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Frida Kahlo	kahlos work celebrated internationally emblematic mexican national indigenous traditions feminists seen uncompromising depiction female experience form.artistic career early career kahlo enjoyed art early age receiving drawing instruction printmaker fernando fernández fathers friend filling notebooks sketches.began work outside school help family.briefly working stenographer became paid engraving apprentice fernández.impressed talent although consider art career time.a severe bus accident age left kahlo lifelong pain.
Frida Kahlo	confined bed three months following accident kahlo began paint.started consider career medical illustrator well would combine interests science art.mother provided speciallymade easel enabled paint bed father lent oil paints.mirror placed easel could see herself.painting became way kahlo explore questions identity existence.
Frida Kahlo	explained paint often alone subject know best.later stated accident isolating recovery period made desire begin painting things saw eyes nothing more.most paintings kahlo made time portraits sisters schoolfriends.early paintings correspondence show drew inspiration especially european artists particular renaissance masters sandro botticelli bronzino avantgarde movements neue sachlichkeit cubism.on moving morelos husband rivera kahlo inspired city cuernavaca lived.changed artistic style increasingly drew inspiration mexican folk art.art historian andrea kettenmann states may influenced adolfo best maugards treatise subject incorporated many characteristics outlined – example lack perspective combining elements precolumbian colonial periods mexican art.
Frida Kahlo	identification la raza people mexico profound interest culture remained important facets art throughout rest life.work united states kahlo rivera moved san francisco kahlo introduced american artists edward weston ralph stackpole timothy l. pflueger nickolas muray.six months spent san francisco productive period kahlo developed folk art style adopted cuernavaca.addition painting portraits several new acquaintances made frieda diego rivera double portrait based wedding photograph portrait luther burbank depicted eponymous horticulturist hybrid human plant.although still publicly presented simply riveras spouse rather artist participated first time exhibition frieda diego rivera included sixth annual exhibition san francisco society women artists palace legion honor.on moving detroit rivera kahlo experienced numerous health problems related failed pregnancy.
Frida Kahlo	despite health problems well dislike capitalist culture united states kahlos time city beneficial artistic expression.experimented different techniques etching frescos paintings began show stronger narrative style.also began placing emphasis themes terror suffering wounds pain.despite popularity mural mexican art time adopted diametrically opposed medium votive images retablos religious paintings made small metal sheets amateur artists thank saints blessings calamity.amongst works made retablo manner detroit henry ford hospital birth selfportrait border mexico united states .
Frida Kahlo	none kahlos works featured exhibitions detroit gave interview detroit news art article condescendingly titled wife master mural painter gleefully dabbles works art.return mexico city international recognition upon returning mexico city kahlo made new paintings two following year due health complications.however kahlos artistic career extremely productive following divorce reconciliation rivera.painted done eight previous years marriage creating works nurse memory heart four inhabitants mexico water gave .although still unsure work national autonomous university mexico exhibited paintings early .
Frida Kahlo	made first significant sale summer film star art collector edward g. robinson purchased four paintings each.even greater recognition followed french surrealist andré breton visited rivera april .impressed kahlo immediately claiming surrealist describing work ribbon around bomb.promised arrange paintings exhibited paris also wrote friend art dealer julien levy invited hold first solo exhibition gallery east th street manhattan.in october kahlo traveled alone new york colorful mexican dress caused sensation made seen height exotica.exhibition opening november attended famous figures georgia okeeffe clare boothe luce received much positive attention press although many critics adopted condescending tone reviews.
Frida Kahlo	example time wrote little fridas pictures ... daintiness miniatures vivid reds yellows mexican tradition playfully bloody fancy unsentimental child.despite great depression kahlo sold half paintings presented exhibition.also received commissions a. conger goodyear president moma clare boothe luce painted portrait luces friend socialite dorothy hale committed suicide jumping apartment building.three months spent new york kahlo painted little instead focusing enjoying city extent fragile health allowed.also several affairs continuing one nickolas muray engaging ones levy edgar kaufmann jr.in january kahlo sailed paris follow andré bretons invitation stage exhibition work.
Frida Kahlo	arrived found cleared paintings customs longer even owned gallery.aid marcel duchamp able arrange exhibition renou et colle gallery.problems arose gallery refused show two kahlos paintings considering shocking audiences breton insisted shown alongside photographs manuel alvarez bravo precolumbian sculptures th thcentury mexican portraits considered junk sugar skulls toys items bought mexican markets.the exhibition opened march received much less attention received united states partly due looming second world war made loss financially led kahlo cancel planned exhibition london.regardless louvre purchased frame making first mexican artist featured collection.also warmly received parisian artists pablo picasso joan miró well fashion world designer elsa schiaparelli designing dress inspired vogue paris featuring pages.
Frida Kahlo	however overall opinion paris surrealists remained negative letter muray called bunch coocoo lunatics stupid surrealists crazy intellectual rotten cant even stand anymore.in united states kahlos paintings continued raise interest.works featured institute contemporary art boston following year participated two highprofile exhibitions new york twentiethcentury portraits exhibition moma surrealists first papers surrealism exhibition.included mexican art today exhibition philadelphia museum art women artists peggy guggenheims art century gallery new york.kahlo gained appreciation art mexico well.became founding member seminario de cultura mexicana group twentyfive artists commissioned ministry public education spread public knowledge mexican culture.member took part planning exhibitions attended conference art.
Frida Kahlo	mexico city paintings featured two exhibitions mexican art staged englishlanguage benjamin franklin library .invited participate salon de la flor exhibition presented annual flower exposition.article rivera kahlos art also published journal published seminario de cultura mexicana.in kahlo accepted teaching position recently reformed nationalistic escuela nacional de pintura escultura grabado la esmeralda.encouraged students treat informal nonhierarchical way taught appreciate mexican popular culture folk art derive subjects street.health problems made difficult commute school mexico city began hold lessons la casa azul.
Frida Kahlo	four students – fanny rabel arturo garcía bustos guillermo monroy arturo estrada – became devotees referred los fridos enthusiasm.kahlo secured three mural commissions students.painted la rosita pulqueria coyoacán.government commissioned paint murals coyoacán launderette part national scheme help poor women made living laundresses.year group created murals posada del sol hotel mexico city.
Frida Kahlo	however destroyed soon completion hotels owner like it.kahlo struggled make living art mid late refused adapt style suit clients wishes.received two commissions mexican government early s. complete first one possibly due dislike subject second commission rejected commissioning body.nevertheless regular private clients engineer eduardo morillo safa ordered thirty portraits family members decade.financial situation improved received peso national prize painting moses two fridas purchased museo de arte moderno .according art historian andrea kettenmann mids paintings featured majority group exhibitions mexico.
