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Earthquake preparedness	united states department health human services addresses specific emergency preparedness issues hospitals may respond including maintaining safe temperature providing adequate electricity life support systems even carrying evacuations extreme circumstances.fema encourages businesses emergency response plan small business administration specifically advises small business owners also focus emergency preparedness provides variety different worksheets resources.given explosive danger posed natural gas leaks ready.gov states vital household members know shut natural gas property owners must ensure special tools needed particular gas connections.ready.gov also notes wise teach responsible household members shut electricity cautioning individual circuits shut main circuit.ready.gov states vital household members learn shut water main house valve cautions possibility rusty valves might require replacement.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	achieving preparedness levels preparedness generally remain low despite attempts increase public awareness.various methods exist promote disaster preparedness rarely well documented efficacy rarely tested.hands training drills facetoface interaction proven successful changing behaviour.digital methods also used including examples educational videogames.see also hurriquakeemergency management references external links usgs earthquake hazardsearthquakecountry.info answers faqs earthquakes earthquake preparednessthe southern california earthquake center scecputting roots earthquake country earthquake science preparedness handbook produced scecdare prepare earthquake preparedness campaign detailed information securing building contents university mississippi center community earthquake preparednessoffice conferred discretion prime minister associated departmental portfolio.canadian deputy prime ministers appointed privy council styled honourable french lhonorable privilege maintained life.chrystia freeland tenth current deputy prime minister canada assumed role november .serves concurrently minister finance minister foreign affairs prime minister justin trudeau elevated position deputy prime minister following federal election.post vacant .the deputy prime minister confused position clerk privy council effectively deputy minister senior civil servant department prime ministers department privy council office.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	history position deputy prime minister created pierre trudeau largely recognize long years service allan maceachen.trudeau given title senior minister member cabinet.last occupy position paul hellyer.joe clarks government deputy prime minister.similarly prime minister stephen harper designate deputy prime minister prime minister justin trudeau appointment chrystia freeland second mandate.prior freelands appointment canadas recent deputy prime minister anne mclellan also first deputy prime minister lose seat house commons.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	harper gave special status line authority members cabinet order council issued february —the day harper appointed prime minister—when prime minister unable perform functions office lawrence cannon jim prentice balance cabinet order precedence authorized act prime minister.order followed number others updating list case status top person list accorded vicechair cabinets priorities planning committee.previous prime ministers similar ordersincouncil deputy prime minister balance cabinet order precedence authorized act prime minister.media analysts generally credited top person lists de facto deputy prime minister although title never conferred.order precedence lists status formal line succession however would carry special weight determining would take new prime minister incumbent died office forced suddenly resign advance leadership convention.cannon seconded pro forma bill start first session th canadian parliament bill introduced house takes speech throne consideration maintain right house consider matters directed crown.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	traditionally either deputy prime minister government house leader seconds bill.similarly deputy prime minister named first cabinet incumbent prime minister justin trudeau.ralph goodale deputy leader liberal party ranked first order precedence cabinet order council designated first line assume prime ministers duties event trudeau ever became incapacitated.however media analysts focused dominic leblanc despite lower official order precedence served numerous cabinet committees governments liaison senate de facto deputy prime minister.following federal election saw liberals returned power minority government shut western provinces alberta saskatchewan goodale defeated saskatchewan riding regina—wascana leblanc reelected new brunswick riding beauséjour medical leave due recovery cancer treatment.liberals pressed respond concerns lack representation cabinet prairie provinces potentially driving sentiments western alienation.november trudeau appointed chrystia freeland represents toronto riding university—rosedale parliament born peace river alberta grew alberta deputy prime minister.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	duties official duties deputy prime minister answer questions pertaining overall government policy question period chair cabinet absence prime minister.office standing law carry formal duties tasks—that without portfolio—though prime minister may negotiate assign specific tasks conjunction title.exception herb gray deputy prime ministers held another ministerial portfolio alongside title.according journalist joseph brean postmedia network role sometimes poisoned chalice leash keep rival close control rather indication prime minister trusts authority deputy.political analysis magazine policy options eugene lang greg schmidt describe role one soft power deputy prime minister carries much little power within government prime minister chooses permit level power usually communicated less deputy prime ministers title roles dont hold alongside it.one deputy prime minister sheila copps attracted controversy asserting charge government business prime minister jean chrétien brief holiday.left politics wrote although position deputy prime minister ceremonial often dpms job protect prime minister political damage question period inflict leader citing experience erik nielsen sinclair stevens scandal.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	succession unlike role vice president presidential systems deputy prime minister automatically assume office prime minister incumbent latter office dies resigns.although may serve acting capacity temporary caretaker basis ensure continuity government function immediate period transition deputy prime minister automatically become new permanent prime minister rather constitutional convention requires governor general consult governing party regarding leadership call member partys caucus assume prime ministership.policy convention precludes deputy prime minister chosen new prime minister scenario none assures either—the party caucus would free recommend new leader choice governor general.barring extraordinary circumstances governor general expected follow wishes party although officially retains authority make final decision.case prime minister died office resigned suddenly except following partys electoral defeat since many decades office deputy prime minister created.extended notice usually given sitting prime minister plan lead hisher party another election.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	leadership contests determine successor prime minister usually held final days incumbents term traditionally lengthy competitive process.almost cases outgoing prime minister hands power directly designated successor without interim prime minister.contrast leadership contests official opposition party leader opposition often though always occupied interim parliamentary leader.opposition partys deputy leader assuming post occupied often chosen role unless plan run leadership election case someone else would chosen since would considered harmful election process interim leader one candidates.legally speaking interim prime minister appointed governor general would merely acting behalf prime minister would full powers prerogatives prime minister.list deputy prime ministers key acting prime minister prior creation position deputy prime minister prime minister would routinely name member cabinet temporarily act prime ministers behalf prime minister away regular duties job period time country working visit vacation.
