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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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initially played outdoors—on concrete clay surfaces—and contested early spring mid autumn within calendar year due weather constraints league games began played indoors october despite country still lacking appropriate infrastructure.initially played makeshift fair halls industrial warehouses club basketball yugoslavia experienced significant organizational upgrade following fiba world championship win countrys communist authorities authorizing construction dozens indoor sporting arenas around country many clubs found permanent homes.yugoslav clubs european champions cup continents premiere basketball club competition seven occasions—kk bosna kk cibona jugoplastika split kk partizan .notable players included radivoj korać ivo daneu krešimir ćosić zoran slavnić dražen dalipagić dragan kićanović mirza delibašić dražen petrović vlade divac dino rađa toni kukoč žarko paspalj.water polo water polo another sport strong heritage era predates creation communist yugoslavia.throughout early yugoslav national team always contender never quite managed make final step.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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olympics generation led mirko sandić ozren bonačić finally got gold beating soviet union extra time.country two olympic golds – .also two world championship titles – latter coming without croatian players time already left national team.finally team one european championship title failing previous years always finished second third.early golden age yugoslav water polo players igor milanović perica bukić veselin đuho deni lušić dubravko šimenc milorad krivokapić aleksandar šoštar etc.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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established best world.handball yugoslavia two olympic gold medals – munich handball returned olympic sport following year absence los angeles.country also world championships title .sfr yugoslavia never got compete european championship competition got established .veselin vujović voted world player year first time vote held ihf.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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notable players years included abaz arslanagić zoran tuta živković branislav pokrajac zlatan arnautović mirko bašić jovica elezović mile isaković etc.womens side game also yielded notable results – womens team olympic gold also world championship .like veselin vujović mens side svetlana kitić voted world player year year.great enthusiasm yugoslavia sarajevo selected site winter olympic games.individual sports fprsfr yugoslavia also managed produce multitude successful athletes individual disciplines.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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tennis always popular wellfollowed sport country.still due lack financial means tennis infrastructure support individual athletes participation rates among yugoslav youngsters tennis always low compared sports.meant talented players determined make pro level mostly rely families rather countrys tennis federation.yugoslav players still managed produce notable results mostly womens game.country got first grand slam champion clay court specialist mima jaušovec roland garros beating florența mihai jaušovec reached two french open finals lost them.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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rise teenage phenom monica seles early country became powerhouse female tennis five grand slam events flag sfr yugoslavia – two french opens two australian opens one us open.went win three grand slam titles flag fr yugoslavia serbia montenegro well yet one grand slam immigration united states.mens tennis yugoslavia never produced grand slam champion though two finalists.željko franulović reached french open final losing jan kodeš.three years later nikola pilić also reached french open final lost ilie năstase.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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skiers successful world cup competitions olympics bojan križaj jure franko boris strel mateja svet.winterspots special boost winter olympics held sarajevo.gymnast miroslav cerar number accolades including two olympic gold medals early s. pair yugoslav boxers heavyweight mate parlov welterweight marijan beneš multiple championships.late results matched heavyweight slobodan kačar.many years yugoslavia considered second strongest chess nation world soviet union.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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arguably biggest name yugoslav chess svetozar gligorić played three candidates tournaments golden badge best athlete yugoslavia.national anthem yugoslavia poland shared melody national anthem.first lyrics written title hey slavs hej sloveni since served anthem panslavic movement anthem sokol physical education political movement anthem world war iiera slovak republic yugoslavia serbia montenegro.song also considered second unofficial anthem slovaks.melody based mazurek dąbrowskiego also anthem poland since much slower accentuated.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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legacy presentday states succeeded yugoslavia still today sometimes collectively referred former yugoslavia.countries listed chronologicallyslovenia since croatia since north macedonia formerly macedonia since bosnia herzegovina since federal republic yugoslavia serbia montenegro –montenegro since serbia since kosovo since independence disputedthey also sometimes referred yugosphere shortened ex yu exyu exyu.remembrance time joint state perceived positive attributes referred yugonostalgia.people identify former yugoslav state may selfidentify yugoslavs.successor states candidates european union membership slovenia croatia two already joined union.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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slovenia joined croatia followed .north macedonia montenegro serbia official candidates.bosnia herzegovina submitted application kosovo submitted application recognized potential candidate possible future enlargement european union.states former yugoslavia exception kosovo subscribed stabilisation association process eu.european union rule law mission kosovo deployment eu police civilian resources kosovo attempt restore rule law combat widespread organized crime.
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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
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net population growth two decades thus practically zero .p.a.average.broken territorythe successor states yugoslavia continue population growth rate close zero negative.mostly due emigration intensified yugoslav wars also due low birth rates.
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Professional certification
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.million refugees created fighting bosnia herzegovina kosovo led massive surge north american immigration.close refugees former yugoslavia registered united states migrants former yugoslavia registered canada .references sources external links orders decorations sfry archived june wayback machinelist leaders sfryyugoslavia archive marxists.orgyugoslavias selfmanagement daniel jakopovichyugoslavia outworn structure cia report november cwihp wilson center scholars primary document collection yugoslavia cold warcertifications use postnominal letters acknowledgement educational achievement agency appointed safeguard public interest.overview certification thirdparty attestation individuals level knowledge proficiency certain industry profession.granted authorities field professional societies universities private certificategranting agencies.certifications timelimited expire period time e.g.lifetime product required certification use others renewed indefinitely long certain requirements met.
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Professional certification
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renewal usually requires ongoing education remain uptodate advancements field evidenced earning specified number continuing education credits cecs continuing education units ceus approved professional development courses.many certification programs affiliated professional associations trade organizations private vendors interested raising industry standards.certificate programs often created endorsed professional associations typically completely independent membership organizations.certifications common fields aviation construction technology environment industrial sectors well healthcare business real estate finance.according guide national professional certification programs phillip barnhart certifications portable since depend one companys definition certain job provide potential employers impartial thirdparty endorsement individuals professional knowledge experience.certification different professional licensure.united states licenses typically issued state agencies whereas certifications usually awarded professional societies educational institutes.obtaining certificate voluntary fields others certification governmentaccredited agency may legally required perform certain jobs tasks.
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Professional certification
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countries licenses typically granted professional societies universities require certificate three five years thereafter.assessment process certification may comprehensive licensure though sometimes assessment process similar even despite differing terms legal status.the american national standards institute ansi defines standard certifying agency meeting following two requirementsdelivering assessment based industry knowledge independent training courses course providersgranting timelimited credential anyone meets assessment standardsthe institute credentialing excellence ice u.s.based organization sets standards accreditation personnel certification certificate programs based standards educational psychological testing joint publication american educational research association aera american psychological association apa national council measurement education ncme.many members association test publishers atp also certification organizations.categorization three general types certification.listed order development level portability corporate internal productspecific professionwide.corporate internal certifications made corporation lowstakes organization internal purposes.
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Professional certification
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example corporation might require oneday training course sales personnel receive certificate.certificate limited portability – corporations example – simple develop.productspecific certifications involved intended referenced product across applications.approach prevalent information technology industry personnel certified version software hardware.type certification portable across locations example different corporations use software across products.another example could certifications issued shipping personnel international standards even recognition certification body international maritime organization imo.the general type certification professionwide.
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Professional certification
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certification medical profession often offered particular specialties.order apply professional standards increase level practice protect public professional organization might establish certification.intended portable places certified professional might work.course generalization increases cost program process establish legally defensible assessment entire profession extensive.example certified public accountant cpa would certified one corporation one piece accountancy software general work profession.
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Professional certification
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professional certificates awarded tertiary education providers many tertiary education providers grant professional certificates award completion educational program.curriculum professional certificate often focused subject matter.many professional certificates curriculum masters degrees subject.many professional certificates offer courses masters degrees subject require student take fewer total courses complete program.professional certificates curriculum closely resembles baccalaureate major field.
