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Economic impacts of climate change | second revision says ipcc discussion figure offers useful cautions interpretation quotes sayingestimates agree size impact small relative economic growth impact estimates shown figure negative.losses accelerate greater warming estimates diverge.new estimates slightly widened uncertainty economic impacts climate.welfare impacts estimated different methods ranging expert elicitation econometric studies simulation models.different studies include different aspects impacts climate change estimate complete experts speculate excluded impacts balance negative. |
Economic impacts of climate change | estimates across studies reflect different assumptions intersectoral interregional intertemporal interactions adaptation monetary values impacts.aggregate estimates costs mask significant differences impacts across sectors regions countries populations.relative income economic impacts higher poorer people.marginal impacts social cost carbon scc aggregate measure impacts climate change.defined incremental marginal social cost emitting one tonne carbon carbon dioxide atmosphere point time yohe et al. |
Economic impacts of climate change | .different ghgs different social costs.example due greater physical capacity trap infrared radiation hfcs considerably higher social cost per tonne emission carbon dioxide.another physical property affects social cost atmospheric lifetime ghg.estimates scc highly uncertain cover wide range klein et al.. |
Economic impacts of climate change | discrepancies estimates broken normative empirical parameters fisher et al..key normative parameters include aggregation impacts across time regions.parameters relate empirical validity scc estimates.reflects poor quality data estimates based difficulty predicting society react future climate change. |
Economic impacts of climate change | literature assessment klein et al.placed low confidence scc estimates.sensitivity analysis sensitivity analysis allows assumptions changed aggregate analysis see effect results smith et al.shape damage function relates impacts change atmospheric greenhouse gas ghg concentrations.little information correct shape e.g. |
Economic impacts of climate change | linear cubic function is.compared linear function cubic function shows relatively small damages small increases temperature sharply increasing damages greater temperatures.rate climate change believed important determinant impacts often affects time available adaptation.discount rate time horizon models used aggregate studies suggest severe impacts climate change occur future.estimated impacts therefore sensitive time horizon far given study projects impacts future discount rate value assigned consumption future versus consumption today.welfare criteria aggregate analysis particularly sensitive weighting i.e.relative importance impacts occurring different regions different times.studies fankhauser et al. |
Economic impacts of climate change | azar found greater concern distribution impacts lead severe predictions aggregate impacts.uncertainty usually assessed sensitivity analysis also viewed hedging problem.emf found deciding hedge depends societys aversion climate change risks potential costs insuring risks.advantages disadvantages number benefits using aggregated assessments measure climate change impacts smith et al..allow impacts directly compared different regions times. |
Economic impacts of climate change | impacts compared environmental problems also costs avoiding impacts.problem aggregated analyses often reduce different types impacts small number indicators.argued impacts wellsuited e.g.monetization mortality loss species diversity.hand pearce argued monetary costs avoiding impacts possible avoid monetary valuation impacts. |
Economic impacts of climate change | incomplete estimates stated economic estimates climate change impacts incomplete.analysts used integrated assessment models estimate economic impacts climate change.models include estimates impacts instance effects climate change agriculture.areas models exclude impacts.example possibility climate change could lead migration conflict.the stern review british government also predicted world gdp would reduced several percent due climate related costs. |
Economic impacts of climate change | however calculations may omit ecological effects difficult quantify economically human deaths loss biodiversity whose economic consequences manifest slowly.therefore calculations may underestimate.relative impacts effects climate change compared effects human society environment.future socioeconomic development may strongly affect climate change impacts.example projections number people risk hunger vary significantly according assumptions future socioeconomic development.some ecosystems likely especially affected climate change e.g. |
Economic impacts of climate change | coral reefs.longterm beyond climate change may become major driver biodiversity loss globally.the socioeconomic impacts climate change likely greatest communities face stresses.example poor communities vulnerable extreme weather events likely especially affected climate change.general however changes e.g.demographic technological likely greater effect human society climate change. |
Economic impacts of climate change | hand major nonmarginal impacts could occur abrupt changes natural social systems.scientific understanding abrupt changes limited.another consideration vulnerability climate change varies scale.local scales extreme weather events significant impact especially vulnerable locations.another potentially significant impact longterm effect sealevel rise lowlying coastal areas.comments relative impacts bostrom comments thateven stern review economics climate change report prepared british government criticized overly pessimistic estimates assumption businessasusual regard emissions global warming reduce welfare amount equivalent permanent reduction per capita consumption . |
Economic impacts of climate change | absolute terms would huge harm.yet course twentieth century world gdp grew per capita world gdp rose .seems safe say absent radical overhaul best current scientific models earth’s climate system whatever negative economic effects global warming completely swamped factors influence economic growth rates century.other analysts commented risks climate change damages.german advisory council global change wbgu comments thatalthough stern reviews figures tend upper end scale compared estimates currently circulating even quantitative estimates fail include economic upheavals would arise consequence climateinduced conflicts might triggered climateinduced migration.several analysts emphasized importance catastrophic risks due climate change.wbgu states due climate change significant impairment global economy distinct possibility. |
Economic impacts of climate change | weitzman commentedclimate change potentially affects whole worldwide portfolio utility threatening drive planetary welfare disastrously low levels extreme scenarios.global climate change diversification risk limited eggs inherently one basket.estimates climate change contributed extreme weather events causing least billion damages.impact seen longer time period past years estimated people died us.trillion lost result extreme weather events. |
Economic impacts of climate change | increasing temperature lead accelerating economic losses.survey independent economists looking effects climate change found future damage estimates range global gdp per year.reading see also ecoflationeconomics global warmingeffects climate changeenvironmental security peace references sources climate change capable development ananda kumar biswasdowning t.e.r.e.butterfield april extreme outcomes prospects major tipping socially contingent events associated economic social costs. |
Economic impacts of climate change | summary crosssectoral results climatecost project funded european communitys seventh framework programme.technical policy briefing note pdf oxford stockholm environment institute isbn .report website.downing t.e.et al.august social cost carbon closer look uncertainty final revision pdf london uk government department environment food rural affairsipcc ar syr . |
Economic impacts of climate change | core writing team pachauri r. k. meyer l. a. eds.. climate change synthesis report.contribution working groups ii iii fifth assessment report intergovernmental panel climate change.geneva switzerland ipcc.ipcc tar wg mccarthy j. j. canziani o. f. leary n. a. dokken d. j. white k. s. eds.climate change impacts adaptation vulnerability contribution working group ii third assessment report intergovernmental panel climate change cambridge university press isbn retrieved pb .ipcc ar wg parry m.l.canziani o.f. |
