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History of IBM	within five years company backed away early lead internet protocols router technologies order support existing sna cash cow thereby missing boom market s. still ibm investments advances microprocessors disk drives network technologies software applications online commerce set stage emergence connected world s.but end decade ibm clearly trouble.bloated organization employees heavily invested low margin transactional commodity businesses.technologies ibm invented commercialized – dram hard disk drives pc electric typewriters – starting erode.company massive international organization characterized redundant processes functions – cost structure couldnt compete smaller less diversified competitors.backtoback revolutions – pc clientserver – unthinkable.
History of IBM	combined dramatically undermine ibms core mainframe business.pc revolution placed computers directly hands millions people.followed clientserver revolution sought link pcs clients larger computers labored background servers served data applications client machines.revolutions transformed way customers viewed used bought technology.fundamentally rocked ibm.
History of IBM	businesses purchasing decisions put hands individuals departments – places ibm longstanding customer relationships.piecepart technologies took precedence integrated solutions.focus desktop personal productivity business applications across enterprise.result earnings – us billion since early dropped third us billion .brief spike earnings proved illusory corporate spending continued shift highprofit margin mainframes lower margin microprocessorbased systems.
History of IBM	addition corporate downsizing full swing.akers tried stop bleeding – desperate moves radical changes considered implemented.ibm assessed situation clear competition innovation computer industry taking place along segmented versus vertically integrated lines leaders emerged respective domains.examples included intel microprocessors microsoft desktop software novell networking hp printers seagate disk drives oracle corporation database software.ibms dominance personal computers challenged likes compaq later dell.recognizing trend management support board directors began implement plan split ibm increasingly autonomous business units e.g.
History of IBM	processors storage software services printers etc.compete effectively competitors focused nimble lower cost structures.ibm also began shedding businesses felt longer core.sold typewriter keyboard printer business – organization created popular selectric typewriter floating golf ball type element – investment firm clayton dubilier rice inc. became independent company lexmark inc.these efforts failed halt slide.decade steady acceptance widening corporate growth local area networking technology trend headed novell inc. vendors logical counterpart ensuing decline mainframe sales brought wakeup call ibm.two consecutive years reporting losses excess billion january ibm announced us.
History of IBM	billion loss financial year largest singleyear corporate loss u.s. history.told company posted net losses nearly billion.ibms threedecadelong golden age triggered watson jr. over.computer industry viewed ibm longer relevant organizational dinosaur.hundreds thousands ibmers lost jobs including ceo john akers.
History of IBM	key events mids ibm vnet.vnet international computer networking system deployed mids providing email filetransfer ibm.september network grown include mainframe nodes europe asia north america.fractals.ibm researcher benoit mandelbrot conceives fractal geometry – concept seemingly irregular shapes identical structure scales.
History of IBM	new geometry makes possible describe mathematically kinds irregularities existing nature.fractals later make great impact engineering economics metallurgy art health sciences also applied field computer graphics animation.ibm portable computer.ibm introduces portable computer lb.desktop machine put computer capabilities fingertips engineers analysts statisticians problemsolvers.
History of IBM	luggable portable serve terminal system costs .space shuttle.enterprise first vehicle u.s. space shuttle program makes debut palmdale california carrying ibm ap flight computers special hardware built ibm.laser printer.first ibm printer installed.
History of IBM	first commercial printer combine laser technology electrophotography.technology speeds printing bank statements premium notices highvolume documents remains workhorse billing accounts receivable departments.data encryption standard.ibmdeveloped data encryption standard des cryptographic algorithm adopted u.s. national bureau standards national standard.retail checkout.
History of IBM	ibm develops universal product code upc method embedding pricing identification information individual retail items.ibm applies holographic scanner technology ibms supermarket checkout station read upc stripes merchandise one first major commercial uses holography.ibms support upc concept helps lead widespread acceptance retail industries around world.thin film recording heads.instead using handwound wire structures coils inductive elements ibm researchers substitute thin film wires patterned optical lithography.
History of IBM	leads higher performance recording heads reduced cost establishes ibms leadership areal density storing data least space.result highercapacity higherperformance disk drives.overcoming barriers technology use.since announcement chinese arabic ideographic character typewriters ibm worked overcome cultural physical barriers use technology.part ongoing efforts ibm introduces kanji display terminal system kanji system ideographic feature processes japanese chinese characters audio typing unit sightimpaired typists.
History of IBM	first multifunction copierprinter.communicationenabled laser printer photocopier combination introduced ibm information distributor.first multifunction copierprinter device office market.thermal conduction modules.ibm introduces processor companys powerful date features thermal conduction modules.
History of IBM	institute electrical electronics engineers inc. awards corporate innovation recognition ibm development multilayer ceramic thermal conduction module high performance computers.reduced instruction set computing risc architecture.ibm successfully builds first prototype computer employing ibm fellow john cockes risc architecture.risc simplified instructions given computers making faster powerful.today risc architecture basis workstations widely viewed dominant computing architecture.
History of IBM	ibm pc.ibm personal computer goes mass market helps revolutionize way world business.year later time magazine gives person year award personal computer.lasik surgery.three ibm scientists invent excimer laser surgical procedure later forms basis lasik prk corrective eye surgeries.