Deputy Prime Minister of Canada	delegate thus caretaker whose role oversee routine daytoday functioning government cabinet prime ministers absence example capacity acting prime minister mitchell sharp ordered precautionary oneday shutdown government offices ottawa august storm spawned sudbury tornado headed toward ottawa.acting prime minister otherwise authority act independently sitting prime minister legislative political capacity would acting prime minister considered actually served prime minister.well acting prime minister given title right honourable even acting period although people served acting prime ministers may independently earned distinction reasons.due routine relatively minor nature role research sources exist provide complete list everyone ever named acting prime minister.however john diefenbakers selection ellen fairclough acting prime minister february historically noteworthy fairclough first woman ever designated.senior minister prior creation position position senior minister ceremonial position used similar manner heading order precedence.
Second Polish Republic	upon absence prime minister senior minister would act behalf prime minister.notes references external links official websiteparliament canada pagestate established aftermath world war i. second republic ceased exist poland invaded nazi germany soviet union slovak republic marking beginning european theatre world war ii.in second republic sixth largest country europe.according census number inhabitants .million.outbreak world war ii grown estimated .million.
Second Polish Republic	almost third population came minority groups .ruthenians ashkenazi jews .belarusians .germans .czechs lithuanians.
Second Polish Republic	time significant number ethnic poles lived outside countrys borders.when several regional conflicts borders state finalized polands neighbors czechoslovakia germany free city danzig lithuania latvia romania soviet union.access baltic sea via short strip coastline either side city gdynia known polish corridor.march august poland also shared border thenhungarian governorate subcarpathia.political conditions second republic heavily influenced aftermath world war conflicts neighbouring states well emergence nazism germany.the second republic maintained moderate economic development.cultural hubs interwar poland – warsaw kraków poznań wilno lwów – became major european cities sites internationally acclaimed universities institutions higher education.
Second Polish Republic	name official name state republic poland.polish language referred rzeczpospolita polska abbr.rp term rzeczpospolita traditional name republic referred polish states including polish–lithuanian commonwealth later current third polish republic.regionallyused official languages state referred republik polen german польська республіка transcription polʹsʹka respublika ukrainian польская рэспубліка transcription poĺskaja respublika belarusian lenkijos respublika lithuanian.between november march state referred polish republika polska instead rzeczpospolita polska.terms mean republic however republika general term rzeczpospolita traditionally refers exclusively polish states.
Second Polish Republic	additionally november august journal laws polish state referred country polish state polish państwo polskie.after world war ii establishment later states polish peoples republic third polish republic state referred second polish republic.polish language country traditionally referred ii rzeczpospolita means second republic.background century partitions austrian prussian russian imperial powers poland reemerged sovereign state end first world war europe –.victorious allies world war confirmed rebirth poland treaty versailles june .one great stories paris peace conference.
Second Polish Republic	poland solidified independence series border wars fought newly formed polish army .extent eastern half interwar territory poland settled diplomatically internationally recognized league nations.end world war course world war german empire gradually dominated eastern front imperial russian army fell back.german austrohungarian armies seized russianruled part became poland.failed attempt resolve polish question quickly possible berlin set german puppet state november governing provisional council state october regency council rada regencyjna królestwa polskiego.
Second Polish Republic	council administered country german auspices see also mitteleuropa pending election king.month germany surrendered november war ended regency council dissolved provisional council state announced intention restore polish independence october .notable exception marxistoriented social democratic party kingdom poland lithuania sdkpil polish political parties supported move.october regency council appointed new government józef świeżyński began conscription polish army.formation republic – workers councils sprang polish territories november lublin first soviet delegates established.
Second Polish Republic	november socialists proclaimed republic tarnobrzeg tarnobrzeg austrian galicia.day socialist ignacy daszyński set provisional peoples government republic poland tymczasowy rząd ludowy republiki polskiej lublin.sunday november a.m. józef piłsudski newly freed months german prison magdeburg returned train warsaw.piłsudski together colonel kazimierz sosnkowski greeted warsaws railway station regent zdzisław lubomirski colonel adam koc.next day due popularity support political parties regency council appointed piłsudski commander chief polish armed forces.
Second Polish Republic	november council dissolved transferred authority piłsudski chief state naczelnik państwa.consultation piłsudski daszyńskis government dissolved new government formed jędrzej moraczewski.italy became first country europe recognize polands renewed sovereignty.centers government formed time galicia formerly austrianruled southern poland included national council principality cieszyn established november republic zakopane polish liquidation committee october.soon afterward polish–ukrainian war broke lwów november forces military committee ukrainians polish irregular units made students known lwów eaglets later supported polish army see battle lwów battle przemyśl .meanwhile western poland another war national liberation began banner greater poland uprising –.
Second Polish Republic	january czechoslovak forces attacked polish units area zaolzie see polish–czechoslovak war.soon afterwards polish–lithuanian war ca – began august polishspeaking residents upper silesia initiated series three silesian uprisings.critical military conflict period however polish–soviet war ended decisive polish victory.warsaw government suppressed republic tarnobrzeg workers councils.politics government second polish republic parliamentary democracy see small constitution president limited powers.
Second Polish Republic	parliament elected could appoint prime minister well government sejms lower houses approval could dissolve sejm senates consent.moreover power pass decrees limited requirement prime minister appropriate minister verify decrees signatures.poland one first countries world recognize womens suffrage.women poland granted right vote november decree józef piłsudski.the major political parties time polish socialist party national democrats various peasant parties christian democrats political groups ethnic minorities german german social democratic party poland jewish general jewish labour bund poland united jewish socialist workers party ukrainian ukrainian national democratic alliance.frequently changing governments see polish legislative election polish legislative election negative publicity politicians received accusations corruption polish coup attempt made increasingly unpopular.
Second Polish Republic	major politicians time addition piłsudski included peasant activist wincenty witos prime minister three times rightwing leader roman dmowski.ethnic minorities represented sejm e.g.– ukrainianbelarusian club ukrainian belarusian members.after polish – soviet war marshal piłsudski led intentionally modest life writing historical books living.took power military coup may emphasized wanted heal polish society politics excessive partisan politics.regime accordingly called sanacja polish.
Second Polish Republic	parliamentary elections still considered free fair although propiłsudski nonpartisan bloc cooperation government them.following three parliamentary elections manipulated opposition activists sent bereza kartuska prison see also brest trials.result progovernment party camp national unity huge majorities them.piłsudski died authoritarian constitution approved spring .last four years second polish republic major politicians included president ignacy mościcki foreign minister józef beck commanderinchief polish army edward rydzśmigły.
