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Port security | security initiatives period following demonstrates broadening security initiatives focus terrorist capabilities.former u.s. coast guard officer john harrald states significant growth container surveillance interest initiatives comparison growth conventional national security aviation security ‘dwarfed’.in customstrade partnership terrorism ctpat created attempt bolster bush administrations post multilayered cargo enforcement strategy.initiative voluntary partnership principal stakeholders public private sector importers shipping container carriers customs brokers manufacturers.a year later container security initiative csi launched u.s. customs border protection.specifically focusing containerised cargo entering u.s. ports bilateral information sharing initiative intended ‘extend zone security outward american borders last line defence first’.reciprocal system u.s. foreign ports makes possible u.s. bound shipping containers inspected host port instead upon arrival u.s.the rand seacurity conference revealed european commission ‘strongly opposes’ container security initiative csi particularly customstrade partnership terrorism ctpat. |
Port security | one reason given shipping containers safety seal required placed doors port departure port origin.therefore container unsealed exposed journey international ports.the united nations office drugs crime unodc established however expanded include maritime crime piracy.unodc released first annual report global maritime crime programme.programme assists countries combating ‘the smuggling migrants people trafficking wildlife forestry crime piracy armed robbery somali charcoal smuggling fisheries crime growing threat narcotics trafficking high seas indian ocean’.however neither unodcs annual reports maritime crime manual criminal justice practitioners make mention shipping container surveillance.the international ship port facility security code isps amendment safety life sea convention solas entered force july . |
Port security | code provides security regime international shipping port security.compliance mandatory contracting parties solas however consequences noncompliance.isps therefore security framework states whereby ship port facility determine measures needed intensify security measures appropriately offset threat reducing vulnerability.maritime security expert peter chalk acknowledges government initiatives ‘conferred degree transparency laying parameters rules principles attendant responsibilities international cooperation providing ‘common framework develop’.chalk however quick point even government initiatives still limited scope.criticising international ship port facility security code failure since includes countries lack resources properly comply audit. |
Port security | leaving many ports conducting tick box security verification procedures container shipments eventually arrive u.s. ports.stating u.s. must begin working like minded allies internationally.the u.s. government taken segmented approach problem solving container surveillance weaknesses attempt protect maritime commerce ‘by necessity domestic international maritime security programs implemented parallel creation coherent strategy development measures effectiveness.result collection programs overlap interact leave significant gaps.overall effectiveness national international efforts impossible assess’.radiation portal monitor technologyin u.s. government installed radiation portal monitors marine security checkpoints check neutron gamma rays.small amount heu highly enriched uranium substance used successfully create weapons mass destruction without much skill. |
Port security | later found radiation portal monitors installed scan total nuclear energy item characteristics item made difficult differentiate harmless harmful radioactive materials.led many false alarms additional searches u.s. customs border patrol.additionally poorly functioning portal monitors made possible successful experiments simulating smuggling nuclear material ports expose issues machines.one experiments included hiding lead lined steel pipe containing depleted uranium simulating properties nuclear weapon suitcase.suitcase passed countries simulate journey potential terrorist ultimately packed container istanbul. |
Port security | container arrived new york pulled side additional screening however customs officers detect uranium.in response department homeland security developed second generation model radiation portal monitors hopes lower rate false alarms.however machines still dependable unable successfully detect highly enriched uranium.in george w. bush signed recommendations commission report stating within five years maritime cargo scanned loaded onto vessels foreign ports headed u.s. also ordered increase use radiation portal monitors despite inconsistencies reported issues.federal authorities homeland security initiatives immediate federal responses included establishment department homeland security reorganising leading federal port security agencies u.s. coast guard u.s. customs service transportation security administration new separate offices.department homeland security regards u.s. coast guard ‘lead federal agency maritime homeland security’.nations principal maritime law enforcement authority u.s. coast guard responsible ‘evaluating boarding inspecting commercial ships approach u.s. waters countering terrorist threats u.s. ports helping protect u.s. navy ships u.s. ports’. |
Port security | u.s. customs service responsible inspecting commercial cargoes cargo containers.experts however expressed discontent lack clear roles responsibilities federal agencies particularly overlap duplication.flynn particularly criticises trend ‘tweaking roles capabilities agencies whose writ runs nations shores’.‘there many public private stakeholders operating port environment motivated conflicting agendas.major concern u.s. policy makers assigning roles responsibilities maritime security among federal agencies among federal state local agencies government agencies private industry’..collaborative efforts u.s. immigration naturalisation service ins u.s. coast guard u.s. bureau consular affairs u.s. department state attempted memorandum agreement.however intelligence still limited ‘detecting containserised wmd port entry’. |
Port security | report made members congress congressional research service stated u.s. coast guard u.s. customs border protections programs ‘represent framework building maritime security regime significant gaps security still remain’.report concluded administrative hesitancy within security agencies specifically ’implementation issues’ regarding hour rule.customs regulations u.s. customs border protection agents required ‘receive way cbpapproved electronic data interchange system information pertaining cargo cargo either brought sent united states mode commercial transportation sea air rail truck’.however u.s. customs border protection agents noted greatly impact balance prosperous economy sea land border defence’.in report made members congress congressional research service quoted former department homeland security inspector general richard skinner stated ‘overall resource hours devoted uscg’s homeland security missions grew steadily fy fy ’.however u.s. coast guard achieved homeland security goals. |
Port security | evaluated reference expectations set ports waterways safety act maritime transportation security act u.s. coast guards homeland security operations fell short key areas funding assets personnel levels performing homeland nonhomeland security missions division budget homeland nonhomeland security missions coordination department homeland security offices federal state local authorities involved maritime security including coordination operations intelligence monitoring compliance facility vessel security plans completing foreign port security assessments implementing longrange vesseltracking system required mtsa implementing automatic identification system ais inland waterway security response plans maritime security incidents.‘the coast guard unable increase total resource hours without acquisition additional aircraft cutters boats.consequently coast guard limited ability respond extended crisis therefore must divert resources normally dedicated missions’.marine domain awareness adoption maritime domain awareness mda suggested experts replacement bush administrations initial homeland security approach ‘since fy coast guard resource hours dedicated homeland security missions nonhomeland security missions.’ loy ross insist mda collaboration ‘military power diplomatic influence economic power... private sector’ way deal potential security threats.’.stating current customs procedures ‘developed economic protection’ promoting ‘justintime delivery’.whereby ‘final papers required submitted container shipped customs bond container arrives official port entry many days enters country.’. |
Port security | highlighting dhs’ security training programs creation security plans little effect reforming administrative procedures.ronald o’rourke specialist u.s. naval affairs details coast guards self assessment fiscal year subsequent trialing marine domain awareness mda automated identification systems ais nationwide.known project hawkeye trial aimed bringing maritime cargo transport security level air cargo o’rourke –.however radars confused waves boats long range surveillance cameras able capture ‘a sliver harbor coasts’.due ineffectiveness ‘coast guard staff personnel told waste much time looking it’.additionally automated identification system turned used enter incorrect vessel location identity. |
Port security | academic discourse admiral james loy captain robert ross suggest multilateral approach u.s. trading partners public private pursued.former us coast guard commander stephen flynn also suggests extending current initiatives include bilateral multilateral international inspection zones.european stakeholders take similar position loy ross flynn encouraging inclusion private sector countermeasure actions taken government avoid ‘affect container throughput – affecting commercial imperative’.maritime terrorism piracy importance container shipping industry equally matched vulnerabilities terrorist attack.u.s. maritime system consists sea river ports cargo passenger terminals.united states global economies depend commercial shipping reliable cost efficient method transporting goods u.s. ports handling approximately maritime trade worldwide.volume trade throughout u.s. world creates desirable target terrorist attack. |