Economic impacts of climate change | palutikof j.p. van der linden p.j.hanson c.e.eds.climate change impacts adaptation vulnerability contribution working group ii fourth assessment report intergovernmental panel climate change cambridge university press isbn pb .wbgu flagship report world transition climate change security risk.report german advisory council global change wbgu pdf earthscan isbn archived original pdf retrieved . |
Cloud computing | report website.weitzman m. ghg targets insurance catastrophic climate damages pdf journal public economic theory – doi.j....x scid .large clouds often functions distributed multiple locations location data center.cloud computing relies sharing resources achieve coherence economies scale typically using payasyougo model help reducing capital expenses may also lead unexpected operating expenses unaware users.value proposition advocates public hybrid clouds note cloud computing allows companies avoid minimize upfront infrastructure costs.proponents also claim cloud computing allows enterprises get applications running faster improved manageability less maintenance enables teams rapidly adjust resources meet fluctuating unpredictable demand providing burst computing capability high computing power certain periods peak demand.history references phrase cloud computing appeared early first known mention compaq internal document.the cloud symbol used represent networks computing equipment original arpanet early csnet —both predecessors internet itself. |
Cloud computing | word cloud used metaphor internet standardized cloudlike shape used denote network telephony schematics.simplification implication specifics endpoints network connected relevant understanding diagram.the term cloud used refer platforms distributed computing early apple spinoff general magic att used describing paired telescript personalink technologies.wireds april feature bill andys excellent adventure ii andy hertzfeld commented telescript general magics distributed programming languagethe beauty telescript ... instead device program entire cloud single program go travel many different sources information create sort virtual service.one conceived before.example jim white designer telescript x. asn. |
Cloud computing | uses datearranging service software agent goes flower store orders flowers goes ticket shop gets tickets show everything communicated parties.early history initial concepts timesharing became popularized via rje remote job entry terminology mostly associated large vendors ibm dec. fulltimesharing solutions available early platforms multics ge hardware cambridge ctss earliest unix ports dec hardware.yet data center model users submitted jobs operators run ibms mainframes overwhelmingly predominant.in telecommunications companies previously offered primarily dedicated pointtopoint data circuits began offering virtual private network vpn services comparable quality service lower cost.switching traffic saw fit balance server use could use overall network bandwidth effectively.began use cloud symbol denote demarcation point provider responsible users responsible for. |
Cloud computing | cloud computing extended boundary cover servers well network infrastructure.computers became diffused scientists technologists explored ways make largescale computing power available users timesharing.experimented algorithms optimize infrastructure platform applications prioritize cpus increase efficiency end users.the use cloud metaphor virtualized services dates least general magic used describe universe places mobile agents telescript environment could go.described andy hertzfeldthe beauty telescript says andy instead device program entire cloud single program go travel many different sources information create sort virtual service.the use cloud metaphor credited general magic communications employee david hoffman based longstanding use networking telecom.addition use general magic also used promoting atts associated personalink services. |
Cloud computing | july amazon created subsidiary amazon web services goal enable developers build innovative entrepreneurial applications own.march amazon introduced simple storage service followed elastic compute cloud ec august year.products pioneered usage server virtualization deliver iaas cheaper ondemand pricing basis.in april google released beta version google app engine.app engine paas one first kind provided fully maintained infrastructure deployment platform users create web applications using common languagestechnologies python node.js php.goal eliminate need administrative tasks typical iaas model creating platform users could easily deploy applications scale demand.in early nasas nebula enhanced reservoir european commissionfunded project became first opensource software deploying private hybrid clouds federation clouds.by mid gartner saw opportunity cloud computing shape relationship among consumers services use services sell observed organizations switching companyowned hardware software assets peruse servicebased models projected shift computing ... result dramatic growth products areas significant reductions areas.in u.s. national science foundation began cluster exploratory program fund academic research using googleibm cluster technology analyze massive amounts data.in government france announced project andromède create sovereign cloud national cloud computing government spend € million. |
Cloud computing | initiative failed badly cloudwatt shut february .february microsoft released microsoft azure announced october .in july rackspace hosting nasa jointly launched opensource cloudsoftware initiative known openstack.openstack project intended help organizations offering cloudcomputing services running standard hardware.early code came nasas nebula platform well rackspaces cloud files platform.opensource offering along opensource solutions cloudstack ganeti opennebula attracted attention several key communities. |
Cloud computing | several studies aim comparing open source offerings based set criteria.on march ibm announced ibm smartcloud framework support smarter planet.among various components smarter computing foundation cloud computing critical part.june oracle announced oracle cloud.cloud offering poised first provide users access integrated set solutions including applications saas platform paas infrastructure iaas layers.in may google compute engine released preview rolled general availability december .in linux common os used microsoft azure.december amazon announced aws outposts fully managed service extends aws infrastructure aws services apis tools virtually customer datacenter colocation space onpremises facility truly consistent hybrid experience similar concepts goal cloud computing allow users take benefit technologies without need deep knowledge expertise one them. |
Cloud computing | cloud aims cut costs helps users focus core business instead impeded obstacles.main enabling technology cloud computing virtualization.virtualization software separates physical computing device one virtual devices easily used managed perform computing tasks.operating system–level virtualization essentially creating scalable system multiple independent computing devices idle computing resources allocated used efficiently.virtualization provides agility required speed operations reduces cost increasing infrastructure utilization. |
Cloud computing | autonomic computing automates process user provision resources ondemand.minimizing user involvement automation speeds process reduces labor costs reduces possibility human errors.cloud computing uses concepts utility computing provide metrics services used.cloud computing attempts address qos quality service reliability problems grid computing models.cloud computing shares characteristics withclient–server model—client–server computing refers broadly distributed application distinguishes service providers servers service requestors clients.computer bureau—a service bureau providing computer services particularly s.grid computing—a form distributed parallel computing whereby super virtual computer composed cluster networked loosely coupled computers acting concert perform large tasks.fog computing—distributed computing paradigm provides data compute storage application services closer client nearuser edge devices network routers.furthermore fog computing handles data network level smart devices enduser clientside e.g.mobile devices instead sending data remote location processing.mainframe computer—powerful computers used mainly large organizations critical applications typically bulk data processing census industry consumer statistics police secret intelligence services enterprise resource planning financial transaction processing.utility computing—the packaging computing resources computation storage metered service similar traditional public utility electricity.peertopeer—a distributed architecture without need central coordination. |
