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Tuvalu	elekana began preaching christianity.trained malua theological college london missionary society lms school samoa beginning work establishing church tuvalu.in rev.a. w. murray lms protestant congregationalist missionary society arrived first european missionary also evangelised among inhabitants tuvalu.protestantism considered well established preachers island.later th early th centuries ministers became church tuvalu te ekalesia kelisiano tuvalu predominantly samoans influenced development tuvaluan language music tuvalu.the islands came britains sphere influence late th century ellice islands declared british protectorate captain gibson hms curacoa october .
Tuvalu	trading firms traders trading companies became active tuvalu midth century trading companies engaged palagi traders lived islands.john also known jack obrien first european settle tuvalu became trader funafuti s. married salai daughter paramount chief funafuti.louis becke later found success writer trader nanumanga april trading station destroyed later year cyclone.became trader nukufetau.in captain davis hms royalist reported trading activities traders islands visited.captain davis identified following traders ellice group edmund duffy nanumea jack buckland niutao harry nitz vaitupu jack obrien funafuti alfred restieaux emile fenisot nukufetau martin kleis nui.
Tuvalu	time greatest number palagi traders lived atolls acting agents trading companies.islands would competing traders dryer islands might single trader.in later first decade th century structural changes occurred operation pacific trading companies moved practice traders resident island instead becoming business operation supercargo cargo manager trading ship would deal directly islanders ship visited island.numbers palagi traders tuvalu declined last fred whibley niutao alfred restieaux nukufetau martin kleis nui.resident palagi traders representing trading companies although whibley restieaux kleis remained islands deaths.scientific expeditions travellers united states exploring expedition charles wilkes visited funafuti nukufetau vaitupu .
Tuvalu	expedition engraver illustrator alfred thomas agate recorded dress tattoo patterns men nukufetau.in new zealand photographer thomas andrew visited funafuti nui.in robert louis stevenson wife fanny vandegrift stevenson son lloyd osbourne sailed janet nicoll trading steamer owned henderson macfarlane auckland new zealand operated sydney auckland central pacific.janet nicoll visited three ellice islands fanny records made landfall funafuti niutao nanumea jane resture suggests likely landed nukufetau rather funafuti.account voyage written fanny stevenson published title cruise janet nichol together photographs taken robert louis stevenson lloyd osbourne.in count rudolf festetics de tolna wife eila née haggin daughter blanche haggin visited funafuti aboard yacht le tolna.count spent several days photographing men women funafuti.the boreholes funafuti site called darwins drill result drilling conducted royal society london purpose investigating formation coral reefs determine whether traces shallow water organisms could found depth coral pacific atolls.investigation followed work structure distribution coral reefs conducted charles darwin pacific.
Tuvalu	drilling occurred .professor edgeworth david university sydney member funafuti coral reef boring expedition royal society professor william sollas led expedition .photographers trips recorded people communities scenes funafuti.charles hedley naturalist australian museum accompanied expedition stay funafuti collected invertebrate ethnological objects.descriptions published memoir iii australian museum sydney .hedley also wrote general account atoll funafuti ethnology funafuti mollusca funafuti.
Tuvalu	edgar waite also part expedition published mammals reptiles fishes funafuti.william rainbow described spiders insects collected funafuti insect fauna funafuti.harry clifford fassett captains clerk photographer recorded people communities scenes funafuti visit usfc albatross united states fish commission investigating formation coral reefs pacific atolls.colonial administration ellice islands administered british protectorate part british western pacific territories bwpt resident commissioner based gilbert islands.administration bwtp ended gilbert ellice islands colony established existed october .second world war second world war ellice islands informally aligned allies.early war japanese invaded occupied makin tarawa islands kiribati.the united states marine corps landed funafuti october nanumea nukufetau august .funafuti used base prepare subsequent seaborne attacks gilbert islands kiribati occupied japanese forces.the islanders assisted american forces build airfields funafuti nanumea nukufetau unload supplies ships.
Tuvalu	funafuti islanders shifted smaller islets allow american forces build airfield build naval bases port facilities fongafale.naval construction battalion seabees built seaplane ramp lagoon side fongafale islet seaplane operations short longrange seaplanes compacted coral runway also constructed fongafale runways also constructed create nanumea airfield nukufetau airfield.usn patrol torpedo boats pts based funafuti november may .the atolls tuvalu acted staging posts preparation battle tarawa battle makin commenced november part implementation operation galvanic.war military airfield funafuti developed funafuti international airport.postworld war ii – transition independence formation united nations world war ii resulted united nations special committee decolonization committing process decolonisation consequence british colonies pacific started path selfdetermination.in ministerial government introduced gilbert ellice islands colony change constitution.
Tuvalu	year general election held referendum held determine whether gilbert islands ellice islands administration.consequence referendum separation occurred two stages.tuvaluan order took effect october recognised tuvalu separate british dependency government.second stage occurred january separate administrations created civil service gilbert ellice islands colony.elections house assembly british colony tuvalu held august toaripi lauti appointed chief minister house assembly colony tuvalu october .
Tuvalu	house assembly dissolved july government toaripi lauti continuing caretaker government elections held.toaripi lauti became first prime minister october tuvalu became independent nation.– date also celebrated countrys independence day public holiday.tuvalu became fully independent within commonwealth october .september tuvalu became th member united nations.geography environment geography tuvalu volcanic archipelago consists three reef islands nanumanga niutao niulakita six true atolls funafuti nanumea nui nukufetau nukulaelae vaitupu.
Tuvalu	small scattered group lowlying atolls poor soil total land area square kilometres square miles making fourth smallest country world.highest elevation .metres ft sea level niulakita.four decades net increase land area islets .ha .
Tuvalu	although changes uniform increasing decreasing size.sea level funafuti tide gauge risen .mm per year approximately twice global average.report stated rising sea levels identified creating increased transfer wave energy across reef surfaces shifts sand resulting accretion island shorelines.tuvalu prime minister objected reports implication alternate strategies islanders adapt rising sea levels criticised neglecting issues saltwater intrusion groundwater tables result sea level rise.funafuti largest atoll comprises numerous islets around central lagoon approximately .
Tuvalu	kilometres .miles n–s .kilometres .miles centred °e °s.atolls annular reef rim surrounds lagoon seven natural reef channels.
Tuvalu	surveys carried may reef habitats nanumea nukulaelae funafuti total fish species recorded tuvalu marine life study.surveys identified species previously recorded tuvalu brings total number identified species .tuvalus exclusive economic zone eez covers oceanic area approximately km.tuvalu party convention biological diversity.predominant vegetation type islands tuvalu cultivated coconut woodland covers land.native broadleaf forest limited .