History of IBM	antitrust suit.united states antitrust suit ibm filed dismissed without merit.trelliscoded modulation.trelliscoded modulation tcm first used voiceband modems send data higher rates telephone channels.today tcm applied large variety terrestrial satellitebased transmission systems key technique achieving faster reliable digital transmission.
History of IBM	ibm pcjr.ibm announces widely anticipated pcjr.ibms attempt enter home computing marketplace.product however fails capture fancy consumers due lack compatibility ibm pc software higher price point unfortunate ‘chiclet’ keyboard design.ibm terminates product months disappointing sales.
History of IBM	ibm magnetic tape system.industrys advanced magnetic tape system ibm introduces new generation tape drives replace familiar reel tape easytohandle cartridge.industrys first tape system use thinfilm recording head technology.sexual discrimination.ibm adds sexual orientation companys nondiscrimination policy.
History of IBM	ibm becomes one first major companies make change.rolm partnershipacquisition.ibm acquires rolm corporation .billion.based santa clara ca subsequent existing partnership ibm intended develop digital telephone switches compete directly northern telecom att.
History of IBM	two popular systems large scale pabx coined rolm cbx smaller pabx coined rolm redwood.rolm later acquired siemens ag –.mci.ibm acquires mci communications united statess secondlargest longdistance carrier june .rp.
History of IBM	sparked part national concerns losing technology leadership crown early ibm reenters supercomputing field rp ibm research parallel processor prototype.ibm researchers worked scientists new york universitys courant institute mathematical science design rp experimental computer consisting processors linked parallel connected many two billion characters main memory.next five years ibm provides million products support supercomputer facility established cornell university ithaca new york.token ring network.ibms token ring technology brings new level control local area networks quickly becomes industry standard networks connect printers workstations servers.
History of IBM	ibm almaden research center.ibm research dedicates almaden research center california.today almaden ibms secondlargest laboratory focused storage systems technology computer science.nobel prize scanning tunneling microscopy.ibm fellows gerd k. binnig heinrich rohrer ibm zurich research laboratory win nobel prize physics work scanning tunneling microscopy.
History of IBM	drs.binnig rohrer recognized developing powerful microscopy technique permits scientists make images surfaces detailed individual atoms may seen.nobel prize hightemperature superconductivity.j. georg bednorz ibm fellow alex müller ibm zurich research laboratory receive nobel prize physics breakthrough discovery hightemperature superconductivity new class materials.discover superconductivity ceramic oxides carry electricity without loss energy much higher temperatures superconductor.
History of IBM	antivirus tools.personal computers become vulnerable attack viruses small research group ibm develops practically overnight suite antivirus tools.effort leads establishment high integrity computing laboratory hicl ibm.hicl goes pioneer science theoretical observational computer virus epidemiology.special needs access.
History of IBM	ibm researchers demonstrate feasibility blind computer users read information directly computer screens aid experimental mouse.ibm personal system screen reader announced permitting blind visually impaired people hear text displayed screen way sighted person would see it.first ibm independence series products computer users special needs.ibm as.ibm introduces ibm application system new family easytouse computers designed small intermediatesized companies.
History of IBM	part introduction ibm ibm business partners worldwide announce software packages biggest simultaneous applications announcement computer history.quickly becomes one worlds popular business computing systems.national science foundation network nsfnet.ibm collaborates merit network mci communications state michigan national science foundation upgrade expand k bit per second nsfnet .m bps later bps t. partnership provides network infrastructure lays groundwork explosive growth internet s. nsfnet upgrade boosts network capacity making faster also allowing intensive forms data graphics common world wide web travel across internet.silicon germanium transistors.
History of IBM	replacing expensive exotic materials like gallium arsenide silicon germanium known sige championed ibm fellow bernie meyerson creates faster chips lower costs.introducing germanium base layer otherwise allsilicon bipolar transistor allows significant improvements operating frequency current noise power capabilities.system.ibm makes comprehensive product announcement years introducing system family.ibm incorporates complementary metal oxide silicon cmos based processors system parallel enterprise server system g parallel enterprise server way turbo model smashed mips barrier making worlds powerful mainframe.
History of IBM	risc system.ibm announces risc system family nine workstations among fastest powerful industry.risc system uses reduced instruction set computing technology innovative computer design pioneered ibm simplifies processing steps speed execution commands.moving individual atoms.donald m. eigler physicist ibm fellow ibm almaden research center demonstrated ability manipulate individual atoms using scanning tunneling microscope writing ibm using individual xenon atoms.
History of IBM	environmental programs.ibm joins leading u.s. corporations april establish worldwide program designed achieve environmental health safety goals continuously improving environmental management practices performance.ibm invested billion since provide environmental protection communities ibm facilities located.services business.ibm reenters computer services business formation integrated systems solution corporation.
History of IBM	still compliance provisions consent decree four issc becomes second largest provider computer services.new business becomes one ibms primary revenue streams.thinkpad.ibm introduces new line notebook computers.housed distinctive black case featuring innovative trackpoint device nestled middle keyboard thinkpad immediate hit goes collect awards design quality.