Cloud computing | participants suppliers consumers resources contrast traditional clientserver model.green computing—study practice environmentally sustainable computing it.cloud sandbox—a live isolated computer environment program code file run without affecting application runs.characteristics cloud computing exhibits following key characteristicsagility organizations may improved cloud computing may increase users flexibility reprovisioning adding expanding technological infrastructure resources.cost reductions claimed cloud providers.publiccloud delivery model converts capital expenditures e.g.buying servers operational expenditure.purportedly lowers barriers entry infrastructure typically provided third party need purchased onetime infrequent intensive computing tasks. |
Cloud computing | pricing utility computing basis finegrained usagebased billing options.well less inhouse skills required implementation projects use cloud computing.efiscal projects stateoftheart repository contains several articles looking cost aspects detail concluding costs savings depend type activities supported type infrastructure available inhouse.device location independence enable users access systems using web browser regardless location device use e.g.pc mobile phone.infrastructure offsite typically provided thirdparty accessed via internet users connect anywhere.maintenance cloud environment easier data hosted outside server maintained provider without need invest data center hardware. |
Cloud computing | maintenance cloud computing managed updated cloud providers maintenance team reduces cloud computing costs compared onpremises data centers.multitenancy enables sharing resources costs across large pool users thus allowing forcentralization infrastructure locations lower costs real estate electricity etc.peakload capacity increases users need engineer pay resources equipment meet highest possible loadlevelsutilisation efficiency improvements systems often – utilised.performance monitored experts service provider consistent loosely coupled architectures constructed using web services system interface.productivity may increased multiple users work data simultaneously rather waiting saved emailed.time may saved information need reentered fields matched users need install application software upgrades computer.availability improves use multiple redundant sites makes welldesigned cloud computing suitable business continuity disaster recovery.scalability elasticity via dynamic ondemand provisioning resources finegrained selfservice basis near realtime note vm startup time varies vm type location os cloud providers without users engineer peak loads.gives ability scale usage need increases resources used.timeefficient benefit cloud scalability also means faster time market business flexibility adaptability adding new resources doesn’t take much time used to.emerging approaches managing elasticity include use machine learning techniques propose efficient elasticity models.security improve due centralization data increased securityfocused resources etc. |
Cloud computing | concerns persist loss control certain sensitive data lack security stored kernels.security often good better traditional systems part service providers able devote resources solving security issues many customers cannot afford tackle lack technical skills address.however complexity security greatly increased data distributed wider area greater number devices well multitenant systems shared unrelated users.addition user access security audit logs may difficult impossible.private cloud installations part motivated users desire retain control infrastructure avoid losing control information security.the national institute standards technologys definition cloud computing identifies five essential characteristicsondemand selfservice. |
Cloud computing | consumer unilaterally provision computing capabilities server time network storage needed automatically without requiring human interaction service provider.broad network access.capabilities available network accessed standard mechanisms promote use heterogeneous thin thick client platforms e.g.mobile phones tablets laptops workstations.resource pooling.providers computing resources pooled serve multiple consumers using multitenant model different physical virtual resources dynamically assigned reassigned according consumer demand.rapid elasticity. |
Cloud computing | capabilities elastically provisioned released cases automatically scale rapidly outward inward commensurate demand.consumer capabilities available provisioning often appear unlimited appropriated quantity time.measured service.cloud systems automatically control optimize resource use leveraging metering capability level abstraction appropriate type service e.g.storage processing bandwidth active user accounts.resource usage monitored controlled reported providing transparency provider consumer utilized service. |
Cloud computing | service models though serviceoriented architecture advocates everything service acronyms eaas xaas simply aas cloudcomputing providers offer services according different models three standard models per nist infrastructure service iaas platform service paas software service saas.models offer increasing abstraction thus often portrayed layers stack infrastructure platform softwareasaservice need related.example one provide saas implemented physical machines bare metal without using underlying paas iaas layers conversely one run program iaas access directly without wrapping saas.infrastructure service iaas infrastructure service iaas refers online services provide highlevel apis used abstract various lowlevel details underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources location data partitioning scaling security backup etc.hypervisor runs virtual machines guests. |
Cloud computing | pools hypervisors within cloud operational system support large numbers virtual machines ability scale services according customers varying requirements.linux containers run isolated partitions single linux kernel running directly physical hardware.linux cgroups namespaces underlying linux kernel technologies used isolate secure manage containers.containerisation offers higher performance virtualization hypervisor overhead.iaas clouds often offer additional resources virtualmachine diskimage library raw block storage file object storage firewalls load balancers ip addresses virtual local area networks vlans software bundles.the nists definition cloud computing describes iaas consumer able deploy run arbitrary software include operating systems applications. |
Cloud computing | consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure control operating systems storage deployed applications possibly limited control select networking components e.g.host firewalls.iaascloud providers supply resources ondemand large pools equipment installed data centers.widearea connectivity customers use either internet carrier clouds dedicated virtual private networks.deploy applications cloud users install operatingsystem images application software cloud infrastructure.model cloud user patches maintains operating systems application software. |
Cloud computing | cloud providers typically bill iaas services utility computing basis cost reflects amount resources allocated consumed.platform service paas nists definition cloud computing defines platform service asthe capability provided consumer deploy onto cloud infrastructure consumercreated acquired applications created using programming languages libraries services tools supported provider.consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure including network servers operating systems storage control deployed applications possibly configuration settings applicationhosting environment.paas vendors offer development environment application developers.provider typically develops toolkit standards development channels distribution payment.paas models cloud providers deliver computing platform typically including operating system programminglanguage execution environment database web server. |
Cloud computing | application developers develop run software cloud platform instead directly buying managing underlying hardware software layers.paas underlying computer storage resources scale automatically match application demand cloud user allocate resources manually.some integration data management providers also use specialized applications paas delivery models data.examples include ipaas integration platform service dpaas data platform service.ipaas enables customers develop execute govern integration flows.ipaas integration model customers drive development deployment integrations without installing managing hardware middleware. |