Tuvalu	vegetation types.tuvalu contains western polynesian tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion.environmental pressures eastern shoreline funafuti lagoon fongafale modified world war ii airfield funafuti international airport constructed.coral base atoll used fill create runway.resulting borrow pits impacted freshwater aquifer.
Tuvalu	lowlying areas funafuti sea water seen bubbling porous coral rock form pools high tide.tuvalu borrow pits remediation bpr project approved borrow pits would filled sand lagoon leaving tafua pond natural pond.new zealand government funded bpr project.project carried sqm sand dredged lagoon fill holes improve living conditions island.project increased usable land space fongafale eight per cent.during world war ii several piers also constructed fongafale funafuti lagoon beach areas filled deepwater access channels excavated.
Tuvalu	alterations reef shoreline resulted changes wave patterns less sand accumulating form beaches compared former times shoreline exposed wave action.several attempts stabilise shoreline achieved desired effect.the reefs funafuti suffered damage el niño events occurred average staghorn acropora spp.corals becoming bleached consequence increase ocean temperatures.reef restoration project investigated reef restoration techniques researchers japan investigated rebuilding coral reefs introduction foraminifera.project japan international cooperation agency designed increase resilience tuvalu coast sea level rise ecosystem rehabilitation regeneration support sand production.the rising population resulted increased demand fish stocks stress although creation funafuti conservation area provided fishing exclusion area help sustain fish population across funafuti lagoon.
Tuvalu	population pressure resources funafuti inadequate sanitation systems resulted pollution.waste operations services act provides legal framework waste management pollution control projects funded european union directed organic waste composting ecosanitation systems.environment protection litter waste control regulation intended improve management importation nonbiodegradable materials.plastic waste problem tuvalu much imported food commodities supplied plastic containers packaging.climate tuvalu experiences two distinct seasons wet season november april dry season may october.
Tuvalu	westerly gales heavy rain predominant weather conditions october march period known tauolalo tropical temperatures moderated easterly winds april november.tuvalu experiences effects el niño la niña caused changes ocean temperatures equatorial central pacific.el niño effects increase chances tropical storms cyclones la niña effects increase chances drought.typically islands tuvalu receive mm rainfall per month.central pacific ocean experiences changes periods la niña periods el niño.impact climate change lowlying islands lacking surrounding shallow shelf communities tuvalu especially susceptible changes sea level undissipated storms.
Tuvalu	highest tuvalu .metres ft sea level.tuvaluan leaders concerned effects rising sea levels.estimated sea level rise – centimetres – inches next years could make tuvalu uninhabitable.study published estimated change land area tuvalus nine atolls reef islands indicating islands grown area overall increase .
Tuvalu	enele sopoaga prime minister tuvalu responded research stating tuvalu expanding gained additional habitable land.sopoaga also said evacuating islands last resort.whether measurable changes sea level relative islands tuvalu contentious issue.problems associated pre sea level records funafuti resulted improvements recording technology provide reliable data analysis.degree uncertainty estimates sea level change relative islands tuvalu reflected conclusions made available data.uncertainty accuracy data tide gauge resulted modern aquatrak acoustic gauge installed australian national tidal facility ntf part ausaidsponsored south pacific sea level climate monitoring project.
Tuvalu	report pacific climate change science program published australian government concludes sealevel rise near tuvalu measured satellite altimeters since mm .per year.tuvalu adopted national plan action observable transformations last ten fifteen years show tuvaluans changes sea levels.include sea water bubbling porous coral rock form pools high tide flooding lowlying areas including airport spring tides king tides.the major concerns climate change led launching development national adaptation programme action napa.adaptation measures needed decrease amount volume negative effects climate change.napa selected seven adaptation projects different themes.
Tuvalu	‘coastal agricultural water health fisheries two different projects disaster.example ‘target’ one projects like project ‘coastal’ ‘increasing resilience coastal areas settlement climate change’.project ‘water’ ‘adaptation frequent water shortages increasing household water capacity water collection accessories water conservation techniques’ cyclones king tides cyclones low elevation islands make nation vulnerable effects tropical cyclones threat current future sea level rise.warning system uses iridium satellite network introduced allow outlying islands better prepared natural disasters.the highest elevation .metres ft sea level niulakita tuvalu thus secondlowest maximum elevation country maldives.
Tuvalu	highest elevations typically narrow storm dunes ocean side islands prone overtopping tropical cyclones occurred cyclone bebe earlyseason storm passed tuvaluan atolls october .cyclone bebe submerged funafuti eliminating structures island.sources drinking water contaminated result systems storm surge flooding sources fresh water.george westbrook trader funafuti recorded cyclone struck funafuti – december .cyclone struck nukulaelae – march .a cyclone caused severe damage islands .tuvalu experienced average three cyclones per decade however eight occurred s. impact individual cyclones subject variables including force winds also whether cyclone coincides high tides.funafutis tepuka vili vili islet devastated cyclone meli vegetation sand swept away cyclone.
Tuvalu	along tropical depression affected islands days later severe tropical cyclone ofa major impact tuvalu islands reporting damage vegetation crops.cyclone gavin first identified march first three tropical cyclones affect tuvalu – cyclone season cyclones hina keli following later season.in march winds storm surge created cyclone pam resulted waves metres .ft metres ft breaking reef outer islands causing damage houses crops infrastructure.state emergency declared.nui sources fresh water destroyed contaminated.
Tuvalu	flooding nui nukufetau caused many families shelter evacuation centres families.nui suffered damage three central islands nui nukufetau vaitupu nui nukufetau suffering loss crops.three northern islands nanumanga niutao nanumea nanumanga suffered damage houses flooded waves also causing damage health facility.vasafua islet part funafuti conservation area severely damaged cyclone pam.coconut palms washed away leaving islet sand bar.the tuvalu government carried assessments damage caused cyclone pam islands provided medical aid food well assistance cleaningup storm debris.
Tuvalu	government nongovernment organisations provided assistance technical funding material support tuvalu assist recovery including unicef eapro undp asiapacific development information programme ocha world bank dfat new zealand red cross ifrc fiji national university governments new zealand netherlands uae taiwan united states.king tides tuvalu also affected perigean spring tide events raise sea level higher normal high tide.highest peak tide recorded tuvalu meteorological service .metres ft february february .result historical sea level rise king tide events lead flooding lowlying areas compounded sea levels raised la niña effects local storms waves.
Tuvalu	water sanitation rainwater harvesting principal source fresh water tuvalu.nukufetau vaitupu nanumea islands sustainable groundwater supplies.effectiveness rainwater harvesting diminished poor maintenance roofs gutters pipes.aid programmes australia european union directed improving storage capacity funafuti outer islands.reverse osmosis ro desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting funafuti.desalination plant operates real production level around per day.