Frida Kahlo	martha zamora wrote could sell whatever currently painting sometimes incomplete pictures purchased right easel.later years even kahlo gaining recognition mexico health declining rapidly attempted surgery support spine failed.paintings period include broken column without hope tree hope stand fast wounded deer reflecting poor physical state.last years kahlo mostly confined casa azul.painted mostly still lifes portraying fruit flowers political symbols flags doves.
Frida Kahlo	concerned able portray political convictions stating great restlessness paintings.mainly want make useful revolutionary communist movement... managed simply honest expression self ... must struggle strength ensure little positive health allows also benefits revolution real reason live.also altered painting style brushstrokes previously delicate careful hastier use color brash overall style intense feverish.photographer lola alvarez bravo understood kahlo much longer live thus staged first solo exhibition mexico galería arte contemporaneo april .though kahlo initially due attend opening doctors prescribed bed rest ordered fourposter bed moved home gallery.surprise guests arrived ambulance carried stretcher bed stayed duration party.
Frida Kahlo	exhibition notable cultural event mexico also received attention mainstream press around world.year tate gallerys exhibition mexican art london featured five paintings.in kahlo hospitalized april may.spring resumed painting oneyear interval.last paintings include political marxism give health sick c. frida stalin c. stilllife viva la vida .style influences estimates vary many paintings kahlo made life figures ranging fewer around .
Frida Kahlo	earliest paintings made mids show influence renaissance masters european avantgarde artists amedeo modigliani.towards end decade kahlo derived inspiration mexican folk art drawn elements fantasy naivety fascination violence death.style developed mixed reality surrealistic elements often depicted pain death.one kahlos earliest champions surrealist artist andré breton claimed part movement artist supposedly developed style total ignorance ideas motivated activities friends myself.echoed bertram d. wolfe wrote kahlos sort naïve surrealism invented herself.although breton regarded mostly feminine force within surrealist movement kahlo brought postcolonial questions themes forefront brand surrealism.
Frida Kahlo	breton also described kahlos work wonderfully situated point intersection political philosophical line artistic line.subsequently participated surrealist exhibitions stated detested surrealism bourgeois art true art people hope artist.art historians disagreed whether work classified belonging movement all.according andrea kettenmann kahlo symbolist concerned portraying inner experiences.emma dexter argued kahlo derived mix fantasy reality mainly aztec mythology mexican culture instead surrealism appropriate consider paintings common magical realism also known new objectivity.
Frida Kahlo	combined reality fantasy employed similar style kahlos flattened perspective clearly outlined characters bright colours.mexicanidad similarly many contemporary mexican artists kahlo heavily influenced mexicanidad romantic nationalism developed aftermath revolution.mexicanidad movement claimed resist mindset cultural inferiority created colonialism placed special importance indigenous cultures.revolution mexican folk culture – mixture indigenous european elements – disparaged elite claimed purely european ancestry regarded europe definition civilization mexico imitate.kahlos artistic ambition paint mexican people stated wished worthy paintings people belong ideas strengthen me.
Frida Kahlo	enforce image preferred conceal education received art father ferdinand fernandez preparatory school.instead cultivated image selftaught naive artist.when kahlo began career artist muralists dominated mexican art scene.created large public pieces vein renaissance masters russian socialist realists usually depicted masses people political messages easy decipher.although close muralists rivera josé clemente orozco david alfaro siquieros shared commitment socialism mexican nationalism majority kahlos paintings selfportraits relatively small size.particularly style especially indebted votive paintings retablos postcardsized religious images made amateur artists.
Frida Kahlo	purpose thank saints protection calamity normally depicted event illness accident commissioner saved.focus figures depicted seldom featured realistic perspective detailed background thus distilling event essentials.kahlo extensive collection approximately retablos displayed walls la casa azul.according laura mulvey peter wollen retablo format enabled kahlo develop limits purely iconic allowed use narrative allegory.many kahlos selfportraits mimic classic bustlength portraits fashionable colonial era subverted format depicting subject less attractive reality.concentrated frequently format towards end thus reflecting changes mexican society.
Frida Kahlo	increasingly disillusioned legacy revolution struggling cope effects great depression mexicans abandoning ethos socialism individualism.reflected personality cults developed around mexican film stars dolores del río.according schaefer kahlos masklike selfportraits echo contemporaneous fascination cinematic closeup feminine beauty well mystique female otherness expressed film noir.always repeating facial features kahlo drew depiction goddesses saints indigenous catholic cultures.out specific mexican folk artists kahlo especially influenced hermenegildo bustos whose works portrayed mexican culture peasant life josé guadalupe posada depicted accidents crime satiric manner.also derived inspiration works hieronymus bosch called man genius pieter bruegel elder whose focus peasant life similar interest mexican people.
Frida Kahlo	another influence poet rosario castellanos whose poems often chronicle womans lot patriarchal mexican society concern female body tell stories immense physical emotional pain.symbolism iconography kahlos paintings often feature root imagery roots growing body tie ground.reflects positive sense theme personal growth negative sense trapped particular place time situation ambiguous sense memories past influence present good andor ill. grandparents kahlo painted tenyear old holding ribbon grows ancient tree bears portraits grandparents ancestors left foot tree trunk growing ground reflecting kahlos view humanitys unity earth sense unity mexico.kahlos paintings trees serve symbols hope strength continuity transcends generations.additionally hair features symbol growth feminine kahlos paintings selfportrait cropped hair kahlo painted wearing mans suit shorn long hair cut off.
Frida Kahlo	kahlo holds scissors one hand menacingly close genitals interpreted threat rivera – whose frequent unfaithfulness infuriated – andor threat harm body like attacked hair sign way women often project fury others onto themselves.moreover picture reflects kahlos frustration rivera also unease patriarchal values mexico scissors symbolize malevolent sense masculinity threatens cut women metaphorically literally.mexico traditional spanish values machismo widely embraced kahlo always uncomfortable machismo.as suffered rest life bus accident youth kahlo spent much life hospitals undergoing surgery much performed quacks kahlo believed could restore back accident.many kahlos paintings concerned medical imagery presented terms pain hurt featuring kahlo bleeding displaying open wounds.many kahlos medical paintings especially dealing childbirth miscarriage strong sense guilt sense living ones life expense another died one might live.although kahlo featured events life paintings often ambiguous meaning.