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Professional certification
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typical professional certificate program classhours size.uncommon program larger smaller that.professional certificate programs open enrollment admissions processes.universities put professional certificates subclass refer advanced professional certificates.some commonly offered professional certificates includeprofessional certificate accounting pcaprofessional certificate taxation pcitprofessional certificate transfer pricing pcitpprofessional certificate contract management pccmprofessional certificate customer relationship management pccrmprofessional certificate facility management pcfmprofessional certificate financial planning pcfpprofessional certificate graphic design pcgdprofessional certificate human resources pchrprofessional certificate marketing pcmprofessional certificate digital marketing pcdmprofessional certificate paralegal studies pcpsprofessional certificate project management pcpmprofessional certificate supply chain management pcscmprofessional certificate store management pcsmprofessional certificate materials management pcmmprofessional certificate technical communication pctcprofessional certificate taxation pcit advanced professional certificate advanced professional certificates professional credentials designed help professionals enhance job performance marketability respective fields.many countries certificates qualifications higher education.
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Professional certification
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united states certificate may offered institute higher education.certificates usually signify student reached standard knowledge certain vocational subject.certificate programs completed quickly associate degrees often general education requirements.an advanced professional certificate result educational process designed individuals.certificates designed newcomers industry well seasoned professionals.certificates awarded educational program academic institution.
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Professional certification
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completion certificate program indicates completion course series courses specific concentration different educational degree program.course content advanced certificate set forth variety sources i.e.faculty committee instructors subject matter experts related field.end goal advanced professional certificate professionals may demonstrate knowledge course content end set period time.institutions offer advance professional certificates various fields industries includegeorgetown universitylesley universitynetwork kingsnew york universityst.johns universitystanford universityuniversity san franciscosmu academythe tax facultytraining qualifications certification boardinstitute certified tax accountantstax academy archived september wayback machine areas certification accountancy auditing finance many professional bodies accountants auditors throughout world legally recognized jurisdictions.public accountants accountancy control experts legally certified different jurisdictions work public practices certifying accounts statutory auditors eventually selling advice services individuals businesses.
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Professional certification
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today however many work within private corporations financial industry government bodies.accounting external auditing cf.accountancy qualifications regulationcpa chartered professional accountant unified accounting designation canada conferred cpa canada.ca chartered accountant conferred institute chartered accountants india.institute chartered accountants within commonwealth e.g.australia new zealand south africa canada merger cpa.mutual recognition ukaca fca ca chartered accountant conferred institutes chartered accountants various territories namely united kingdom great britain northern ireland republic ireland.acma fcma associate fellow chartered management accountant conferred chartered institute management accountants ukassociate fellow chartered certified accountant acca fcca conferred association chartered certified accountants ukafa ffa associate fellow incorporated financial accountant conferred institute financial accountants ukaaia faia associate fellow international accountant conferred association international accountantsmipa fipa member fellow institute public accountants use designation public accountant conferred institute public accountants australiacpa certified public accountant conferred state accountancy boards us hongkong canada ...cma certified management accountant conferred institute certified management accountants icma australia institute management accountants ima usccc chartered cost controllers issued conferred american academy financial management usa certifying board aafmcfs certified finance specialist conferred iqn internal auditing fraud combat caap certified agile auditor professional awarded crisk academy proficiency agile auditingccae certified chief audit executive awarded crisk academy proficiency starting running internal audit departmentcorcm certification objectivecentric risk certainty management awarded crisk academycpia certified practitioner internal audit awarded crisk academy proficiency internal auditingcrbia certified riskbased internal auditor awarded crisk academy proficiency riskbased internal auditingcia certified internal auditor ccsa certification control self assessment cgap certified government auditing professional crma certification risk management assurance qial qualification internal audit leadership conferred internationally recognized institute internal auditors iia headquartered lake mary florida chapters many countriescfe certified fraud examiner conferred association certified fraud examiners acfe headquartered texas chapters many countriescff certified financial forensics awarded american institute cpascisa certified information systems auditor awarded information systems audit control association headquartered us chapters many countriescams certified antimoney laundering specialist offered association certified antimoney laundering specialists acams advanced camscgss certified global sanctions specialist conferred association certified antimoney laundering specialists acamscsa certified strategic auditor conferred association certified strategic auditors acsa https investment adviser certified compliance professional conferred investment adviser association iaa national regulatory services nrscperm certified professional enterprise risk management conferred academy professional certification company apc endorsed hksarg finance cfs certified finance specialist conferred iqncfa chartered financial analyst conferred cfa institute cfachfm chartered financial manager conferred international board standardsciia certified international investment analyst conferred association certified international investment analysts aciiaiaccp investment adviser certified compliance professional conferred investment adviser association iaa national regulatory services nrs investments cfs certified finance specialist conferred iqncfa chartered financial analyst conferred cfa institute cfachfm chartered financial manager conferred international board standardscipm certificate investment performance measurement conferred cfa institute cfaciia certified international investment analyst conferred association certified international investment analysts aciiaasa accredited senior appraiser accredited member ceiv certified entity intangible valuations conferred american society appraiserscbv chartered business valuator conferred cbv institute.cva certified valuation analyst conferred nacva.caia chartered alternative investment analyst conferred caia associationiaccp investment adviser certified compliance professional conferred investment adviser association iaa national regulatory services nrsfrm financial risk manager conferred global association risk professionals garpprm professional risk manager conferred professional risk managers international association prmiafmva financial modeling valuation analyst conferred corporate finance institute cfi.cqf certificate quantitative finance conferred cqf institute payroll cpp certified payroll professional fpc fundamental payroll specialist conferred american payroll association.
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Professional certification
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personal finance cfs certified finance specialist conferred iqncfa chartered financial analyst conferred cfa institute cfachfm chartered financial manager conferred international board standardscfp certified financial planner conferred certified financial planner board standards financial planning standards boardccp certified credit professional issued credit management professionals canada credit institute canadaea enrolled agent internal revenue service irscfc certified financial consultant conferred institute financial consultants public finance ccmt certified california municipal treasurer conferred california municipal treasurers association cmtacgap certified government auditing professional conferred institute internal auditors based us government auditing standards yellow book additionally coso iia standards intosai issai standards recognized worldwide public financecdfm certified defense financial manager conferred american society military comptrollers asmccfo certified financial officer conferred carl vinson institute government university georgiacgfm certified government financial manager conferred association government accountants agacgat certified governmental accounting technician conferred government finance officers association alabamacgfo certified government finance officer conferred government finance officers association texas gfoatcgfo certified government finance officer conferred florida government finance officers association fgfoacgfo certified government finance officer conferred louisiana government finance officers associationcmfo certified municipal finance officer conferred government finance officers new jersey rutgers university state new jerseycmfo certified municipal finance officer conferred tennessee comptroller treasury municipal technical advisory servicecpfo certified public finance officer conferred government finance officers associationcpfa certified public finance administrator conferred association public treasurers united states canada aptuscgfo government finance officer conferred government finance officers association south carolina gfoascnorth carolina local governmental finance officer conferred north carolina government finance officers association north carolina association county finance officers aging services certified aging place specialist capscertified daily money managerscertified elder lawcertified living place clippcertified senior advisor csacertified atrisk adult crime tactics specialist cactscognitive care certification ccc architecture aia member american institute architects conferred american institute architectsfaia fellow american institute architects conferred american institute architectsra registered architect conferred national council architecture registration boardsncarb certified issued national council architecture registration boards – allows statestate reciprocity.archival science information privacy records management cip certified information professional conferred aiimcipm certified information privacy manager conferred international association privacy professionalscipp certified information privacy professional conferred international association privacy professionalscipt certified information privacy technologist conferred international association privacy professionalscra certified records analyst conferred institute certified records managerscrm certified records manager conferred institute certified records managersigp information governance professional conferred arma international aviation aviators certified theoretical inflight examinations.requirements certifications quite equal countries regulated national aviation authority.existing certificates pilot licenses arespl sport pilot license conferred faa federal aviation administrationppl private pilot license conferred faa federal aviation administration jaa joint aviation authoritiescpl commercial pilot licence conferred faa federal aviation administration jaa joint aviation authoritiesatp airline transport pilot conferred faa federal aviation administration jaa joint aviation authoritieslicensing categories require examinations also minimum number flight hours.categories available fixedwing aircraft airplanes rotatorywing aircraft helicopters.