Tuvalu	ro water intended produced storage falls however demand replenish household storage supplies tankerdelivered water means ro desalination units continually operating.water delivered cost a. per m. cost production delivery estimated per difference subsidised government.in july united nations special rapporteur called tuvalu government develop national water strategy improve access safe drinking water sanitation.tuvalu developed national water resources policy integrated water resource management iwrm project pacific adaptation climate change pacc project sponsored global environment fundsopac.government water planning established target l water per person per day accounting drinking water cleaning community cultural activities.tuvalu working south pacific applied geoscience commission sopac implement composting toilets improve treatment sewage sludge septic tanks fongafale septic tanks leaking freshwater lens subsurface atoll well ocean lagoon.composting toilets reduce water use .
Tuvalu	government parliamentary democracy constitution tuvalu states supreme law tuvalu laws shall interpreted applied subject constitution sets principles bill rights protection fundamental rights freedoms.tuvalu parliamentary democracy commonwealth realm elizabeth ii queen tuvalu.since queen resides united kingdom represented tuvalu governor general appoints upon advice prime minister tuvalu.referenda confirmed monarchy.creation british colony tuvalu independence legislative body tuvalu called house assembly fale fono.following independence october house assembly renamed parliament tuvalu palamene tuvalu.
Tuvalu	place parliament sits called vaiaku maneapa.maneapa island open meeting place chiefs elders deliberate make decisions.the unicameral parliament members elections held every four years.members parliament select prime minister head government speaker parliament.ministers form cabinet appointed governor general advice prime minister.formal political parties election campaigns largely based personalfamily ties reputations.the tuvalu national library archives holds vital documentation cultural social political heritage tuvalu including surviving records colonial administration well tuvalu government archives.tuvalu state party following human rights treaties convention rights child crc convention elimination forms discrimination women cedaw convention rights persons disabilities crpd.
Tuvalu	tuvalu commitments ensuring human rights respected universal periodic review upr sustainable development goals sdgs.the national strategy plan te kete national strategy sustainable development sets development agenda government tuvalu followed te kakeega iii – national strategy sustainable development tk iii.areas development strategic plans include education climate change environment migration urbanisation.the tuvalu national council women acts umbrella organisation nongovernmental womens rights groups throughout country works closely government.legal system eight island courts lands courts appeals relation land disputes made lands courts appeal panel.appeals island courts lands courts appeal panel made magistrates court jurisdiction hear civil cases involving t. superior court high court tuvalu unlimited original jurisdiction determine law tuvalu hear appeals lower courts.rulings high court appealed court appeal tuvalu.
Tuvalu	court appeal right appeal majesty council i.e.privy council london.with regard judiciary first female island court magistrate appointed island court nanumea another nukulaelae early s. female magistrates island courts tuvalu comparison past one woman magistrate served magistrate court tuvalu.the law tuvalu comprises acts voted law parliament tuvalu statutory instruments become law certain acts passed parliament united kingdom time tuvalu either british protectorate british colony common law customary law particularly relation ownership land.land tenure system largely based kaitasi extended family ownership.foreign relations tuvalu participates work pacific community spc member pacific islands forum commonwealth nations united nations.maintained mission united nations new york city since .
Tuvalu	member world bank asian development bank.tuvalu maintains close relations fiji new zealand australia maintained high commission tuvalu since japan south korea taiwan united states america united kingdom european union.diplomatic relations taiwan country maintains one two foreign embassies tuvalu large assistance programme islands.a major international priority tuvalu un earth summit johannesburg south africa international fora promoting concern global warming possible sea level rising.tuvalu advocates ratification implementation kyoto protocol.december islands stalled talks climate change united nations climate change conference copenhagen fearing developing countries committing fully binding deals reduction carbon emissions.chief negotiator stated tuvalu one vulnerable countries world climate change future rests outcome meeting.tuvalu participates alliance small island states aosis coalition small island lowlying coastal countries concerns vulnerability adverse effects global climate change.
Tuvalu	majuro declaration signed september tuvalu made commitment implement power generation renewable energy proposed implemented using solar pv demand biodiesel demand.feasibility wind power generation considered.tuvalu participates operations pacific islands applied geoscience commission sopac secretariat pacific regional environment programme sprep.tuvalu party treaty friendship united states signed soon independence ratified us senate united states renounced prior territorial claims four tuvaluan islands funafuti nukufetau nukulaelae niulakita guano islands act .tuvalu participates operations pacific island forum fisheries agency ffa western central pacific fisheries commission wcpfc.tuvaluan government us government governments pacific islands parties south pacific tuna treaty sptt entered force .tuvalu also member nauru agreement addresses management tuna purse seine fishing tropical western pacific.
Tuvalu	united states pacific islands countries negotiated multilateral fisheries treaty encompasses south pacific tuna treaty confirm access fisheries western central pacific us tuna boats.tuvalu members pacific island forum fisheries agency ffa united states settled tuna fishing deal longerterm deal negotiated.treaty extension nauru agreement provides us flagged purse seine vessels fish days region return payment us million made tuna fishing industry usgovernment contributions.tuvalu refused sell fishing days certain nations fleets blocked tuvaluan initiatives develop sustain fishery.minister natural resources drew attention article wcpf convention describes collective obligation members consider disproportionate burden management measures might place smallisland developing states.in july tuvalu signed memorandum understanding mou establish pacific regional trade development facility facility originated context negotiations economic partnership agreement epa pacific acp states european union.
Tuvalu	rationale creation facility improve delivery aid pacific island countries support aidfortrade aft requirements.pacific acp states countries pacific signatories cotonou agreement european union.may first enhanced high level political dialogue tuvalu european union cotonou agreement held funafuti.on february tuvalu signed pacific islands development forum charter formally joined pacific islands development forum pidf.june tuvalu signed pacific agreement closer economic relations pacer.defence law enforcement tuvalu regular military forces spends money military.
Tuvalu	national police force tuvalu police force headquartered funafuti includes maritime surveillance unit customs prisons immigration.police officers wear britishstyle uniforms.from tuvalu policed kilometre exclusive economic zone pacificclass patrol boat hmtss te mataili provided australia.australia gifted guardianclass patrol boat replacement.named hmtss te mataili ii meant use maritime surveillance fishery patrol searchandrescue missions.hmtss stands hisher majestys tuvaluan state ship hisher majestys tuvalu surveillance ship.male homosexuality illegal tuvalu.crime tuvalu significant social problem due effective criminal justice system also due influence falekaupule traditional assembly elders island central role religious institutions tuvaluan community.
Tuvalu	administrative divisions tuvalu consists six atolls three reef islands.smallest niulakita administered part niutao.each island highchief ulualiki several subchiefs alikis.community council falekaupule traditional assembly elders te sina fenua literally greyhairs land.past another caste priests tofuga also amongst decisionmakers.ulualiki aliki exercise informal authority local level.