Frida Kahlo	use show subjective experience raise questions mexican society construction identity within particularly gender race social class.historian liza bakewell stated kahlo recognized conflicts brought revolutionary ideologywhat mexican – modern yet precolumbian young yet old anticatholic yet catholic western yet new world developing yet underdeveloped independent yet colonized mestizo yet spanish indian.to explore questions art kahlo developed complex iconography extensively employing precolumbian christian symbols mythology paintings.selfportraits depicts face masklike surrounded visual cues allow viewer decipher deeper meanings it.aztec mythology features heavily kahlos paintings symbols including monkeys skeletons skulls blood hearts often symbols referred myths coatlicue quetzalcoatl xolotl.central elements kahlo derived aztec mythology hybridity dualism.
Frida Kahlo	many paintings depict opposites life death premodernity modernity mexican european male female.in addition aztec legends kahlo frequently depicted two central female figures mexican folklore paintings la llorona la malinche interlinked hard situations suffering misfortune judgement calamitous wretched de la chingada.example painted following miscarriage detroit henry ford hospital shows weeping dishevelled hair exposed heart considered part appearance la llorona woman murdered children.painting traditionally interpreted simply depiction kahlos grief pain failed pregnancies.interpretation symbols painting information kahlos actual views towards motherhood correspondence painting seen depicting unconventional taboo choice woman remaining childless mexican society.kahlo often featured body paintings presenting varying states disguises wounded broken child clothed different outfits tehuana costume mans suit european dress.used body metaphor explore questions societal roles.
Frida Kahlo	paintings often depicted female body unconventional manner miscarriages childbirth crossdressing.depicting female body graphic manner kahlo positioned viewer role voyeur making virtually impossible viewer assume consciously held position response.according nancy cooey kahlo made paintings main character mythology woman mexican suffering person ... knew convert symbol sign capable expressing enormous spiritual resistance humanity splendid sexuality.similarly nancy deffebach stated kahlo created subject female mexican modern powerful diverged usual dichotomy roles motherwhore allowed women mexican society.due gender divergence muralist tradition kahlos paintings treated less political naïve subjective male counterparts late s. according art historian joan borsathe critical reception exploration subjectivity personal history frequently denied deemphasized politics involved examining ones location inheritances social conditions ... critical responses continue gloss kahlos reworking personal ignoring minimizing interrogation sexuality sexual difference marginality cultural identity female subjectivity politics power.personal life – family childhood magdalena carmen frida kahlo calderón born july coyoacán village outskirts mexico city.
Frida Kahlo	kahlo stated born family home la casa azul blue house according official birth registry birth took place nearby home maternal grandmother.kahlos parents photographer guillermo kahlo – matilde calderón gonzález – thirtysix thirty respectively her.originally germany guillermo immigrated mexico epilepsy caused accident ended university studies.although kahlo said father jewish paternal grandparents jews city arad claim challenged pair german genealogists found instead lutheran.matilde born oaxaca indigenous father mother spanish descent.
Frida Kahlo	addition kahlo marriage produced daughters matilde c. – adriana c. – cristina c. –.two halfsisters guillermos first marriage maría luisa margarita raised convent.kahlo later described atmosphere childhood home often sad.parents often sick marriage devoid love.relationship mother matilde extremely tense.kahlo described mother kind active intelligent also calculating cruel fanatically religious.
Frida Kahlo	father guillermos photography business suffered greatly mexican revolution overthrown government commissioned works long civil war limited number private clients.when kahlo six years old contracted polio made right leg shorter thinner left.illness forced isolated peers months bullied.experience made reclusive made guillermos favorite due shared experience living disability.kahlo credited making childhood marvelous ... immense example tenderness work photographer also painter understanding problems.taught literature nature philosophy encouraged play sports regain strength despite fact physical exercise seen unsuitable girls.
Frida Kahlo	also taught photography began help retouch develop color photographs.due polio kahlo began school later peers.along younger sister cristina attended local kindergarten primary school coyoacán homeschooled fifth sixth grades.cristina followed sisters convent school kahlo enrolled german school due fathers wishes.soon expelled disobedience sent vocational teachers school.stay school brief sexually abused female teacher.in kahlo accepted elite national preparatory school focused natural sciences aim becoming physician.
Frida Kahlo	institution recently begun admitting women girls students.performed well academically voracious reader became deeply immersed seriously committed mexican culture political activism issues social justice.school promoted indigenismo new sense mexican identity took pride countrys indigenous heritage sought rid colonial mindset europe superior mexico.particularly influential kahlo time nine schoolmates formed informal group called cachuchas – many would become leading figures mexican intellectual elite.rebellious everything conservative pulled pranks staged plays debated philosophy russian classics.
Frida Kahlo	mask fact older declare daughter revolution began saying born july year mexican revolution began continued throughout life.fell love alejandro gomez arias leader group first love.parents approve relationship.arias kahlo often separated due political instability violence period exchanged passionate love letters.– bus accident marriage diego rivera september kahlo boyfriend arias way home school.
Frida Kahlo	boarded one bus got bus look umbrella kahlo left behind.boarded second bus crowded sat back.driver attempted pass oncoming electric streetcar.streetcar crashed side wooden bus dragging feet.several passengers killed accident.
Frida Kahlo	arias suffered minor damages kahlo impaled iron handrail went pelvis.later described injury way sword pierces bull.handrail removed arias others incredibly painful kahlo.kahlo suffered many injuries pelvic bone fractured abdomen uterus punctured rail spine broken three places right leg broken eleven places right foot crushed dislocated collarbone broken shoulder dislocated.spent month hospital two months recovering home able return work.continued experience fatigue back pain doctors ordered xrays revealed accident also displaced three vertebrae.
Frida Kahlo	treatment wear plaster corset confined bed rest better part three months.the accident ended kahlos dreams becoming physician caused pain illness rest life friend andrés henestrosa stated kahlo lived dying.kahlos bed rest late began socializing old schoolfriends university involved student politics.joined mexican communist party pcm introduced circle political activists artists including exiled cuban communist julio antonio mella italianamerican photographer tina modotti.at one modottis parties june kahlo introduced diego rivera.met briefly painting mural school.shortly introduction kahlo asked judge whether paintings showed enough talent pursue career artist.
Frida Kahlo	rivera recalled impressed works stating showed unusual energy expression precise delineation character true severity ... fundamental plastic honesty artistic personality ... obvious girl authentic artist.kahlo soon began relationship rivera years senior two commonlaw wives.kahlo rivera married civil ceremony town hall coyoacán august .mother opposed marriage parents referred marriage elephant dove referring couples differences size rivera tall overweight kahlo petite fragile.regardless father approved rivera wealthy therefore able support kahlo could work receive expensive medical treatment.wedding reported mexican international press marriage subject constant media attention mexico following years articles referring couple simply diego frida.soon marriage late kahlo rivera moved cuernavaca rural state morelos commissioned paint murals palace cortés.