Cloud computing | dpaas delivers integration—and datamanagement—products fully managed service.dpaas model paas provider customer manages development execution programs building data applications customer.dpaas users access data datavisualization tools.software service saas nists definition cloud computing defines software service asthe capability provided consumer use providers applications running cloud infrastructure.applications accessible various client devices either thin client interface web browser e.g. |
Cloud computing | webbased email program interface.consumer manage control underlying cloud infrastructure including network servers operating systems storage even individual application capabilities possible exception limited userspecific application configuration settings.in software service saas model users gain access application software databases.cloud providers manage infrastructure platforms run applications.saas sometimes referred ondemand software usually priced payperuse basis using subscription fee.saas model cloud providers install operate application software cloud cloud users access software cloud clients. |
Cloud computing | cloud users manage cloud infrastructure platform application runs.eliminates need install run application cloud users computers simplifies maintenance support.cloud applications differ applications scalability—which achieved cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines runtime meet changing work demand.load balancers distribute work set virtual machines.process transparent cloud user sees single accesspoint. |
Cloud computing | accommodate large number cloud users cloud applications multitenant meaning machine may serve one clouduser organization.the pricing model saas applications typically monthly yearly flat fee per user prices become scalable adjustable users added removed point.may also free.proponents claim saas gives business potential reduce operational costs outsourcing hardware software maintenance support cloud provider.enables business reallocate operations costs away hardwaresoftware spending personnel expenses towards meeting goals.addition applications hosted centrally updates released without need users install new software. |
Cloud computing | one drawback saas comes storing users data cloud providers server.result could unauthorized access data.examples applications offered saas games productivity software like google docs word online.saas applications may integrated cloud storage file hosting services case google docs integrated google drive word online integrated onedrive.mobile backend service mbaas mobile backend service model also known backend service baas web app mobile app developers provided way link applications cloud storage cloud computing services application programming interfaces apis exposed applications custom software development kits sdks. |
Cloud computing | services include user management push notifications integration social networking services more.relatively recent model cloud computing baas startups dating later trends indicate services gaining significant mainstream traction enterprise consumers.serverless computing functionasaservice faas serverless computing cloud computing code execution model cloud provider fully manages starting stopping virtual machines necessary serve requests requests billed abstract measure resources required satisfy request rather per virtual machine per hour.despite name actually involve running code without servers.serverless computing named business person owns system purchase rent provide servers virtual machines backend code run on.function service faas servicehosted remote procedure call leverages serverless computing enable deployment individual functions cloud run response events. |
Cloud computing | faas considered come umbrella serverless computing others use terms interchangeably.deployment models private cloud private cloud cloud infrastructure operated solely single organization whether managed internally third party hosted either internally externally.undertaking private cloud project requires significant engagement virtualize business environment requires organization reevaluate decisions existing resources.improve business every step project raises security issues must addressed prevent serious vulnerabilities.selfrun data centers generally capital intensive. |
Cloud computing | significant physical footprint requiring allocations space hardware environmental controls.assets refreshed periodically resulting additional capital expenditures.attracted criticism users still buy build manage thus benefit less handson management essentially lacking economic model makes cloud computing intriguing concept.public cloud cloud services considered public delivered public internet may offered paid subscription free charge.architecturally differences public privatecloud services security concerns increase substantially services applications storage resources shared multiple customers. |
Cloud computing | publiccloud providers offer directconnection services allow customers securely link legacy data centers cloudresident applications.several factors like functionality solutions cost integrational organizational aspects well safety security influencing decision enterprises organizations choose public cloud onpremises solution.hybrid cloud hybrid cloud composition public cloud private environment private cloud onpremises resources remain distinct entities bound together offering benefits multiple deployment models.hybrid cloud also mean ability connect collocation managed andor dedicated services cloud resources.gartner defines hybrid cloud service cloud computing service composed combination private public community cloud services different service providers.hybrid cloud service crosses isolation provider boundaries cant simply put one category private public community cloud service. |
Cloud computing | allows one extend either capacity capability cloud service aggregation integration customization another cloud service.varied use cases hybrid cloud composition exist.example organization may store sensitive client data house private cloud application interconnect application business intelligence application provided public cloud software service.example hybrid cloud extends capabilities enterprise deliver specific business service addition externally available public cloud services.hybrid cloud adoption depends number factors data security compliance requirements level control needed data applications organization uses.another example hybrid cloud one organizations use public cloud computing resources meet temporary capacity needs met private cloud.capability enables hybrid clouds employ cloud bursting scaling across clouds. |
Cloud computing | cloud bursting application deployment model application runs private cloud data center bursts public cloud demand computing capacity increases.primary advantage cloud bursting hybrid cloud model organization pays extra compute resources needed.cloud bursting enables data centers create inhouse infrastructure supports average workloads use cloud resources public private clouds spikes processing demands.specialized model hybrid cloud built atop heterogeneous hardware called crossplatform hybrid cloud.crossplatform hybrid cloud usually powered different cpu architectures example x arm underneath. |
Cloud computing | users transparently deploy scale applications without knowledge clouds hardware diversity.kind cloud emerges rise armbased systemonchip serverclass computing.hybrid cloud infrastructure essentially serves eliminate limitations inherent multiaccess relay characteristics private cloud networking.advantages include enhanced runtime flexibility adaptive memory processing unique virtualized interface models.others community cloud community cloud shares infrastructure several organizations specific community common concerns security compliance jurisdiction etc.whether managed internally thirdparty either hosted internally externally. |
Cloud computing | costs spread fewer users public cloud private cloud cost savings potential cloud computing realized.distributed cloud cloud computing platform assembled distributed set machines different locations connected single network hub service.possible distinguish two types distributed clouds publicresource computing volunteer cloud.publicresource computing—this type distributed cloud results expansive definition cloud computing akin distributed computing cloud computing.nonetheless considered subclass cloud computing.volunteer cloud—volunteer cloud computing characterized intersection publicresource computing cloud computing cloud computing infrastructure built using volunteered resources.many challenges arise type infrastructure volatility resources used build dynamic environment operates in. |