Tuvalu	ulualiki always chosen based ancestry.falekaupule act powers functions falekaupule shared pule kaupule elected village presidents one atoll.local government districts consisting one isletfunafutinanumeanuinukufetaunukulaelaevaitupulocal government districts consisting one islandnanumanganiulakitaniutaotuvalu iso codes defined one town council funafuti seven island councils.niulakita island council listed administered part niutao.society demographics population census population census .recent evaluation puts population .
Tuvalu	population tuvalu primarily polynesian ethnicity approximately .population micronesians speaking gilbertese especially nui.life expectancy women tuvalu .years .years men est.. countrys population growth rate .est.. net migration rate estimated −.
Tuvalu	migrants population est.. threat global warming tuvalu yet dominant motivation migration tuvaluans appear prefer continue living islands reasons lifestyle culture identity.from number tuvaluans vaitupu migrated kioa island fiji.settlers tuvalu granted fijian citizenship .recent years new zealand australia primary destinations migration seasonal work.in attention drawn appeal new zealand immigration protection tribunal deportation tuvaluan family basis climate change refugees would suffer hardship resulting environmental degradation tuvalu.however subsequent grant residence permits family made grounds unrelated refugee claim.family successful appeal relevant immigration legislation exceptional circumstances humanitarian nature justified grant resident permits family integrated new zealand society sizeable extended family effectively relocated new zealand.
Tuvalu	indeed claim kiribati man climate change refugee convention relating status refugees determined new zealand high court untenable persecution serious harm related five stipulated refugee convention grounds.permanent migration australia new zealand family reunification requires compliance immigration legislation countries.new zealand annual quota tuvaluans granted work permits pacific access category announced .applicants register pacific access category pac ballots primary criterion principal applicant must job offer new zealand employer.tuvaluans also access seasonal employment horticulture viticulture industries new zealand recognised seasonal employer rse work policy introduced allowing employment workers tuvalu pacific islands.tuvaluans participate australian pacific seasonal worker program allows pacific islanders obtain seasonal employment australian agriculture industry particular cotton cane operations fishing industry particular aquaculture accommodation providers tourism industry.
Tuvalu	languages tuvaluan language english national languages tuvalu.tuvaluan ellicean group polynesian languages distantly related polynesian languages hawaiian māori tahitian rapa nui samoan tongan.closely related languages spoken polynesian outliers micronesia northern central melanesia.tuvaluan language borrowed samoan language consequence christian missionaries late th early th centuries predominantly samoan.the tuvaluan language spoken virtually everyone micronesian language similar gilbertese spoken nui.english also official language spoken daily use.
Tuvalu	parliament official functions conducted tuvaluan language.there tuvaluan speakers worldwide.radio tuvalu transmits tuvaluanlanguage programming.religion congregational christian church tuvalu part calvinist tradition state church tuvalu although practice merely entitles privilege performing special services major national events.adherents comprise census inhabitants archipelago.constitution tuvalu guarantees freedom religion including freedom practice freedom change religion right receive religious instruction school attend religious ceremonies school right take oath make affirmation contrary religion belief.other christian groups include catholic community served mission sui iuris funafuti seventhday adventist .
Tuvalu	population.according estimates tuvalu brethren church members i.e..population.the baháʼí faith largest minority religion largest nonchristian religion tuvalu.constitutes .
Tuvalu	population.baháʼís majority nanumea island tuvalu.ahmadiyya muslim community consists members .population.the introduction christianity ended worship ancestral spirits deities animism along power vakaatua priests old religions.laumua kofe describes objects worship varying island island although ancestor worship described rev.
Tuvalu	d.j.whitmee common practice.health princess margaret hospital funafuti hospital tuvalu primary provider medical services.headed national health advisor daniel wilson funafuti.since late th century biggest health problems tuvalu obesityrelated.leading cause death heart disease closely followed diabetes high blood pressure.
Tuvalu	majority deaths resulted cardiac diseases diabetes mellitus hypertension obesity cerebralvascular disease among causes death.education education tuvalu free compulsory ages years.island primary school.motufoua secondary school located vaitupu.students board school school term returning home islands school vacation.
Tuvalu	fetuvalu secondary school day school operated church tuvalu funafuti.fetuvalu offers cambridge syllabus.motufoua offers fiji junior certificate fjc year tuvaluan certificate year pacific senior secondary certificate pssc year set spbea fijibased exam board.sixth form students pass pssc go augmented foundation programme funded tuvalu government.program required tertiary education programmes outside tuvalu available university south pacific usp extension centre funafuti.required attendance school years males years females .adult literacy rate .
Tuvalu	.students taught teachers certified uncertified.teacherpupil ratio primary schools tuvalu around schools exception nauti school ratio .nauti school funafuti largest primary school tuvalu students per cent total primary school enrolment.pupilteacher ratio tuvalu low compared entire pacific region ratio .community training centres ctcs established within primary schools atoll.
Tuvalu	provide vocational training students progress beyond class failed entry qualifications secondary education.ctcs offer training basic carpentry gardening farming sewing cooking.end studies graduates apply continue studies either motufoua secondary school tuvalu maritime training institute tmti.adults also attend courses ctcs.four tertiary institutions offer technical vocational courses tuvalu maritime training institute tmti tuvalu atoll science technology training institute tastii australian pacific training coalition aptc university south pacific usp extension centre.the tuvaluan employment ordinance sets minimum age paid employment years prohibits children age performing hazardous work.culture architecture traditional buildings tuvalu used plants trees native broadleaf forest including timber pouka hernandia peltata ngia ingia bush pemphis acidula miro thespesia populnea tonga rhizophora mucronata fau fo fafini womans fibre tree hibiscus tiliaceus.
Tuvalu	fibre coconut ferra native fig ficus aspem fala screw pine pandanus.buildings constructed without nails lashed together plaited sennit rope handmade dried coconut fibre.following contact europeans iron products used including nails corrugated roofing material.modern building tuvalu constructed imported building materials including imported timber concrete.church community buildings maneapa usually coated white paint known lase made burning large amount dead coral firewood.whitish powder result mixed water painted buildings.art tuvalu women tuvalu use cowrie shells traditional handicrafts.
Tuvalu	artistic traditions tuvalu traditionally expressed design clothing traditional handicrafts decoration mats fans.crochet kolose one art forms practised tuvaluan women.design womens skirts titi tops teuga saka headbands armbands wristbands continue used performances traditional dance songs tuvalu represents contemporary tuvaluan art design.material culture tuvalu uses traditional design elements artefacts used everyday life design canoes fish hooks made traditional materials.in exhibition held funafuti art tuvalu works addressed climate change eyes artists display kope ote olaga possessions life display various artefacts tuvalu culture.dance music traditional music tuvalu consists number dances including fakaseasea fakanau fatele.