Port security | attack aspect maritime system mainly major ports severely hamper trade potentially affect global economy billions dollars.the security ports deficiencies numerous leave us ports vulnerable terrorist attack.vulnerabilities ports many leading potential security breaches almost aspects container shipping industry.sheer volume maritime traffic serious concern cargopassenger ship hijackings pirate attack well accountability millions shipping containers transported worldwide.given overwhelming number ships containers many areas concern regarding security u.s. ports.terrorists eventually may exploit shipping industrys deficiencies port security.potential threats include smuggling weapons mass destruction wmd radiological dirty bomb conventional explosive device transportation terrorist operatives well. |
Port security | studies claimed hiroshima sized nuclear detonation major seaport would kill fifty thousand one million people.common knowledge within industry security measures major ports cannot significant effect movement goods thereby allowing exploitation system terrorist use.the geographicalphysical layout ports concern.protection security landside perimeter port difficult due large size.ports located highly urbanized areas allow terrorists densely populated area hide infiltrating escaping port area perimeter.high volume trucks entering exiting port facilities pose threat port well surrounding geographical areas. |
Port security | exiting trucks may contain wmd terrorist operatives infiltrate surrounding metropolitan area i.e.transporting chemical explosive device port los angeles densely populated area downtown los angeles.container ships anchored port facilities particularly vulnerable highjacking explosive devices stationary targets.crews cargo ships unarmed would defenseless armed attack.disabling ship port enough halt activity port extended period time especially disabled ship blocking throughway vessels.the economic impact attack would disastrous global scale. |
Port security | example economic impact drawn labormanagement dispute closed ports along west coast united states.port closures cost u.s. economy approximately billion per day first days rose exponentially thereafter.international longshore warehouse union strike closed west coast ports days one study estimated cost united states economy .billion.many manufacturing companies world employ justintime distribution model allowing lower inventory carrying costs savings warehouse space. |
Port security | shipping industry essential method speed reliability allow new inventory shipped received precisely needed.adopting justintime method dropped business logistics cost .u.s. gdp ..although method dropped costs significantly put stranglehold security options shipping times shipments exact cannot afford delays inspection. |
Port security | aspects economic impact include costs altering shipping routes away disabled port well delays ports operating capacity receive rerouted ships.ports operate near capacity ill afford attack nature.although many government sponsored agencies involved port security responsibility providing security state local governments.allen states protective principle state jurisdiction prescribe enforce laws acts threaten vital state interests.protective principle recognizes state may apply laws protect vital state interests states national security governmental functions.ports may enact police forces addition city law enforcement.there proposals consolidate federal agencies responsible border security. |
Port security | consolidation may offer longterm benefits three challenges may hinder successful implementation security enhancing initiatives nations ports standards funding collaboration.the first challenge involves implementing set standards defines safeguards port place.coast guards direction set standards developed u.s. ports use conducting port vulnerability assessments.however many questions remain whether thousands people grown accustomed working certain ways nations ports agree implement kinds changes substantially changed environment require.the second challenge involves determining amounts needed sources funding kinds security improvements likely required meet standards.floridas experience indicates security measures likely expensive many anticipate determining pay costs federal government participate present challenge.the third challenge ensuring sufficient cooperation coordination among many stakeholders make security measures work.experience date indicates coordination difficult many stakeholders anticipate continued practice testing key making work. |
Port security | policing whilst threat terrorism cannot totally dismissed daytoday operations port harbour police often deals mundane issues theft including pilferage dock workers smuggling illegal immigration health safety regards hazardous cargoes safe docking vessels safe operation vehicles plant environmental protection e.g.spillages contaminated bilge water.see also homeland securityinfrastructure securitymaritime transportation security act supply chain security references sources greenberg michael d. chalk peter willis henry h. khilko ivan ortiz david s. .maritime terrorism risk liability.rand corporation. |
Port security | isbn .grigas agnia .new geopolitics natural gas.harvard university press.isbn .external links center contemporary conflict atlantis garrison comprehensive cost effective cargo port security strategy dr. michael j. hillyard psp floating airport technology could used cost effective cargo port securitypmso.net port security knowledgebase |
Port security | refers defense law treaty enforcement counterterrorism activities fall within port maritime domain.includes protection seaports protection inspection cargo moving ports.security risks related ports often focus either physical security port security risks within maritime supply chain.internationally port security governed rules issued international maritime organization international ship port facility security code.additionally united statesbased programs become de facto global port security programs including container security initiative customs trade partnership terrorism.however businesses argue port security governance measures ineffective costly negatively impacts maritime transport costs. |
Port security | maritime supply chain port security physical port security involves risks perimeters port.risks port security involves natural risks hurricanes flooding manmade risks operator error weapon risks chemical biological nuclear material.also involves adequate security systems within port security guards video surveillance alarm systems.physical port security also falls umbrella maritime terrorism.ports attractive targets terrorists ships cargoes fixed time enter port removes uncertainty relation location target.apart physical port security port connected larger supply chain.various risks along supply chain affect port security explosives attached vessel unwanted passengers vessel. |
Port security | ports potential targets illegal activity may impact ability function intended ports conduits national borders supply chains exploited order introduce move illegal materials persons activities.involves increasing number vulnerabilities port security supply chain.port security risk management security risk management practices ports reflect divide physical maritime supply chain security.physical port security risk management examples security risk management practices ports employment security director crisis leadership contingency planning use intelligence.measures include physical security barriers cctv cameras adequate light port order ensure cargo theft take place. |
Port security | maritime supply chain risk management examples risk management practices within maritime supply chain include ispc international ship port facility security code csi container security initiative wholeofsupply chain outcomes ctpt customstrade partnership terrorism.efforts criticised use quantitative statistical approach security maritime supply chain argued overlook low probability high impact events.privatisation port security port security often literature depicted responsibility state concerns national security.yet emergence private security actors also influenced aspects port security governance.case port indonesian involvement many different types state non state agencies actually lessened security. |
Port security | emerging port security risks cyber risks ports use variety sensors wi fi satellite based internet systems increasingly automated.systems vulnerable penetration manipulation risk misused hacktivism terrorists.affect port security terms parameters surface port possible hacking data used trace ships mislead hijacking purposes.liquefied natural gas trade technological developments coupled us shale revolution allowed increasing exports liquefied natural gas lng.commodity consisting percent methane percent butane propane ethane similar crude oil forms pressurising heating.lng derives onshore offshore ports infrastructure port contains terminals bring lng further. |
Port security | either attached gas liqufication storage plant regasification storage plant storage distribution plant.infrastructure lng terminals therefore concerned highly flammable content security risk personnel.onshore lng ports located close cities dense populations also security risk area surrounding port.risks port security vary considerably depend waiting position tanker location port security risk management practices specific port.lng naturally linked maritime terrorism disputed areas chokepoints strait malacca singapore strait potential result hijacking bombs area becomes active.new demand centres lng notably asian countries china india japan south korea new geopolitical tensions might increase region lng exporting countries us russia qatar. |