Cloud computing | also called peertopeer clouds adhoc clouds.interesting effort direction cloudhome aims implement cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing businessmodel incentivize contributions financial restitution.multi cloud multi cloud use multiple cloud computing services single heterogeneous architecture reduce reliance single vendors increase flexibility choice mitigate disasters etc.differs hybrid cloud refers multiple cloud services rather multiple deployment modes public private legacy.poly cloud poly cloud refers use multiple public clouds purpose leveraging specific services provider offers. |
Cloud computing | differs multi cloud designed increase flexibility mitigate failures rather used allow organization achieve could done single provider.big data cloud issues transferring large amounts data cloud well data security data cloud initially hampered adoption cloud big data much data originates cloud advent baremetal servers cloud become solution use cases including business analytics geospatial analysis.hpc cloud hpc cloud refers use cloud computing services infrastructure execute highperformance computing hpc applications.applications consume considerable amount computing power memory traditionally executed clusters computers.handful companies including rhpc amazon web services univa silicon graphics international sabalcore gomput penguin computing offered high performance computing cloud. |
Cloud computing | penguin demand pod cloud one first nonvirtualized remote hpc services offered payasyougo basis.penguin computing launched hpc cloud alternative amazons ec elastic compute cloud uses virtualized computing nodes.architecture cloud architecture systems architecture software systems involved delivery cloud computing typically involves multiple cloud components communicating loose coupling mechanism messaging queue.elastic provision implies intelligence use tight loose coupling applied mechanisms others.cloud engineering cloud engineering application engineering disciplines cloud computing. |
Cloud computing | brings systematic approach highlevel concerns commercialization standardization governance conceiving developing operating maintaining cloud computing systems.multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions diverse areas systems software web performance information technology engineering security platform risk quality engineering.security privacy cloud computing poses privacy concerns service provider access data cloud time.could accidentally deliberately alter delete information.many cloud providers share information third parties necessary purposes law order without warrant. |
Cloud computing | permitted privacy policies users must agree start using cloud services.solutions privacy include policy legislation well endusers choices data stored.users encrypt data processed stored within cloud prevent unauthorized access.identity management systems also provide practical solutions privacy concerns cloud computing.systems distinguish authorized unauthorized users determine amount data accessible entity. |
Cloud computing | systems work creating describing identities recording activities getting rid unused identities.according cloud security alliance top three threats cloud insecure interfaces apis data loss leakage hardware failure—which accounted cloud security outages respectively.together form shared technology vulnerabilities.cloud provider platform shared different users may possibility information belonging different customers resides data server.additionally eugene schultz chief technology officer emagined security said hackers spending substantial time effort looking ways penetrate cloud.real achilles heels cloud infrastructure making big holes bad guys get into. |
Cloud computing | data hundreds thousands companies stored large cloud servers hackers theoretically gain control huge stores information single attack—a process called hyperjacking.examples include dropbox security breach icloud leak.dropbox breached october million users passwords stolen hackers effort get monetary value bitcoins btc.passwords able read private data well data indexed search engines making information public.there problem legal ownership data user stores data cloud cloud provider profit it.many terms service agreements silent question ownership. |
Cloud computing | physical control computer equipment private cloud secure equipment offsite someone elses control public cloud.delivers great incentive public cloud computing service providers prioritize building maintaining strong management secure services.small businesses dont expertise security could find secure use public cloud.risk end users understand issues involved signing cloud service persons sometimes dont read many pages terms service agreement click accept without reading.important cloud computing becoming popular required services work example intelligent personal assistant apples siri google now. |
Cloud computing | fundamentally private cloud seen secure higher levels control owner however public cloud seen flexible requires less time money investment user.limitations disadvantages according bruce schneier downside limited customization options.cloud computing cheaper economics scale and—like outsourced task—you tend get want.restaurant limited menu cheaper personal chef cook anything want.fewer options much cheaper price feature bug. |
Cloud computing | also suggests cloud provider might meet legal needs businesses need weigh benefits cloud computing risks.in cloud computing control back end infrastructure limited cloud vendor only.cloud providers often decide management policies moderates cloud users able deployment.cloud users also limited control management applications data services.includes data caps placed cloud users cloud vendor allocating certain amount bandwidth customer often shared among cloud users.privacy confidentiality big concerns activities.instance sworn translators working stipulations nda might face problems regarding sensitive data encrypted. |
Cloud computing | due use internet confidential information employee data user data easily available thirdparty organisations people cloud computing.cloud computing beneficial many enterprises lowers costs allows focus competence instead matters infrastructure.nevertheless cloud computing proven limitations disadvantages especially smaller business operations particularly regarding security downtime.technical outages inevitable occur sometimes cloud service providers csps become overwhelmed process serving clients.may result temporary business suspension.since technologys systems rely internet individual cannot access applications server data cloud outage. |
Cloud computing | emerging trends cloud computing still subject research.driving factor evolution cloud computing chief technology officers seeking minimize risk internal outages mitigate complexity housing network computing hardware inhouse.also looking share information workers located diverse areas near realtime enable teams work seamlessly matter located.since global pandemic said cloud technology jumped ahead popularity due level security data flexibility working options employees notably remote workers.example zoom grew alone. |
Cloud computing | digital forensics cloud issue carrying investigations cloud storage devices cannot physically accessed generated number changes way digital evidence located collected.new process models developed formalize collection.in scenarios existing digital forensics tools employed access cloud storage networked drives although slow process generating large amount internet traffic.an alternative approach deploy tool processes cloud itself.for organizations using office e subscription option use microsofts builtin ediscovery resources although provide functionality typically required forensic process.see also references reading millard christopher .cloud computing law.oxford university press. |
Cloud computing | isbn .weisser alexander .international taxation cloud computing.editions juridiques libres isbn .singh jatinder powles julia pasquier thomas bacon jean july .data flow management compliance cloud computing.ieee cloud computing. |
Cloud computing | –.doi.mcc... scid .armbrust michael stoica ion zaharia matei fox armando griffith rean joseph anthony d. katz randy konwinski andy lee gunho patterson david rabkin ariel april .view cloud computing.communications acm.. |
Cloud computing | doi... scid .hu tunghui .prehistory cloud.mit press.isbn .mell p. september .nist definition cloud computing. |
Mitre Corporation | retrieved november national institute standards technology website external links media related cloud computing wikimedia commonsmanages federally funded research development centers ffrdcs supporting various u.s. government agencies aviation defense healthcare homeland security cybersecurity fields among others.organization mitre restructured research development operations mid forming mitre labs.approximately half mitres employees work unit seeks extend parent organizations impact across federallyfunded researchanddevelopment centers partners academia industry.the nonprofit foundation mitre engenuity simply engenuity launched collaborate private sector solving industrywide problems cyber defense collaboration corporate partners.foundation created center threatinformed defense member organizations cybersecurity teams including fujitsu microsoft.september engenuitys center threatinformed defense partners launched adversary emulation library githubhosted project providing downloadable emulation plans network security groups cost. |