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Professional certification
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within category aviators may also obtain certifications ininstrument flight rules ifrmultiengine aircraftturbojet enginesjet enginesexperimental aircraftamphibious aircraftseaplanesusually aviators must certified also log books type model aircraft allowed fly.currency checks well regular medical checkups frequency months months months depending type flying permitted obligatory.aviator fly holdinga valid pilot licensea valid medical certificatevalid certifications type aircraft type flight.in europe ansp atco ansp technicians certified according eurocontrol safety regulatory requirement esarrs according eu regulation common requirements.biomedical bmd biomedical electronics technician conferred electronics technicians associationbiet biomedical imaging electronics technician conferred electronics technicians association business csa certified strategic auditor conferred association certified strategic auditors acsacsm certified strategic manager conferred iqncpsm certified professional supply management conferred institute supply management ismcpsd certified professional supplier diversity conferred institute supply management ism chiropractic communications united states several communications certifications conferred electronics technicians association.computer technology certification often used professions software engineering information technology.citp chartered professional conferred british computer society institution engineering technology professional engineering institutions uk commonwealth contract management • cpcm certified professional contract manager conferred national contract management association.• cpm commercial project manager conferred commercial officers group.• cpsm certified professional supply management conferred institute supply management ism dance conferred international dance council cid unesco international certification dance studies awarded students completed hours classes specific form dance level .
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Professional certification
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another hours required level till level .international certification dance since international dance council cid official body forms dance usually given addition local national certificates colloquially called dancers passport.students cannot apply certification directly – ask school apply behalf.certification awarded free charge cost membership fees.international dance council cid unesco administers international certification dance studies.data management cdmp certified data management professional dama international.
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Professional certification
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dentistry electronics united states several electronics certifications provided electronics technicians association.emergency management federal emergency management agencys emi offers credentials training opportunities united states citizens.students employed fema federal employees programs.advance professional series aps credentialcontinuity excellence series level iicritical infrastructure security resiliencedisaster field training operations dftoemergency management professional program emppexecutive fire officer program efopintegrated emergency management courses iemcmaster exercise practitioner program meppmaster trainer program mtpprofessional development series pds credentialvirtual table top exercise vttx series engineering professional engineering act planning designing composing measuring evaluating inspecting advising reporting directing supervising managing foregoing requires application engineering principles concerns safeguarding life health property economic interests public interest environment.p.eng.professional engineer conferred provincial licensing bodies canada.ir.p.eng.
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Professional certification
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professional engineer conferred board engineers malaysia bem malaysia.pe professional engineer conferred pakistan engineering council pec state licensing bodies united states.pe power engineer conferred provincial safety authorities canada.eur ing european engineer conferred european federation national engineering associations feani.c.eng.chartered engineer conferred professional engineering institutions uk commonwealth.smieee senior member ieee professional designation throughout united states.cet certified engineering technologist asct applied science technologist conferred provincial licensing bodies canada.spe society petroleum engineers certificate program whereby certifies technical knowledge petroleum engineers.certification granted based examination conjunction experience applicant.event planning event planning includes budgeting scheduling site selection acquiring necessary permits coordinating transportation parking arranging speakers entertainers arranging decor event security catering coordinating thirdparty vendors emergency plans.common event planning certifications includecmp certified meeting professionalcsep certified special events professionalcpce certified professional catering eventscgmp certified government meeting professionalcwep certified wedding event planner facility management facility management defined aspect engineering management science deals planning designing coordination space maintenance built environment enhance quality service management system.service quality system includes activities like security maintenance catering external well internal cleaning.
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Professional certification
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general also coordination harmonization various specialist disciplines create best possible working environment staff.facility management interdisciplinary field devoted coordination space infrastructure people organization often associated administration office blocks arenas schools convention centers shopping complexes hospitals hotels etc.however fm facilitates wider range activities business services referred noncore functions.fmp facility management professionalcfm certified facility managersfp sustainability facility professional warehousing management warehouse management system wms part supply chain primarily aims control movement storage materials within warehouse process associated transactions including shipping receiving putaway picking.systems also direct optimize stock putaway based realtime information status bin utilization.wms monitors progress products warehouse.involves physical warehouse infrastructure tracking systems communication product stations.more precisely warehouse management involves receipt storage movement goods normally finished goods intermediate storage locations final customer.
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Professional certification
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multiechelon model distribution may multiple levels warehouses.includes central warehouse regional warehouses serviced central warehouse potentially retail warehouses serviced regional warehouses.environment cenvp – certified environmental practitioner australia new zealand cenvpchartered environmentalist cenv society environment ukmiema full member institute environmental management assessment iemafiema fellow institute environmental management assessment iema environmental health cphic – certified public health inspector canada explosive atmospheres iecex covers specialized field explosion protection associated use equipment areas flammable gases liquids combustible dusts may present.system provides assurance equipment manufactured meet safety standards services installation repair overhaul also comply iec international standards series.unece united nations economic commission europe cited iecex one example practice model verification conformity iec standards european smaller countries certification schemes equipment.
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Professional certification
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published common regulatory framework suggestion countries implementing certification program explosive atmospheres segment.fiber optics data cabling rcdd registered communications distribution designer bicsidci data cabling installer conferred electronics technicians associationfoi fiber optics installer conferred electronics technicians associationfot fiber optics technician conferred electronics technicians associationfotosp fiber optics technicianoutside plant conferred electronics technicians associationfod fiber optics designer conferred electronics technicians associationttt termination testing technician conferred electronics technicians association genealogy ag accredited genealogist conferred international commission accreditation professional genealogists icapgen.cg certified genealogist conferred board certification genealogists bcg.cgl certified genealogical lecturer conferred board certification genealogists bcg.health leadership che certified health executive conferred canadian college health leaders cchl human resources aphr associate professional human resources conferred human resources certification institutephr professional human resources conferred human resources certification institutesphr senior professional human resources conferred human resources certification instituteshrmcp society human resources management – certified professional conferred society human resources managementshrmscp society human resources management – senior certified professional conferred society human resources management hospitality tourism cha certified hotel administrator conferred american hotel lodging associationcmp certified meeting professional conferred convention industry councilcem certified exhibition management conferred international association exhibitions events insurance risk management united states insurance professionals licensed separately state.many individuals seek one certifications distinguish peers.american college financial serviceschartered life underwriter cluchartered financial consultant chfcamerican institute chartered property casualty underwriters instituteschartered property casualty underwriter cpcuassociate risk management armnational alliance insurance education research administers certified insurance counselor cicprofessional liability underwriting society plus administers registered professional liability underwriter rplu.language education tesol large field employment widely varying degrees regulation.
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Professional certification
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provision worldwide state school system individual country instructors tend trained primary secondary school teachers native speakers language pupils english.though native speakers english working nonenglish speaking countries capacity years last twentyfive years widespread focus training particularly field.previously workers sort job people engaging backpacker tourism hoping earn extra travel money welleducated professionals fields volunteering retired people.sort people certainly still found many consider tesol main profession.one problems facing fulltime teachers absence international governing body certification licensure english language teachers.however cambridge university subsidiary body ucles pioneers trying get degree accountability quality control consumers english courses celta delta programs.
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Professional certification
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trinity college london equivalent programs certtesol ltcl diptesol.offer initial certificates teaching candidates trained language awareness classroom techniques given chance practice teaching feedback reported.institutions followup professional diploma usually taken year two field.although initial certificate available anyone high school education diploma meant postgraduate qualification fact incorporated masters degree program.legal affairs increasing number attorneys choosing recognized special expertise certain fields law.