History of IBM	– ibms near disaster rebirth april ibm hired louis v. gerstner jr. new ceo.first time since ibm recruited leader outside ranks.gerstner chairman ceo rjr nabisco four years previously spent years top executive american express.gerstner brought customeroriented sensibility strategicthinking expertise honed years management consultant mckinsey co. recognizing first priority stabilize company adopted triage mindset took quick dramatic action.early decisions included recommitting mainframe selling federal systems division loral order replenish companys cash coffers continuing shrink workforce reaching low employees driving significant cost reductions within company.
History of IBM	importantly gerstner decided reverse move spin ibm business units separate companies.recognized one ibms enduring strengths ability provide integrated solutions customers – someone could represent piece parts components.splitting company would destroyed unique ibm advantage.these initial steps worked.ibm black turning profit billion.stabilization gerstners endgame – restoration ibms great reputation was.
History of IBM	needed devise winning business strategy.next decade gerstner crafted business model shed commodity businesses focused highmargin opportunities.ibm divested low margin industries dram ibm network personal printers hard drives.company regained business initiative building upon decision keep company whole – unleashed global services business rapidly rose become leading technology integrator.crucial success decision become brand agnostic – ibm integrated whatever technologies client required even ibm competitor.
History of IBM	ibm augmented services business acquisition consultancy division pricewaterhousecoopers .billion us.another high margin opportunity ibm invested heavily software strategic move proved equally visionary.starting acquisition lotus development corp. ibm built software portfolio one brand db five db lotus websphere tivoli rational.content leave consumer applications business firms ibms software strategy focused middleware – vital software connects operating systems applications.middleware business played ibms strengths higher margins improved companys bottom line significantly century came end.not software ibm developed successful.
History of IBM	os arguably technically superior microsoft windows os sales largely concentrated networked computing used corporate professionals.os failed develop much penetration consumer standalone desktop pc segments.reports could installed properly ibms aptiva series home pcs.microsoft made offer ibm ended development os completely would receive terms compaq license windows .ibm refused instead went ibm first strategy promoting os warp disparaging windows ibm aimed drive sales software hardware.
History of IBM	windows negotiations ibm microsoft difficult stalled ibm purchased lotus development whose lotus smartsuite would directly competed microsoft office.result ibm received license later competitors hurt sales ibm pcs.ibm officials later conceded os would viable operating system keep pc business.while ibm hardware technologies relatively deemphasized gerstners threelegged business model relegated secondary status.company brought worldclass research organization bear closely existing product lines development processes.internet applications deep computing overtook client servers key business technology priorities mainframes returned relevance.
History of IBM	ibm reinvigorated mainframe line cmos technologies made among powerful costefficient marketplace.investments microelectronics research manufacturing made ibm world leader specialized high margin chip production – developed mm wafer processes mm wafers within decade.ibmdesigned chips used playstation xbox wii game consoles.ibm also regained lead supercomputing highend machines based upon scalable parallel processor technology.equally significant ibms revival successful reentry popular mindset.part revival based ibm technology.
History of IBM	october comdex computer expo ibm announced first thinkpad laptop computer c. thinkpad premium machine cost us included mhz intel sl processor .inch active matrix display removable mb hard drive mb ram expandable mb trackpoint ii pointing device.striking black design noted designer richard sapper made thinkpad immediate hit digerati cool factor thinkpad brought back cachet ibm brand lost pc wars s. instrumental popular resurgence chess match ibms chessplaying computer system deep blue reigning world chess champion garry kasparov.deep blues victory historic first computer reigning world champion.also helping company reclaim position technology leader annual domination supercomputer rankings patent leadership statistics.ironically serendipitous contributor reviving companys reputation dotcom bubble collapse many edgy technology high flyers failed survive downturn.
History of IBM	collapses discredited fashionable internetdriven business models stodgy ibm previously compared against.another part successful reentry popular mindset companys revival ibm brand.companys marketing economic downturn chaotic presenting many different sometimes discordant voices marketplace.brand chaos attributable part company different advertising agencies employ.ibm eliminated chaos consolidating advertising one agency.result coherent consistent message marketplace.as ibm recovered financial footing industry leadership position company remained aggressive preaching industry old ibm learned neardeath experiences fundamentally changed them.
History of IBM	sought redefine internet age ways played traditional ibm strengths couching discussion businesscentric manners initiatives like ecommerce demand.supported open source initiatives forming collaborative ventures partners competitors alike.change manifested ibm ways well.company revamped varied philanthropic practices bring sharp focus improving k education.ended year technology partnership international olympic committee successful engagement olympic games sydney australia.human resources front ibms adoption integration diversity principles practices cutting edge.
History of IBM	added sexual orientation nondiscrimination practices created executive diversity task forces offered domestic partner benefits employees.company routinely listed among best places employees employees color women work.women technology international hall fame inducted three ibmers part inaugural class women ruth leach amonette first woman hold executive position ibm barbara grant phd first woman named ibm site general manager linda sanford highest – placed technical woman ibm.fran allen – early software pioneer another ibm hero innovative work compilers decades – inducted .gerstner retired end replaced longtime ibmer samuel j. palmisano.key events billiondollar losses.
History of IBM	ibm misreads two significant trends computer industry personal computers clientserver computing result loses billion third straight year billiondollar losses.since company lost billion many feel ibm longer viable player industry.louis v. gerstner jr.. gerstner arrives ibms chairman ceo april .first time since arrival thomas j. watson sr. ibm leader pulled outside ranks.gerstner chairman ceo rjr nabisco four years previously spent years top executive american express.