Second Polish Republic	country divided electoral districts politicians forced leave poland founded front morges .government ruled second polish republic final years frequently referred piłsudskis colonels.military interwar poland considerably large army soldiers active duty infantry divisions cavalry brigades two armored brigades plus artillery units.another men served reserves.outbreak war polish army able put field almost one million soldiers guns tanks aircraft.the training polish army thorough.
Second Polish Republic	noncommissioned officers competent body men expert knowledge high ideals.officers senior junior constantly refreshed training field lecturehall modern technical achievement lessons contemporary wars demonstrated discussed.equipment polish army less developed technically nazi germany rearmament slowed confidence western european military support budget difficulties.economy regaining independence poland faced major economic difficulties.addition devastation brought world war exploitation polish economy german russian occupying powers sabotage performed retreating armies new republic faced task economically unifying disparate economic regions previously part different countries.
Second Polish Republic	within borders republic remnants three different economic systems five different currencies german mark russian ruble austrian crown polish marka ostrubel little direct infrastructural links.situation bad neighboring industrial centers well major cities lacked direct railroad links parts different nations.example direct railroad connection warsaw kraków .situation described melchior wańkowicz book sztafeta.on top massive destruction left world war polish–soviet war.also great economic disparity eastern commonly called poland b western called poland parts country western half especially areas belonged german empire much developed prosperous.
Second Polish Republic	frequent border closures customs war germany also negative economic impacts poland.prime minister economic minister władysław grabski introduced złoty single common currency poland replaced polish marka remained stable currency.currency helped poland control massive hyperinflation.country europe able without foreign loans aid.average annual growth rate gdp per capita .
Second Polish Republic	– .–.hostile relations neighbors major problem economy interbellum poland.year foreign trade neighbors amounted polands total.trade germany polands important neighbour accounted .polish exchange.
Second Polish Republic	foreign trade soviet union .virtually nonexistent.czechoslovakia accounted .latvia .romania .. mid anschluss austria greater germany responsible much polish foreign trade.the basis polands gradual recovery great depression mass economic development plans see four year plan oversaw building three key infrastructural elements.
Second Polish Republic	first establishment gdynia seaport allowed poland completely bypass gdańsk heavy german pressure boycott polish coal exports.second construction kilometer rail connection upper silesia gdynia called polish coal trunkline served freight trains coal.third creation central industrial district named cop – central industrial region centralny okręg przemysłowy.unfortunately developments interrupted largely destroyed german soviet invasion start world war ii.achievements interbellum poland included stalowa wola brand new city built forest around steel mill mościce district tarnów large nitrate factory creation central bank.
Second Polish Republic	several trade fairs popular poznań international fair lwóws targi wschodnie wilnos targi północne.polish radio ten stations see radio stations interwar poland eleventh one planned opened autumn .furthermore polish engineers began working tv services.early experts polish radio built four tv sets.first movie broadcast experimental polish tv barbara radziwiłłówna regular tv service scheduled begin operation.interbellum poland also country numerous social problems.
Second Polish Republic	unemployment high poverty countryside widespread resulted several cases social unrest kraków riot peasant strike poland.conflicts national minorities pacification ukrainians eastern galicia relations polish neighbors sometimes complicated see soviet raid stołpce polish–czechoslovak border conflicts polish ultimatum lithuania.top natural disasters flood poland.major industrial centers interbellum poland unofficially divided two parts – better developed poland west underdeveloped poland b east.polish industry concentrated west mostly polish upper silesia adjacent lesser polands province zagłębie dąbrowskie bulk coal mines steel plants located.
Second Polish Republic	furthermore heavy industry plants located częstochowa huta częstochowa founded ostrowiec świętokrzyski huta ostrowiec founded – stalowa wola brand new industrial city built scratch – chrzanów fablok founded jaworzno trzebinia oil refinery opened łódź seat polish textile industry poznań h. cegielski – poznań kraków warsaw ursus factory.east kresy industrial centers included two major cities region – lwów wilno elektrit.besides coal mining poland also deposits oil borysław drohobycz jasło gorlice see polmin potassium salt tesp basalt janowa dolina.apart alreadyexisting industrial areas mids ambitious statesponsored project central industrial region started minister eugeniusz kwiatkowski.one characteristic features polish economy interbellum gradual nationalization major plants.case ursus factory see państwowe zakłady inżynieryjne several steelworks huta pokój ruda śląska – nowy bytom huta królewska chorzów – królewska huta huta laura siemianowice śląskie well scheibler grohman works łódź.
Second Polish Republic	transport according statistical yearbook poland total length railways poland december kilometres miles.rail density .kilometres .miles per square kilometres square miles.railways dense western part country east especially polesie rail nonexistent counties.
Second Polish Republic	interbellum period polish government constructed several new lines mainly central part country see also polish state railroads summer .construction extensive warszawa główna railway station never finished due war polish railroads famous punctuality see luxtorpeda strzała bałtyku latający wilnianin.in interbellum road network poland dense quality roads poor – roads paved ready automobile use none major cities connected goodquality highway.poles built one highway km straight concrete road connecting villages warlubie osiek midnorthern poland.designed italian engineer piero puricelli.in mids poland kilometres miles roads hard surface gravel cobblestone sett modern asphalt concrete surface.different parts country sections paved roads suddenly ended followed dirt roads.
Second Polish Republic	poor condition roads result longlasting foreign dominance inadequate funding.january polish parliament created state road fund purpose collect money construction conservation roads.government drafted year plan road priorities highway wilno warsaw kraków zakopane called marshal piłsudski highway asphalt highways warsaw poznań łódź well warsaw ring road.however plan turned ambitious insufficient money national budget pay it.january polish road congress estimated poland would need spend three times much money roads keep western europe.in outbreak war lot polish airlines established hub warsaw okęcie airport.
Second Polish Republic	time lot maintained several services domestic international.warsaw regular domestic connections gdyniarumia danziglangfuhr katowicemuchowiec krakówrakowiceczyżyny lwówskniłów poznańławica wilnoporubanek.furthermore cooperation air france lares lufthansa malert international connections maintained athens beirut berlin bucharest budapest helsinki kaunas london paris prague riga rome tallinn zagreb.agriculture statistically majority citizens lived countryside .farmers made population.