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Professional certification
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according american bar association lawyer certified specialist recognized independent professional certifying organization enhanced level skill expertise well substantial involvement established legal specialty.organizations require lawyer demonstrate special training experience knowledge ensure lawyers recognition meaningful reliable.lawyer conduct regard specialty certification regulated states.legal administrators vary daytoday responsibilities job requirements.association legal administrators ala credentialing body certified legal manager clm certification program.clms recognized administrators passed comprehensive examination met eligibility requirements.
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Professional certification
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librarians australia alia australian library information association certifies librarians library technicians.distinguished librarians completed high level professional learning awarded distinguished certified professional award.prior award known associate fellows.in new zealand accrediting body lianza library information association new zealand aotearoa te rau herenga aotearoa.lianza accredit prominent librarians three levels fellows life members associates.logistics transport logistician profession logistics transport sectors including sea air land rail modes.
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Professional certification
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professional qualification logisticians usually carries postnominal letters.certification granting bodies include limited institute supply management ism association operations management apics chartered institute logistics transport cilt international society logistics sole canadian institute traffic transportation citt allied council commerce logistics accl.marketing cdmp certified digital marketing professional conferred digital marketing institute.cme certified marketing executive conferred sales marketing executives international inc..social media marketing certification digital marketing master certification seo certification conferred boot camp digital ministers churches process may use various religious titles.protestant churches typically require masters divinity accreditation denomination ordination local church order minister become reverend.qualifications may may also give government authorization solemnize marriages.medicine board certification process physician united states documents written practical computer based testing illustrating mastery knowledge skills define particular area medical specialization.
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Professional certification
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american board medical specialties notforprofit organization assists approved medical specialty boards development use standards ongoing evaluation certification physicians.medical specialty certification united states voluntary process.medical licensure sets minimum competency requirements diagnose treat patients specialty specific.board certification demonstrates physicians exceptional expertise particular specialty subspecialty medical practice.patients physicians health care providers insurers quality organizations regard certification important measure physicians knowledge experience skills provide quality health care within given specialty.other professional certifications include certifications medical licenses membership royal college physicians fellowship royal college physicians surgeons canada nursing board certification diplomas social work.commission certification geriatric pharmacy certifies pharmacists knowledgeable principles geriatric pharmacotherapy provision pharmaceutical care elderly.additional certifying bodies relating medical field includeroyal australian new zealand college radiologistsamerican college emergency physiciansroyal australasian college physiciansfellowship royal college surgeonsmembership college emergency medicinejoint commission allied health personnel ophthalmologyamerican registry diagnostic medical sonography medical coding billing ahima american health information management associationaapcmedical association billers peer support ncprp stands national certified peer recovery professional ncprp credential exam developed collaboration international certification board recovery professionals icbrp currently administered parfessionals.parfessionals professional organization available courses professional development precertification courses.the ncprp credential exam focus primarily concept peer recovery mental health addiction recovery.
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Professional certification
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main purpose training studentcandidates become peer recovery professionals provide guidance knowledge assistance individuals similar experiences.each studentcandidate must complete several key steps include initial registration precertification review course applicable sections official application order become eligible complete final step ncprp certification exam.the ncprp credential obtained participant successfully passes ncprp certification exam second attempt valid five years.physical asset management cmrp – certified maintenance reliability professional cmrpmmp – maintenance management professional pilates pmar cpt plumbing asse american society sanitary engineering – ansi accredited standards developer certification body project management organizations offer various certifications includeamerican academy project managementproject management institutestanford university stanford advanced project management certificate programcpma certified project management analyst conferred iqnassociation project managementipma international project management associationcommercial project manager commercial officers group public relations us universal accreditation board organization composed public relations society america agricultural relations council national school public relations association religious communicators council public relations professional societies administers accreditation public relations apr voluntary certification program public relations practitioners.public participation certified public participation professional cp master certified public participation professional mcp awarded two regions international association public participation iap archived august wayback machine iap canada iap usa.individuals achieved either distinctions.cp designation awarded upon successfully completing threestep process includes written application documenting individuals experience profession written response case study inperson oral assessment.individuals seeking certification assessed core competencies essential capabilities professional field effectively design implement evaluate public participation programs.
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Professional certification
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competencies emerged qualitative analysis comprehensive list knowledge attitudes beliefs skills behaviors capabilities identified june p professionals around world.descriptions quality standards competency developed tested refined iterative process involving iap members.competency divided individual criteria.individual must meet exceed every criterion achieve cp designation.iap usas program includes criteria.
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Professional certification
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iap canadas program includes criteria two additional criteria canada address federal requirements indigenous engagement.mcp designation recognizes additional specialization expertise assessed written application available individuals already achieved cp designation.to maintain professional certification individuals must maintain active membership iap provide minimum hours annually volunteer unpaid service iap participate minimum hours annually continued professional development.renewable energy pvip pv installation professional conferred north american board certified energy practitionerspvds pv design specialist conferred north american board certified energy practitionerspvis pv installation specialist conferred north american board certified energy practitionerspvcms pv commissioning maintenance specialist conferred north american board certified energy practitionerspvsi pv system inspector conferred north american board certified energy practitionerspvts pv technical sales conferred north american board certified energy practitionersshi solar heating installer conferred north american board certified energy practitionersshsi solar heating system inspector conferred north american board certified energy practitionersevt electronic vehicle technician conferred electronics technicians associationpvi photovoltaic installer conferred electronics technicians associationswi small wind installer conferred electronics technicians association safety occupational hygiene certified safety professional offered board certified safety professionalscertified industrial hygienist sales organizations offering certification includesales marketing executives internationalcanadian professional sales association security asis international administers certified protection professional – boardcertified security management cppasis international administers physical security professional boardcertified pspasis international administers professional certified investigator boardcertified pciassociation certified fraud examiners administers certified fraud examiner cfeinternational foundation protection officers administers certified protection officer cposociety payment security professionals spsp administers certified paymentcard industry security managercertified information systems security professional cissp isc.orgnational sheriffs association administers certified homeland protection professional chpp certificationassociated locksmiths america administers registered locksmith rl certificationassociated locksmiths america administers certified registered locksmith crl certificationassociated locksmiths america administers certified professional locksmith cpl certificationassociated locksmiths america administers certified master locksmith cml certificationassociated locksmiths america administers certified professional safe technician cps certificationassociated locksmiths america administers certified master safe technician cmst certificationsecurity industry association administers certified security project manager cspm certification speaking conferred national speakers association certified speaking professional csp speaking professions international measure professional platform competence.certification awarded national speakers association.speakers belong global speakers federation gsf hold designation.
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Professional certification
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earned certification done demonstrating track record experience expertise.applications american academy environmental engineers board certifies licensed environmental engineers board certified environmental engineer—bcee unlicensed environmental engineering practitioners board certified environmental engineering member—bceem degree engineering least years practice responsible charge environmental engineering.the american institute floral designers offers two levels certification individuals field professional floral design.certified floral designer cfd accredited membership aifd designed establish gold standard professional floral design ensuring certified individual maintains standard continued education credits.many statelevel floral associations also offer statelevel floral design certification known master florist certification aifd certification highest level professional floral design awarded united states.the canadian national association infrared imaging technologists aiit awards iit designation infrared thermographers meet training standards regulated association.aiit aims ensure service delivery standards public trust regulating training standards codes conduct continuing education.the society technical communication stc planning create certification program technical writers .the international society arboriculture isa international body administers ansiaccredited certification programs arborists tree care specialists.