Frida Kahlo	around time resigned membership pcm support rivera expelled shortly marriage support leftist opposition movement within third international.during civil war morelos seen heaviest fighting life spanishstyle city cuernavaca sharpened kahlos sense mexican identity history.similar many mexican women artists intellectuals time kahlo began wearing traditional indigenous mexican peasant clothing emphasize mestiza ancestry long colorful skirts huipils rebozos elaborate headdresses masses jewelry.especially favored dress women allegedly matriarchal society isthmus tehuantepec come represent authentic indigenous mexican cultural heritage postrevolutionary mexico.tehuana outfit allowed kahlo express feminist anticolonialist ideals.– travels united states rivera completed commission cuernavaca late kahlo moved san francisco painted murals luncheon club san francisco stock exchange california school fine arts.
Frida Kahlo	couple feted lionized spoiled influential collectors clients stay city.long love affair hungarianamerican photographer nickolas muray likely began around time.kahlo rivera returned mexico summer fall traveled new york city opening riveras retrospective museum modern art moma.april headed detroit rivera commissioned paint murals detroit institute arts.time kahlo become bolder interactions press impressing journalists fluency english stating arrival city greater artist two them.of course rivera well little boy big artistthe year spent detroit difficult time kahlo.although enjoyed visiting san francisco new york city disliked aspects american society regarded colonialist well americans found boring.
Frida Kahlo	disliked socialize capitalists henry edsel ford angered many hotels detroit refused accept jewish guests.letter friend wrote although interested industrial mechanical development united states felt bit rage rich guys since seen thousands people terrible misery without anything eat place sleep impressed terrifying see rich parties day night whiles thousands thousands people dying hunger.kahlos time detroit also complicated pregnancy.doctor agreed perform abortion medication used ineffective.kahlo deeply ambivalent child already undergone abortion earlier marriage rivera.
Frida Kahlo	following failed abortion reluctantly agreed continue pregnancy miscarried july caused serious hemorrhage required hospitalized two weeks.less three months later mother died complications surgery mexico.kahlo rivera returned new york march commissioned paint mural rockefeller center.time worked one painting dress hangs .also gave interviews american press.may rivera fired rockefeller center project instead hired paint mural new workers school.
Frida Kahlo	although rivera wished continue stay united states kahlo homesick returned mexico soon murals unveiling december .– la casa azul declining health back mexico city kahlo rivera moved new house wealthy neighborhood san ángel.commissioned le corbusiers student juan ogorman consisted two sections joined bridge kahlos painted blue riveras pink white.bohemian residence became important meeting place artists political activists mexico abroad.kahlo experienced health problems – undergoing appendectomy two abortions amputation gangrenous toes – marriage rivera become strained.happy back mexico blamed kahlo return.
Frida Kahlo	unfaithful embarked affair younger sister cristina deeply hurt kahlos feelings.discovering affair early moved apartment central mexico city considered divorcing him.also affair american artist isamu noguchi.kahlo reconciled rivera cristina later moved back san ángel.became loving aunt cristinas children isolda antonio.despite reconciliation rivera kahlo continued infidelities.
Frida Kahlo	also resumed political activities joining fourth international becoming founding member solidarity committee provide aid republicans spanish civil war.rivera successfully petitioned mexican government grant asylum former soviet leader leon trotsky offered la casa azul wife natalia sedova residence.couple lived january april kahlo trotsky becoming good friends also brief affair.after opening exhibition paris kahlo sailed back new york.eager reunited muray decided end affair met another woman planning marry.kahlo traveled back mexico city rivera requested divorce her.
Frida Kahlo	exact reasons decision unknown stated publicly merely matter legal convenience style modern times ... sentimental artistic economic reasons.according friends divorce mainly caused mutual infidelities.kahlo granted divorce november remained friendly continued manage finances correspondence.following separation rivera kahlo moved back la casa azul determined earn living began another productive period artist inspired experiences abroad.encouraged recognition gaining moved using small intimate tin sheets used since large canvases easier exhibit.also adopted sophisticated technique limited graphic details began produce quarterlength portraits easier sell.
Frida Kahlo	painted several famous pieces period two fridas selfportrait cropped hair wounded table selfportrait thorn necklace hummingbird .three exhibitions featured works fourth international surrealist exhibition mexico city golden gate international exposition san francisco twenty centuries mexican art moma new york.on august trotsky assassinated coyoacán continued live leaving la casa azul.kahlo briefly suspected involved knew murderer arrested held two days sister cristina.following month kahlo traveled san francisco medical treatment back pain fungal infection hand.continuously fragile health increasingly declined since divorce exacerbated heavy consumption alcohol.rivera also san francisco fled mexico city following trotskys murder accepted commission.
Frida Kahlo	although kahlo relationship art dealer heinz berggruen visit san francisco rivera reconciled.remarried simple civil ceremony december .kahlo rivera returned mexico soon wedding.union less turbulent first five years.independent la casa azul primary residence rivera retained san ángel house use studio second apartment.
Frida Kahlo	continued extramarital affairs kahlo bisexual affairs men women evidence suggesting male lovers important kahlo lesbian affairs.despite medical treatment received san francisco kahlos health problems continued throughout s. due spinal problems wore twentyeight separate supportive corsets varying steel leather plaster .experienced pain legs infection hand become chronic also treated syphilis.death father april plunged depression.ill health made increasingly confined la casa azul became center world.enjoyed taking care house garden kept company friends servants various pets including spider monkeys xoloitzcuintlis parrots.while kahlo gaining recognition home country health continued decline.
Frida Kahlo	mids back worsened point could longer sit stand continuously.june traveled new york operation fused bone graft steel support spine straighten it.difficult operation failure.according herrera kahlo also sabotaged recovery resting required physically reopening wounds fit anger.paintings period broken column without hope tree hope stand fast wounded deer reflect declining health.
Frida Kahlo	– last years death kahlo spent year hospital abc mexico city underwent new bone graft surgery spine.caused difficult infection necessitated several followup surgeries.discharged mostly confined la casa azul using wheelchair crutches ambulatory.final years life kahlo dedicated time political causes extent health allowed.rejoined mexican communist party campaigned peace example collecting signatures stockholm appeal.kahlos right leg amputated knee due gangrene august .
Frida Kahlo	became severely depressed anxious dependency painkillers escalated.rivera began yet another affair attempted suicide overdose.wrote diary february amputated leg six months ago given centuries torture moments almost lost reason.keep wanting kill myself.diego keeps vain idea would miss me.