Tuvalu	fatele modern form performed community events celebrate leaders prominent individuals visit duke duchess cambridge september .tuvaluan style described musical microcosm polynesia contemporary older styles coexist.cuisine cuisine tuvalu based staple coconut many species fish found ocean lagoons atolls.desserts made islands include coconut coconut milk rather animal milk.traditional foods eaten tuvalu pulaka taro bananas breadfruit coconut.
Tuvalu	tuvaluans also eat seafood including coconut crab fish lagoon ocean.another traditional food source seabirds taketake black noddy akiaki white tern pork eaten mostly fateles parties dancing celebrate events.pulaka main source carbohydrates.seafood provides protein.bananas breadfruit supplemental crops.coconut used juice make beverages toddy improve taste dishes.a squaremetre pond built vaitupu sustain aquaculture tuvalu.flying fish also caught source food exciting activity using boat butterfly net spotlight attract flying fish.
Tuvalu	heritage traditional community system still survives large extent tuvalu.family task salanga perform community fishing house building defence.skills family passed parents children.most islands fusi communityowned shops similar convenience stores canned foods bags rice purchased.goods cheaper fusis give better prices produce.another important building falekaupule maneapa traditional island meeting hall important matters discussed also used wedding celebrations community activities fatele involving music singing dancing.falekaupule also used name council elders – traditional decisionmaking body island.
Tuvalu	falekaupule act falekaupule means traditional assembly island...composed accordance aganu island.aganu means traditional customs culture.tuvalu museums however creation tuvalu national cultural centre museum part governments strategic plan –.traditional singleoutrigger canoe paopao samoan language meaning small fishingcanoe made single log traditional singleoutrigger canoe tuvalu largest could carry four six adults.variations singleoutrigger canoes developed vaitupu nanumea reeftype paddled canoes designed carrying reef paddled rather sailed.outrigger canoes nui constructed indirect type outrigger attachment hull doubleended distinct bow stern.
Tuvalu	canoes designed sailed nui lagoon.booms outrigger longer found designs canoes islands.made nui canoe stable used sail designs.sport leisure traditional sport played tuvalu kilikiti similar cricket.popular sport specific tuvalu te ano ball played two round balls cm diameter.
Tuvalu	te ano traditional game similar volleyball two hard balls made pandanus leaves volleyed great speed team members trying stop ball hitting ground.traditional sports late th century foot racing lance throwing quarterstaff fencing wrestling although christian missionaries disapproved activities.the popular sports tuvalu include kilikiti te ano association football futsal volleyball handball basketball rugby union.tuvalu sports organisations athletics badminton tennis table tennis volleyball football basketball rugby union weightlifting powerlifting.pacific mini games tuau lapua lapua tuvalus first gold medal international competition weightlifting kilogram male snatch.also bronze clean jerk obtained silver medal overall combined event.
Tuvalu	telupe iosefa received first gold medal tuvalu pacific games powerlifting kg male division.football tuvalu played club national team level.tuvalu national football team trains tuvalu sports ground funafuti competes pacific games.tuvalu national football association associate member oceania football confederation ofc seeking membership fifa.tuvalu national futsal team participates oceanian futsal championship.a major sporting event independence day sports festival held annually october.important sports event within country arguably tuvalu games held yearly since .
Tuvalu	tuvalu first participated pacific games commonwealth games weightlifter attended games held kuala lumpur malaysia.two table tennis players attended commonwealth games manchester england tuvalu entered competitors shooting table tennis weightlifting commonwealth games melbourne australia three athletes participated commonwealth games delhi india entering discus shot put weightlifting events team weightlifters table tennis players attended commonwealth games glasgow.tuvaluan athletes also participated mens womens metres sprint world championships athletics .the tuvalu association sports national olympic committee tasnoc recognised national olympic committee july .tuvalu entered olympic games first time summer games beijing china weightlifter two athletes mens womens metres sprint.team athletes events represented tuvalu summer olympics.
Tuvalu	etimoni timuani sole representative tuvalu summer olympics event.karalo maibuca matie stanley represented tuvalu summer olympics events.economy government services economy tuvalu one bestperforming pacific island economies achieved average real gross domestic product gdp growth rate .per annum.economic growth slowed gdp growth .
Tuvalu	.tuvalu exposed rapid rises world prices fuel food level inflation peaking .. tuvalu smallest gdp sovereign nation world.tuvalu joined international monetary fund imf june .imp report tuvalu estimates tuvalu experienced zero growth gdp economy contracted .august executive board imf concluded article iv consultation tuvalu assessed economy tuvalu slow recovery underway tuvalu important risks.gdp grew first time since global financial crisis led private retail sector education spending.
Tuvalu	expect growth rise slowly.imf country report noted real gdp growth tuvalu volatile averaging per cent past decade.country report describes economic growth prospects generally positive result large revenues fishing licences together substantial foreign aid.august executive board imf concluded article iv consultation tuvalu assessed economy tuvalu grown compared ..
Tuvalu	inflation.imf report concluded inflow covid related grants high tuna fish licence fees allowed tuvuluan government maintain government spending – budget.imf report projects tuvalus gdp increasing ..inflation projected increase .
Tuvalu	..the government primary provider medical services princess margaret hospital funafuti operates health clinics islands.banking services provided national bank tuvalu.public sector workers make formally employed.remittances tuvaluans living australia new zealand remittances tuvaluan sailors employed overseas ships important sources income tuvaluans.
Tuvalu	approximately adult males work seamen foreignflagged merchant ships.agriculture tuvalu focused coconut trees growing pulaka large pits composted soil water table.tuvaluans otherwise involved traditional subsistence agriculture fishing.tuvaluans well known seafaring skills tuvalu maritime training institute amatuku motu island funafuti providing training approximately marine cadets year skills necessary employment seafarers merchant shipping.tuvalu overseas seamens union tosu registered trade union tuvalu.represents workers foreign ships.
Tuvalu	asian development bank adb estimates tuvaluan men trained certified active seafarers.adb estimates one time adult male population works abroad seafarers.job opportunities also exist observers tuna boats role monitor compliance boats tuna fishing licence.government revenues largely come sales fishing licences income tuvalu trust fund lease .tv internet top level domain tld.tuvalu began deriving revenue commercialisation .tv internet domain name managed verisign .tuvalu also generates income postage stamps tuvalu philatelic bureau tuvalu ship registry.the tuvalu trust fund established united kingdom australia new zealand.
Tuvalu	value tuvalu trust fund approximately million.financial support tuvalu also provided japan south korea european union.australia new zealand continue contribute capital tuvalu trust fund provide forms development assistance.the us government also major revenue source tuvalu.payment south pacific tuna treaty sptt million value increasing following years.may representatives united states pacific islands countries agreed sign interim arrangement documents extend multilateral fisheries treaty encompasses south pacific tuna treaty months.the united nations designates tuvalu least developed country ldc limited potential economic development absence exploitable resources small size vulnerability external economic environmental shocks.