History of IBM	ibm scalable powerparallel system.ibm introduces scalable powerparallel system first family microprocessorbased supercomputers using risc system technology.ibm pioneers breakthrough scalable parallel system technology joining smaller massproduced computer processors rather relying one larger customdesigned processor.complex queries could broken series smaller jobs run concurrently parallel speed completion.turnaround.
History of IBM	ibm reports profit year first since .next years company successfully charts new business course one focuses less traditional strengths hardware services software ability craft technology solutions.ibm ramac array storage family.ibm ramac array family announced.features like highly parallel processing multilevel cache raid redundant components ramac represents major advance information storage technology.
History of IBM	consisting ramac array direct access storage device dasd ramac array subsystem products become one ibms successful storage product launches ever almost systems shipped customers first three months availability.speech recognition.ibm releases ibm personal dictation system ipds first wave speech recognition products personal computer.later renamed voicetype capabilities expanded include control computer applications desktops simply talking without touching keyboard.ibm announces viavoice gold software gives people handsfree way dictate text navigate desktop power natural continuous speech.
History of IBM	lotus development corporation acquisition.ibm acquires outstanding shares lotus development corporation whose pioneering notes software enables greater collaboration across enterprise whose acquisition makes ibm worlds largest software company.glueball calculation.ibm scientists complete twoyear calculation – largest single numerical calculation history computing – pin properties elusive elementary particle called glueball.calculation carried gf massively parallel computer ibm thomas j. watson research center.
History of IBM	ibm austin research laboratory opens.based austin texas lab focused advanced circuit design well new design techniques tools high performance microprocessors.atlanta olympics.ibm suffers highly public embarrassment support olympic games atlanta experiences technical difficulties.domestic partner benefits.
History of IBM	ibm announces domestic partner benefits gay lesbian employees.deep blue.node ibm rs sp supercomputer deep blue defeats world chess champion garry kasparov first known instance computer vanquishing reigning world champion chess player tournamentstyle competition.ebusiness.ibm coins term defined enormous new industry using internet medium real business institutional transformation.
History of IBM	ebusiness becomes synonymous business internet age.cmos gigaprocessor.ibm unveils first microprocessor runs billion cycles per second.ibm scientists develop new silicon insulator chips used construction mainstream processor.breakthrough ushers new circuit designs product groups.
History of IBM	blue gene.ibm research starts computer architecture cooperative project lawrence livermore national laboratory united states department energy partially funding project academia build new supercomputers capable one quadrillion operations per second one petaflop.nicknamed blue gene new supercomputers perform times faster powerful supercomputers simulate folding complex proteins.quantum mirage nanotechnology.ibm scientists discover way transport information atomic scale uses electrons instead conventional wiring.
History of IBM	new phenomenon called quantum mirage effect enables data transfer within future nanoscale electronic circuits small use wires.quantum mirage technique unique way sending information solid forms could away wiring connects nanocircuit components.ibm asci white – fastest supercomputer.ibm delivers worlds powerful computer us department energy powerful enough process internet transaction every person earth less minute.ibm built supercomputer accurately test safety effectiveness nations aging nuclear weapons stockpile.
History of IBM	computer times powerful deep blue supercomputer beat garry kasparov chess .flexible transistors.ibm created flexible transistors combining organic inorganic materials medium semiconductors.technology enables things like electronic newspaper lightweight inexpensive leaving one behind airplane hotel lobby big deal.eliminating limitations etching computer circuits silicon flexible transistors make possible create new generation inexpensive computer displays embedded curved plastic materials.
History of IBM	sydney olympics.successful engagement olympic games sydney ibm ends year technology partnership international olympic committee.holocaust controversy.controversial book ibm holocaust strategic alliance nazi germany americas powerful corporation edwin black accuses ibm knowingly assisted nazi authorities perpetuation holocaust provision tabulating products services.several lawsuits filed ibm holocaust victims seeking restitution suffering losses.
History of IBM	lawsuits related issue eventually dropped without recovery.carbon nanotube transistors.ibm researchers build worlds first transistors carbon nanotubes – tiny cylinders carbon atoms times smaller siliconbased transistors times stronger steel.breakthrough important step finding materials used build computer chips siliconbased chips cant made smaller.low power initiative.
History of IBM	ibm launches lowpower initiative improve energy efficiency accelerates development ultralow power components powerefficient servers storage systems personal computers thinkpad notebook computers.greater density chip speeds.ibm first massproduce computer hard disk drives using revolutionary new type magnetic coating – pixie dust – eventually quadruples data density current hard disk drive products.ibm also unveils strained silicon breakthrough alters silicon boost chip speeds percent.hard disk drive business sold hitachi.
History of IBM	blue genel.blue gene team unveils prototype blue genel computer roughly size standard dishwasher ranks rd powerful supercomputer world.cubic meter machine small scale model full blue genel built lawrence livermore national laboratory california times larger unveiled two years later.crusade cancer.ibm joins forces memorial sloankettering cancer center mskcc molecular profiling institute chu saintejustine research center collaborate cancer research building stateoftheart integrated information management systems.
History of IBM	pc division sold.pc division including thinkpads sold chinese manufacturer lenovo.translation software.ibm delivers advanced speechtospeech translation system u.s. forces iraq using bidirectional english arabic translation software improves communication military personnel iraqi forces citizens.breakthrough software offsets current shortage military linguists.
