaked showed uk economic growth would stunted – least years following brexit depending leave scenario.according economists eu membership strong positive effect trade result uks trade would worse left eu.
Economic effects of Brexit	according study university cambridge economists hard brexit whereby uk reverts wto rules onethird uk exports eu would tarifffree onequarter would face high trade barriers exports risk tariffs range –.study found almost uk regions systematically vulnerable brexit regions country.study examining economic impact brexitinduced reductions migration found would likely significant negative impact uk gdp per capita gdp marginal positive impacts wages lowskill service sector.unclear changes trade foreign investment interact immigration changes likely important.divorce bill since fiscal impacts play major role outcome brexit theresa may stated money taking first place key importance surrounding brexit others borders laws.
Economic effects of Brexit	divorce bill essentially financial settlement united kingdom must pay liabilities eu.includes example unpaid contributions eus multiyear finances.current set figure bill estimates shown least £bn could see increases far .first year costs – expected close £bn decreasing £bn –.movement companies following brexit referendum many companies shifted assets offices businesses operations britain continental europe ireland.
Economic effects of Brexit	beginning april banks transferred us trillion britain asset management insurance companies transferred us billion britain.a march report independent research institute new financial identified companies banking financial services sector relocated portions businesses staff following brexit moves confirmed brexitrelated.greatest number moves dublin followed luxembourg frankfurt paris amsterdam .contributions eu supporters withdrawal argued ending net contributions eu would allow tax cuts government spending increases.basis treasury figures united kingdoms gross national contribution ignoring rebate £.billion gdp £ million week.
Economic effects of Brexit	uk receives per capita less eu spending member states rebate negotiated net rebate contribution £.billion approximately .gdp £ million week.eu spending britain also taken account average net contribution next five years estimated £ billion year .national income £ million per week.
Economic effects of Brexit	institute fiscal studies said majority forecasts impact brexit uk economy indicated government would less money spend even longer pay eu.single market according economist paul krugman brexit supporters assertions leaving single market customs union might increase uk exports rest world wrong.considers costs brexit might around per cent gdp.foreign direct investment european experts world pensions council wpc university bath argued beyond shortlived market volatility longterm economic prospects britain remain high notably terms country attractiveness foreign direct investment fdi country risk experts spoke confident uks economy remain robust event exit eu.economic attractiveness britain go trade war london ones interest says nicolas firzli directorgeneral world pensions council wpc advisory board member world bank global infrastructure facility ... bruce morley lecturer economics university bath goes suggest longterm benefits uk leaving union less regulation control britains trade policy could outweigh shortterm uncertainty observed country risk scores.the mooted importance uks membership eu lure fdi long stressed supporters uks continued involvement eu.
Economic effects of Brexit	view foreign firms see uk gateway eu markets uk economy benefiting resulting attractiveness location activity.uk certainly major recipient fdi.held second largest stock inward investment world amounting £ trillion almost global total.double accounted germany france.per capita basis uk clear frontrunner among major economies stock fdi around three times larger level major european economies larger us.
Economic effects of Brexit	property market bbc reported april property investment firm jll company data shows asian investors accounted transactions uk property market year – indicating brexit dissuading asian property investors.bbc also cited chinese international property portal juwai.com reported increase enquiries uk property prior months.property firm cbre group said january brexit increased risk uk property markets creating new uncertainties.roaming brexit eu law longer applicable uk.means british mobile network operators — like ee limited — free charge users two pounds day roaming service.
Economic effects of Brexit	stock markets currencies london stock exchange opened friday june ftse fell ..first ten minutes trading.recovered .minutes recovering .
Economic effects of Brexit	end days trading.equated fall close trading.markets reopened following monday ftse showed steady decline losing midafternoon.upon opening later friday referendum us dow jones industrial average dropped nearly points .less half hour.
Economic effects of Brexit	associated press called sudden worldwide stock market decline stock market crash.internationally us trillion wealth equities markets wiped highest oneday selloff recorded history absolute terms.stock market losses amounted total trillion us dollars june date ftse index lost £ billion.near close trading june domesticallyfocused ftse index approximately compared day referendum results published.however july ftse risen prereferendum levels tenmonth high.taking previous fall account represented indexs largest singleweek rise since .