Port security | also relates energy security import dependent countries vulnerable sudden stop supply lng.port security united states following september attacks u.s. government acknowledged threat unsecured ports shipping containers.u.s. economy already heavily reliant maritime shipping reliance set double .former u.s. coast guard officer stephen flynn stated interest shipping container security seen definitive shift pre post.shipping container port security pre focused primarily promoting advancement globalization. |
Port security | interests prioritised sea border defence.additionally prior u.s. customs border protection focused combating drug smuggling.the maritime suicide bombing carried uss cole october alqaeda illustrated probability future maritime based terrorist attacks u.s. response terrorist groups alqaeda flagged largest threat maritime supply chains maritime skills rapidly improving u.s. maritime security regimes remained weak.however post u.s. government realized risks threats associated unsecured maritime transport particularly containerised transport nuclear material u.s. ports.additionally u.s. government showed interest funding developing homeland security critiqued maritime experts merely ‘constructing barricades fend terrorists’.years since academics called creation international security regime allows u.s. ‘to remain open prosperous free globally engaged society’ international vessels seafarers visit u.s. ports every year. |
Port security | shipping container surveillance every year united states marine transportation system moves billion tons domestic international goods.imports .billion tons domestic oil transports million passengers ferry serves million americans engaged recreational boating hosts million cruise ship passengers year.although shipping containers widely used since world war ii estimated less million containers entered u.s. ports scanned inspected.this statistic made clearer understood context u.s. customs border protection’s protocol.port newarkelizabeth marine terminal product passing trusted customs agents routine activity.only shipments anomaly known shipments.addition requirements shippers provide cargo lists explains reasoning behind low search figures. |
Port security | federal legislature port maritime security act submitted house representatives subsequently referred committee commerce science transportation.changes made bill however passed law maritime transportation security act .many provisions within maritime transportation security act call additional attention paid seaports potential targets terrorist attacks coordination u.s. coast guard government agencies update maritime counter terrorism plans.points include directives develop antiterrorism cargo identification tracking improved screening systems used containers shipped u.s. foreign ports enhanced physical security shipping containers including updates standards seals locks.additionally federal security standardizations set first time regarding restrictions specific areas surveillance measures developing security plans.in th session congress maritime security related bills introduced since showing significant increase interest issues among federal officials.all bills however died either house representatives senate. |
Port security | security initiatives period following demonstrates broadening security initiatives focus terrorist capabilities.former u.s. coast guard officer john harrald states significant growth container surveillance interest initiatives comparison growth conventional national security aviation security ‘dwarfed’.in customstrade partnership terrorism ctpat created attempt bolster bush administrations post multilayered cargo enforcement strategy.initiative voluntary partnership principal stakeholders public private sector importers shipping container carriers customs brokers manufacturers.a year later container security initiative csi launched u.s. customs border protection.specifically focusing containerised cargo entering u.s. ports bilateral information sharing initiative intended ‘extend zone security outward american borders last line defence first’.reciprocal system u.s. foreign ports makes possible u.s. bound shipping containers inspected host port instead upon arrival u.s.the rand seacurity conference revealed european commission ‘strongly opposes’ container security initiative csi particularly customstrade partnership terrorism ctpat. |
Port security | one reason given shipping containers safety seal required placed doors port departure port origin.therefore container unsealed exposed journey international ports.the united nations office drugs crime unodc established however expanded include maritime crime piracy.unodc released first annual report global maritime crime programme.programme assists countries combating ‘the smuggling migrants people trafficking wildlife forestry crime piracy armed robbery somali charcoal smuggling fisheries crime growing threat narcotics trafficking high seas indian ocean’.however neither unodcs annual reports maritime crime manual criminal justice practitioners make mention shipping container surveillance.the international ship port facility security code isps amendment safety life sea convention solas entered force july . |
Port security | code provides security regime international shipping port security.compliance mandatory contracting parties solas however consequences noncompliance.isps therefore security framework states whereby ship port facility determine measures needed intensify security measures appropriately offset threat reducing vulnerability.maritime security expert peter chalk acknowledges government initiatives ‘conferred degree transparency laying parameters rules principles attendant responsibilities international cooperation providing ‘common framework develop’.chalk however quick point even government initiatives still limited scope.criticising international ship port facility security code failure since includes countries lack resources properly comply audit. |
Port security | leaving many ports conducting tick box security verification procedures container shipments eventually arrive u.s. ports.stating u.s. must begin working like minded allies internationally.the u.s. government taken segmented approach problem solving container surveillance weaknesses attempt protect maritime commerce ‘by necessity domestic international maritime security programs implemented parallel creation coherent strategy development measures effectiveness.result collection programs overlap interact leave significant gaps.overall effectiveness national international efforts impossible assess’.radiation portal monitor technologyin u.s. government installed radiation portal monitors marine security checkpoints check neutron gamma rays.small amount heu highly enriched uranium substance used successfully create weapons mass destruction without much skill. |
Port security | later found radiation portal monitors installed scan total nuclear energy item characteristics item made difficult differentiate harmless harmful radioactive materials.led many false alarms additional searches u.s. customs border patrol.additionally poorly functioning portal monitors made possible successful experiments simulating smuggling nuclear material ports expose issues machines.one experiments included hiding lead lined steel pipe containing depleted uranium simulating properties nuclear weapon suitcase.suitcase passed countries simulate journey potential terrorist ultimately packed container istanbul. |
Port security | container arrived new york pulled side additional screening however customs officers detect uranium.in response department homeland security developed second generation model radiation portal monitors hopes lower rate false alarms.however machines still dependable unable successfully detect highly enriched uranium.in george w. bush signed recommendations commission report stating within five years maritime cargo scanned loaded onto vessels foreign ports headed u.s. also ordered increase use radiation portal monitors despite inconsistencies reported issues.federal authorities homeland security initiatives immediate federal responses included establishment department homeland security reorganising leading federal port security agencies u.s. coast guard u.s. customs service transportation security administration new separate offices.department homeland security regards u.s. coast guard ‘lead federal agency maritime homeland security’.nations principal maritime law enforcement authority u.s. coast guard responsible ‘evaluating boarding inspecting commercial ships approach u.s. waters countering terrorist threats u.s. ports helping protect u.s. navy ships u.s. ports’. |
Port security | u.s. customs service responsible inspecting commercial cargoes cargo containers.experts however expressed discontent lack clear roles responsibilities federal agencies particularly overlap duplication.flynn particularly criticises trend ‘tweaking roles capabilities agencies whose writ runs nations shores’.‘there many public private stakeholders operating port environment motivated conflicting agendas.major concern u.s. policy makers assigning roles responsibilities maritime security among federal agencies among federal state local agencies government agencies private industry’..collaborative efforts u.s. immigration naturalisation service ins u.s. coast guard u.s. bureau consular affairs u.s. department state attempted memorandum agreement.however intelligence still limited ‘detecting containserised wmd port entry’. |
Port security | report made members congress congressional research service stated u.s. coast guard u.s. customs border protections programs ‘represent framework building maritime security regime significant gaps security still remain’.report concluded administrative hesitancy within security agencies specifically ’implementation issues’ regarding hour rule.customs regulations u.s. customs border protection agents required ‘receive way cbpapproved electronic data interchange system information pertaining cargo cargo either brought sent united states mode commercial transportation sea air rail truck’.however u.s. customs border protection agents noted greatly impact balance prosperous economy sea land border defence’.in report made members congress congressional research service quoted former department homeland security inspector general richard skinner stated ‘overall resource hours devoted uscg’s homeland security missions grew steadily fy fy ’.however u.s. coast guard achieved homeland security goals. |