Mitre Corporation | librarys first plan focused prominent cybercrime group fin.mitre previously released emulation plans chinese russian hacker groups apt apt respectively.march engenuity created mitre attck defender training program educate certify cybersecurity professionals.federally funded research development centers ffrdcs mitre manages six ffrdcs.national security engineering center previously known ci federally funded research development center addresses national security issues department defense.mitres center advanced aviation system development caasd supports faa agency within department transportation.the organizations center enterprise modernization focuses enterprise modernization established irs federally funded research development center renamed august . |
Mitre Corporation | originally sponsored internal revenue service bureau department treasury department veterans affairs joined cosponsor social security administration joined cosponsor .mitres homeland security systems engineering development institute hssedi completes work department homeland security maintaining federal executive departments list common software bugs.hssedi established following passage homeland security act along homeland security studies analysis institute replaced homeland security institute.mitres cms alliance modernize healthcare established centers medicare medicaid services federally funded research development center also known health ffrdc.ffrdc sponsored centers medicare medicaid services agency within department health human services.mitre managed national cybersecurity ffrdc since following receipt single indefinitedelivery indefinitequantity million contract national institute science technology nist research center dedicated cybersecurity.mitre support nists work related cybersecurity solutions composed commercial components integration technology build trustworthy information systems government agencies.policy mitres center datadriven policy established seeks provide evidencebased objective nonpartisan insights government policymaking.the center technology national security part center datadriven policy created link mitre senior government officials research development purposes. |
Mitre Corporation | members advisory board include john f. campbell lisa disbrow william e. gortney robert b. murrett robert o. work mid .history mitre founded bedford massachusetts spun mit lincoln laboratory.mitres first employees evaluating semiautomatic ground environment sage system aerospace defense part lincoln labs division .mitres early leadership described mix men affiliated ford foundation institute defense analyses rand corporation system development corporation sdc united states armed forces including horace rowan gaither james rhyne killian james mccormack julius adams stratton.in april site purchased bedford massachusetts near hanscom air force base develop new mitre laboratory mitre occupied september .mitre established office mclean approximately technical employees . |
Mitre Corporation | mitre registered first .org domain july continues used company.german hacker markus hess used unsecured mitre tymnet connection entry point intrusions u.s. department defense department energy nasa computer networks.company thousands employees bedford mclean approximately employees command control communications intelligence ci division oversaw military projects nonmilitary projects handled civilian division approximately employees based mclean.by mitre become multifaceted engineering company wide range clients according kathleen day washington post.mitre worked neural network software longdistance telecommunications service fts general services administration new computer system u.s. securities exchange commission.january mitre divided two entities mitre corporation focus ffrdcs dod faa new company established mclean called mitretek systems called noblis assume nonffrdc research work u.s. government agencies. |
Mitre Corporation | projects national security u.s. military forces especially air force primary initial sponsors according air force magazine mitre created specialpurpose technical notforprofit firm perform sage systemsengineering job.aerial warfare service branch struggled identify forprofit corporation develop defense system mitre hired serve system engineer.mitre subsequently designed air defense systems u.s. allies improving aircraft missile tracking well communication interception abilities.company also helped design cheyenne mountain complex facility colorado operating north american air defense system.mitre continued supporting military projects awacs joint tactical information distribution system helping civil agencies develop information systems transportation medicine law enforcement space exploration environmental cleanup.mitre completed software engineering work distributed common ground system helped north atlantic treaty organization create intelligence surveillance reconnaissance isr data standards. |
Mitre Corporation | company also worked multisensor aerospaceground joint isr interoperability coalition ensure proper formatting isr sensor data.mitre developed deliver uncompromised strategy department defense proposing recommendations supply chain security.mitre air force associations mitchell institute published report recommending improved technologies u.s. nuclear command control communications nc network warning systems early satellites vulnerable electronic attacks interference.firm also published governmentmandated report recommendations air forces inventory .department veterans affairs hired mitre provide recommendation implementation program integration forever gi bill.mitre also focused great power competition company published paper g networks competition china u.s. airspace global positioning system gps aerospace addition military work mitres early projects included air traffic control improvements federal aviation administration faa. |
Mitre Corporation | mitre helped modernize air forces airborne early warning control system improve milstar constellation communications satellites.company also worked major overhaul faas traffic control system well sensor technology tracking stealth aircraft.mitre sponsored research program related global positioning system gps adaptive nulling antennas.mitre also provided global navigation satellite system signal generation equipment testing united states armys white sands missile range.air force research laboratorys geosynchronous satellite navigation technology satellite use mitres global navigation satellite system test architecture implement user equipment capability.mitre worked traffic collision avoidance system next generation air transportation system nextgen modernization project national airspace system nas. |
Mitre Corporation | mitres integrated demonstration experimentation aeronautics idea lab assessed impact new technologies faa since .addition air traffic management aviation regulations group worked merging unmanned aerial vehicle operations nas well defining system function decade scheduled implementation nextgen.mitre explored use mobile devices communicating instrument flight rules specifically clearances airports lacking predeparture clearancedata comm clearance.companys pacer web application uses system wide information management traffic flow management system data well airline general aviation departure schedules improve way general aviation operators file obtain departure clearances.mitre also completed air traffic control safety work civil aviation authority singapore caas.companys singaporebased unit hired caas consider artificial intelligence machine learning speech recognition could used improve air traffic management systems.among mitres innovations speech recognition prototype automate shorten transcription process aviation incident investigation.mitre naval research laboratory developed frequencyscaled ultrawide spectrum element fuse antenna increase data transfer speed ground users satellites. |
Mitre Corporation | meshbed cubesat launched orbit indian space research organisations polar satellite launch vehicle november test antennas effectiveness.mitre received three patents antenna.cybersecurity election integrity mitre attck framework launched described computer weekly free globally accessible service offers comprehensive current cyber security threat information organizations techtarget global knowledge base threat activity techniques models.framework used cybersecurity infrastructure security agency fbi.version . |