Tuvalu	tuvalu participates enhanced integrated framework traderelated technical assistance least developed countries eif established october auspices world trade organisation.tuvalu deferred graduation least developed country ldc status developing country .prime minister enele sopoaga said deferral necessary maintain access tuvalu funds provided united nationss national adaptation programme action napa tuvalu graduates developed country considered funding assistance climate change adaptation programmes like napa goes ldcs.tuvalu met targets tuvalu graduate ldc status.prime minister enele sopoaga wants united nations reconsider criteria graduation ldc status enough weight given environmental plight small island states like tuvalu application environmental vulnerability index evi.
Tuvalu	tourism due countrys remoteness tourism significant.visitors totalled business development officials technical consultants tourists people expatriates returning visit family.number visitors increased .the main island funafuti focus travellers since airport tuvalu funafuti international airport funafuti island hotel facilities.however tour guides tour operators organised activities cruise ships visit.ecotourism motivation travellers tuvalu.
Tuvalu	funafuti conservation area consists .square miles .square kilometres ocean reef lagoon channel six uninhabited islets.the outer atolls visited two passengercargo ships nivaga iii manú folau provide roundtrip visits outer islands every three four weeks.guesthouse accommodation many outer islands.telecommunications media tuvalu media department government tuvalu operates radio tuvalu broadcasts funafuti.
Tuvalu	japanese government provided financial support construct new broadcast studio.installation upgraded transmission equipment allows radio tuvalu heard nine islands tuvalu.new radio transmitter funafuti replaced fm radio service outer islands freed satellite bandwidth mobile services.fenui – news tuvalu free digital publication tuvalu media department emailed subscribers operates facebook page publishes news government activities news tuvaluan events.on september first private newspaper operate country – tuvalu paradise news – launched.chief executive officer owner kmt news corporation publisher editor print newspaper website rev.
Tuvalu	dr. kitiona tausi.the tuvalu telecommunications corporation ttc stateowned enterprise provides fixed line telephone communications subscribers island mobile phone services funafuti vaitupu nukulaelae distributor fiji television service sky pacific satellite television service.communications tuvalu rely satellite dishes telephone internet access.available bandwidth kbits uplink .mbits downlink.throughout tuvalu subscribers want use satellite service demand slowing speed system.transport limited transport services tuvalu.
Tuvalu	eight kilometres miles roads.streets funafuti paved mid roads unpaved.tuvalu railroads.funafuti port deepwater berth lagoon nukufetau.merchant marine fleet consists two passengercargo ships nivaga iii manu folau.nivaga iii manu folau provide roundtrip visits outer islands every three four weeks travel suva fiji funafuti three four times year.
Tuvalu	manu folau metre vessel gift japan people tuvalu.in nivaga iii donated government japan replaced nivaga ii service tuvalu .in government tuvalu purchased landing barge intended transport dangerous goods building material capital outer islands.barge named moeiteava.government taiwan provided financial assistance.the tuvalu fisheries department operates two vessels carrying activities within countrys exclusive economic zone eez outer islands.metre manaui metre talamoana.vessels used fisheries research deploying fish aggregating devices fads visiting outer islands monitoring consultations including implement tuvalus national adaptation programme action napa address climate change.
Tuvalu	manaui procured japan international cooperation agency jica nearing end life.united nations development program undp provided assistance acquire talamoana also used monitoring control surveillance mcs patrols.the international airport tuvalu funafuti international airport.tarred strip.fiji airways owner fiji airlines trading fiji link operates services three times week tuesday thursday saturday suva originating nadi funafuti atr – seat plane.air kiribati service provides one flight week funafuti tarawa wednesday.
Tuvalu	service uses bombardier dash series aircraft capacity take passengers.government tuvalu plan introduce domestic airservices outer islands.project involves constructing runways concluding leases land paying tree compensation landowners.nanumea people agreed use airfield constructed world war ii american marines.filmography bibliography filmography bibliography see also outline tuvalu references .
Serviceability (computer)	tuvalu population httpsdatacommons.orgplaceutmmediumexploredcidcountrytuvmpropcountpoptpersonhlen reading biodiversityculture customs traditionshistorylanguagemusic dance external links te kakeega iii – national strategy sustainable development –te kete – national strategy sustainable development –tuvalu ucb libraries govpubstuvalu curlietuvalu profile bbc newstuvaluparadise.tv websitetuvalu.world factbook.central intelligence agency.wikimedia atlas tuvalurefers ability technical support personnel install configure monitor computer products identify exceptions faults debug isolate faults root cause analysis provide hardware software maintenance pursuit solving problem restoring product service.incorporating serviceability facilitating features typically results efficient product maintenance reduces operational costs maintains business continuity.examples features facilitate serviceability includehelp desk notification exceptional events e.g.electronic mail sending text pagernetwork monitoringdocumentationevent logging tracing softwarelogging program state asexecution path andor local global variablesprocedure entry exit optionally incoming return variable values see subroutineexception block entry optionally local state see exception handlingsoftware upgradegraceful degradation product designed allow recovery exceptional events without intervention technical support staffhardware replacement upgrade planning product designed allow efficient hardware upgrades minimal computer system downtime e.g.hotswap components.serviceability engineering may also incorporate routine system maintenance related features see operations administration maintenance oam.a service tool defined facility feature closely tied product provides capabilities data service analyze monitor debug repair etc.
Serviceability (computer)	product.service tools provide broad ranges capabilities.regarding diagnosis proposed taxonomy service tools followslevel service tool indicates product functional functional.describing computer servers states often referred ‘up’ ‘down’.binary value.level service tool provides detailed diagnostic data.
Serviceability (computer)	often diagnostic data referred problem ‘signature’ representation key values system environment running program name etc.level data used compare one problem’s signature another problem’s signature ability match new problem old one allows one use solution already created prior problem.ability screen problems valuable problem match preexisting problem sufficient debug new problem.level provides detailed diagnostic data sufficient debug new unique problem.as rough rule thumb taxonomies multiple ‘orders magnitude’ diagnostic data level vs. level vs. level service tools.additional characteristics capabilities observed service toolstime data collection tools collect data immediately soon problem occurs others delayed collecting data.preanalyzed notyetanalyzed data tools collect ‘external’ data others collect ‘internal’ data.seen comparing system messages natural languagelike statements user’s native language vs. ‘binary’ storage dumps.partial full set system state data tools collect complete system state vs. partial system state user partial ‘binary’ storage dump vs. complete system dump.raw analyzed data tools display raw data others analyze examples storage dump formatters format data vs. ‘intelligent’ data formatters “analyze” common verb combine product knowledge analysis state variables indicate ‘meaning’ data.programmable tools vs. ‘fixed function’ tools.