Port security | evaluated reference expectations set ports waterways safety act maritime transportation security act u.s. coast guards homeland security operations fell short key areas funding assets personnel levels performing homeland nonhomeland security missions division budget homeland nonhomeland security missions coordination department homeland security offices federal state local authorities involved maritime security including coordination operations intelligence monitoring compliance facility vessel security plans completing foreign port security assessments implementing longrange vesseltracking system required mtsa implementing automatic identification system ais inland waterway security response plans maritime security incidents.‘the coast guard unable increase total resource hours without acquisition additional aircraft cutters boats.consequently coast guard limited ability respond extended crisis therefore must divert resources normally dedicated missions’.marine domain awareness adoption maritime domain awareness mda suggested experts replacement bush administrations initial homeland security approach ‘since fy coast guard resource hours dedicated homeland security missions nonhomeland security missions.’ loy ross insist mda collaboration ‘military power diplomatic influence economic power... private sector’ way deal potential security threats.’.stating current customs procedures ‘developed economic protection’ promoting ‘justintime delivery’.whereby ‘final papers required submitted container shipped customs bond container arrives official port entry many days enters country.’. |
Port security | highlighting dhs’ security training programs creation security plans little effect reforming administrative procedures.ronald o’rourke specialist u.s. naval affairs details coast guards self assessment fiscal year subsequent trialing marine domain awareness mda automated identification systems ais nationwide.known project hawkeye trial aimed bringing maritime cargo transport security level air cargo o’rourke –.however radars confused waves boats long range surveillance cameras able capture ‘a sliver harbor coasts’.due ineffectiveness ‘coast guard staff personnel told waste much time looking it’.additionally automated identification system turned used enter incorrect vessel location identity. |
Port security | academic discourse admiral james loy captain robert ross suggest multilateral approach u.s. trading partners public private pursued.former us coast guard commander stephen flynn also suggests extending current initiatives include bilateral multilateral international inspection zones.european stakeholders take similar position loy ross flynn encouraging inclusion private sector countermeasure actions taken government avoid ‘affect container throughput – affecting commercial imperative’.maritime terrorism piracy importance container shipping industry equally matched vulnerabilities terrorist attack.u.s. maritime system consists sea river ports cargo passenger terminals.united states global economies depend commercial shipping reliable cost efficient method transporting goods u.s. ports handling approximately maritime trade worldwide.volume trade throughout u.s. world creates desirable target terrorist attack. |
Port security | attack aspect maritime system mainly major ports severely hamper trade potentially affect global economy billions dollars.the security ports deficiencies numerous leave us ports vulnerable terrorist attack.vulnerabilities ports many leading potential security breaches almost aspects container shipping industry.sheer volume maritime traffic serious concern cargopassenger ship hijackings pirate attack well accountability millions shipping containers transported worldwide.given overwhelming number ships containers many areas concern regarding security u.s. ports.terrorists eventually may exploit shipping industrys deficiencies port security.potential threats include smuggling weapons mass destruction wmd radiological dirty bomb conventional explosive device transportation terrorist operatives well. |
Port security | studies claimed hiroshima sized nuclear detonation major seaport would kill fifty thousand one million people.common knowledge within industry security measures major ports cannot significant effect movement goods thereby allowing exploitation system terrorist use.the geographicalphysical layout ports concern.protection security landside perimeter port difficult due large size.ports located highly urbanized areas allow terrorists densely populated area hide infiltrating escaping port area perimeter.high volume trucks entering exiting port facilities pose threat port well surrounding geographical areas. |
Port security | exiting trucks may contain wmd terrorist operatives infiltrate surrounding metropolitan area i.e.transporting chemical explosive device port los angeles densely populated area downtown los angeles.container ships anchored port facilities particularly vulnerable highjacking explosive devices stationary targets.crews cargo ships unarmed would defenseless armed attack.disabling ship port enough halt activity port extended period time especially disabled ship blocking throughway vessels.the economic impact attack would disastrous global scale. |
Port security | example economic impact drawn labormanagement dispute closed ports along west coast united states.port closures cost u.s. economy approximately billion per day first days rose exponentially thereafter.international longshore warehouse union strike closed west coast ports days one study estimated cost united states economy .billion.many manufacturing companies world employ justintime distribution model allowing lower inventory carrying costs savings warehouse space. |
Port security | shipping industry essential method speed reliability allow new inventory shipped received precisely needed.adopting justintime method dropped business logistics cost .u.s. gdp ..although method dropped costs significantly put stranglehold security options shipping times shipments exact cannot afford delays inspection. |
Port security | aspects economic impact include costs altering shipping routes away disabled port well delays ports operating capacity receive rerouted ships.ports operate near capacity ill afford attack nature.although many government sponsored agencies involved port security responsibility providing security state local governments.allen states protective principle state jurisdiction prescribe enforce laws acts threaten vital state interests.protective principle recognizes state may apply laws protect vital state interests states national security governmental functions.ports may enact police forces addition city law enforcement.there proposals consolidate federal agencies responsible border security. |
Port security | consolidation may offer longterm benefits three challenges may hinder successful implementation security enhancing initiatives nations ports standards funding collaboration.the first challenge involves implementing set standards defines safeguards port place.coast guards direction set standards developed u.s. ports use conducting port vulnerability assessments.however many questions remain whether thousands people grown accustomed working certain ways nations ports agree implement kinds changes substantially changed environment require.the second challenge involves determining amounts needed sources funding kinds security improvements likely required meet standards.floridas experience indicates security measures likely expensive many anticipate determining pay costs federal government participate present challenge.the third challenge ensuring sufficient cooperation coordination among many stakeholders make security measures work.experience date indicates coordination difficult many stakeholders anticipate continued practice testing key making work. |
Port security | policing whilst threat terrorism cannot totally dismissed daytoday operations port harbour police often deals mundane issues theft including pilferage dock workers smuggling illegal immigration health safety regards hazardous cargoes safe docking vessels safe operation vehicles plant environmental protection e.g.spillages contaminated bilge water.see also homeland securityinfrastructure securitymaritime transportation security act supply chain security references sources greenberg michael d. chalk peter willis henry h. khilko ivan ortiz david s. .maritime terrorism risk liability.rand corporation. |
Port security | isbn .grigas agnia .new geopolitics natural gas.harvard university press.isbn .external links center contemporary conflict atlantis garrison comprehensive cost effective cargo port security strategy dr. michael j. hillyard psp floating airport technology could used cost effective cargo port securitypmso.net port security knowledgebase |
ISO/IEC 27000-series | applicable organizations shapes sizes.organizations encouraged assess information risks treat typically using information security controls according needs using guidance suggestions relevant.given dynamic nature information risk security isms concept incorporates continuous feedback improvement activities respond changes threats vulnerabilities impacts incidents.the standards product isoiec jtc joint technical committee sc subcommittee international body meets person twice year.the isoiec standards sold directly iso mostly english french chinese.sales outlets associated various national standards bodies also sell directly translated versions languages.early history many people organisations involved development maintenance isok standards. |
ISO/IEC 27000-series | first standard series isoiec fasttracking existing british standard bs part initial release bs based part information security policy manual developed royal dutchshell group late early s. department trade industry united kingdom convened team review existing practice information security goal producing standards document.bsi group published first version bs .one principal authors bs recalls beginning dti decided quickly assemble group industry representatives seven different sectors shell david lacey les riley boc group neil twist bt dennis willets marks spencer steve jones midland bank richard hackworth nationwide john bowles unilever rolf moulton.david lacey credits donn b. parker original idea establishing set information security controls producing document containing collection around hundred baseline controls late information security circle conceived founded.published standards published isok standards related information technology security techniques isoiec — information security management systems — overview vocabularyisoiec — information technology — security techniques — information security management systems — requirements. |
Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory | release standard specifies information security management system formalized structured succinct manner iso standards specify kinds management systems.isoiec — code practice information security controls essentially detailed catalog information security controls might managed ismsisoiec — information security management system implementation guidanceisoiec — information security management — monitoring measurement analysis evaluationisoiec — information security risk managementisoiec — requirements bodies providing audit certification information security management systemsisoiec — guidelines information security management systems auditing focused auditing management systemisoiec tr — guidance auditors isms controls focused auditing information security controlsisoiec — essentially internal document committee developing sectorindustryspecific variants implementation guidelines isok standardsisoiec — information security management intersector interorganizational communicationsisoiec — information security management guidelines telecommunications organizations based isoiec isoiec — guideline integrated implementation isoiec isoiec isoiec — information security governance.mahncke assessed standard context australian ehealth.isoiec tr — information security management guidelines financial services withdrawnisoiec tr — information security economicsisoiec — code practice information security controls based isoiec cloud servicesisoiec — code practice protection personally identifiable information pii public clouds acting pii processorsisoiec — information security process control energy industryisoiec — competence requirements information security management systems professionalsisoiec ts — guidance information security management system processes – developmentisoiec tr — mapping revised editions isoiec isoiec isoiec — guidelines information communication technology readiness business continuityisoiec — guideline cybersecurityisoiec — network securityisoiec — network security – part overview conceptsisoiec — network security – part guidelines design implementation network securityisoiec — network security – part reference networking scenarios — threats design techniques control issuesisoiec — network security – part securing communications networks using security gatewaysisoiec — network security – part securing communications across networks using virtual private networks vpnsisoiec — network security – part securing wireless ip network accessisoiec — application security – part guideline application securityisoiec — application security – part organization normative frameworkisoiec — application security – part application security management processisoiec — application security – part validation verification developmentisoiec — application security – part protocols application security controls data structureisoiec — application security — part protocols application security controls data structure xml schemasisoiec — application security – part case studiesisoiec — application security – part assurance prediction frameworkisoiec — information security incident management – part principles incident managementisoiec — information security incident management – part guidelines plan prepare incident responseisoiec — information security incident management – part guidelines ict incident response operationsisoiec — information security incident management – part coordination developmentisoiec — information security supplier relationships – part overview conceptsisoiec — information security supplier relationships – part requirementsisoiec — information security supplier relationships – part guidelines information communication technology supply chain securityisoiec — information security supplier relationships – part guidelines security cloud servicesisoiec — guidelines identification collection acquisition preservation digital evidenceisoiec — specification digital redaction digital documentsisoiec — intrusion preventionisoiec — storage securityisoiec — investigation assuranceisoiec — analyzing digital evidenceisoiec — incident investigationisoiec — electronic discovery — part overview conceptsisoiec — electronic discovery — part guidance governance management electronic discoveryisoiec — electronic discovery — part code practice electronic discoveryisoiec ts — information technology cybersecurity privacy protection — cybersecurity framework development guidelinesisoiec — information technology — security techniques — information security management systems — privacy information management system pims.iso — information security management health using isoiec guides health industry organizations protect personal health information using isoiec preparation isok standards preparation covering aspects digital forensics cybersecurity released isok standards routinely reviewed updated roughly fiveyear cycle.see also isoiec jtc sc security techniquesbs original british standard isoiec isoiec isoiec deriveddocument management systemsarbanes–oxley actstandard good practice published information security forum referencesresponsible assessing vulnerability army weapons electronic communication systems hostile electronic warfare coordinating missile electronic countermeasure efforts u.s. army.val one seven army laboratories merged form u.s. army research laboratory arl .history vulnerability assessment laboratory stemmed long generation army research development laboratories undergone extensive organizational restructuring multiple name changes.roots trace back signal corps laboratories directed research electronics radar communication systems fort monmouth new jersey.in signal corps engineering laboratories sent small team researchers white sands missile range perform firing tests captured german v rockets.january signal corps engineering laboratories field station no. |
Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory | established fort bliss texas conduct research radar tracking communication systems provide support early missile programs white sands missile range.field station no.reorganized form white sands signal corps agency sought improve munition performance conducting high altitude upper atmosphere research.first ten months agency provided communicationelectronics support firing missiles.white sands signal corps agency also developed voice operated device automatic transmission vodat device made possible twoway radiotelephone conversations occur single frequency.by white sands signal corps agency doubled size scope operations redesignated u.s. army signal missile support agency smsa. |
Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory | smsa responsible providing communicationelectronic meteorologic support armys missile space program well conducting research development meteorology electronic warfare missile vulnerability.involved installation vast communication network white sands missile range developed sonic observation trajectory impact missiles sotim system provided acoustic information missiles upon reentry impact.stations installed different points wsmr also equipped measure wind speed temperature humidity.smsa also built meteorological rockets could carry pound instrument package high feet order obtain upper atmospheric data.due major army restructuring effort smsa became part electronics research development activity u.s. army electronics command ecom .june army electronics laboratories supervised prior signal corps research within u.s. army electronics command discontinued. |
Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory | result army electronics laboratories components including electronics research development activity broken reshuffled six separate army laboratories electronic components laboratory later electronics technology devices laboratory communicationsadp laboratory atmospheric sciences laboratory electronic warfare laboratory avionics laboratory combat surveillance target acquisition laboratory.within newly organized electronic warfare laboratory ewl missile electronic warfare division represented origin vulnerability assessment laboratory.divisions name changed missile electronic warfare technical area mewta became office missile electronic warfare omew early s. omew responsible conducting research missile electronic warfare ascertain missile system vulnerabilities developing appropriate electronic countercountermeasures white sands missile range.office missile electronic warfare renamed vulnerability assessment laboratory.headquarters val located white sands missile range new mexico major elements laboratory also stationed fort monmouth new jersey kirtland air force base new mexico.vulnerability assessment laboratory consisted personnel military civilian.in vulnerability assessment laboratory among seven army laboratories consolidated form u.s. army research laboratory following base realignment closure brac . |
Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory | army research laboratory vulnerability assessment laboratory transitioned survivabilitylethality analysis directorate.research vulnerability assessment laboratory much like predecessors primarily responsible conducting vulnerability susceptibility assessments u.s. army weapons communications electromagnetic systems protect electronic warfare threats.time consolidation vulnerability assessment functions single element made u.s. army unique regard compared u.s. navy u.s. air force.addition val coordinated research electronic countercountermeasures performed electronic warfare vulnerability assessments foreign missile systems.the vulnerability assessment laboratory made five divisions designed cover mission areas air defense communicationselectronics close combat fire support foreign missiles technology advanced concepts.common electronic warfare threats taken consideration val included jamming radarreflecting chaff hid targets decoy flares. |
Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory | general electronic countermeasure assessments consisted engineering evaluations laboratory investigations computer simulations field experiments.val also maintained extensive inventory technologies simulated electronic countermeasure environments developed “hardening” techniques response threats.projects vulnerability assessment laboratory involved development several technologies including steerable null antenna processor snap systems used enemy jammer threats various highpower microwaves.val conducted major field experiment testing feasibility stingerrmp missile system significantly influenced production.val also participated improvement following technologies systemsstinger post fimb passive surfacetoair missile utilized iruv seeker resist enemy countermeasures.mim patriot surfacetoair missile system uses anmpq anmpq radar set function antiballistic missile system.pershing ii twostage ballistic missile served one u.s. armys primary nuclearcapable theaterlevel weapons.mim hawk surfacetoair missile used semiactive radar homing guidance system designed attack aircraft flying low medium altitudes.bgm tow short “tubelaunched optically tracked wireguided” antitank missile semiautomatic guidance system.singlechannel groundair radio system sincgars combatnet radio cnr used u.s. allied military forces voice data communications.night chaparral variant mim chaparral surfacetoair missile system used forward looking infrared flir technology enhanced night performance.see also electronics technology devices laboratoryatmospheric sciences laboratorysignal corps laboratorieswhite sands missile range references |
Social engineering (security) | differs social engineering within social sciences concern divulging confidential information.type confidence trick purpose information gathering fraud system access differs traditional con often one many steps complex fraud scheme.it also defined act influences person take action may may best interests.an example social engineering use forgot password function websites require login.improperlysecured passwordrecovery system used grant malicious attacker full access users account original user lose access account.information security culture employee behavior big impact information security organizations.cultural concepts help different segments organization work effectively work effectiveness towards information security within organization. |
Social engineering (security) | exploring relationship organizational culture information security culture provides following definition information security culture isc totality patterns behavior organization contribute protection information kinds.andersson reimers found employees often see part organization information security effort often take actions ignore organizational information security best interests.research shows information security culture needs improved continuously.information security culture analysis change authors commented never ending process cycle evaluation change maintenance.suggest manage information security culture five steps taken preevaluation strategic planning operative planning implementation postevaluation.preevaluation identify awareness information security within employees analyse current security policy.strategic planning come better awarenessprogram need set clear targets.clustering people helpful achieve it.operative planning set good security culture based internal communication managementbuyin security awareness training program.implementation four stages used implement information security culture. |
Social engineering (security) | commitment management communication organizational members courses organizational members commitment employees.techniques terms social engineering techniques based specific attributes human decisionmaking known cognitive biases.biases sometimes called bugs human hardware” exploited various combinations create attack techniques listed below.attacks used social engineering used steal employees confidential information.common type social engineering happens phone. |
Social engineering (security) | examples social engineering attacks criminals posing exterminators fire marshals technicians go unnoticed steal company secrets.one example social engineering individual walks building posts officiallooking announcement company bulletin says number help desk changed.employees call help individual asks passwords ids thereby gaining ability access companys private information.another example social engineering would hacker contacts target social networking site starts conversation target.gradually hacker gains trust target uses trust get access sensitive information like password bank account details.social engineering relies heavily six principles influence established robert cialdini.cialdinis theory influence based six key principles reciprocity commitment consistency social proof authority liking scarcity.six key principles authority social engineering attacker may pose authority increase likelihood adherence victim. |
Social engineering (security) | intimidation attacker potentially disguised informs implies negative consequences certain actions performed.consequences could include subtle intimidation phrases ill tell manager much worse.consensussocial proof people things see people doing.example one experiment one confederates would look sky bystanders would look sky see missing.one point experiment aborted many people looking stopped traffic. |
Social engineering (security) | see conformity asch conformity experiments.scarcity perceived scarcity generate demand.common advertising phrase supplies last capitalizes sense scarcity.urgency linked scarcity attackers use urgency timebased psychological principle social engineering.example saying offers available limited time encourages sales sense urgency. |
Social engineering (security) | familiarity liking people easily persuaded people like.cialdini cites marketing tupperware might called viral marketing.people likely buy liked person selling them.many biases favoring attractive people discussed.see physical attractiveness stereotype. |
Social engineering (security) | four social engineering vectors vishing vishing otherwise known voice phishing criminal practice using social engineering telephone system gain access private personal financial information public purpose financial reward.also employed attackers reconnaissance purposes gather detailed intelligence target organization.phishing phishing technique fraudulently obtaining private information.typically phisher sends email appears come legitimate business—a bank credit card company—requesting verification information warning dire consequence provided.email usually contains link fraudulent web page seems legitimate—with company logos content—and form requesting everything home address atm cards pin credit card number. |
Social engineering (security) | example phishing scam users received emails supposedly ebay claiming users account suspended unless link provided clicked update credit card information genuine ebay already had.mimicking legitimate organizations html code logos relatively simple make fake website look authentic.scam tricked people thinking ebay requiring update account information clicking link provided.indiscriminately spamming extremely large groups people phisher counted gaining sensitive financial information small percentage yet large number recipients already ebay accounts also fall prey scam.smishing act using sms text messaging lure victims specific course action. |
Social engineering (security) | like phishing clicking malicious link divulging information.examples text messages claim common carrier like fedex stating package transit link provided.impersonation pretending pretexting another person goal gaining access physically system building.impersonation used sim swap scam fraud.concepts pretexting pretexting adj. |
Social engineering (security) | pretextual act creating using invented scenario pretext engage targeted victim manner increases chance victim divulge information perform actions would unlikely ordinary circumstances.elaborate lie often involves prior research setup use information impersonation e.g.date birth social security number last bill amount establish legitimacy mind target.background pretexting interpreted first evolution social engineering continued develop social engineering incorporated currentday technologies.current past examples pretexting demonstrate development.this technique used fool business disclosing customer information well private investigators obtain telephone records utility records banking records information directly company service representatives. |
Social engineering (security) | information used establish even greater legitimacy tougher questioning manager e.g.make account changes get specific balances etc.pretexting also used impersonate coworkers police bank tax authorities clergy insurance investigators—or individual could perceived authority righttoknow mind targeted victim.pretexter must simply prepare answers questions might asked victim.cases needed voice sounds authoritative earnest tone ability think ones feet create pretextual scenario.vishing phone phishing vishing uses rogue interactive voice response ivr system recreate legitimatesounding copy bank institutions ivr system. |
Social engineering (security) | victim prompted typically via phishing email call bank via ideally toll free number provided order verify information.typical vishing system reject logins continually ensuring victim enters pins passwords multiple times often disclosing several different passwords.advanced systems transfer victim attackerdefrauder poses customer service agent security expert questioning victim.spear phishing although similar phishing spear phishing technique fraudulently obtains private information sending highly customized emails end users.main difference phishing attacks phishing campaigns focus sending high volumes generalized emails expectation people respond. |