History of IBM	renewable energy.ibm recognized us epa leading green power purchases us support participation epas fortune green power challenge.ibm ranked th epas list green power partners .ibm purchased enough renewable energy meet us electricity use global electricity purchases.ibms commitment green power helps cut greenhouse gas emissions.
History of IBM	river watch using ibm stream computing.unique collaboration beacon institute ibm created first technologybased river monitoring network.river estuary observatory network reon allows minutetominute monitoring new yorks hudson river via integrated network sensors robotics computational technology.firstofitskind project made possible ibms stream computing fundamentally new computer architecture examine thousands information sources help scientists better understand happening happens.patent power.
History of IBM	ibm granted us patents company.ibm awarded us patents invested billion year research development engineering since .ibms current active portfolio patents us patents worldwide direct result investment.ibm roadrunner no.supercomputer.
History of IBM	recordsetting ninth consecutive time ibm takes no.spot ranking worlds powerful supercomputers ibm computer built roadrunner project los alamos national laboratory.first world operate speeds faster one quadrillion calculations per second remains world speed champion year.los alamos system twice energyefficient no.computer time using half electricity maintain level computing power.
History of IBM	green power.ibm opens greenest data center boulder colorado.energyefficient facility part million investment ibm boulder help meet customer demand reducing energy costs.new data center features leadingedge technologies services including highdensity computing systems virtualization technology.green power centers allow ibm customers cut carbon footprint.
History of IBM	watson.ibms supercomputer watson competed tv show jeopardy ken jennings brad rutter convincingly.competition presented pbs.june ibm founded years ago.mark krantz jon swartz usa today state remained forefront decades... fifthmostvaluable u.s. company today ... demonstrated strength shared yearold companies ability change.... survived depression several recessions technological shifts intense competition well.october red hat acquisition billion october ibm announced intent acquire red hat us billion one largestever acquisitions.
History of IBM	company operate ibms hybrid cloud division.–present acquisition red hat enabled ibm change focus future platforms according ibm chief executive arvind krishna.in october ibm announced splitting two public companies.ibm focus highmargin cloud computing artificial intelligence built foundation red hat acquisition.legacy managed infrastructure services unit spun new public company kyndryl manage clients’ infrastructure accounts clients countries backlog billion.on january ibm announced would sell watson health private equity firm francisco partners.this new focus hybrid cloud separating ibm business units larger previous divestitures welcomed investors.twentiethcentury market power antitrust ibm dominated electronic data processing market th century initially controlling percent punch card tabulating machine market achieving similar share computer market.
History of IBM	ibm asserted successes achieving maintaining market share due skill industry foresight governments competitors asserted maintenance large shares least part due anticompetitive acts unfair prices terms conditions tying product manipulations creating fud fear uncertainty doubt marketplace.ibm thus defendant twenty government private antitrust actions th century.ibm lost one matters settle others ways profoundly shaped industry summarized below.end th century ibm longer dominant computer industry.observers suggest managements attention many antitrust lawsuits least part responsible decline.
History of IBM	consent decree u.s. government prosecutors asserted anticompetition tying ibms practice requiring customers leased tabulating equipment purchase punched cards used equipment.ibm lost resulting consent decree ibm agreed longer require ibm cards agreed assist alternative suppliers cards starting production facilities would compete ibms thereby create separate market punched cards effect subsequent computer supplies tapes disk packs.consent decree january u.s. government filed lawsuit resulted consent decree entered final judgment january .governments goal increase competition data processing industry effected several provisions decreeibm required sell equipment terms would place purchasers disadvantage respect customers leasing equipment ibm.prior decree ibm rented equipment.
History of IBM	created markets used ibm equipment enabled lease financing ibm equipment third parties leasing companies.ibm required provide parts information independent maintainers purchased ibm equipment enabling creating demand hardware maintenance services.ibm required sell data processing services subsidiary could treated differently company independent ibm enabling competition data processing services business.ibm required grant nonexclusive nontransferable worldwide licenses patents reasonable royalty rates anyone provided licensee crosslicensed patents ibm similar terms.removed ibm patents barrier competition data processing industry enabled emergence manufacturers equipment plug compatible ibm equipment.while decree little limit ibms future dominance thennascent computer industry enable competition segments leasing services maintenance equipment attachable ibm systems reduced barriers entry mandatory reasonable patent crosslicensing.the decrees terms remained effect phased next five years.– multiple government private antitrust complaints first series antitrust suits ibm filed control data corp cdc.followed us governments antitrust complaint private us antitrust complaints one european complaint.end ibm settled matters mainly won.
History of IBM	us governments case sustained four us presidents attorneys general dropped “without merit” william baxter us president reagans’ assistant attorney general charge antitrust division department justice.– control data corp. v. ibm cdc filed antitrust lawsuit ibm minnesotas federal court alleging ibm monopolized market computers violation section sherman act among things announcing products could deliver.internal ibm memo ibm attorney noted control data publicly blamed declining earnings ibm frequent model price changes.sentiment charges true.ibm settled cdc case million cash transfer assets including ibm service bureau corp cdc.