Second Polish Republic	agricultural production made polands gnp.years partitions regions country unevenly developed.lands former german empire advanced greater poland upper silesia pomerelia crops western european level.situation much worse parts congress poland eastern borderlands former galicia agriculture backward primitive large number small farms unable succeed either domestic international market.another problem overpopulation countryside resulted chronic unemployment.
Second Polish Republic	living conditions bad several eastern regions counties inhabited hutsul minority permanent starvation.farmers rebelled government see peasant strike poland situation began change late due construction several factories central industrial region gave employment thousands countryside residents.german trade beginning june customs war revanchist weimar republic imposing trade embargo poland nearly decade involving tariffs broad economic restrictions.trade war ended.new agreements regulated promoted trade.
Second Polish Republic	germany became polands largest trading partner followed britain.october germany granted credit rm poland zloty £ never realized due outbreak war.germany would deliver factory equipment machinery return polish timber agricultural produce.new trade addition existing germanpolish trade agreements.education culture polish government introduced compulsory education children aged effort limit illiteracy widespread especially former russian partition austrian partition eastern poland.
Second Polish Republic	onethird citizens poland remained illiterate countryside.process slow illiteracy level dropped overall countryside .children attended school.minister religion education janusz jędrzejewicz carried major reform introduced two main levels education common school szkoła powszechna three levels – grades grades grade middle school szkoła średnia two levels – grades comprehensive middle school grades specified high school classical humanistic natural mathematical.graduate middle school received small matura graduate high school received big matura enabled seek universitylevel education.before poland three universities jagiellonian university university warsaw lwów university.
Second Polish Republic	catholic university lublin established adam mickiewicz university poznań finally annexation republic central lithuania wilno university became republics sixth university.also three technical colleges warsaw university technology lwów polytechnic agh university science technology kraków established .warsaw university life sciences agricultural institute.around students enrolled education.women made university students second highest proportion europe.polish science interbellum renowned mathematicians gathered around lwów school mathematics kraków school mathematics well warsaw school mathematics.
Second Polish Republic	worldclass philosophers lwów–warsaw school logic philosophy.florian znaniecki founded polish sociological studies.rudolf weigl invented vaccine typhus.bronisław malinowski counted among important anthropologists th century.polish literature marked domination poetry.
Second Polish Republic	polish poets divided two groups – skamanderites jan lechoń julian tuwim antoni słonimski jarosław iwaszkiewicz futurists anatol stern bruno jasieński aleksander wat julian przyboś.apart wellestablished novelists stefan żeromski władysław reymont new names appeared interbellum – zofia nałkowska maria dąbrowska jarosław iwaszkiewicz jan parandowski bruno schultz stanisław ignacy witkiewicz witold gombrowicz.among notable artists sculptor xawery dunikowski painters julian fałat wojciech kossak jacek malczewski composers karol szymanowski feliks nowowiejski artur rubinstein singer jan kiepura.theatre immensely popular interbellum three main centers cities warsaw wilno lwów.altogether theaters poland number theatrical institutions including folk theaters.different shows seen million people main figures polish theatre time juliusz osterwa stefan jaracz leon schiller.
Second Polish Republic	also outbreak war approximately one million radios see radio stations interwar poland.administrative division administrative division republic based threetier system.lowest rung gminy local town village governments akin districts parishes.grouped together powiaty akin counties turn grouped województwa voivodeships akin provinces.demographics historically poland almost always multiethnic country.
Second Polish Republic	especially true second republic independence regained wake world war subsequent polish–soviet war ending peace riga.census shows .population consisted ethnic minorities compared share .solely identifying nonpolish ethnic group .including identifying polish ethnicity another ethnic group .
Second Polish Republic	first spontaneous flight poles soviet union occurred reconstitution sovereign poland.second wave november june people left territory ussr poland.estimated spoke polish first language.according polish census .population polish .
Second Polish Republic	ukrainian around jewish .belarusian .german .including lithuanian czech armenian russian romani.situation minorities complex subject changed period.poland also nation many religions.
Second Polish Republic	poles approx..roman latin catholics citizens poland approx..eastern rite catholics mostly ukrainian greek catholics armenian rite catholics approx.
Second Polish Republic	.greek orthodox approx..jewish approx..
Second Polish Republic	protestants mostly lutheran.by poland second largest jewish population world onefifth worlds jews residing within borders approx..urban population interbellum poland rising steadily poles lived cities late proportion grew .decade population warsaw grew łódź poznań – .due internal migration also extremely high birth rate.
Second Polish Republic	largest cities second polish republic prewar population density status ethnic minorities jews polish government excluded jews receiving government bank loans public sector employment obtaining business licenses.measures taken jewish shops jewish export firms shechita well limitations placed jewish admission medical legal professions jews business associations enrollment jews universities.political movement national democracy endecja abbreviation nd often organized antijewish business boycotts.following death józef piłsudski endecja intensified efforts triggered violence extreme cases smaller towns across country.national democracy movement passed resolutions main aim duty must remove jews spheres social economic cultural life poland.
Second Polish Republic	government response organized camp national unity ozon took control polish sejm subsequently drafted antisemitic legislation similar antijewish laws germany hungary romania.ozon advocated mass emigration jews poland numerus clausus see also ghetto benches limitation jewish rights.according william w. hagen prior war polish jews threatened conditions similar nazi germany.ukrainians prewar government also restricted rights people declared ukrainian nationality belonged eastern orthodox church inhabited eastern borderlands second polish republic.ukrainian restricted every field possible especially governmental institutions term ruthenian enforced attempt ban use term ukrainian.
Second Polish Republic	ukrainians categorized uneducated secondclass peasants third world people rarely settled outside eastern borderland region due prevailing ukrainophobia restrictions imposed.numerous attempts restoring ukrainian state suppressed existent violence terrorism initiated organization ukrainian nationalists emphasized create image brutal eastern savage.geography second polish republic mainly flat average elevation metres ft sea level except southernmost carpathian mountains world war ii border changes average elevation poland decreased metres ft. territory along southern border higher metres ft. highest elevation country mount rysy rises metres ft tatra range carpathians approximately kilometres miles south kraków.october september highest elevation lodowy szczyt known slovak ľadový štít rises metres ft sea level.largest lake lake narach.the countrys total area annexation zaolzie square kilometres sq mi.