Social engineering (security) | hand spearphishing emails require attacker perform additional research targets order trick end users performing requested activities.success rate spearphishing attacks considerably higher phishing attacks people opening roughly phishing emails compared roughly potential attempts.users actually open emails phishing emails relatively modest success rate link attachment clicked compared spearphishing attacks success rate.spearphishing success heavily dependent amount quality osint opensource intelligence attacker obtain.social media account activity one example source osint.water holing water holing targeted social engineering strategy capitalizes trust users websites regularly visit. |
Social engineering (security) | victim feels safe things would different situation.wary person might example purposefully avoid clicking link unsolicited email person would hesitate follow link website often visit.attacker prepares trap unwary prey favored watering hole.strategy successfully used gain access supposedly secure systems.the attacker may set identifying group individuals target.preparation involves gathering information websites targets often visit secure system. |
Social engineering (security) | information gathering confirms targets visit websites system allows visits.attacker tests websites vulnerabilities inject code may infect visitors system malware.injected code trap malware may tailored specific target group specific systems use.time one members target group get infected attacker gain access secure system.baiting baiting like realworld trojan horse uses physical media relies curiosity greed victim. |
Social engineering (security) | attack attackers leave malwareinfected floppy disks cdroms usb flash drives locations people find bathrooms elevators sidewalks parking lots etc.give legitimate curiositypiquing labels wait victims.for example attacker may create disk featuring corporate logo available targets website label executive salary summary q .attacker leaves disk floor elevator somewhere lobby target company.unknowing employee may find insert disk computer satisfy curiosity good samaritan may find return company.case inserting disk computer installs malware giving attackers access victims pc perhaps target companys internal computer network.unless computer controls block infections insertion compromises pcs autorunning media. |
Social engineering (security) | hostile devices also used.instance lucky winner sent free digital audio player compromising computer plugged to.road apple colloquial term horse manure suggesting devices undesirable nature removable media malicious software left opportunistic conspicuous places.may cd dvd usb flash drive among media.curious people take plug computer infecting host attached networks. |
Social engineering (security) | hackers may give enticing labels employee salaries confidential.one study done researchers drop usb drives around campus university illinois.drives contained files linked webpages owned researchers.researchers able see many drives files opened many inserted computer without file opened.drives dropped picked called home.quid pro quo quid pro quo means something somethingan attacker calls random numbers company claiming calling back technical support. |
Social engineering (security) | eventually person hit someone legitimate problem grateful someone calling back help them.attacker help solve problem process user type commands give attacker access launch malware.in information security survey office workers gave researchers claimed password answer survey question exchange cheap pen.similar surveys later years obtained similar results using chocolates cheap lures although made attempt validate passwords.tailgating attacker seeking entry restricted area secured unattended electronic access control e.g.rfid card simply walks behind person legitimate access. |
Social engineering (security) | following common courtesy legitimate person usually hold door open attacker attackers may ask employee hold open them.legitimate person may fail ask identification several reasons may accept assertion attacker forgotten lost appropriate identity token.attacker may also fake action presenting identity token.types common confidence tricksters fraudsters also could considered social engineers wider sense deliberately deceive manipulate people exploiting human weaknesses obtain personal benefit.may example use social engineering techniques part fraud.as early another type social engineering technique includes spoofing hacking ids people popular email ids yahoo gmail hotmail. |
Social engineering (security) | additionally spoofing attempts included emails major online service providers like paypal.led proposed standard sender policy framework rfc dated april combination dmarc means combat spoofing.among many motivations deception arephishing creditcard account numbers passwords.cracking private emails chat histories manipulating using common editing techniques using extort money creating distrust among individuals.cracking websites companies organizations destroying reputation.computer virus hoaxesconvincing users run malicious code within web browser via selfxss attack allow access web accountanother type read sensitive information unshielded unprotected displays input devices called shoulder surfing.countermeasures organizations reduce security risks bytraining employees training employees security protocols relevant position.e.g. |
Social engineering (security) | situations tailgating persons identity cannot verified employees must trained politely refuse.standard framework establishing frameworks trust employeepersonnel level i.e.specify train personnel whenwherewhyhow sensitive information handledscrutinizing information identifying information sensitive evaluating exposure social engineering breakdowns security systems building computer system etc.security protocols establishing security protocols policies procedures handling sensitive information.event test performing unannounced periodic tests security framework.inoculation preventing social engineering fraudulent tricks traps instilling resistance persuasion attempts exposure similar related attempts.review reviewing steps regularly solutions information integrity perfect.waste management using waste management service dumpsters locks keys limited waste management company cleaning staff.locating dumpster either view employees trying access carries risk seen caught behind locked gate fence person must trespass attempt access dumpster.lifecycle social engineering information gathering information gathering first foremost step lifecycle.requires much patience keenly watching habits victim. |
Social engineering (security) | step gathering data victims interests personal information.determines success rate overall attack.engaging victim gathering required amount information attacker opens conversation victim smoothly without victim finding anything inappropriate.attacking step generally occurs long period engaging target information target retrieved using social engineering.phase attacker gets results target.closing interaction last step includes slowly shutting communication attacker without arising suspicion victim.way motive fulfilled well victim rarely comes know attack even happened.notable social engineers frank abagnale jr. frank abagnale jr. american security consultant known background former con man check forger impostor ages . |
Social engineering (security) | became one notorious impostors claiming assumed fewer eight identities including airline pilot physician u.s. bureau prisons agent lawyer.abagnale escaped police custody twice taxiing airliner u.s. federal penitentiary turning years old.popular steven spielberg movie catch based life.kevin mitnick kevin mitnick american computer security consultant author hacker best known highprofile arrest later fiveyear conviction various computer communicationsrelated crimes.susan headley susan headley american hacker active late early widely respected expertise social engineering pretexting psychological subversion. |
Social engineering (security) | known specialty breaking military computer systems often involved going bed military personnel going clothes usernames passwords slept.became heavily involved phreaking kevin mitnick lewis de payne los angeles later framed erasing system files us leasing falling leading mitnicks first conviction.retired professional poker.james linton james linton british hacker social engineer used osint spear phishing techniques trick variety targets email including ceos major banks members trump white house administration.went work email security socially engineered bec business email compromise threat actors collect specific threat intelligence. |
Social engineering (security) | badir brothers brothers ramy muzher shadde badir—all blind birth—managed set extensive phone computer fraud scheme israel using social engineering voice impersonation brailledisplay computers.christopher j. hadnagy christopher j. hadnagy american social engineer information technology security consultant.best known author books social engineering cyber security founder innocent lives foundation organization helps tracking identifying child trafficking using various security techniques seeking assistance information security specialists utilizing data opensource intelligence osint collaborating law enforcement.law common law pretexting invasion privacy tort appropriation.pretexting telephone records december united states congress approved senate sponsored bill making pretexting telephone records federal felony fines ten years prison individuals fines companies. |
Social engineering (security) | signed president george w. bush january .federal legislation glba u.s. federal law specifically addresses pretexting banking records illegal act punishable federal statutes.business entity private investigator siu insurance investigator adjuster conducts type deception falls authority federal trade commission ftc.federal agency obligation authority ensure consumers subjected unfair deceptive business practices.us federal trade commission act section ftca states partwhenever commission shall reason believe person partnership corporation using unfair method competition unfair deceptive act practice affecting commerce shall appear commission proceeding respect thereof would interest public shall issue serve upon person partnership corporation complaint stating charges respect.the statute states someone obtains personal nonpublic information financial institution consumer action subject statute. |