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Envigo
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certifications vary tree worker certified arborist master arborist.criticisms political commentators criticized professional occupational licensing especially medical legal licensing restricting supply services therefore making expensive often putting reach poor.the proliferation certifications offered attained led technologists question value.proprietary content distributed internet allows gain credentials without implied depth breadth expertise.see also academic inflationeuropean professional qualification directiveshomologationinstitute certification computing professionalsproduct certificationvocational competence certificate referencesworlds largest provider research models diets according organizations website.company headquartered indianapolis indiana employs people locations across north america europe middle east.envigos teklad business unit provides highfat control diets mostly used research impact obesity nutrition disease states like diabetes cancer heart disease.many envigos breeding sites accredited association assessment accreditation laboratory animal care aaalac international council including horst netherlands march indianapolis livermore ca boyertown denver pa st louis mo others.acquisitions envigo acquired labcorps covance research products business june resulting organization dedicated offering full range research models diets bedding enrichment.per washington post article december writes based routine inspections conducted july officials u.s. department agriculture cited envigo — indianapolisbased firm breeds dogs sells research animals pharmaceutical biotechnology industries — mistreatment beagles poor conditions facility cumberland va. miles west richmond.this labcorps covance drug development segment acquired envigos nonclinical contract research services business.companies announced transactions strengthen enhance way respective businesses support research biopharmaceutical life sciences industries.
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Envigo
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continue collaborate multiyear renewable supply agreement.in december envigo acquired horizon discoverys research models business unit provides genetically engineered models boyertown pennsylvania st. louis missouri locations.transfer ownership includes assets employees.business unit uses gene editing expertise produce customized models clinically relevant gene deletions insertions modifications used preclinical models human disease drug discovery development.two companies announced collaboration ensure continuity enable customers access crispredited research models screening applications.envigo products services biological products collections biological products laboratory animals raised closely defined conditions protect research research animals.
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Envigo
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models regularly monitored fed controlled naturalingredient diets minimize lottolot variation.contract breeding customer research programs require plan development execution — may include cryopreservation embryo sperm genotyping zygosity rederivation speed rederivation revitalization speed congenics.custom antibody production multiphased process producing monoclonal polyclonal antibodies enhance customer research diagnostic therapeutic applications.tailored programs use vivo approach vitro production method hybridoma development enhance customer research diagnostic therapeutic applications include ancillary services like downstream antibody purification processes.full spectrum health monitoring quality assurance system assess design test report interpret support facility managers maintenance healthy laboratory animal populations critical research integrity.
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Envigo
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microbiological quality animal models may influence animal welfare validity reproducibility research data.microbiologists molecular biologists veterinarians perform health surveillance services optimally diagnostic laboratories certified international organization standardization iso.genetic testing includes genotyping zygosity testing gene expression analysis highthroughput screening services largescale single nucleotide polymorphism analysis sequencing services storage.genetically engineered models services gems customization rodent model genetics customer specifications gene deletion insertion modifications.gems provides predeveloped transgenic rodent models gene knockin gene knockout support custom breeding cryopreservation recovery rapid colony expansion.
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Envigo
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research model support services studies emphasis animalbased research continue trend toward research model diversity functional genomics gene therapy cancer biology aging infectious disease neurobiology more.products include limited aged models ocularready models preconditioned models husbandry diet specific.services include contract breeding maintenance social housing solutions cryopreservation embryo sperm genotyping zygosity rederivation speed rederivation revitalization speed congenics.surgically modified models teklad diet bedding enrichment tumor models tumor models studies using cell linederived xenografts cdx highly characterized patient derived xenografts pdx breast cancer melanoma.studies may also include different strains ovariectomized models untreated tumors.
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Envigo
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clients may receive weekly updates end study samples final report supplementation syngeneic tolerability pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic pkpd studies.history envigo created september huntingdon life sciences harlan laboratories three subsidiaries gfa nda analytics lsr associates merged.combined organization employees inception sales approaching million.in peta conducted undercover investigation envigos cumberland facility.investigation led peta campaign calling usda envigo customers cut ties company.the company consists two core business units contract research services crs research models services rms.crs business unit offered range drug development environmental sciences services including safety assessment analytical metabolism cmc regulatory consultancy nine contract research facilities located europe united states middle east.
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Envigo
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rms business unit provided research models lab animal diets bedding support services sites worldwide.the companys rebranded name envigo supposedly incorporated english words enhance enrich vigorous.latin root word vigorous “vita” meaning “life.” controversy legal issues envigo owns operates research breeding facility cumberland virginia house beagles sold medical research.routine inspection july united states department agriculture inspectors cited envigo violations animal welfare act.inspectors cited envigo violations including repeat violations repeat inspection october .inspectors noted reports dogs experiencing pain discomfort left degree heat without air conditioning five hours infrequent cleaning left kennels feeders hounded bugs insects.
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Labour Party (UK)
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dozen dogs found paw eye injuries well “severe dental disease.” addition usda noted sevenmonth period puppies died “unknown causes” facility kept unfinished records regarding deaths.result reports undercover investigations local news wric peta multiple state legislators virginia introduced new legislation would tighten regulation subject employees criminal liability.referenceslabour party sits centreleft political spectrum.general elections since labour either governing party official opposition.six labour prime ministers thirteen labour ministries.the party founded grown trade union movement socialist parties th century.overtook liberal party become main opposition conservative party early forming two minority governments ramsay macdonald early s. labour served wartime coalition – clement attlees labour government established national health service expanded welfare state .harold wilson james callaghan labour governed .
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Labour Party (UK)
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tony blair took labour centre part new labour project governed blair gordon brown .the labour party currently forms official opposition parliament united kingdom secondlargest number seats general election.leader party leader opposition keir starmer.labour largest party senedd welsh parliament party current welsh government.party thirdlargest scottish parliament behind scottish national party scottish conservatives.labour member party european socialists progressive alliance holds observer status socialist international.
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Labour Party (UK)
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party includes semiautonomous london scottish welsh northern irish branches however supports social democratic labour party sdlp northern ireland still organising there.july labour around registered members one largest memberships party europe.history origins independent labour party – labour party originated late th century meeting demand new political party represent interests needs urban working class demographic increased number many gained suffrage passage representation people act .members trades union movement became interested moving political field extensions voting franchise liberal party endorsed tradeunion sponsored candidates.first lib–lab candidate stand george odger southwark byelection .
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Labour Party (UK)
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addition several small socialist groups formed around time intention linking movement political policies.among independent labour party ilp intellectual largely middleclass fabian society marxist social democratic federation scottish labour party.at general election ilp put candidates votes.keir hardie leader party believed obtain success parliamentary elections would necessary join leftwing groups.hardies roots lay preacher contributed ethos party led comment general secretary morgan phillips socialism britain owed methodism marx.labour representation committee – doncaster member amalgamated society railway servants thomas r. steels proposed union branch trade union congress call special conference bring together leftwing organisations form single body would sponsor parliamentary candidates.
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Labour Party (UK)
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motion passed stages tuc proposed conference held congregational memorial hall farringdon street london february .meeting attended broad spectrum workingclass leftwing organisations—the trades unions present represented almost half membership tuc.after debate delegates passed hardies motion establish distinct labour group parliament shall whips agree upon policy must embrace readiness cooperate party time may engaged promoting legislation direct interests labour.created association called labour representation committee lrc meant coordinate attempts support mps sponsored trade unions represent workingclass population.single leader absence one independent labour party nominee ramsay macdonald elected secretary.difficult task keeping various strands opinions lrc united.
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Labour Party (UK)
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general election also referred khaki election came soon new party campaign effectively total expenses election came £.candidatures sponsored two successful keir hardie merthyr tydfil richard bell derby.support lrc boosted taff vale case dispute strikers railway company ended union ordered pay £ damages strike.judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup cost lost business unions.apparent acquiescence conservative government arthur balfour industrial business interests traditionally allies liberal party opposition conservatives landed interests intensified support lrc government appeared little concern industrial proletariat problems.in general election lrc seats—helped secret pact ramsay macdonald liberal chief whip herbert gladstone aimed avoid splitting opposition vote labour liberal candidates interest removing conservatives office.in first meeting election groups members parliament decided adopt name labour party formally february .keir hardie taken leading role getting party established elected chairman parliamentary labour party effect leader although one vote david shackleton several ballots.