Frida Kahlo	... never life suffered more.wait while... last days kahlo mostly bedridden bronchopneumonia though made public appearance july participating rivera demonstration cia invasion guatemala.seemed anticipate death spoke visitors drew skeletons angels diary.last drawing black angel biographer hayden herrera interprets angel death.accompanied last words wrote joyfully await exit – hope never return – frida espero alegre la salida – espero volver jamás.the demonstration worsened illness night july kahlo high fever extreme pain.
Frida Kahlo	approximately a.m. july nurse found dead bed.kahlo years old.official cause death pulmonary embolism although autopsy performed.herrera argued kahlo fact committed suicide.nurse counted kahlos painkillers monitor drug use stated kahlo taken overdose night died.
Frida Kahlo	prescribed maximum dose seven pills taken eleven.also given rivera wedding anniversary present evening month advance.on evening july kahlos body taken palacio de bellas artes lay state communist flag.following day carried panteón civil de dolores friends family attended informal funeral ceremony.hundreds admirers stood outside.accordance wishes kahlo cremated.
Frida Kahlo	rivera stated death tragic day life died three years later .kahlos ashes displayed precolumbian urn la casa azul opened museum .posthumous recognition fridamania tate modern considers kahlo one significant artists twentieth century according art historian elizabeth bakewell one mexicos important twentiethcentury figures.kahlos reputation artist developed late life grew even posthumously lifetime primarily known wife diego rivera eccentric personality among international cultural elite.gradually gained recognition late feminist scholars began question exclusion female nonwestern artists art historical canon chicano movement lifted one icons.
Frida Kahlo	first two books kahlo published mexico teresa del conde raquel tibol respectively tree hope stands firm became first kahlo painting sold auction netting sothebys.milestones followed first two retrospectives staged kahlos oeuvre one palacio de bellas artes mexico city another museum contemporary art chicago.two events instrumental raising interest life art general public outside mexico.first joint retrospective paintings tina modottis photographs whitechapel gallery london curated organized peter wollen laura mulvey.opened may later traveled sweden germany united states mexico.second publication art historian hayden herreras international bestseller frida biography frida kahlo .by kahlos reputation artist grown extent mexico declared works part national cultural heritage prohibiting export country.
Frida Kahlo	result paintings seldom appear international auctions comprehensive retrospectives rare.regardless paintings still broken records latin american art s. became first latin american artist break onemilliondollar threshold diego auctioned sothebys .roots reached us.million two lovers forest sold million.kahlo attracted popular interest extent term fridamania coined describe phenomenon.considered one instantly recognizable artists whose face used regularity often shared symbolism images che guevara bob marley.
Frida Kahlo	life art inspired variety merchandise distinctive look appropriated fashion world.hollywood biopic julie taymors frida released .based herreras biography starring salma hayek coproduced film kahlo grossed us million worldwide earned six academy award nominations winning best makeup best original score.disneypixar animation coco also features kahlo supporting role voiced natalia cordovabuckley.kahlos popular appeal seen stem first foremost fascination life story especially painful tragic aspects.become icon several minority groups political movements feminists lgbtq community chicanos.
Frida Kahlo	oriana baddeley written kahlo become signifier nonconformity archetype cultural minority regarded simultaneously victim crippled abused survivor fights back.edward sullivan stated kahlo hailed hero many someone validate struggle find voice public personalities.according john berger kahlos popularity partly due fact sharing pain one essential preconditions refinding dignity hope twentyfirst century society.kirk varnedoe former chief curator moma stated kahlos posthumous success linked way clicks todays sensibilities – psychoobsessive concern creation personal alternative world carries voltage.constant remaking identity construction theater self exactly preoccupy contemporary artists cindy sherman kiki smith popular level madonna... fits well odd androgynous hormonal chemistry particular epoch.kahlos posthumous popularity commercialization image drawn criticism many scholars cultural commenters think many facets life mythologized dramatic aspects biography also overshadowed art producing simplistic reading works reduced literal descriptions events life.
Frida Kahlo	according journalist stephanie mencimer kahlo embraced poster child every possible politically correct cause like game telephone kahlos story told distorted omitting uncomfortable details show far complex flawed figure movies cookbooks suggest.elevation artist art diminishes public understanding kahlos place history overshadows deeper disturbing truths work.even troubling though airbrushing biography kahlos promoters set inevitable fall typical women artists time contrarians band together take sport shooting inflated image art.baddeley compared interest kahlos life interest troubled life vincent van gogh also stated crucial difference two people associate van gogh paintings whereas kahlo usually signified image – intriguing commentary way male female artists regarded.similarly peter wollen compared kahlos cultlike following sylvia plath whose unusually complex contradictory art overshadowed simplified focus life.commemorations characterizations kahlos legacy commemorated several ways.
Frida Kahlo	la casa azul home coyoacán opened museum become one popular museums mexico city approximately visitors monthly.city dedicated park parque frida kahlo coyoacán .park features bronze statue kahlo.united states became first hispanic woman honored u.s. postage stamp inducted legacy walk outdoor public display chicago celebrates lgbt history people .kahlo received several commemorations centenary birth centenary birthyear attested .included bank mexico releasing new mxn peso note featuring kahlos painting titled loves embrace universe earth mexico diego mr. xólotl reverse note diego rivera front.
Frida Kahlo	largest retrospective works mexico citys palacio de bellas artes attracted approximately visitors.in addition tributes kahlos life art inspired artists various fields.paul leduc released biopic titled frida naturaleza viva starring ofelia medina kahlo.protagonist three fictional novels barbara mujicas frida slavenka drakulics fridas bed barbara kingsolvers lacuna .american jazz flautist composer james newton released album titled suite frida kahlo.scottish singersongwriter michael marra wrote song homage kahlo entitled frida kahlos visit taybridge bar.
Frida Kahlo	author monica brown illustrator john parra published childrens book kahlo frida kahlo animalitos focuses primarily animals pets kahlos life art.visual arts kahlos influence reached wide far mexican cultural institute washington dc coordinated homage frida kahlo exhibition showcased kahlorelated artwork artists world washingtons fraser gallery.additionally notable artists marina abramovic alana archer gabriela gonzalez dellosso yasumasa morimura cris melo rupert garcia others used appropriated kahlos imagery works.kahlo also subject several stage performances.annabelle lopez ochoa choreographed oneact ballet titled broken wings english national ballet debuted tamara rojo originated kahlo ballet.dutch national ballet commissioned lopez ochoa created fulllength version ballet frida premiered maia makhateli kahlo.