Social engineering (security) | relates consumers relationship financial institution.example pretexter using false pretenses either get consumers address consumers bank get consumer disclose name bank would covered.determining principle pretexting occurs information obtained false pretenses.while sale cell telephone records gained significant media attention telecommunications records focus two bills currently united states senate many types private records bought sold public market.alongside many advertisements cell phone records wireline records records associated calling cards advertised.individuals shift voip telephones safe assume records offered sale well. |
Social engineering (security) | currently legal sell telephone records illegal obtain them.st source information specialists u.s. rep. fred upton rkalamazoo michigan chairman energy commerce subcommittee telecommunications internet expressed concern easy access personal mobile phone records internet house energy commerce committee hearing phone records sale arent phone records safe pretexting illinois became first state sue online records broker attorney general lisa madigan sued st source information specialists inc. spokeswoman madigans office said.floridabased company operates several web sites sell mobile telephone records according copy suit.attorneys general florida missouri quickly followed madigans lead filing suits respectively st source information specialists missouris case one records broker – first data solutions inc.several wireless providers including tmobile verizon cingular filed earlier lawsuits records brokers cingular winning injunction first data solutions st source information specialists.u.s. senator charles schumer dnew york introduced legislation february aimed curbing practice. |
Social engineering (security) | consumer telephone records protection act would create felony criminal penalties stealing selling records mobile phone landline voice internet protocol voip subscribers.hp patricia dunn former chairwoman hewlett packard reported hp board hired private investigation company delve responsible leaks within board.dunn acknowledged company used practice pretexting solicit telephone records board members journalists.chairman dunn later apologized act offered step board desired board members.unlike federal law california law specifically forbids pretexting. |
Social engineering (security) | four felony charges brought dunn dismissed.preventive measures taking precautions reduce risk victim social engineering frauds.precautions made followsbe aware offers seem good true.use multifactor authentication.avoid clicking attachments unknown sources.not giving personal information anyone via email phone text messages.use spam filter software.avoid befriending people know real life.teach kids contact trusted adult case bullied internet cyberbullying feel threatened anything online.see also certified social engineering prevention specialist csepscode shikara – computer wormconfidence trick – attempt defraud person group first gaining confidencecountermeasure computer – process reduce security threatcyberhumint – set skills used cyberspace hackerscyberheistinoculation theory – explanation attitude belief protected influence much way body protected diseaseinternet security awareness trainingit risk – risk related information technology may underlie organizations business processes varying degreesmedia pranks often use similar tactics though usually criminal purposespenetration test – method evaluating computer network security simulating cyber attackphishing – act attempting acquire sensitive information posing trustworthy entityphysical information securitypiggybacking securitysms phishingthreat computervoice phishing – use social engineering voice telephony criminals convince victims divulge sensitive informationvulnerability computing – exploitable weakness computer systemcyber security awareness references reading external links social engineering fundamentals – securityfocus.com.retrieved august .social engineering usb way. |
Social engineering (security) | light reading inc. june .archived original july .retrieved april .should social engineering part penetration testing – darknet.org.uk.retrieved august .protecting consumers phone records electronic privacy information center us committee commerce science transportation .retrieved february .plotkin hal. |
Groundwater pollution | memo press pretexting already illegal.retrieved september .type water pollution also occur naturally due presence minor unwanted constituent contaminant impurity groundwater case likely referred contamination rather pollution.groundwater pollution occur onsite sanitation systems landfill leachate effluent wastewater treatment plants leaking sewers petrol filling stations hydraulic fracturing fracking application fertilizers agriculture.pollution contamination also occur naturally occurring contaminants arsenic fluoride.using polluted groundwater causes hazards public health poisoning spread disease waterborne diseases.the pollutant often creates contaminant plume within aquifer.movement water dispersion within aquifer spreads pollutant wider area. |
Groundwater pollution | advancing boundary often called plume edge intersect groundwater wells surface water seeps springs making water supplies unsafe humans wildlife.movement plume called plume front may analyzed hydrological transport model groundwater model.analysis groundwater pollution may focus soil characteristics site geology hydrogeology hydrology nature contaminants.different mechanisms influence transport pollutants e.g.diffusion adsorption precipitation decay groundwater.the interaction groundwater contamination surface waters analyzed use hydrology transport models. |
Groundwater pollution | interactions groundwater surface water complex.example many rivers lakes fed groundwater.means damage groundwater aquifers e.g.fracking abstraction could therefore affect rivers lakes rely it.saltwater intrusion coastal aquifers example interactions. |
Groundwater pollution | prevention methods include applying precautionary principle groundwater quality monitoring land zoning groundwater protection locating onsite sanitation systems correctly applying legislation.pollution occurred management approaches include pointofuse water treatment groundwater remediation last resort abandonment.pollutant types contaminants found groundwater cover broad range physical inorganic chemical organic chemical bacteriological radioactive parameters.principally many pollutants play role surface water pollution may also found polluted groundwater although respective importance may differ.arsenic fluoride arsenic fluoride recognized world health organization serious inorganic contaminants drinkingwater worldwide basis.inorganic arsenic common type arsenic soil water. |
Groundwater pollution | metalloid arsenic occur naturally groundwater seen frequently asia including china india bangladesh.ganges plain northern india bangladesh severe contamination groundwater naturally occurring arsenic affects water wells shallower two regional aquifers.groundwater areas also contaminated use arsenicbased pesticides.arsenic groundwater also present mining operations mine waste dumps leach arsenic.natural fluoride groundwater growing concern deeper groundwater used million people risk drinking water elevated concentrations.fluoride especially released acidic volcanic rocks dispersed volcanic ash water hardness low.high levels fluoride groundwater serious problem argentinean pampas chile mexico india pakistan east african rift volcanic islands tenerifein areas naturally occurring high levels fluoride groundwater used drinking water dental skeletal fluorosis prevalent severe. |
Groundwater pollution | pathogens lack proper sanitation measures well improperly placed wells lead drinking water contaminated pathogens carried feces urine.fecaloral transmitted diseases include typhoid cholera diarrhea.four pathogen types present feces bacteria viruses protozoa helminths helminth eggs first three commonly found polluted groundwater whereas relatively large helminth eggs usually filtered soil matrix.deep confined aquifers usually considered safest source drinking water respect pathogens.pathogens treated untreated wastewater contaminate certain especially shallow aquifers.nitrate nitrate common chemical contaminant worlds groundwater aquifers. |
Groundwater pollution | lowincome countries nitrate levels groundwater extremely high causing significant health problems.also stable degrade high oxygen conditions.nitrate levels mgl ppm groundwater cause blue baby syndrome acquired methemoglobinemia.drinking water quality standards european union stipulate less mgl nitrate drinking water.however linkages nitrates drinking water blue baby syndrome disputed studies.syndrome outbreaks might due factors elevated nitrate concentrations drinking water.elevated nitrate levels groundwater caused onsite sanitation sewage sludge disposal agricultural activities.therefore urban agricultural origin. |
Groundwater pollution | organic compounds volatile organic compounds vocs dangerous contaminant groundwater.generally introduced environment careless industrial practices.many compounds known harmful late time regular testing groundwater identified substances drinking water sources.primary voc pollutants found groundwater include aromatic hydrocarbons btex compounds benzene toluene ethylbenzene xylenes chlorinated solvents including tetrachloroethylene pce trichloroethylene tce vinyl chloride vc.btex important components gasoline.pce tce industrial solvents historically used dry cleaning processes metal degreaser respectively.other organic pollutants present groundwater derived industrial operations polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs. |
Groundwater pollution | due molecular weight naphthalene soluble mobile pah found groundwater whereas benzoapyrene toxic one.pahs generally produced byproducts incomplete combustion organic matter.organic pollutants also found groundwater insecticides herbicides.many synthetic organic compounds pesticides complex molecular structures.complexity determines water solubility adsorption capacity mobility pesticides groundwater system.thus types pesticides mobile others easily reach drinkingwater source. |
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