Second Polish Republic	extended kilometres miles north south kilometres miles east west.january total length boundaries kilometres miles including kilometres miles coastline kilometres miles made hel peninsula kilometres miles soviet union kilometers czechoslovakia kilometres miles germany together east prussia kilometres miles countries lithuania romania latvia danzig.warmest yearly average temperature kraków among major cities second polish republic .°c .°f coldest wilno .
Second Polish Republic	°c .°f .extreme geographical points poland included przeświata river somino north located braslaw county wilno voivodeship manczin river south located kosów county stanisławów voivodeship spasibiorki near railway połock east located dzisna county wilno voivodeship mukocinek near warta river meszyn lake west located międzychód county poznań voivodeship.waters almost territory interbellum poland drained northward baltic sea vistula total area drainage basin vistula within boundaries second polish republic square kilometres square miles niemen square kilometres square miles odra square kilometres square miles daugava square kilometres square miles.remaining part country drained southward black sea rivers drain dnieper pripyat horyn styr together square kilometres square miles well dniester square kilometres square miles german–soviet invasion poland second world war ended sovereign second polish republic.
Second Polish Republic	german invasion poland began september one week nazi germany soviet union signed secret molotov–ribbentrop pact.day germany slovakia attacked poland september soviets attacked eastern poland.warsaw fell nazis september twentyday siege.open organized polish resistance ended october battle kock germany soviet union occupying country.lithuania annexed area wilno slovakia seized areas along polands southern border including górna orawa tatranská javorina poland annexed czechoslovakia october .
Second Polish Republic	poland surrender invaders continued fighting auspices polish governmentinexile polish underground state.signing german–soviet treaty friendship cooperation demarcation september polish areas occupied nazi germany either became directly incorporated nazi germany became part general government.soviet union following elections peoples assemblies western ukraine western belarus october annexed eastern poland partly byelorussian soviet socialist republic partly ukrainian soviet socialist republic november .polish war plans plan west plan east failed soon germany invaded .polish losses combat germans killed missing action amounted ca.men.
Second Polish Republic	taken prisoners.losses red army invaded poland september added casualties mia taken prisoners.although polish army – considering inactivity allies – unfavorable position – managed inflict serious losses enemies german soldiers killed mia tanks armored vehicles destroyed badly damaged aircraft shot red army lost killed mia soldiers combat vehicles aircraft.soviet invasion poland lack promised aid western allies contributed polish forces defeat october .a popular myth polish cavalry armed lances charged german tanks september campaign.often repeated account first reported italian journalists german propaganda concerned action polish th lancer regiment near chojnice.
Second Polish Republic	arose misreporting single clash september near krojanty two squadrons polish th lancers armed sabers surprised wiped german infantry formation mounted saber charge.shortly midnight nd motorized division compelled withdraw polish cavalry poles caught open german armored cars.story arose german armored cars appeared gunned troopers cavalry escaped.even failed persuade everyone reexamine beliefs—there thought polish cavalry improperly employed .between polish governmentinexile operated paris later london presenting legal legitimate representative polish nation.last president exile ryszard kaczorowski handed presidential insignia newly elected president lech wałęsa signifying continuity second third republics.
Second Polish Republic	see also history poland – poland polandpolish–lithuanian commonwealth also known first polish republic described republic presidency king notes references reading davies norman.gods playground.history poland.vol.present.
Second Polish Republic	oxford oxford university press .pp –latawaski paul.reconstruction poland – leslie r. f. et al.history poland since .cambridge u. press .
Second Polish Republic	pp.lukowski jerzy zawadzki hubert.concise history poland.cambridge u. press nd ed .pp.excerpts searchpogonowski iwo cyprian.
Second Polish Republic	poland historical atlas.hippocrene .pp.new designed mapsstachura peter d. poland – interpretive documentary history second republic onlinestachura peter d. ed.poland wars – essays scholarswatt richard m. bitter glory poland fate – excerpt text search comprehensive survey politics diplomacy cienciala anna m. foreign policy józef pi£sudski józef beck – misconceptions interpretations polish review pp.
Second Polish Republic	– jstor earlier versioncienciala anna m. poland western powers –.study interdependence eastern western europe.pdf kansas u. press.cienciala anna m. titus komarnicki versailles locarno keys polish foreign policy – pdf kansas u. press.drzewieniecki walter m. polish army eve world war ii polish review pp –.garlicki andrzej.józef piłsudski – new york scolar press scholarly biography onevol version vol polish editionhetherington peter.unvanquished joseph pilsudski resurrected poland struggle eastern europe pp excerpt text searchjędrzejewicz w. piłsudski.
Second Polish Republic	life poland scholarly biographykantorosinski zbigniew.emblem good polish declaration admiration friendship united states america.washington dc library congress polonsky a. politics independent poland – crisis constitutional government riekhoff h. von.germanpolish relations – johns hopkins university press rothschild j. piłsudskis coup détat new york columbia university press wandycz p. s. polish diplomacy – aims achievements wandycz p. s. sovietpolish relations – harvard university press wandycz p. s. united states poland zamoyski adam.warsaw lenins failed conquest europe excerpt text search social economic topics abramsky c. et al.
Second Polish Republic	eds.jews poland oxford blackwell blanke r. orphans versailles.germans western poland – gutman y. et al.eds.jews poland two world wars .landau z. tomaszewski j. polish economy twentieth century routledge moklak jaroslaw.
Second Polish Republic	lemko region second polish republic political interdenominational issues – covers old rusyns moscophiles national movement activists political role greek catholic orthodox churchesolszewski a. k. outline polish art architecture – warsaw interpress .roszkowski w. landowners poland – cambridge university press staniewicz witold.agrarian problem poland two world wars slavonic east european review pp.– jstortaylor j. j. economic development poland – cornell university press wynot e. d. warsaw wars.profile capital city developing land – żółtowski a. border europe.study polish eastern provinces london hollis carter eva plach dogs dog breeding interwar poland canadian slavonic papers .