Economic effects of Brexit	july officially entered bull market territory risen february low.ftse moved prereferendum level july.us sp broader market dow jones reached alltime high july.on morning june pound sterling fell lowest level us dollar since marking pound us dollar euro.drop ..
Economic effects of Brexit	biggest move currency twohour period history.pound remained low july became worst performing currency year major currencies performing worse argentine peso previous lowest currency.contrast pounds tradeweighted index back levels seen period –.the referendum result also immediate economic effect number countries.south african rand experienced largest singleday decline since dropping value us dollar.countries negatively affected included canada whose stock exchange fell .
Economic effects of Brexit	nigeria kenya.partly due general global financial shift currencies seen risky us dollar partly due concerns uks withdrawal eu would affect economies trade relations countries close economic links united kingdom.on january andy haldane chief economist executive director monetary analysis statistics bank england admitted forecasts predicting economic downturn due referendum far inaccurate noted strong market performance since referendum.in january euronext became europes largest stock market london lost dominance first time since .economy business june chancellor exchequer george osborne attempted reassure financial markets uk economy serious trouble.came media reports survey institute directors suggested twothirds businesses believed outcome referendum would produce negative results well falls value sterling ftse .british businesses also predicted investment cuts hiring freezes redundancies would necessary cope results referendum.
Economic effects of Brexit	osborne indicated britain facing future position strength current need emergency budget.noone doubt resolve maintain fiscal stability delivered country .... companies large small would say british economy fundamentally strong highly competitive open business.on july philip hammond osbornes successor chancellor told bbc news referendum result caused uncertainty businesses important send signals reassurance encourage investment spending.also confirmed would emergency budget want work closely governor bank england others summer prepare autumn statement signal set plans economy going forward different circumstances face plans implemented budget spring usual way.it expected weaker pound would also benefit aerospace defence firms pharmaceutical companies professional services companies share prices companies boosted eu referendum.on july global investment management company blackrock predicted uk would experience recession late early result vote leave eu economic growth would slow least five years reduction investment.july ukbased economic forecasting group ey item club suggested country would experience short shallow recession economy suffered severe confidence effects spending business also cut economic growth forecasts uk ..
Economic effects of Brexit	...groups chief economic adviser peter soencer also argued would longterm implications uk may adjust permanent reduction size economy compared trend seemed possible prior vote.senior city investor richard buxton also argued would mild recession.
Economic effects of Brexit	july international monetary fund imf reduced economic growth forecast uk ..still expected britain second fastest growing economy g imf also reduced forecasts world economic growth ...
Economic effects of Brexit	result referendum said thrown spanner works global recovery.on july report released bank england said although uncertainty risen markedly since referendum yet see evidence sharp economic decline consequence.however around third contacts surveyed report expected negative impact following year.in september following three months positive economic data referendum commentators suggested many negative statements predictions promoted within remain camp failed materialise december analysis began show brexit effect inflation.research centre european reform suggests uk economy .smaller would remain referendum.public finances fell £bn year.amounts £m week growing.
Economic effects of Brexit	estimate suggested britains economy .smaller would first quarter .toyota plans oneday production pause burnaston factory november.car maker cites uncertainty actual supply situation first day brexit.financial institutions day referendum bank england governor mark carney told press conferencethe capital requirements largest banks times higher financial crisis.bank england stresstested banks scenarios far severe country currently faces.
Economic effects of Brexit	result actions uk banks raised £bn new capital £bn high quality liquid assets.substantial capital huge liquidity gives banks flexibility need continue lend uk businesses households even challenging times.moreover backstop support functioning markets bank england stands ready provide £bn additional funds normal market operations.bank england also able provide substantial liquidity foreign currency required.expect institutions draw funding appropriate.it take time uk establish new relationship europe rest world.market economic volatility expected process unfolds well prepared this.