Frida Kahlo	also inspired two operas robert xavier rodriguezs frida premiered american music theater festival philadelphia kalevi ahos frida diego premiered helsinki music centre helsinki finland .main character several plays including dolores c. sendlers goodbye friduchita robert lepage sophie fauchers la casa azul humberto robles frida kahlo viva la vida rita ortez provosts tree hope .mattel unveiled seventeen new barbie dolls celebration international womens day including one kahlo.critics objected dolls slim waist noticeably missing unibrow.in kahlo one inaugural honorees rainbow honor walk walk fame san franciscos castro neighborhood noting lgbtq people made significant contributions fields.in san francisco board supervisors unanimously voted rename phelan avenue frida kahlo way.frida kahlo way home city college san francisco archbishop riordan high school.in frida featured mural painted rafael blanco artist downtown reno nevada.
Frida Kahlo	solo exhibitions february – may – frida kahlo appearances deceiving brooklyn museum.largest u.s. exhibition decade devoted solely painter u.s. show feature tehuana clothing handpainted corsets neverbeforeseen items locked away artists death rediscovered .june – november – frida kahlo making self victoria albert museum london.basis later brooklyn museum exhibit.february – april – frida kahlo paintings graphic art mexican collections faberge museum st. petersburg.
Frida Kahlo	russias first retrospective kahlos work.october – january – frida kahlo exhibition walker art center minneapolis philadelphia museum art february – may san francisco museum modern art june – september .– november – fridas first solo exhibit new york debut museum modern art.georgia okeeffe isamu noguchi prominent american artists attended opening approximately half paintings sold.references informational notescitationsbibliography external links official websitefrida kahlo collection museum modern artfrida kahlo.museum fine arts houston icaa.frida kahlo mp.
Telephone exchange	time.bbc radio .july .kahlo national museum women artskahlos paintings art history archivekahlos painting san francisco museum modern artthis could kahlos voice according department culture mexicothe frida kahlo papers national museum women artsinterconnects telephone subscriber lines virtual circuits digital systems establish telephone calls subscribers.in historical perspective telecommunication terms used different semantics time.term telephone exchange often used synonymously central office bell system term.often central office defined building used house inside plant equipment potentially several telephone exchanges serving certain geographical area.area also referred exchange exchange area.north america central office location may also identified wire center designating facility telephone connected obtains dial tone.
Telephone exchange	business billing purposes telecommunication carriers define rate centers larger cities may clusters central offices define specified geographical locations determining distance measurements.in united states canada bell system established uniform nationwide numbering system identifying central offices threedigit central office code threedigit numbering plan area code npa code area code.central office codes unique numbering plan area.npa code central office code used prefixes subscriber telephone numbers.development international transoceanic telephone trunks especially driven direct customer dialing similar efforts systematic organization telephone networks occurred many countries midth century.for corporate enterprise use private telephone exchange often referred private branch exchange pbx connections public switched telephone network.pbx installed enterprise facilities typically near large office spaces within organizational campus serve organizations telephones private leased line circuits.
Telephone exchange	smaller installations might deploy pbx key telephone system office receptionist.history era electrical telegraph principal users post offices railway stations important governmental centers ministries stock exchanges nationally distributed newspapers largest internationally important corporations wealthy individuals.despite fact telephone devices existed invention telephone exchange success economical operation would impossible schema structure contemporary telegraph prior invention telephone exchange switchboard early telephones hardwired communicated single telephone individuals home persons business.a telephone exchange telephone system small geographic area provides switching interconnection subscriber lines calls made them.telephone exchanges replaced small telephone systems connected users direct lines every subscriber station.exchanges made telephony available comfortable technology everyday use gave impetus creation new industrial sector.as invention telephone honour first telephone exchange several claimants.
Telephone exchange	one first propose telephone exchange hungarian tivadar puskás working thomas edison.first experimental telephone exchange based ideas puskás built bell telephone company boston .worlds first stateadministered telephone exchange opened november friedrichsberg close berlin direction heinrich von stephan.george w. coy designed built first commercial us telephone exchange opened new connecticut january .switchboard built carriage bolts handles teapot lids bustle wire could handle two simultaneous conversations.
Telephone exchange	charles glidden also credited establishing exchange lowell ma.subscribers .in europe early telephone exchanges based london manchester opened bell patents .belgium first international bell exchange antwerp year later.in puskás introduced multiplex switchboard..later exchanges consisted one several hundred plug boards staffed switchboard operators.operator sat front vertical panel containing banks ¼inch tipringsleeve conductor jacks local termination subscribers telephone line.front jack panel lay horizontal panel containing two rows patch cords pair connected cord circuit.when calling party lifted receiver local loop current lit signal lamp near jack.
Telephone exchange	operator responded inserting rear cord answering cord subscribers jack switched headset circuit ask number please local call operator inserted front cord pair ringing cord called partys local jack started ringing cycle.longdistance call plugged trunk circuit connect another operator another bank boards remote central office.average time complete connection longdistance call minutes.early manual switchboards required operator operate listening keys ringing keys late advances switchboard technology led features allowed call automatically answered immediately operator inserted answering cord ringing would automatically begin soon operator inserted ringing cord called partys jack.operator would disconnected circuit allowing handle another call caller heard audible ringback signal operator would periodically report continuing ring line.in ringdown method originating operator called another intermediate operator would call called subscriber passed another intermediate operator.chain intermediate operators could complete call intermediate trunk lines available centers time.
Telephone exchange	military calls priority crosscountry us call might take long hours request schedule cities used manual switchboards toll calls.on march almon brown strowger undertaker kansas city missouri patented stepping switch device led automation telephone circuit switching.many extensions adaptations initial patent one best known consists levels banks contacts arranged semicircle.used rotary telephone dial pair digits caused shaft central contact hand stepping switch first step ratchet one level pulse first digit swing horizontally contact row one small rotation pulse next digit.later stepping switches arranged banks first stage linefinder.one hundred subscriber lines two hundred lines later linefinders receiver lifted hook linefinder connected subscribers line free first selector returned subscriber dial tone show ready receive dialled digits.subscribers dial pulsed pulses per second although speed depended standard particular telephone administration.exchanges based strowger switch eventually challenged exchange types later crossbar technology.
Telephone exchange	exchange designs promised faster switching would accept interswitch pulses faster strowgers typical pps—typically pps.later date many also accepted dtmf touch tones tone signaling systems.a transitional technology pulse dtmf converters convert dtmf pulse feed older strowger panel crossbar switches.technology used late mid.terminology many terms used telecommunication technology differ meaning usage among various english speaking regions.for purpose article following definitions mademanual service telephone service human telephone operator routes calls instructed subscriber telephone set dial.dial service exchange routes calls interpreting subscriberdialed digits.a telephone switch switching equipment exchange.a wire center area served particular switch central office.a concentrator device concentrates traffic remote colocated switch.an offhook condition represents circuit use e.g.telephone call progress.an onhook condition represents idle circuit i.e.