ISO/IEC 27040	primary sources small statistical yearbook mały rocznik statystyczny complete text polishsmall statistical yearbook mały rocznik statystyczny complete text polish historiography kenney padraic.blank spots filled recent perspectives modern poland journal modern history pp – jstorpolonsky antony.history interwar poland today survey pp–.external links bbs.keyhole.com google earth map borders second republic polandpolish tangos unique interwar soundtrack polands independencepolish cinemas golden age glamour progress polands interwar films‘pakty fakty’ lastever polish interwar cabaret revuemap poland march leventhal map education center boston public librarymajor element scs program work includes international standards information security management systems isms often referred isoiec series.the full title isoiec information technology — security techniques — storage security isoiec overview introduction purpose isoiec provide security guidance storage systems ecosystems well protection data systems.supports general concepts specified isoiec .this international standard relevant managers staff concerned information security risk management within organization appropriate external parties supporting activities.the objectives international standard topublicizing risksassist organizations better securing dataprovide basis designing auditing storage security controls.isoiec provides specific detailed implementation guidance relevant storage security general security controls described isoiec .this international standard reference normative document regulatory legislative security requirements vary country.history work commenced isoiec fall following sc meeting redmond wa.project placed extended timeline allowing months develop standard rather normal months.isoiec standard published january .throughout development isoiec organizations storage networking industry association snia storage security best current practices bcps trusted computing groups tcg storage working group work selfencrypting drives incits storageoriented technical committees provided important comments contributions.eric hibbard served iso editor throughout development isoiec .
ISO/IEC 27040	structure standard seven short clauses three annexes cover.scope standard.list standards indispensable understanding using isoiec .terminology either imported standards defined standard.list used abbreviations acronyms used standard.
ISO/IEC 27040	overview key storage storage security concepts well information associated risks.describes controls support storage security technical architectures including direct attached storage das storage networking storage management blockbased storage filebased storage objectbased storage security services.. provides guidelines design implementation storage security e.g.design principles data reliability availability resilience data retention data confidentiality integrity visualization design implementation considerationsannex a. mediaspecific guidance sanitization including cryptographic erase parallels nist sp rannex b. tables selecting appropriate security controls based data sensitivity security priorities confidentiality integrity availabilityannex c. descriptions important security storage concepts minitutorialsbibliography.list standards specifications influence materials isoiec worth noting bibliography one comprehensive lists references storage security.supporting controls storage security major element isoiec standard focused identification security controls different types storage systems architectures including followingrecommendations help secure direct attached storage dasbroad coverage security storage networking technologies topologies emphasis storage area networks san e.g.
ISO/IEC 27040	fibre channel iscsi fcoe etc.network attached storage nas e.g.nfs smbcifsidentifying important security issues guidance storage managementsecurity blockbased storage systems fibre channel ip interfaces beyond storage networking materialssecurity filebased storage systems nfs smbcifs pnfs interfaces beyond storage networking materialssecurity cloud storage objectbased storage osd content addressable storage casrecommendations storage security services sanitization data confidentiality data reductions design implementation guidance storage security despite increased power personal computers departmental workstations continues dependency centralized data centers due needs data integration data consistency data quality.enormous growth critical data volumes many organizations adopted storagecentric architectures ict infrastructure.consequently storage security plays important role securing data many instances serves last line defense internal external adversaries.the design storage security solutions guided core security principles considering data sensitivity criticality value.
ISO/IEC 27040	section standard supporting controls provides guidance applying storagerelevant controls implementing designed solution.materials section divided intostorage security design principles defense depth security domains design resilience secure initializationdata reliability availability resilience including backups replication well disaster recovery business continuitydata retention longterm short mediumterm retentiondata confidentiality integrityvirtualization storage virtualization storage virtualized systemsdesign implementation considerations encryption key management issues align storage policy compliance secure multitenancy secure autonomous data movement media sanitization sanitization technical term assuring data left storage end useful life rendered inaccessible given level effort.put another way sanitization process assures organization doesnt commit data breach repurposing selling discarding storage devices.sanitization take many forms depending sensitivity information level effort likely adversary would invest attempting recover information.methods used sanitization range simple overwrites destruction cryptographic keys encrypted data technique known cryptographic erasure physical destruction storage media.standard provides guidance help organizations select proper sanitization methods data.the specific details sanitization provided series tables annex based nist special publication revision .
ISO/IEC 27040	tables designed vendors make specific references based type media instead using obsolete sources dod .m .selecting appropriate storage security controls developers isoiec intend guidance implemented i.e.nothing.consequently annex b created help organizations select appropriate controls based either data sensitivity high low security priorities based confidentiality integrity availability.support selection storage security controls isoiec listed different tables along information shows control relevant data sensitivity security prioritization perspectives.it worth noting although annex b informative likely auditors use basis checklists reviewing security storage systems ecosystems.
Oil	important security concepts one challenges developing isoiec two distinct target audiences storage professionals security professionals.help communities annex c populated useful tutorial information followingauthenticationauthorization access controlselfencrypting drives sedsanitizationloggingnport id virtualization npivfibre channel securityoasis key management interoperability protocol kmip referencesoils usually flammable surface active.oils unsaturated lipids liquid room temperature.the general definition oil includes classes chemical compounds may otherwise unrelated structure properties uses.oils may animal vegetable petrochemical origin may volatile nonvolatile.used food e.g.olive oil fuel e.g.
Oil	heating oil medical purposes e.g.mineral oil lubrication e.g.motor oil manufacture many types paints plastics materials.specially prepared oils used religious ceremonies rituals purifying agents.etymology first attested english word oil comes old french oile latin oleum turn comes greek ἔλαιον elaion olive oil oil ἐλαία elaia olive tree olive fruit.
Oil	earliest attested forms word mycenaean greek 𐀁𐀨𐀺 erawo 𐀁𐁉𐀺 eraiwo written linear b syllabic script.types organic oils organic oils produced remarkable diversity plants animals organisms natural metabolic processes.lipid scientific term fatty acids steroids similar chemicals often found oils produced living things oil refers overall mixture chemicals.organic oils may also contain chemicals lipids including proteins waxes class compounds oillike properties solid common temperatures alkaloids.lipids classified way made organism chemical structure limited solubility water compared oils.high carbon hydrogen content considerably lacking oxygen compared organic compounds minerals tend relatively nonpolar molecules may include polar nonpolar regions case phospholipids steroids.