Serviceability (computer)	tools altered get varying amounts data varying times.tools fixed function.automatic manual tools built product automatically collect data fault failure occurs.tools specifically invoked start data collection process.repair nonrepair tools collect data forerunner automatic repair process selfhealingfault tolerant.tools challenge quickly obtaining unaltered data desired repair process starts.see also furpsmaintainability external links excellent example serviceability feature requirementssun gathering debug data sun gdd.
Serviceability (computer)	set tools developed suns support guys aimed provide right approach problem resolution leveraging proactive actions best practices gather debug data needed analysis.carrier grade linux serviceability requirements definition version copyright c open source development labs inc. beaverton usarefers ability technical support personnel install configure monitor computer products identify exceptions faults debug isolate faults root cause analysis provide hardware software maintenance pursuit solving problem restoring product service.incorporating serviceability facilitating features typically results efficient product maintenance reduces operational costs maintains business continuity.examples features facilitate serviceability includehelp desk notification exceptional events e.g.electronic mail sending text pagernetwork monitoringdocumentationevent logging tracing softwarelogging program state asexecution path andor local global variablesprocedure entry exit optionally incoming return variable values see subroutineexception block entry optionally local state see exception handlingsoftware upgradegraceful degradation product designed allow recovery exceptional events without intervention technical support staffhardware replacement upgrade planning product designed allow efficient hardware upgrades minimal computer system downtime e.g.hotswap components.serviceability engineering may also incorporate routine system maintenance related features see operations administration maintenance oam.a service tool defined facility feature closely tied product provides capabilities data service analyze monitor debug repair etc.
Serviceability (computer)	product.service tools provide broad ranges capabilities.regarding diagnosis proposed taxonomy service tools followslevel service tool indicates product functional functional.describing computer servers states often referred ‘up’ ‘down’.binary value.level service tool provides detailed diagnostic data.
Serviceability (computer)	often diagnostic data referred problem ‘signature’ representation key values system environment running program name etc.level data used compare one problem’s signature another problem’s signature ability match new problem old one allows one use solution already created prior problem.ability screen problems valuable problem match preexisting problem sufficient debug new problem.level provides detailed diagnostic data sufficient debug new unique problem.as rough rule thumb taxonomies multiple ‘orders magnitude’ diagnostic data level vs. level vs. level service tools.additional characteristics capabilities observed service toolstime data collection tools collect data immediately soon problem occurs others delayed collecting data.preanalyzed notyetanalyzed data tools collect ‘external’ data others collect ‘internal’ data.seen comparing system messages natural languagelike statements user’s native language vs. ‘binary’ storage dumps.partial full set system state data tools collect complete system state vs. partial system state user partial ‘binary’ storage dump vs. complete system dump.raw analyzed data tools display raw data others analyze examples storage dump formatters format data vs. ‘intelligent’ data formatters “analyze” common verb combine product knowledge analysis state variables indicate ‘meaning’ data.programmable tools vs. ‘fixed function’ tools.
Serviceability (computer)	tools altered get varying amounts data varying times.tools fixed function.automatic manual tools built product automatically collect data fault failure occurs.tools specifically invoked start data collection process.repair nonrepair tools collect data forerunner automatic repair process selfhealingfault tolerant.tools challenge quickly obtaining unaltered data desired repair process starts.see also furpsmaintainability external links excellent example serviceability feature requirementssun gathering debug data sun gdd.
Virtual Storage Platform	set tools developed suns support guys aimed provide right approach problem resolution leveraging proactive actions best practices gather debug data needed analysis.carrier grade linux serviceability requirements definition version copyright c open source development labs inc. beaverton usamodel numbers include g g g g g g g history hitachi virtual storage platform also known vsp first introduced september .storage platform builds design universal storage platform v originally released .architecture heart system histar enetwork network crossbar switch matrix.storage platform made different technologies usp usp v. connectivity backend disks via gbits sas links instead gbits fibre channel loop.internal processors intel multicore processors addition .inch drives support added .
Virtual Storage Platform	inch smallform factor hdds.vsp supports ssd sas sata drives.features includedthe ability growth three waysscale meet increasing demands dynamically adding processors connectivity capacity single unit.enables tuning configuration optimal performance open systems mainframe environments.scale meet demands dynamically combining multiple units single logical system shared resources.support increased needs virtualized server environments ensure safe multitenancy quality service partitioning cache ports.scale deep extend functions hitachi virtual storage platform multivendor storage virtualization.offload lesscritical data external tiers order optimize availability tier one resources.supports automated storage tiering known dynamic tiering automate movement data tiers optimize performance.front back cooling airflow efficient coolingimproved capacity per square foot lower power consumption compared usp v.enables virtualization external san storage hitachi vendors one poolsupports online local distance replication migration data nondisruptively internally heterogeneous storage without interrupting application io use products tiered storage manager shadowimage truecopy universal replicator.single image global cache accessible across virtual storage directors maximum performance.automated widestriping data allows pool balancing lets volume grow shrink dynamically.the system scale one six inch rack cabinets.
Virtual Storage Platform	hold maximum sas highdensity .inch drives .petabytes capacity .inch sata drives maximum capacity .petabytes.supports thin provisioning storage reclamation internal external virtual storageprovides encryption worm data shredding services data resilience business continuity services content management services.delivering enterprise demands realtime customer engagement requires fast storage array.requires endtoend approach data management leverages storage operating system flash media deliver low latency performance even data levels grow exponentially.current allflash arrays afas rely performance management handled array controller along operations data reduction.
Virtual Storage Platform	data levels increase cause controller bottlenecks sporadic response times poor customer experience.offset issue organizations forced make tradeoffs number workloads amount data store individual afa.decisions result need deploy support systems raising costs increasing management complexity.hitachi understands enhanced hitachi storage virtualization operating system rf svos rf powers awardwinning hitachi virtual storage platforms vsp.storage virtualization operating system integrated hitachi accelerated flash haf fundamentally changes paradigm.
Virtual Storage Platform	organizations engage customers faster simplify storage operations leverage cloud superior return investment.haf powered flash optimizations svos rf unique solidstate hardware design.approach eliminates performance tradeoffs answers demands intelligent high performance predictable submillisecond response time improved data center efficiency.flash patents svos rf optimizations engineered accelerate io path access flash devices.result complete “flashaccelerated” refresh operating system delivers significantly improved io processing higher multithreading support faster internal data movement.
Virtual Storage Platform	also reduces response times considerably.svos rf organizations benefit flashaware io stack accelerates data access.leading storage virtualization consolidates investments.bestinclass business continuity prevents outages.adaptive data reduction services reduce storage needs.direct connect cloud assures predictable ongoing costs.fmd disk technology fastest disk technology nvme technology came along.nvme technology provides much faster reliable experience.addition predicted disk technology world nvme .running hitachi vsp family systems haf enables submillisecond delivery petabyte scale.purpose white paper take close look hitachi accelerated flash.