Mitre Corporation | released .according study published university california berkeley security software company mcafee percent companies use framework cybersecurity.the structured threat information exchange stix described machinetomachine cyber threat informationsharing language developed mitre department homeland security.program facilitates information sharing industry critical infrastructure operators government order blunt cyberattacks allows participants share data via trusted automated exchange indicator information taxii.program governance granted global nonprofit consortium oasis stix .approved .in september u.s. air force awarded million contract continue work national security engineering center ffrdc supporting department defense intelligence community. |
Mitre Corporation | contract provide cybersecurity electronics information technology sensors systems engineering services bedford mclean one year.microsoft mitre partnered open source adversarial machine learning threat matrix collaboration ibm nvidia academic institutions.launched october framework designed organize catalogue known techniques attacks machinelearning systems inform security analysts provide strategies detect respond remediate threats.in february mitre launched squint free app allowing election officials report misinformation social media app used eleven u.s. states october .company also established national election security lab offering free risk assessments voting systems.other projects include common vulnerabilities exposures cve database vulnerabilities exposures related information security common weakness enumeration cwe category system software weaknesses vulnerabilities.government innovation mitre british startup company simudyne partnered convert agentbased financial risk model asset firesales investor flight banks funds commercial product. |
Mitre Corporation | new system based one mitre previously created department treasury.mitre also researched cloud computing policy helped u.s. federal government identify fraudulent comments intended spoof public support nonexistent positions rulemaking process increased pennsylvania department revenues delinquent taxpayer compliance rate.health care mitre authored proposal state department called cannabis eradication foreign western nations.proposal plan outlined eradicate cannabis participating nations within days million.report discussed use safety considerations paraquat. |
Mitre Corporation | plan would aerially dispense paraquat marijuana crops.one safety concern food crops grown alongside marijuana crops contaminated.study conducted rats imperial chemical industries cited report claimed low health risks paraquat.u.s. public health service commented study saying due present squamous metaplasia respiratory tracts rats study used calculate safe inhalation dose paraquat humans.during mitre worked digital radiological imaging project medstar georgetown university hospital upgrade medline national institutes health.synthea mitres open source synthetic data system mirrors real population information terms demographics disease burden vaccinations medical visits social determinants seeks mimic patient progresses birth death modular representations various diseases conditions. |
Mitre Corporation | mitres patient data set syntheticmass based fictional massachusetts residents formatted fast healthcare interoperability resources made available developers via google cloud .covid march covid pandemic mitre published white paper claiming number confirmed reported covid cases significantly underrepresent actual number active domestic covid infections united states.mitre said gap limited testing capability multiday period asymptomatic infectivity associated covid pathogen.mitre managed coronavirus commission safety quality nursing homes announced donald trump administration june independently comprehensively assess responses pandemic offer actionable recommendations inform future responses infectious disease outbreaks within nursing homes.the centers disease control prevention cdc funded .million mitreled project create enduring open source tool called sara alert monitoring symptoms americans exposed covid. |
Mitre Corporation | mitre developed free tool collaboration multiple national public health organizations well local state health agencies.april sara alert launched arkansas tested danbury connecticut well northern mariana islands data maintained association public health laboratories.sara alert used idaho maine pennsylvania virginia end may guam october.since january mitre colead coalition known vaccination credential initiative vci composed technology healthcare organizations developing technical standard verifying vaccination clinical information.corporate governance leadership clair william halligan electrical engineer served mitres first president became chairman companys executive committee. |
Mitre Corporation | retired .john l. mclucas succeeded halligan president.robert everett served president .subsequent holders president chief executive officer ceo role included charles s. zraket – barry horowitz – victor a. demarines – martin c. faga – alfred grasso –.jason providakes became current president ceo .jay schnitzer serves chief technology officer chief medical officer. |
Mitre Corporation | leading national effort combat covid behalf mitre partner companies health care providers researchers march .mitre named charles clancy first chief futurist restructured create mitre labs.current trustees include donald kerr chairman george campbell jr. lance collins nick donofrio david fubini edmund giambastiani george halvorson paul g. kaminski c. robert kehler cathy minehan john h. noseworthy mike rogers rodney e. slater jan e. tighe.partnerships alliance clinical trials oncology american society clinical oncology mitre partnered mcode initiative recommend data standards cancer patients electronic health records.mitre supports homeland security experts group described independent nonpartisan group homeland security counterterrorism experts educates public government leaders including secretary homeland security.mitre became founding member space information sharing analysis center cybersecurity project space industry .mitre partners harvard innovation labs masschallenge launched bridging innovation connect government agencies startup companies. |
Mitre Corporation | mitre member covid healthcare coalition cochaired jay schnitzer.june coalition launched covid decision support dashboard uses public data assess transmission trends display colorcoded indicators based performance jurisdiction.mitre also part fight us coalition collaborative effort advocates companies government officials promote plasma donation patient treatment covid pandemic.challenges mitres countering unmanned aircraft systems challenge invited applicants demonstrate systems detect stop drones weighing less five pounds present safety security risk.companys unique identification internet things iot devices challenge tasked applicants improving security connected devices. |
Mitre Corporation | mitre participated national institute standards technologys close long challenge help evaluate potentially improve upon baseline bluetooth performance helping detect smartphone users standing close one another.locations addition headquarter campuses bedford mclean mitre locations throughout united states around world.new jersey two offices house approximately employees september .percent employees may continue working remotely even restrictions associated covid pandemic lifted.mitres data center bedford originally built known high performance computing center since retrofitted refrigerantbased cooling system resulting lower operating costs higher compute capacity.companys mclean campus houses integrated demonstration experimentation aeronautics idea lab well mobile autonomous systems experimentation lab focuses selfdriving cars. |
Mitre Corporation | mitres laboratory singapore called mitre asia pacific singapore maps assesses displays various safety air traffic concepts preparation future.recognition june mitre presented secretary defense medal outstanding public service significant contributions communications command control decisionmaking intelligence cyberspace warfighter field support well research development.july mitre awarded air force associations theodore von karman award outstanding contribution field engineering science.july mitres center advanced aviation system development caasd part adsb team public private sector groups selected collier trophy efforts conceptualizing developing implementing fundamental socalled cornerstone capability future national airspace system.in second time mitres knowledge management successes earned corporation north american admired knowledge enterprises make award recognizes organizations exceptional knowledge management knowledge sharing practices.informationweek named mitre informationweek annual ranking nations innovative users business technology. |