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Labour Party (UK)
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partys early years independent labour party ilp provided much activist base party individual membership operated conglomerate affiliated bodies.fabian society provided much intellectual stimulus party.one first acts new liberal government reverse taff vale judgement.the peoples history museum manchester holds minutes first labour party meeting display main galleries.also within museum labour history archive study centre holds collection labour party material ranging present day.early years – new party held first annual conference belfast city hardie served lrc election agent william walker.
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Labour Party (UK)
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despite walkers election party executive connection north ireland brief.height home rule crisis party deference irish labour party decided stand candidates ireland policy party maintained partition .labour british united kingdom party.the belfast conference remembered first raising question whether sovereignty lay annual conference inherited tradition trade union democracy plp.hardie shocked delegates closing session threatening resign plp amendment resolution equal suffrage women would bound mps oppose compromise legislation would extend votes women basis existing property franchise.plp defused crisis allowing hardie vote wished subject.
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Labour Party (UK)
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precedent became basis conscience clause standing orders would invoked party leader michael foot argue conference always bind plp.the december general election saw labour mps elected house commons significant victory since year election house lords passed osborne judgment ruling trade union members would opt sending contributions labour rather consent presumed.governing liberals unwilling repeal judicial decision primary legislation.height liberal compromise introduce wage members parliament remove need involve trade unions.faced opposition largest trade unions liberal government passed trade disputes act allow unions fund labour mps without seeking express consent members.during first world war labour party split supporters opponents conflict opposition war grew within party time went on.ramsay macdonald notable antiwar campaigner resigned leader parliamentary labour party arthur henderson became main figure authority within party.
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Labour Party (UK)
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soon accepted prime minister h. h. asquiths war cabinet becoming first labour party member serve government.despite mainstream labour partys support coalition independent labour party instrumental opposing conscription organisations nonconscription fellowship labour party affiliate british socialist party organised number unofficial strikes.arthur henderson resigned cabinet amid calls party unity replaced george barnes.growth labours local activist base organisation reflected elections following war cooperative movement providing resources cooperative party armistice.cooperative party later reached electoral agreement labour party.at end first world war government attempting provide support newly reestablished poland soviet russia.
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Labour Party (UK)
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henderson sent telegrams local labour party organisations ask organise demonstrations supporting poland later forming council action organise strikes protests.due number demonstrations potential industrial impact across country churchill government forced end support polish war effort.henderson turned attention building strong constituencybased support network labour party.previously little national organisation based largely branches unions socialist societies.working ramsay macdonald sidney webb henderson established national network constituency organisations.operated separately trade unions national executive committee open everyone sympathetic partys policies.
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Labour Party (UK)
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secondly henderson secured adoption comprehensive statement party policies drafted sidney webb.entitled labour new social order remained basic labour platform .proclaimed socialist party whose principles included guaranteed minimum standard living everyone nationalisation industry heavy taxation large incomes wealth.clause iv drafted sidney webb adopted labours constitution committing party work towards common ownership means production distribution exchange.representation people act almost adult men excepting peers criminals lunatics women age thirty given right vote almost tripling british electorate stroke .
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Labour Party (UK)
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million .million .set scene surge labour representation parliament.communist party great britain refused affiliation labour party .meanwhile liberal party declined rapidly party also suffered catastrophic split allowed labour party gain much liberals support.liberals thus disarray labour seats making secondlargest political group house commons official opposition conservative government.
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Labour Party (UK)
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election ramsay macdonald voted first official leader labour party.first labour government period opposition – general election fought conservatives protectionist proposals although got votes remained largest party lost majority parliament necessitating formation government supporting free trade.thus acquiescence asquiths liberals ramsay macdonald became first ever labour prime minister january forming first labour government despite labour mps less third house commons.significant achievement first labour government wheatley housing act began building programme municipal houses rental low paid workers.legislation education unemployment social insurance tenant protection also passed.
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Labour Party (UK)
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however government rely support liberals unable implement many contentious policies nationalisation coal industry capital levy.although radical changes introduced labour demonstrated capable governing.while major labour strikes term macdonald acted swiftly end erupt.labour party executive criticised government replied public doles poplarism local defiance national government strikes increased wages limitation output socialism may mislead spirit policy socialist movement.the government collapsed ten months liberals voted select committee inquiry campbell case vote macdonald declared vote confidence.ensuing general election saw publication four days polling day forged zinoviev letter moscow talked communist revolution britain.letter little impact labour vote—which held up.
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Labour Party (UK)
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collapse liberal party led conservative landslide.conservatives returned power although labour increased vote .third popular vote conservative gains expense liberals.however many labourites blamed years defeat foul play zinoviev letter thereby according a. j. p. taylor misunderstanding political forces work delaying needed reforms party.in opposition macdonald continued policy presenting labour party moderate force.general strike party opposed general strike arguing best way achieve social reforms ballot box.
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Labour Party (UK)
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leaders also fearful communist influence orchestrated moscow.party distinctive suspicious foreign policy based pacifism.leaders believed peace impossible capitalism secret diplomacy trade armaments.stressed material factors ignored psychological memories great war highly emotional tensions regarding nationalism boundaries countries.second labour government – general election labour party became largest house commons first time seats .
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Labour Party (UK)
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popular vote.however macdonald still reliant liberal support form minority government.macdonald went appoint britains first woman cabinet minister margaret bondfield appointed minister labour.macdonalds second government stronger parliamentary position first labour able pass legislation raise unemployment pay improve wages conditions coal industry i.e.issues behind general strike pass housing act focused slum clearances.the government soon found engulfed crisis wall street crash eventual great depression occurred soon government came power slump global trade hit britain hard.
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Labour Party (UK)
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end unemployment doubled two half million.government effective answers deteriorating financial situation much fear budget unbalanced born independent may report triggered confidence crisis run pound.cabinet deadlocked response several influential members unwilling support budget cuts particular cut rate unemployment benefit pressed civil service opposition parties.chancellor exchequer philip snowden refused consider deficit spending tariffs alternative solutions.final vote taken cabinet split – minority including many political heavyweights arthur henderson george lansbury threatening resign rather agree cuts.
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Labour Party (UK)
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unworkable split august made government resign.macdonald encouraged king george v form allparty national government deal immediate crisis.the financial crisis grew worse decisive government action needed leaders conservative party liberal party met king george v macdonald first discuss support spending cuts later discuss shape next government.king played central role demanding national government formed.august macdonald agreed form national government composed men parties specific aim balancing budget restoring confidence.new cabinet four labourites formed national labour group stood macdonald plus four conservatives led baldwin chamberlain two liberals.
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Labour Party (UK)
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macdonalds moves aroused great anger among large majority labour party activists felt betrayed.labour unions strongly opposed labour party officially repudiated new national government.expelled macdonald supporters made henderson leader main labour party.henderson led general election october threeparty national coalition.disaster labour reduced small minority seats.
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Labour Party (UK)
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conservativedominated national government led macdonald largest landslide british political history.in labour campaigned opposition public spending cuts found difficult defend record partys former government fact cuts agreed fell.historian andrew thorpe argues labour lost credibility unemployment soared especially coal textiles shipbuilding steel.working class increasingly lost confidence ability labour solve pressing problem..million irish catholics england scotland major factor labour base many industrial areas.
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Labour Party (UK)
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catholic church previously tolerated labour party denied represented true socialism.however bishops grown increasingly alarmed labours policies toward communist russia toward birth control especially toward funding catholic schools.warned members.catholic shift labour favour national government played major role labours losses.labour opposition – arthur henderson elected succeed macdonald lost seat general election.
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Labour Party (UK)
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former labour cabinet member retained seat pacifist george lansbury accordingly became party leader.the party experienced another split independent labour party years increasingly odds labour leadership opted disaffiliate labour party embarked long drawnout decline.lansbury resigned leader public disagreements foreign policy.labour leader stand role without contesting general election excluding acting leaders.promptly replaced leader deputy clement attlee would lead party two decades.party experienced revival general election winning seats popular vote highest labour achieved.as threat nazi germany increased late labour party gradually abandoned pacifist stance came support rearmament largely due efforts ernest bevin hugh dalton also persuaded party oppose neville chamberlains policy appeasement.wartime coalition – party returned government part wartime coalition.