Telephone exchange	telephone call progress.a central office originally primary exchange city exchanges service parts area.term became mean switching system including facilities operators.also used generally building houses switching related inside plant equipment.united states telecommunication jargon central office c.o.common carrier switching center class telephone switch trunks local loops terminated switched.in uk telephone exchange means exchange building also name telephone switch.
Telephone exchange	manual service exchanges manual service customer lifts receiver offhook asks operator connect call requested number.provided number central office located operators switchboard operator connects call plugging ringing cord jack corresponding called customers line.called partys line different switchboard office different central office operator plugs trunk destination switchboard office asks operator answering known b operator connect call.most urban exchanges provided commonbattery service meaning central office provided power subscriber telephone circuits operation transmitter well automatic signaling rotary dials.commonbattery systems pair wires subscribers telephone exchange carry v nominal dc potential telephone company end across conductors.telephone presents open circuit onhook idle.when subscribers phone offhook presents electrical resistance across line causes current flow telephone wires central office.
Telephone exchange	manually operated switchboard current flowed relay coil actuated buzzer lamp operators switchboard signaling operator perform service.in largest cities took many years convert every office automatic equipment panel switch.transition period numbers standardized ln ln format twoletter exchange name either four five digits possible dial number located manual exchange connected without requesting operator assistance.policy bell system stated customers large cities need concerned type office whether calling manual automatic office.when subscriber dialed number manual station operator destination office answered call seeing number indicator connected call plugging cord outgoing circuit ringing destination station.example dial customer calling taylor dialed number served manual exchange e.g.adams w call completed subscribers perspective exactly call lennox automated exchange.
Telephone exchange	party line letters w r j used manual exchanges jackperline party lines.in contrast listing format main automated office two capital letters manual office listings hillside east recognizable format second letter capitalized.rural areas well smallest towns manual service signaling accomplished magneto telephones crank signaling generator.alert operator another subscriber line subscriber turned crank generate ringing current.switchboard responded interrupting circuit dropped metal tab subscribers line jack sounded buzzer.dry cell batteries normally two large n°.cells subscribers telephone provided direct current transmitter.
Telephone exchange	magneto systems use us late small town bryant pond woodstock maine.many small town magneto systems featured party lines anywhere two ten subscribers sharing single line.calling party operator used code ringing distinctive ringing signal sequence two long rings followed one short ring.everyone line could hear signals could pick monitor peoples conversations.early automatic exchanges automatic exchanges provided dial service invented almon strowger .first used commercially gain widespread use first decade th century.
Telephone exchange	eliminated need human switchboard operators completed connections required telephone call.automation replaced human operators electromechanical systems telephones equipped dial caller transmitted destination telephone number automatic switching system.a telephone exchange automatically senses offhook condition telephone user removes handset switchhook cradle.exchange provides dial tone time indicate user exchange ready receive dialed digits.pulses dtmf tones generated telephone processed connection established destination telephone within exchange another distant exchange.the exchange maintains connection one parties hangs up.monitoring connection status called supervision.
Telephone exchange	additional features billing equipment may also incorporated exchange.the bell system dial service implemented feature called automatic number identification ani facilitated services like automated billing tollfree numbers service.manual service operator knows call originating light switchboard jack field.ani longdistance calls placed operator queue operator asked calling partys number recorded paper toll ticket.early exchanges electromechanical systems using motors shaft drives rotating switches relays.types automatic exchanges strowger switch stepbystep switch relay xy panel switch rotary system crossbar switch.electromechanical signaling circuits interconnecting switches called trunks.
Telephone exchange	signalling system bell system electromechanical switches united states originally communicated one another trunks using variety dc voltages signaling tones replaced today digital signals.some signaling communicated dialed digits.early form called panel call indicator pulsing used quaternary pulses set calls panel switch manual switchboard.probably common form communicating dialed digits electromechanical switches sending dial pulses equivalent rotary dials pulsing sent trunk circuits switches.in bell system trunks common use pulsepersecond crossbar switches crossbar tandems.twice rate western electricbell system telephone dials.using faster pulsing rate made trunk utilization efficient switch spent half long listening digits.
Telephone exchange	dtmf used trunk signaling.multifrequency mf last predigital methods.used different set tones sent pairs like dtmf.dialing preceded special keypulse kp signal followed start st. variations bell system mf tone scheme became ccitt standard.similar schemes used americas european countries including spain.digit strings switches often abbreviated improve utilization.for example one switch might send last four five digits telephone number.
Telephone exchange	one case seven digit numbers preceded digit differentiate two area codes office codes twodigitpercall savings.improved revenue per trunk reduced number digit receivers needed switch.every task electromechanical switches done big metallic pieces hardware.every fractional second cut call set time meant fewer racks equipment handle call traffic.examples signals communicating supervision call progress include e signaling sf signaling robbedbit signaling.physical carrier e trunk circuits trunks four wire.
Telephone exchange	fifty trunks would require hundred pair cable switches example.conductors one common circuit configuration named tip ring ear e mouth m. tip ring voicecarrying pair named tip ring three conductor cords manual operators console.in twoway trunks e signaling handshake took place prevent switches colliding dialing calls trunk time.changing state leads ground volts switches stepped handshake protocol.using dc voltage changes local switch would send signal get ready call remote switch would reply acknowledgment wink go ahead dial pulsing.done relay logic discrete electronics.these voltage changes trunk circuit would cause pops clicks audible subscriber electrical handshaking stepped protocol.
Telephone exchange	another handshake start timing billing purposes caused second set clunks called party answered.a second common form signaling supervision called singlefrequency sf signaling.common form used steady hz tone identify trunk idle.trunk circuitry hearing hz tone certain duration would go idle.duration requirement reduced falsing.systems used tone frequencies hz particularly ssb frequency division multiplex microwave radio relays.on tcarrier digital transmission systems bits within data stream used transmit supervision.
Telephone exchange	careful design appropriated bits change voice quality appreciably.robbed bits translated changes contact states opens closures electronics channel bank hardware.allowed direct current e signaling dial pulses sent electromechanical switches digital carrier dc continuity.noise characteristic electromechanical switching equipment maintenance staff could hear mechanical clattering strowgers panel switches crossbar relays.heavy use periods could difficult converse central office switch room due clatter calls processed large switch.