Economic effects of Brexit	majestys treasury bank england engaged extensive contingency planning chancellor remained close contact including night morning.bank england hesitate take additional measure required markets adjust.nonetheless share prices five largest british banks fell average morning referendum.shares many nonuk banks also fell .end fridays trading hsbc standard chartered fully recovered lloyds rbs group barclays remained down.all big three credit rating agencies reacted negatively vote standard poors cut uk credit rating aaa aa fitch group cut aa aa moodys cut uks outlook negative.to increase financial stability july bank england released £ billion lending reducing countercyclical capital buffers banks required hold.fears fall commercial property values led investors begin redeeming investments property funds prompting standard life bar withdrawals july aviva followed suit next day.investment companies including henderson group mg investments cut amount investors cashing funds would receive.
Economic effects of Brexit	following weeks suspension redemptions several companies lifted replaced exit penalties exit penalties successively reduced.on october financial times assessed potential effect brexit banking.city london world leading financial services especially foreign exchange currency transactions including euros.position enabled euwide passporting agreement financial products.passporting agreement expire event brexit british financial service industry might lose million jobs treasury might lose billion pounds annually tax revenue.indirect effects could increase numbers job losses billion pounds tax annually.
Economic effects of Brexit	latter would correspond annual british tax revenue.by july senate berlin sent invitation letters encouraging ukbased startups relocate berlin.according anthony browne british banking association many major minor banks may relocate outside uk.economists warned londons future international financial centre depends whether uk obtain passporting rights british banks european union.banks located uk cannot obtain passporting rights strong incentives relocate financial centres within eu.according john armour professor law finance oxford university soft brexit whereby uk leaves eu remains single market would lowerrisk option british financial industry brexit options would enable financial services firms continue rely regulatory passporting rights.asset management companies situation may different comes fund management industry british asset owners notably uk pension funds often constitute incommensurate share total turnover german french dutch continental european asset managers.this imbalance could potentially give britain negotiating leverage e.g.
Economic effects of Brexit	power retorsion case eu attempts impose abrupt cancellation mutuallybinding obligations advantages pertaining markets financial instruments directive fund passporting.research conducted world pensions council wpc shows assets owned uk pension funds times bigger german french pension funds put together … need first hint threat city london majesty’s government position respond forcefully.international monetary fund july imf released report warning brexit marks materialisation important downside risk global growth considering current uncertainty uk would leave eu still much unfolding negative outcomes distinct possibility.september imf stated brexit would probably entail costs disorderly leaving could result significantly worse outcome.christine lagarde said deal good smooth process goods services people capital move around eu uk without impediments obstacles.
Economic effects of Brexit	projections assume timely agreement eu broad freetrade pact relatively smooth brexit process that.disruptive departure much worse outcome.let clear compared today’s smooth single market likely brexit scenarios costs uk economy lesser extent eu well.larger impediments trade new relationship costlier be.lagarde also said disorderly crash brexit would many results including cuts growth worsened deficit depreciation sterling causing size uk economy reduced.
Economic effects of Brexit	added larger impediments trade new relationship costlier be.lagarde asked predicted positives brexit lagarde said see lot negatives.uncertainties removed would better.bad economy amount uncertainty.g finance ministers held late july chengdu china summit finance ministers major economies warned uks planned departure european union adding uncertainty global economy urged uk remain close european union reduce turmoil.
Economic effects of Brexit	g agreed world factors including terrorist acts creating problems brexit forefront concerns.in interviews attending g summit philip hammond uks recently appointed chancellor exchequer said country would attempt minimise uncertainty explaining near future clearly kind arrangement envisage going forward european union.emphasised uncertainty end deal done hoped uk eu would able announce agreement late exit would staged.hammond also reiterated previous government comments indicating steps would taken stimulate economy including tax cuts increased spending though without specifics.uk also planning increase bilateral trade china told bbc.according hammond european union doubt sides want cement relationship firmer structure bilateral way thats appropriate.although addressing uks departure eu mark carney chair financial stability board governor bank england sent letter late july finance ministers attending g summit central bank governors difficulties global economy weathered including effects brexit steps fsb taking.

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