Virtual Storage Platform	discussion focuses uniqueness solution.considers technologies meet increasing challenges large small enterprises focus management challenges highvelocity data.specifications virtual storage platform specifications wereframes inch racks integrated control chassisdisk chassis frame optional disk chassis frameshistare network number grid switches pair aggregate bandwidth gbsec aggregate iops cache memorynumber data cache adapters dca module capacity gbmaximum cache memory gbcontrol memorynumber control memory modules module capacity gbmaximum control memory gbfront end directors connectivitynumber directors fibre channel host ports per director fibre channel port performance gbitsmaximum fibre channel host ports virtual host ports per physical portmaximum ibm ficon host ports maximum ibm fcoe host ports logical devices luns — maximum supportedopen systems ibm zos diskstype flash gb .gb .type sas gb .type sata ii tbnumber disks per system max ..
Virtual Storage Platform	number spare disks per system minmax maximum internal raw capacity tb disks .pbraid supportmaximum internal external capacity pbmax.usable internal capacity raid dpopenv .tbzos .tbmax.usable internal capacity raid dpopenv tbzos .tbmax.usable internal capacity raid ddopenv .tbzos .tbvirtual storage machines maxback end directors operating system supportmainframeibm zos zos.e os zvm vmesa zvse vseesa mvsxa mvsesa tpf linux ibm zseriesopen systemshp hpux tru unix open vmsibm aixmicrosoft windows server novell netware suse linuxred hat enterprise linuxoracle solarisvmware esx server storage management hitachi command suite formerly hitachi storage command suite delivers management along three dimensions support system companys systems.management simplifies operations lowers costs along three distinct dimensionsmanage scale largest infrastructure deploymentsmanage breadth manage storage servers infrastructuremanage deep integration required manage multivendor resources today’s complex data centerscommand suite provides integrated storage resource management tiered storage business continuity software solutions allowing customers align storage application requirements based upon metrics including qualityofservice service level objectives recovery time objectives recovery point objectives.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	hitachi command suite employs use casedriven stepbystep wizardbased approach allows administrators perform tasks new volume provisioning configuration external storage creationexpansion storage pools easily fly.hitachi command suite composed following softwareproductshitachi basic operating systemhitachi dynamic provisioninghitachi device managerhitachi dynamic link manager advancedhitachi basic operating system vhitachi universal volume managerhitachi dynamic tieringhitachi command directorhitachi storage capacity reporter powered aptarehitachi tiered storage managerhitachi tuning managerhitachi virtual server reporter powered aptarehitachi command suite also supports management interfaces snmp smis.referencescovering area km sq mi sfry bordered adriatic sea italy west austria hungary north bulgaria romania east albania greece south.oneparty socialist state federation governed league communists yugoslavia made six socialist republics—bosnia herzegovina croatia macedonia montenegro serbia slovenia—with belgrade capital also included two autonomous provinces within serbia kosovo vojvodina.the sfry traces origins november antifascist council national liberation yugoslavia formed world war ii resist axis occupation kingdom yugoslavia.following countrys liberation king peter ii deposed monarchy ended november federal peoples republic yugoslavia proclaimed.led josip broz tito new communist government sided eastern bloc beginning cold war pursued policy neutrality following tito–stalin split became one founding members nonaligned movement transitioned command economy marketbased socialism.following death tito may yugoslav economy started collapse increased unemployment inflation.economic crisis led rising ethnic nationalism political dissidence late early s. fall communism eastern europe efforts transition confederation also failed two wealthiest republics croatia slovenia seceded gained international recognition .
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	federation dissolved along borders federated republics hastened start yugoslav wars federation formally broke april .two republics serbia montenegro remained within reconstituted state known federal republic yugoslavia fr yugoslavia state recognized internationally official successor state sfr yugoslavia.former yugoslavia commonly used retrospectively.name name yugoslavia anglicised transcription jugoslavija composite word made jug yug j pronounced like english slavija.slavic word jug means south slavija slavia denotes land slavs.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	thus translation jugoslavija would southslavia land south slavs.full official name federation varied significantly .yugoslavia formed name kingdom serbs croats slovenes.january king alexander assumed dictatorship kingdom renamed kingdom yugoslavia first time making term yugoslavia—which used colloquially decades even country formed—the official name state.kingdom occupied axis world war ii antifascist council national liberation yugoslavia avnoj announced formation democratic federal yugoslavia df yugoslavia dfy substantial resistancecontrolled areas country.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	name deliberately left republicorkingdom question open.king peter ii officially deposed state reorganized republic accordingly renamed federal peoples republic yugoslavia fpr yugoslavia fpry constitution coming force .amid pervasive liberal constitutional reforms name socialist federal republic yugoslavia introduced.state commonly referred latter name held longest period all.three main yugoslav languages serbocroatian macedonian name state identical slovene slightly differed capitalization spelling adjective socialist.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	names followsserbocroatian macedonianlatin socijalistička federativna republika jugoslavijacyrillic социјалистичка федеративна република југославијаserbocroatian pronunciation sot͡sijalǐstit͡ʃkaː fêderatiːʋnaː repǔblika juɡǒslaːʋijamacedonian pronunciation sɔt͡sijaˈlistit͡ʃka fɛdɛraˈtivna rɛˈpublika juɡɔˈsɫavijaslovenesocialistična federativna republika jugoslavija sɔtsijaˈlìːstitʃna fɛdɛraˈtíːwna rɛˈpùːblika juɡɔˈslàːʋijadue length name abbreviations often used refer socialist federal republic yugoslavia though state commonly known simply yugoslavia.common abbreviation sfry though sfr yugoslavia also used official capacity particularly media.history world war ii april yugoslavia invaded axis powers led nazi germany april country fully occupied soon carved axis.yugoslav resistance soon established two forms royal yugoslav army homeland communist yugoslav partisans.partisan supreme commander josip broz tito command movement soon began establishing liberated territories attracted attention occupying forces.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	unlike various nationalist militias operating occupied yugoslavia partisans panyugoslav movement promoting brotherhood unity yugoslav nations representing republican leftwing socialist elements yugoslav political spectrum.coalition political parties factions prominent individuals behind movement peoples liberation front jedinstveni narodnooslobodilački front jnof led communist party yugoslavia kpj.front formed representative political body antifascist council peoples liberation yugoslavia avnoj antifašističko veće narodnog oslobođenja jugoslavije.avnoj met first time partisanliberated bihać november first session avnoj claimed status yugoslavias deliberative assembly parliament.yugoslav partisans began attracting serious attention germans.

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