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Labour Party (UK)
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neville chamberlain resigned spring incoming prime minister winston churchill decided bring main parties coalition similar first world war.clement attlee appointed lord privy seal member war cabinet eventually becoming united kingdoms first deputy prime minister.a number senior labour figures also took senior positions trade union leader ernest bevin minister labour directed britains wartime economy allocation manpower veteran labour statesman herbert morrison became home secretary hugh dalton minister economic warfare later president board trade a. v. alexander resumed role held previous labour government first lord admiralty.attlee government – end war europe may labour resolved repeat liberals error promptly withdrawing government trade union insistence contest general election opposition churchills conservatives.surprising many observers labour landslide victory winning vote majority seats.attlees government proved one radical british governments th century enacting keynesian economic policies presiding policy nationalising major industries utilities including bank england coal mining steel industry electricity gas inland transport including railways road haulage canals.developed implemented cradle grave welfare state conceived economist william beveridge.
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Labour Party (UK)
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day people united kingdom see creation britains national health service nhs health minister aneurin bevan gave publicly funded medical treatment labours proudest achievement.attlees government also began process dismantling british empire granted independence india pakistan followed burma myanmar ceylon sri lanka following year.secret meeting january attlee six cabinet ministers including foreign secretary ernest bevin decided proceed development britains nuclear weapons programme opposition pacifist antinuclear stances large element inside labour party.labour went win general election muchreduced majority five seats.soon afterwards defence became divisive issue within party especially defence spending reached peak gdp korean war straining public finances forcing savings elsewhere.chancellor exchequer hugh gaitskell introduced charges nhs dentures spectacles causing bevan along harold wilson president board trade resign dilution principle free treatment nhs established.in general election labour narrowly lost churchills conservatives despite receiving larger share popular vote – highest ever vote numerically.
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Labour Party (UK)
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changes introduced – labour government accepted conservatives became part postwar consensus lasted late s. food clothing rationing however still place since war swiftly relaxed abandoned .postwar consensus – following defeat party spent years opposition.party suffered ideological split partys leftwing followers aneurin bevan known bevanites rightwing party following hugh gaitskell known gaitskellites postwar economic recovery social effects attlees reforms made public broadly content conservative governments time.ageing attlee contested final general election saw labour lose ground retired shortly after.under replacement hugh gaitskell labour appeared united widely expected win general election not.following internal party infighting resumed particularly issues nuclear disarmament britains entry european economic community eec clause iv labour party constitution viewed labours commitment nationalisation gaitskell wanted scrapped.
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Labour Party (UK)
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issues would continue divide party decades come.gaitskell died suddenly made way harold wilson lead party.wilson government – downturn economy series scandals early notorious profumo affair engulfed conservative government .labour party returned government seat majority wilson general election increased majority general election.wilsons government responsible number sweeping social educational reforms leadership home secretary roy jenkins abolishment death penalty legalisation abortion homosexuality initially men aged england wales abolition theatre censorship .wilsons government also put heavy emphasis expanding opportunities education comprehensive education expanded open university created.wilsons first period prime minister coincided period relatively low unemployment economic prosperity however hindered significant problems large trade deficit inherited previous government.first three years government spent ultimately doomed attempt stave devaluation pound.
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Labour Party (UK)
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labour went unexpectedly lose general election conservatives edward heath.spell opposition – losing general election labour returned opposition retained harold wilson leader.heaths government soon ran trouble northern ireland dispute miners led threeday week.proved difficult time government conservatives labour due oil crisis caused high inflation global recession.the labour party returned power wilson days february general election forming minority government support ulster unionists.conservatives unable form government alone fewer seats despite receiving votes numerically.
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Labour Party (UK)
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first general election since main parties received less popular vote first six successive general elections labour failed reach popular vote.bid gain majority second election soon called october labour still harold wilson leader slim majority three gaining seats taking total .majority minority – much time office labour government struggled serious economic problems precarious majority commons partys internal dissent britains membership european economic community britain entered edward heath led national referendum issue two thirds public supported continued membership.harold wilsons personal popularity remained reasonably high unexpectedly resigned prime minister citing health reasons replaced james callaghan.wilson callaghan governments tried control inflation reached .
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Labour Party (UK)
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policy wage restraint.fairly successful reducing inflation ..however led increasingly strained relations government trade unions.fear advances nationalist parties particularly scotland led suppression report scottish office economist gavin mccrone suggested independent scotland would chronically surplus.byelection losses defections breakaway scottish labour party left callaghan heading minority government forced deals smaller parties order govern.
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Labour Party (UK)
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arrangement negotiated liberal leader david steel known lib–lab pact ended one year.deals forged various small parties including scottish national party snp welsh nationalist plaid cymru prolonging life government.the nationalist parties turn demanded devolution respective constituent countries return supporting government.referendums scottish welsh devolution held march welsh devolution referendum saw large majority vote scottish referendum returned narrow majority favour without reaching required threshold support.labour government duly refused push ahead setting proposed scottish assembly snp withdrew support government finally brought government conservatives triggered vote confidence callaghans government lost single vote march necessitating general election.by economy started show signs recovery inflation falling single digits unemployment falling living standards starting rise year.labours opinion poll ratings also improved showing party lead.
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Labour Party (UK)
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callaghan widely expected call general election autumn take advantage improving situation.event decided gamble extending wage restraint policy another year would allow economy better shape election.however proved unpopular trade unions winter – widespread strikes among lorry drivers railway workers car workers local government hospital workers favour higher payrises caused significant disruption everyday life.events came dubbed winter discontent.these industrial disputes sent conservatives led margaret thatcher lead polls led labours defeat general election.labour vote held election party receiving nearly number votes .
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Labour Party (UK)
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however conservative party achieved big increases support midlands south england benefiting surge turnout votes lost ailing liberals.opposition internal conflict – defeat general election labour party underwent period internal rivalry left represented tony benn right represented denis healey.election michael foot leader leftist policies espoused unilateral nuclear disarmament leaving european economic community nato closer governmental influence banking system creation national minimum wage ban fox hunting led four former cabinet ministers right labour party shirley williams bill rodgers roy jenkins david owen forming social democratic party.benn narrowly defeated healey bitterly fought deputy leadership election introduction electoral college intended widen voting franchise elect leader deputy.national executive committee concluded entryist militant tendency group contravention partys constitution.the labour party defeated heavily general election winning .
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Labour Party (UK)
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vote lowest share since receiving half million votes sdpliberal alliance leader michael foot condemned siphoning labour support enabling conservatives greatly increase majority parliamentary seats.party manifesto election termed critics longest suicide note history.foot resigned replaced leader neil kinnock roy hattersley deputy.new leadership progressively dropped unpopular policies.miners strike – coal mine closures divided num well labour party wapping dispute led clashes left party negative coverage press.the alliances campaigns lesbians gays support miners forged lesbian gay bisexual transgender lgbt labour groups well labour party also proved important turning point progression lgbt issues uk.labour party conference bournemouth resolution committing party support lgbt equality rights passed first time due block voting support national union mineworkers.labour improved performance gaining seats reducing conservative majority .
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Labour Party (UK)
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firmly reestablished second political party britain alliance failed make breakthrough seats.merger sdp liberals formed liberal democrats.following election national executive committee resumed disciplinary action members militant remained party leading expulsions activists two mps supported group.radically socialist members party often described loony left particularly print media.print media also began using pejorative hard left sometimes describe trotskyist groups militant tendency socialist organiser socialist action.
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Labour Party (UK)
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kinnock challenged tony benn party leadership.based percentages members parliament supported kinnock benn backed .clear majority kinnock remained leader labour party.in november following contested leadership election margaret thatcher resigned leader conservative party succeeded leader prime minister john major.opinion polls shown labour comfortably ahead tories year thatchers resignation fall tory support blamed largely introduction unpopular poll tax combined fact economy sliding recession time.change leader tory government saw turnaround support tories regularly topped opinion polls throughout although labour regained lead once.the yoyo opinion polls continued though november labour lead polls rarely sufficient majority.