Mitre Corporation | mitre named cso award winner international data groups cso magazine.cso awards recognize organizations security projects initiatives demonstrate outstanding business value thought leadership.forbes named mitre one americas best employers.mitre included annual lists several magazines.boston globe named mitre top places work list four years.fortune included mitre best companies work ten consecutive years. |
Mitre Corporation | computerworld included mitre best places work list eight consecutive years company recognized –.glassdoor named mitre one best places work five consecutive years.mitre included cio magazines cio list recognizes organizations driving digital business growth technology innovation.mitre also included washington posts lists top workplaces ranking number number large companies category respectively.bloomberg government ranked company number lists top federal contractors.magazine u.s. black engineer information technology included mitre list top supporters engineering programs historically black colleges universities. |
Port security | mitre ranked number denver posts list best midsize companies work colorado.references external links official websitemitre market visualrefers defense law treaty enforcement counterterrorism activities fall within port maritime domain.includes protection seaports protection inspection cargo moving ports.security risks related ports often focus either physical security port security risks within maritime supply chain.internationally port security governed rules issued international maritime organization international ship port facility security code.additionally united statesbased programs become de facto global port security programs including container security initiative customs trade partnership terrorism.however businesses argue port security governance measures ineffective costly negatively impacts maritime transport costs. |
Port security | maritime supply chain port security physical port security involves risks perimeters port.risks port security involves natural risks hurricanes flooding manmade risks operator error weapon risks chemical biological nuclear material.also involves adequate security systems within port security guards video surveillance alarm systems.physical port security also falls umbrella maritime terrorism.ports attractive targets terrorists ships cargoes fixed time enter port removes uncertainty relation location target.apart physical port security port connected larger supply chain.various risks along supply chain affect port security explosives attached vessel unwanted passengers vessel. |
Port security | ports potential targets illegal activity may impact ability function intended ports conduits national borders supply chains exploited order introduce move illegal materials persons activities.involves increasing number vulnerabilities port security supply chain.port security risk management security risk management practices ports reflect divide physical maritime supply chain security.physical port security risk management examples security risk management practices ports employment security director crisis leadership contingency planning use intelligence.measures include physical security barriers cctv cameras adequate light port order ensure cargo theft take place. |
Port security | maritime supply chain risk management examples risk management practices within maritime supply chain include ispc international ship port facility security code csi container security initiative wholeofsupply chain outcomes ctpt customstrade partnership terrorism.efforts criticised use quantitative statistical approach security maritime supply chain argued overlook low probability high impact events.privatisation port security port security often literature depicted responsibility state concerns national security.yet emergence private security actors also influenced aspects port security governance.case port indonesian involvement many different types state non state agencies actually lessened security. |
Port security | emerging port security risks cyber risks ports use variety sensors wi fi satellite based internet systems increasingly automated.systems vulnerable penetration manipulation risk misused hacktivism terrorists.affect port security terms parameters surface port possible hacking data used trace ships mislead hijacking purposes.liquefied natural gas trade technological developments coupled us shale revolution allowed increasing exports liquefied natural gas lng.commodity consisting percent methane percent butane propane ethane similar crude oil forms pressurising heating.lng derives onshore offshore ports infrastructure port contains terminals bring lng further. |
Port security | either attached gas liqufication storage plant regasification storage plant storage distribution plant.infrastructure lng terminals therefore concerned highly flammable content security risk personnel.onshore lng ports located close cities dense populations also security risk area surrounding port.risks port security vary considerably depend waiting position tanker location port security risk management practices specific port.lng naturally linked maritime terrorism disputed areas chokepoints strait malacca singapore strait potential result hijacking bombs area becomes active.new demand centres lng notably asian countries china india japan south korea new geopolitical tensions might increase region lng exporting countries us russia qatar. |
Port security | also relates energy security import dependent countries vulnerable sudden stop supply lng.port security united states following september attacks u.s. government acknowledged threat unsecured ports shipping containers.u.s. economy already heavily reliant maritime shipping reliance set double .former u.s. coast guard officer stephen flynn stated interest shipping container security seen definitive shift pre post.shipping container port security pre focused primarily promoting advancement globalization. |
Port security | interests prioritised sea border defence.additionally prior u.s. customs border protection focused combating drug smuggling.the maritime suicide bombing carried uss cole october alqaeda illustrated probability future maritime based terrorist attacks u.s. response terrorist groups alqaeda flagged largest threat maritime supply chains maritime skills rapidly improving u.s. maritime security regimes remained weak.however post u.s. government realized risks threats associated unsecured maritime transport particularly containerised transport nuclear material u.s. ports.additionally u.s. government showed interest funding developing homeland security critiqued maritime experts merely ‘constructing barricades fend terrorists’.years since academics called creation international security regime allows u.s. ‘to remain open prosperous free globally engaged society’ international vessels seafarers visit u.s. ports every year. |
Port security | shipping container surveillance every year united states marine transportation system moves billion tons domestic international goods.imports .billion tons domestic oil transports million passengers ferry serves million americans engaged recreational boating hosts million cruise ship passengers year.although shipping containers widely used since world war ii estimated less million containers entered u.s. ports scanned inspected.this statistic made clearer understood context u.s. customs border protection’s protocol.port newarkelizabeth marine terminal product passing trusted customs agents routine activity.only shipments anomaly known shipments.addition requirements shippers provide cargo lists explains reasoning behind low search figures. |
Port security | federal legislature port maritime security act submitted house representatives subsequently referred committee commerce science transportation.changes made bill however passed law maritime transportation security act .many provisions within maritime transportation security act call additional attention paid seaports potential targets terrorist attacks coordination u.s. coast guard government agencies update maritime counter terrorism plans.points include directives develop antiterrorism cargo identification tracking improved screening systems used containers shipped u.s. foreign ports enhanced physical security shipping containers including updates standards seals locks.additionally federal security standardizations set first time regarding restrictions specific areas surveillance measures developing security plans.in th session congress maritime security related bills introduced since showing significant increase interest issues among federal officials.all bills however died either house representatives senate. |
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