History of IBM	– u.s. v. ibm january united states america filed complaint united states district court southern district new york alleging ibm violated section sherman antitrust act monopolizing attempting monopolize generalpurpose electronic digital computer system market specifically computers designed primarily business.subsequently us government alleged ibm violated antitrust laws ibms actions directed leasing companies plugcompatible peripheral manufacturers.in june ibm unbundled software services many observers believed anticipation direct result us antitrust lawsuit.overnight competitive software market created.among major violations asserted wereanticompetitive price discrimination giving away software services.bundling software related computer hardware equipment single price.predatorily priced preannounced specific hardware fighting machines.developed announced specific hardware products primarily purpose discouraging customers acquiring competing products.announced certain future products knowing unlikely able ship products within announced time frame.engaged cost discount conduct selected markets order injure peripheral manufacturers leasing companies.it ways one great single firm monopoly cases times.ibm produced million pages materials discovery submitted executives series pretrial depositions.trial began six years complaint filed battled court another six years.
History of IBM	trial transcript contains pages thousands documents placed record.ended january william baxter assistant attorney general charge antitrust division department justice dropped case “without merit.” – private antitrust lawsuits u.s.s antitrust lawsuit followed private antitrust complaints one ibm ultimately won.notable lawsuits include greyhound computer corp. greyhound leasing company filed case illinois’ state antitrust law illinois state court.case went trial federal court arizona directed verdict ibm antitrust claims however court appeals reversed decision.retrial start january ibm greyhound settled case .
History of IBM	million.telex corp. telex peripherals equipment manufacturer filed suit january charging ibm monopolized attempted monopolize worldwide manufacture distribution sales leasing electronic data processing equipment including relevant submarket plugcompatible peripheral devices.nonjury trial ibm found guilty “possessing exercising monopoly power” “plugcompatible peripheral equipment market” ordered pay triple damages .‐million relief including disclosure peripheral interface specifications.separately telex found guilty misappropriated ibm trade secrets.judgment ibm overturned appeal october parties announced terminating actions other.
History of IBM	private lawsuits private lawsuits ultimately ibm include california computer products inc. memorex corp. marshall industries hudson general corp. transamerica corporation forro precision inc. – european union european economic communities commission monopolies initiated proceedings ibm article treaty rome exploiting domination continents computer business abusing dominant market position engaging business practices designed protect position plugcompatible manufacturers.case settled ibm agreeing change business practices regard disclosure device interface information.products technologies see list ibm products evolution ibms computer hardware story ibms hardware intertwined story computer industry – vacuum tubes transistors integrated circuits microprocessors beyond.following systems series represent key stepsibm mainframe – overviewibm ssec – first operational machine able treat instructions dataibm card programmed calculator – ibm series – –ibm norc – first supercomputeribm – worlds first massproduced computersage anfsq – half acre floor space tons three megawatts ... largest computers ever builtibm series – – transistorized evolution ibm seriesibm series – ... mids nearly half computer systems world type systems.ibm system – first family computers designed cover complete range applications small large commercial scientificibm systemibm systemibm systemibm seriesibm risc processoribm pcpowerpcibm later ibm eserver iseries ibm system iibm rsibm zseries earlier ibm systemcell processoribm watson computer components history ibm magnetic disk drivesmagnetic tape data storageibm formats evolution ibms operating systems ibm operating systems paralleled hardware development.early systems operating systems represented relatively modest level investment essentially viewed adjunct hardware.
History of IBM	time system however operating systems assumed much larger role terms cost complexity importance risk.mainframe operating systems includeos family including os osmft osmvt osvs osvs mvs os zosdos family including dos dosvs dosvse zvsevm family including cpcms see history cpcms vm vmxa vmesa zvmspecial purpose systems including tpf ztpfother significant operating systems includeibm aixibm previously known os iospowerlinux linux ibm z highlevel languages early ibm computer systems like many vendors programmed using assembly language.computer science efforts early led development many new highlevel languages hll programming.ibm played complicated role process.hardware vendors naturally concerned implications portable languages would allow customers pick choose among vendors without compatibility problems.ibm particular helped create barriers tended lock customers single platform.ibm significant role following major computer languagesfortran – years dominant language mathematics scientific programmingpli – attempt create end languagecobol – eventually ubiquitous standard language business applicationsapl – early interactive language mathematical notationpls – internal systems programming language proprietary ibmrpg – acronym report program generator developed ibm produce reports data files.
History of IBM	general systems division enhanced language hll status midrange systems rival cobol.sql – relational query language developed ibms system r standard rdbms query languagerexx – macro scripting language based pli syntax originally developed conversational monitor system cms authored ibm fellow mike cowlishaw ibm aixunixlinuxsco ibm developed schizophrenic relationship unix linux worlds.importance ibms large computer business placed strange pressures ibms attempts develop lines business.ibm projects faced risk seen competing company priorities.customer decided build application rs platform also meant decision made mainframe platform.despite excellent technology ibm often placed compromised position.a case point ibms gfis products infrastructure management gis applications.
History of IBM	despite long dominant position industries electric gas water utilities ibm stumbled badly trying build workstationbased solutions replace old mainframebased products.customers forced move new technologies vendors many felt betrayed ibm.ibm embraced open source technologies s. later became embroiled complex litigation sco group intellectual property rights related unix linux platforms.bicarsa billing inventory control accounts receivable sales analysis saw announcement system replacement system.ibm announced intended represent point convergence system customers system customers.seen ibm develop range billing inventory control accounts receivable sales analysis bicarsa applications specific industries construction cmas distribution dmas manufacturing mmas written rpg ii language.