Oil	mineral oils crude oil petroleum refined components collectively termed petrochemicals crucial resources modern economy.crude oil originates ancient fossilized organic materials zooplankton algae geochemical processes convert oil.name mineral oil misnomer minerals source oil—ancient plants animals are.mineral oil organic.however classified mineral oil instead organic oil organic origin remote unknown time discovery obtained vicinity rocks underground traps sands.
Oil	mineral oil also refers several specific distillates crude oil.applications cooking several edible vegetable animal oils also fats used various purposes cooking food preparation.particular many foods fried oil much hotter boiling water.oils also used flavoring modifying texture foods e.g.stir fry.
Oil	cooking oils derived either animal fat butter lard types plant oils olive maize sunflower many species.cosmetics oils applied hair give lustrous look prevent tangles roughness stabilize hair promote growth.see hair conditioner.religion oil used throughout history religious medium.often considered spiritually purifying agent used anointing purposes.
Oil	particular example holy anointing oil important ritual liquid judaism christianity.painting color pigments easily suspended oil making suitable supporting medium paints.oldest known extant oil paintings date ad.heat transfer oils used coolants oil cooling instance electric transformers.heat transfer oils used coolants see oil cooling heating e.g.
Oil	oil heaters applications heat transfer.lubrication given nonpolar oils easily adhere substances.makes useful lubricants various engineering purposes.mineral oils commonly used machine lubricants biological oils are.whale oil preferred lubricating clocks evaporate leaving dust although use banned usa .it longrunning myth spermaceti whales still used nasa projects hubble telescope voyager probe extremely low freezing temperature.
Oil	spermaceti actually oil mixture mostly wax esters evidence nasa used whale oil.fuel oils burn liquid aerosol form generating light heat used directly converted forms energy electricity mechanical work.order obtain many fuel oils crude oil pumped ground shipped via oil tanker pipeline oil refinery.converted crude oil diesel fuel petrodiesel ethane shortchain alkanes fuel oils heaviest commercial fuels used shipsfurnaces gasoline petrol jet fuel kerosene benzene historically liquefied petroleum gas.usgallon imp gal l barrel crude oil produces approximately us gallons .
Oil	imp gal l diesel us gallons .imp gal l jet fuel us gallons imp gal l gasoline us gallons .imp gal l products us gallons .imp gal l split heavy fuel oil liquified petroleum gases us gallons .imp gal .
Oil	l heating oil.total production barrel crude various products results increase us gallons imp gal l.in th th centuries whale oil commonly used lamps replaced natural gas electricity.chemical feedstock crude oil refined wide variety component hydrocarbons.petrochemicals refined components crude oil chemical products made them.used detergents fertilizers medicines paints plastics synthetic fibers synthetic rubber.organic oils another important chemical feedstock especially green chemistry.
Louis XVI	see also emulsifier chemical allows oil water mix references external links media related oil wikimedia commonspetroleum online elearning resource ihrdcreferred citizen louis capet four months executed guillotine.son louis dauphin france son heir king louis xv.father died became new dauphin.upon grandfathers death may assumed title king france navarre september received title king french monarchy abolished september .the first part reign marked attempts reform french government accordance enlightenment ideas.included efforts abolish serfdom remove taille land tax corvée labour tax increase tolerance toward noncatholics well abolish death penalty deserters.
Louis XVI	french nobility reacted proposed reforms hostility successfully opposed implementation.louis implemented deregulation grain market advocated economic liberal minister turgot resulted increase bread prices.periods bad harvests led food scarcity particularly bad harvest prompted masses revolt.louis xvi actively supported north american colonists seeking independence great britain realised treaty paris.ensuing debt financial crisis contributed unpopularity ancien régime.
Louis XVI	led convening estatesgeneral .discontent among members frances middle lower classes resulted strengthened opposition french aristocracy absolute monarchy louis wife queen marie antoinette viewed representatives.increasing tensions violence marked events storming bastille riots paris forced louis definitively recognize legislative authority national assembly.louiss indecisiveness conservatism led elements people france view symbol perceived tyranny ancien régime popularity deteriorated progressively.unsuccessful flight varennes june four months constitutional monarchy declared seemed justify rumors king tied hopes political salvation prospects foreign intervention.credibility king deeply undermined abolition monarchy establishment republic became everincreasing possibility.
Louis XVI	growth anticlericalism among revolutionaries resulted abolition dîme religious land tax several government policies aimed dechristianization france.in context civil international war louis xvi suspended arrested time insurrection august .one month later monarchy abolished first french republic proclaimed september .louis tried national convention selfinstituted tribunal occasion found guilty high treason executed guillotine january desacralized french citizen name citizen louis capet reference hugh capet founder capetian dynasty – revolutionaries interpreted louiss surname.louis xvi king france ever executed death brought end thousand years continuous french monarchy.sons died childhood bourbon restoration child reach adulthood marie thérèse given austrians exchange french prisoners war eventually dying childless .
Louis XVI	childhood louisauguste de france given title duc de berry birth born palace versailles.one seven children second surviving son louis dauphin france grandson louis xv france consort maria leszczyńska.mother mariejosèphe saxony daughter augustus iii princeelector saxony king poland.louisauguste overlooked parents favored older brother louis duc de bourgogne regarded bright handsome died age nine .louisauguste strong healthy boy shy excelled studies strong taste latin history geography astronomy became fluent italian english.enjoyed physical activities hunting grandfather rough play younger brothers louisstanislas comte de provence charlesphilippe comte dartois.
Louis XVI	early age louisauguste encouraged another interests locksmithing seen useful pursuit child.when father died tuberculosis december elevenyearold louisauguste became new dauphin.mother never recovered loss husband died march also tuberculosis.strict conservative education received duc de la vauguyon gouverneur des enfants de france governor children france marriage prepare throne inherit death grandfather louis xv.throughout education louisauguste received mixture studies particular religion morality humanities.instructors may also good hand shaping louisauguste indecisive king became.