Telephone exchange	example mothers day us friday evening around pm metallic rattling could make raised voices necessary.wire spring relay markers noises resembled hail falling metallic roof.on predawn sunday morning call processing might slow extent one might able hear individual calls dialed set up.also noises whining power inverters whirring ringing generators.systems continual rhythmic clackclackclack wire spring relays made reorder ipm busy ipm signals.bell system installations typically alarm bells gongs chimes announce alarms calling attention failed switch element.trouble reporting card system connected switch common control elements.
Telephone exchange	trouble reporting systems punctured cardboard cards code logged nature failure.reed relay technology stored program control exchange finally quieted environment.maintenance tasks electromechanical switching systems required sources electricity form direct current dc well alternating ring current ac generated onsite mechanical generators.addition telephone switches required adjustment many mechanical parts.unlike modern switches circuit connecting dialed call electromechanical switch dc continuity within local exchange area via metallic conductors.the design maintenance procedures systems involved methods avoid subscribers experienced undue changes quality service noticed failures.
Telephone exchange	variety tools referred makebusys plugged electromechanical switch elements upon failure repairs.makebusy identified part worked inuse causing switching logic route around it.similar tool called td tool.delinquent subscribers service temporarily denied tded.effected plugging tool subscribers office equipment crossbar systems line group stepbystep switches.
Telephone exchange	subscriber could receive calls could dial out.strowgerbased stepbystep offices bell system required continuous maintenance cleaning.indicator lights equipment bays alerted staff conditions blown fuses usually white lamps permanent signal stuck offhook condition usually green indicators.step offices susceptible singlepoint failures newer technologies.crossbar offices used shared common control circuits.example digit receiver part element called originating register would connected call long enough collect subscribers dialed digits.crossbar architecture flexible step offices.
Telephone exchange	later crossbar systems punchcardbased trouble reporting systems.automatic number identification retrofitted nearly stepbystep crossbar switches bell system.electronic switches electronic switching systems gradually evolved stages electromechanical hybrids stored program control fully digital systems.early systems used reed relayswitched metallic paths digital control.equipment testing phone numbers reassignments circuit lockouts similar tasks accomplished data entry terminal.examples systems included western electric ess switch northern telecom sp ericsson axe automatic electric eax eax philips prxa itt metaconta british gpobt txe series several designs similar.
Telephone exchange	ericsson also developed fully computerized version arf crossbar exchange called are.used crossbar switching matrix fully computerized control system provided wide range advanced services.local versions called tandem versions known are.used scandinavia australia ireland many countries late replaced digital technology.these systems could use old electromechanical signaling methods inherited crossbar stepbystep switches.also introduced new form data communications two ess exchanges could communicate one another using data link called common channel interoffice signaling ccis.
Telephone exchange	data link based ccitt predecessor ss.in european systems r signalling normally used.digital switches first concepts digital switching transmission developed various labs united states europe starting s. first prototype digital switch developed bell labs part essex project first true digital exchange combined digital transmission systems designed lct laboratoire central de telecommunications paris.first digital switch placed public network england empress exchange london designed general post office research labs.tandem switch connected three strowger exchanges.first commercial rollout fully digital local switching system alcatels e system began serving customers brittany northwestern france .prominent examples digital switches includeericssons axe telephone exchange widely used digital switching platform world found throughout europe countries around world.
Telephone exchange	also popular mobile applications.highly modular system developed sweden replacement popular range ericsson crossbar switches arf arm ark used many european networks onwards.alcatellucent inherited three worlds iconic digital switching systems alcatel e western electric ess.alcatel developed e system france late s. widely used family digital switches one earliest tdm switches widely used public networks.subscribers first connected ea switches france .system used france ireland china many countries.many revisions current versions even integrated ip networks.alcatel also acquired itt system bought itts european operations.
Telephone exchange	system e systems merged single platform s. system used germany italy australia belgium china india many countries around world.finally alcatel lucent merged company acquired lucents ess ess systems used throughout united states america many countries.nokia siemens networks ewsd originally developed siemens bosch detewe german market used throughout world.nortel genband ribbon communications dms versions popular operators world.gtd eax developed gte automatic electric gtd acquired lucent became alcatellucent became nokianec neax used japan new zealand many countries.marconi system x originally developed gpt plessey type digital exchange used bt group uk public telephone network.digital switches encode speech going time slices per second.sampling rate khz.time slice digital pcm representation sound made.digital pcm signals sent receiving end line reverse process occurs using dac digitaltoanalog converter produce sound receiving phone.words someone uses telephone speakers voice encoded using pcm switching reconstructed person end.
Telephone exchange	speakers voice delayed process small fraction one second — live reconstructed — delayed minutely.individual local loop telephone lines connected remote concentrator.many cases concentrator colocated building switch.interface remote concentrators telephone switches standardised etsi v protocol.concentrators used telephones idle day hence traffic hundreds thousands may concentrated tens hundreds shared connections.some telephone switches concentrators directly connected rather used connect calls telephone switches.complex machines referred carrierlevel switches tandem switches.some telephone exchange buildings small towns house remote satellite switches homed upon parent switch usually several kilometres away.
Telephone exchange	remote switch dependent parent switch routing.unlike digital loop carrier remote switch route calls local phones without using trunks parent switch.switchs place network telephone switches small component large network.major part terms expense maintenance logistics telephone system outside plant wiring outside central office.many subscribers served partylines middle th century goal subscriber telephone station connected individual pair wires switching system.a typical central office may tens thousands pairs wires appear terminal blocks called main distribution frame mdf.
Telephone exchange	component mdf protection fuses devices protect switch lightning shorts electric power lines foreign voltages.typical telephone company large database tracks information subscriber pair status jumper.computerization bell system records information handwritten pencil accounting ledger books.to reduce expense outside plant companies use pair gain devices provide telephone service subscribers.devices used provide service existing copper facilities exhausted siting neighborhood reduce length copper pairs enabling digital services integrated services digital network isdn digital subscriber line dsl.pair gain digital loop carriers dlcs located outside central office usually large neighborhood distant co. dlcs often referred subscriber loop carriers slcs lucent proprietary product.dlcs configured universal udlcs integrated idlcs.universal dlcs two terminals central office terminal cot remote terminal rt function similarly.
Telephone exchange	terminals interface analog signals convert digital signals transport side reverse performed.sometimes transport handled separate equipment.integrated dlc cot eliminated.instead rt connected digitally equipment telephone switch.reduces total amount equipment required.switches used local central offices long distance centers.two major types public switched telephone network pstn class telephone switches designed toll switchtoswitch connections class telephone switches subscriber switches manage connections subscriber telephones.

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