History of IBM	end ibm almost completely withdrawn bicarsa applications marketplace.developments antitrust cases ibm brought us government european union ibm sales representatives able work openly application software houses partners.period early rule three operated obliged ibm sales representatives propose thirdparty application customer also list least two thirdparty vendors ibm proposal.caused amusement customer would typically engaged intense negotiations one third parties probably heard two vendors.noncomputer lines business ibm largely known overtaking univacs early public fame leading computer industry much latter part century.
History of IBM	however also roles significant industries includingibm largest supplier unit record equipment punched cards keypunches accounting machines ... first part th century.food services meat coffee grinders computing cheese slicers computing scales – founding sold hobart manufacturing co.time recorders punch clocks school factory clocks – founding sold simplex time recorder company.see ibm history time equipment division products catalog – international time recording catalogtypewriters personal printers.see ibm electric typewriter ibm selectric typewriter.ibm divested part lexmark.copiers – .sold eastman kodak .other office products dictation machines word processors.military products browning automatic rifle bombsights – ibms world war ii productiondigital telephone switches – partnership acquisition sale – rolm siemens agstadium scoreboardsreal estate one time owning vast tracts undeveloped land u.s. east coastmedical instruments heartlung machine prostheses ibm blood cell washer ibm blood cell separator ibm electrocardiograph system organization ceos notable ibmers list ibm ceosibm fellowfor ibms corporate biographies former ceos many others see ibm archives biographies builders reference room ibm global services ibm research see also history ibm research israel ibm federal systems division fsd significant part ibms operations fsds contracts u.s. federal government wide range projects ranging department defense national security agency.
History of IBM	projects spanned mundane administrative processing topsecret supercomputing.nasas apollo program brains saturn rocket instrument unit built ibm space systems center huntsville alabama.founded fsd sold loral .international subsidiaries growth ibm subsidiaries operations countries early years.included austria belgium bulgaria czechoslovakia france germany italy japan netherlands norway poland romania soviet union sweden switzerland yugoslavia others.
History of IBM	ibm service organizations ibms early dominance computer industry part due strong professional services activities.ibms advantage building software computers eventually seen monopolistic leading antitrust proceedings.result complex artificial armslength relationship created separating ibms computer business service organizations.situation persisted decades.example ibm global services huge services firm competed likes electronic data systems computer sciences corporation.
History of IBM	see also category ibm articles notes references reading commentary general historiesfor recent ibm subject books see ibmfurther readinghenry bakis .ibm.une multinationale régionale french.presses universitaires de grenoble.boyett joseph h. schwartz stephen osterwise laurence bauer roy quality journey winning baldrige sparked remaking ibm duttonjames w. cortada .ibm rise fall reinvention global icon.
History of IBM	mit press.isbn .richard thomas delamarter .big blue ibms use abuse power.isbn .engelbourg saul international business machines business history pp doctoral dissertation.reprinted arno fisher franklin m. mcgowan john j. greenwood joen e. .
History of IBM	folded spindled mutilated economic analysis u.s. v. ibm.mit.isbn .fisher franklin m. mckie james w. mancke richard b. .ibm us data processing industry economic history.praeger.
History of IBM	isbn .foy nancy sun never sets ibm william morrow pp published uk ibm worldibm machine methods accounting book constructed pamphlets first development international business machines corporation – page ibmwritten history ibm.malik r. tomorrow world inside ibm millington ppmills d. quinn ibm lesson profitable art full employment times books pprichardson f.l.w.jr. walker charles r. .human relations expanding company.labor management center yale university.reprinted arno .buck rodgers .
History of IBM	ibm way.harper row.isbn .william rodgers .think biography watsons ibm.isbn .robert sobel .
History of IBM	ibm colossus transition.isbn .robert sobel .thomas watson sr. ibm computer revolution.isbn .– paperback reprint ibm colossus transition.robert sobel .
History of IBM	ibm vs. japan struggle future.isbn .technologyfor punched card history technology see unit record equipmentfurther readingfor herman hollerith see herman hollerithfurther readingbaker stephen final jeopardy story watson computer transform world mariner booksbaldwin carliss clark kim b. design rules power modularity vol.mit.unique perspective tedlow p. bashe charles j. pugh emerson w. johnson lyle r.palmer john h. .ibms early computers.
History of IBM	mit press.isbn .chposky james leonsis ted .blue magic people power politics behind ibm personal computer.facts file.dell deborah purdy j. gerry.thinkpad different shade blue.
History of IBM	sams.isbn .hsu fenghsiung .behind deep blue building computer defeated world chess champion.princeton university press.isbn .kelly brian w. survive ibm lets gokillen michael ibm making common view harcourt brace jovanovichmills h.d.
History of IBM	o’neill d. linger r.c.dyer m. quinnan r.e.management software engineering ibm systems journal sj vol.no.pp.
History of IBM	– http emerson w. .building ibm shaping industry technology.mit press.isbn .pugh emerson w. johnson lyle r. palmer john h. .ibms early systems.
History of IBM	mit press.isbn .pugh emerson w. .memories shaped industry decisions leading ibm system.mit.p. .