Louis XVI	abbé berthier instructor taught timidity value strong monarchs abbé soldini confessor instructed let people read mind.family life may age fifteen louisauguste married fourteenyearold habsburg archduchess maria antonia better known french form name marie antoinette second cousin removed youngest daughter holy roman emperor francis wife empress maria theresa.this marriage met hostility french public.frances alliance austria pulled country disastrous seven years war defeated british prussians europe north america.time louisauguste marieantoinette married french people generally disliked austrian alliance marieantoinette seen unwelcome foreigner.young couple marriage initially amiable distant.
Louis XVI	louisaugustes shyness among factors young age inexperience newlyweds near total strangers met two days wedding meant yearold bridegroom failed consummate union yearold bride.fear manipulated imperial purposes caused behave coldly towards public.time couple became closer though marriage reportedly consummated july actually happen .the couples failure produce children several years placed strain upon marriage exacerbated publication obscene pamphlets libelles mocking infertility.one questioned king cant king itthe reasons couples initial failure children debated time continued debated since.one suggestion louisauguste suffered physiological dysfunction often thought phimosis suggestion first made late royal doctors.
Louis XVI	historians adhering view suggest circumcised common treatment phimosis relieve condition seven years marriage.louiss doctors favour surgery – operation delicate traumatic capable much harm good adult male.argument phimosis resulting operation mostly seen originate stefan zweigs biography marie antoinette.most modern historians agree louis surgery – instance late prussian envoy baron goltz reported king france definitely declined operation.louis frequently declared perfectly capable sexual intercourse confirmed joseph ii time supposed operation went hunting almost every day according journal.would possible undergone circumcision least would unable ride hunt weeks afterwards.
Louis XVI	couples sexual problems attributed factors.antonia frasers biography queen discusses joseph iis letter matter one brothers visited versailles .letter joseph describes astonishingly frank detail louiss inadequate performance marriage bed antoinettes lack interest conjugal activity.joseph described couple complete fumblers however advice louis began apply effectively marital duties third week march marie antoinette became pregnant.eventually royal couple became parents four children.according madame campan marie antoinettes ladyinwaiting queen also suffered two miscarriages.
Louis XVI	first one months birth first child mentioned letter daughter written july empress maria theresa.madame campan states louis spent entire morning consoling wife bedside swore secrecy everyone knew occurrence.marie antoinette suffered second miscarriage night – november .louis xvi marie antoinette parents four liveborn childrenmariethérèsecharlotte december – october louisjosephxavierfrançois dauphin october – june louischarles dauphin death elder brother future titular king louis xvii france march – june sophiehélènebéatrix died infancy july – june addition biological children louis xvi also adopted six children armand francoismichel gagné c. – poor orphan adopted jean amilcar c. – senegalese slave boy given queen present chevalier de boufflers instead freed baptized adopted placed pension ernestine lambriquet – daughter two servants palace raised playmate daughter adopted death mother finally zoe jeanne louise victoire born adopted along two older sisters parents usher wife service king died.of armand ernestine zoe actually lived royal family jean amilcar along elder siblings zoe armand also formally foster children royal couple simply lived queens expense imprisonment proved fatal least amilcar evicted boarding school fee longer paid reportedly starved death street.armand zoe position similar ernestine armand lived court king queen left outbreak revolution republican sympathies zoe chosen playmate dauphin ernestine selected playmate marie thérèse sent away sisters convent boarding school flight varennes .absolute monarch france – louis xvi acceded throne nineteen years old.
Louis XVI	enormous responsibility government deeply debt resentment despotic monarchy rise.felt woefully unqualified resolve situation.as king louis xvi focused primarily religious freedom foreign policy.none doubted intellectual ability rule france quite clear although raised dauphin since lacked firmness decisiveness.desire loved people evident prefaces many edicts would often explain nature good intention actions benefiting people reinstating parlements.questioned decision said may considered politically unwise seems general wish want loved.
Louis XVI	spite indecisiveness louis xvi determined good king stating must always consult public opinion never wrong.therefore appointed experienced advisor jeanfrédéric phélypeaux comte de maurepas death would take charge many important ministerial functions.among major events louis xvis reign signing edict versailles also known edict tolerance november registered parlement january .granting nonroman catholics – huguenots lutherans well jews – civil legal status france legal right practice faiths edict effectively nullified edict fontainebleau law years.edict versailles legally proclaim freedom religion france – took two years declaration rights man citizen – however important step eliminating religious tensions officially ended religious persecution within realm.radical financial reforms turgot malesherbes angered nobles blocked parlements insisted king legal right levy new taxes.turgot dismissed malesherbes resigned replaced jacques necker.
Louis XVI	necker supported american revolution carried policy taking large international loans instead raising taxes.attempted gain public favor publishing first ever accounting french crowns expenses accounts compterendu au roi.misleading publication led people france believe kingdom ran modest surplus.policy hiding ignoring kingdoms financial woes failed miserably louis dismissed replaced charles alexandre de calonne increased public spending buy countrys way debt.failed louis convoked assembly notables discuss revolutionary new fiscal reform proposed calonne.
Louis XVI	nobles informed true extent debt shocked rejected plan.after louis xvi new contrôleur général des finances étiennecharles de loménie de brienne tried simply force parlement de paris register new laws fiscal reforms.upon refusal members parlement louis xvi tried use absolute power subjugate every means enforcing many occasions registration reforms august november may exiling parlement magistrates troyes punishment august prohibiting six members attending parliamentary sessions november arresting two important members parlement opposed reforms may even dissolving depriving power parlement replacing plenary court may .failure measures displays royal power attributable three decisive factors.first majority population stood favor parlement king thus continuously rebelled him.second royal treasury financially destitute crippling degree leaving incapable sustaining imposed reforms.
Louis XVI	third although king enjoyed much absolute power predecessors lacked personal authority crucial absolutism function properly.unpopular commoners aristocracy louis xvi therefore briefly able impose decisions reforms periods ranging months revoke them.as authority dissipated reforms clearly becoming unavoidable increasingly loud calls convoke estatesgeneral met since beginning reign louis xiii.lastditch attempt get new monetary reforms approved louis xvi convoked estatesgeneral august setting date opening may .convocation estatesgeneral many instances reign louis xvi placed reputation public image hands perhaps sensitive desires french population was.long since estatesgeneral convened debate procedures followed.

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