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Labour Party (UK)
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major resisted kinnocks calls general election throughout .kinnock campaigned theme time change urging voters elect new government decade unbroken conservative rule.however conservatives undergone change leader thatcher major replaced community charge.the general election widely tipped result hung parliament narrow labour majority event conservatives returned power though muchreduced majority .despite increased number seats votes still incredibly disappointing result supporters labour party.first time years serious doubt among public media whether labour could ever return government.kinnock resigned leader succeeded john smith.
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Labour Party (UK)
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battle erupted old guard partys left identified modernisers.old guard argued trends showed regaining strength smiths strong leadership.meanwhile breakaway sdp merged liberal party.new liberal democrats seemed pose major threat labour base.tony blair shadow home secretary different vision traditional labour politics.
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Labour Party (UK)
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blair leader modernising faction argued longterm trends reversed arguing party locked base shrinking since based workingclass trade unions residents subsidised council housing.blair argued rapidly growing middle class largely ignored well ambitious workingclass families.blair said aspired become middleclass accepted conservative argument traditional labour holding ambitious people back extent higher tax policies.present fresh face new policies electorate new labour needed fresh leaders jettison outdated policies argued modernisers.first step procedural essential.
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Labour Party (UK)
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calling slogan one member one vote blair help smith defeated union element ended block voting leaders labour unions.blair modernisers called radical adjustment party goals repealing clause iv historic commitment nationalisation industry.achieved .black wednesday september damaged conservative governments reputation economic competence end year labour comfortable lead tories opinion polls.although recession declared april period strong sustained economic growth followed coupled relatively swift fall unemployment labour lead opinion polls remained strong.however smith died heart attack may .
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Labour Party (UK)
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last labour leader contested general election excluding acting leaders incumbent whose tenure ongoing.new labour – tony blair continued move party centre abandoning largely symbolic clause four miniconference strategy increase partys appeal middle england.simple rebranding however project would draw upon third way strategy informed thoughts british sociologist anthony giddens.new labour first termed alternative branding labour party dating conference slogan first used labour party later seen draft manifesto published party called new labour new life britain.continuation trend begun leadership neil kinnock.new labour name official status remains common use distinguish modernisers holding traditional positions normally referred old labour.new labour party ideas ideals outdated ideology.
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Labour Party (UK)
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counts works.objectives radical.means modern.the labour party general election landslide victory parliamentary majority largest labour majority ever time largest swing political party achieved since .next decade wide range progressive social reforms enacted millions lifted poverty labours time office largely result various tax benefit reforms.among early acts blairs government establishment national minimum wage devolution power scotland wales northern ireland major changes regulation banking system recreation citywide government body london greater london authority electedmayor.combined conservative opposition yet organise effectively william hague continuing popularity blair labour went win election similar majority dubbed quiet landslide media.
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Labour Party (UK)
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labour introduced tax credits government topups pay lowwage workers.perceived turning point blair controversially allied us president george w. bush supporting iraq war caused lose much political support.un secretarygeneral among many considered war illegal violation un charter.iraq war deeply unpopular western countries western governments divided support pressure worldwide popular protests.decisions led iraq war subsequent conduct subject sir john chilcots iraq inquiry commonly referred chilcot report.in general election labour reelected third term reduced majority popular vote .
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Labour Party (UK)
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lowest percentage majority government british history.election proposed controversial posters alastair campbell opposition leader michael howard shadow chancellor oliver letwin jewish depicted flying pigs criticised antisemitic.posters referring expression pigs fly suggest tory election promises unrealistic.response campbell said posters way shape form intended antisemitic.blair announced september would quit leader within year though pressure quit earlier may order get new leader place may elections expected disastrous labour.event party lose power scotland minority scottish national party government elections shortly blair resigned prime minister replaced chancellor gordon brown.
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Labour Party (UK)
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although party experienced brief rise polls popularity soon slumped lowest level since days michael foot.may labour suffered heavy defeats london mayoral election local elections loss crewe nantwich byelection culminating party registering worst ever opinion poll result since records began many citing browns leadership key factor.membership party also reached low ebb falling end per cent peak reached thought lowest total since party founded.finance proved major problem labour party period cash peerages scandal blair resulted drying many major sources donations.january march labour party received £ million donations £ million debt compared conservatives £ million donations £ million debt.debts eventually mounted £.
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Labour Party (UK)
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million finally fully repaid .in general election may year labour .vote second largest number seats .conservatives .vote largest number seats party overall majority meaning labour could still remain power managed form coalition least one smaller party.however labour party would form coalition one smaller party gain overall majority anything less would result minority government.
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Labour Party (UK)
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may talks form coalition liberal democrats broke brown announced intention stand leader labour party conference day later resigned prime minister party leader.opposition internal conflict –present harriet harman became leader opposition acting leader labour party following resignation gordon brown may pending leadership election subsequently ed miliband.miliband emphasised responsible capitalism greater state intervention change balance economy away financial services.tackling vested interests opening closed circles british society themes returned number times.miliband also argued greater regulation banks energy companies.
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Labour Party (UK)
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adopted one nation labour branding .parliamentary labour party voted abolish shadow cabinet elections ratified national executive committee party conference.henceforth leader party chose shadow cabinet members.the partys performance held local elections labour consolidating position north midlands also regaining ground southern england.wales party enjoyed good successes regaining control welsh councils lost including cardiff.scotland labour held overall control glasgow city council despite predictions contrary also enjoyed .
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Labour Party (UK)
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swing across scotland.results london mixed ken livingstone lost election mayor london party gained highest ever representation greater london authority concurrent assembly election.at special conference held march party reformed internal labour election procedures including replacing electoral college system selecting new leaders one member one vote system following recommendation review former generalsecretary ray collins.mass membership would encouraged allowing registered supporters join low cost well full membership.members trade unions would also explicitly opt rather opt paying political levy labour.the party edged conservatives european parliamentary election winning seats conservatives .however uk independence party seats.
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Labour Party (UK)
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labour also gained councillors local elections held day may.september shadow chancellor ed balls outlined plans cut governments current account deficit party carried plans general election.whereas conservatives campaigned surplus government spending including investment – labour stated would balance budget excluding investment .general election unexpectedly resulted net loss seats labour representation falling seats house commons.party lost seats scotland face record swings scottish national party.
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Labour Party (UK)
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although labour gained seats england wales mostly liberal democrats also conservative party lost seats conservatives including ed balls morley outwood net losses overall.after general election miliband resigned party leader harriet harman became acting leader.labour held leadership election jeremy corbyn member socialist campaign group considered fringe hopeful contest began receiving nominations mps one minimum required stand support mps.however benefited large influx new members well new affiliated registered supporters introduced miliband.elected leader vote membership numbers continued climb start corbyns leadership.tensions soon developed parliamentary party corbyns leadership.following referendum eu membership two dozen members shadow cabinet resigned late june noconfidence vote supported mps supporting corbyn.
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Labour Party (UK)
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july leadership election called angela eagle launched challenge corbyn.soon joined rival challenger owen smith prompting eagle withdraw order ensure one challenger ballot.september corbyn retained leadership party increased share vote.end contest labours membership grown making largest political party terms membership western europe.following partys decision support european union notification withdrawal bill least three shadow cabinet ministers representing constituencies voted remain eu resigned position result partys decision invoke article bill.labour mps voted bill defiance partys threeline whip.
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Labour Party (UK)
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unusually rebel frontbenchers face immediate dismissal.according new statesman approximately members labour party also resigned protest partys stance confirmed senior labour sources.in april prime minister theresa may called snap election june .labour campaign focused social issues like health care education ending austerity.although labour started campaign far points behind defied expectations gaining vote greatest share since .party made net gain seats reach total mps swing .
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