History of IBM	isbn .soltis frank g. fortress rochester inside story ibm iseries th street pressyost jeffrey r. ibm century creating revolution ieee computer societylocations – plants labs divisions countriesbrennan jean ford .ibm watson laboratory columbia university history.ibm.p. .deloca cornelius e. kalow samuel j. romance division ... different side ibm k book pp history strategy key people electric typewriter successor office products divfrance boyd ibm france washington national planning assocharvey john transition ibm story switzer ibm services australiaheide lars national capital emergence challenger ibm francejardine diane ed ibm blue beneath southern cross.celebrating years ibm australia focusjoseph allan masked intentions navigating computer embargo china trafford ppmeredith suzanne aswad ed ibm endicott arcadia ppnorberg arthur l. yost jeffrey r. ibm rochester half century innovation ibmrobinson william louis ibms shadow force untold story federal systems secretive giant safeguarded america thomas max ppbiographies memoirsfor ibms corporate biographies former ceos many others see ibm archives biographies builders reference roomamonette ruth leach .
History of IBM	among equals memoir rise ibms first woman vice president.creative arts book company.isbn .beardsley max international business marionettes ibm executive struggles regain sanity brutal firing lucky pressbirkenstock james w. .pioneering frontier electronic data processing personal memoir selfpublished pplewis m. branscombbooks lewis branscombdrandell milton ibm side former employees look back quailcharles ranlett flintbibliographylouis v. gerstner jr.referencesgould heywood .corporation freak tower pp ...hired audiovisual consultant advanced systems development division ...herman hollerithfurther readinglamassonne luis a. .
History of IBM	life ibm.protea.isbn x.maisonrouge jacques .inside ibm personal story.mcgraw hill.
History of IBM	isbn .william w. simmonsselected publicationsulrich steinhilperibm later lifethomas charles black blue profiles blacks ibm atlanta aaron ppthomas j. watsonfurther readingthomas watson jr.further readingwilliamson gordon r. memoirs years ibm – xlibris pp external links ibm archives history ibmibm – ibm reviews reflects first yearsthink history progress .ibmoral history james w. birkenstock charles babbage institute university minnesota.birkenstock adviser president subsequently director product planning market analysis ibm.oral history birkenstock discusses metamorphosis company leader tabulating machine industry leader data processing industry.describes involvement magnetic tape development involvement ibm korean war development ibm computer known internally defense calculator emergence magnetic core memory sage project.
Earthquake preparedness	recounts entry ibm commercial computer market ibm .end interview concerns ibms relationship early entrants international computer industry including litigation sperry rand crosslicensing agreements cooperation japanese electronics firms.preparedness measures range securing heavy objects structural modifications storing supplies insurance emergency kit evacuation plans.preparedness measures preparedness consist survival measures preparation improve survival event earthquake mitigating measures seek minimise effect earthquake.common survival measures include storing food water emergency educating individuals earthquake.mitigating measures include firmly securing large items furniture bookcases large cabinets tv computer screens may otherwise fall earthquake.likewise avoiding storing items beds sofas reduces chance objects falling individuals.planning related tsunami tsunami preparedness also part earthquake preparedness.
Earthquake preparedness	building design retrofitting building codes earthquake prone areas may specific requirements designed increase new buildings resistance earthquakes.older buildings homes code may modified increase resistance.modification earthquake resistant design also employed elevated freeways bridges.codes designed make buildings earthquake proof sense suffering zero damage.goal building designs reduce earthquake damage building protects lives occupants thus tolerance limited damage accepted considered necessary tradeoff.supplement precursor retrofitting implementation earthquake proof furniture.earthquake modification techniques modern building codes designed prevent total destruction buildings earthquakes greater .
Earthquake preparedness	richter scale.although richter scale referenced localized shaking intensity one largest factors considered building resiliency.artificial intelligence may help assess buildings plan precautionary operations igor expert system part mobile laboratory supports procedures leading seismic assessment masonry buildings planning retrofitting operations them.successfully applied assess buildings lisbon rhodes naples.types preparedness basic theme behind preparedness ready earthquake.preparedness starts individuals everyday life involves items training would useful earthquake.
Earthquake preparedness	preparedness continues continuum individual preparedness family preparedness community preparedness business nonprofit governmental preparedness.organisations blend various levels.business continuity planning encourages businesses disaster recovery plan.us fema breaks preparedness generally pyramid citizens foundational bottom top rests local government state government federal government order.children may present particular issues planning resources directly focused supporting them.us fema advice noting disasters leave children feeling frightened confused insecure whether child experienced first hand happen friend simply seen television.
Earthquake preparedness	people disabilities special needs may special emergency preparation needs.femas suggestions people disabilities include copies prescriptions charging devices medical devices motorized wheel chairs weeks supply medication readily available.preparedness also cover pets.preparedness also encompass psychological preparedness resources designed support community members affected disaster disaster workers serving them.a multihazard approach communities prepared several hazards resilient single hazard approaches gaining popularity.long term power outages cause damage beyond original disaster mitigated emergency generators power sources provide emergency power system.united states department energy states homeowners business owners local leaders may take active role dealing energy disruptions own.major institutions like hospitals military bases educational institutions often extensive backup power systems.preparedness stop home school.

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