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Groundwater pollution | metals several trace metals occur naturally certain rock formations enter environment natural processes weathering.however industrial activities mining metallurgy solid waste disposal paint enamel works etc.lead elevated concentrations toxic metals including lead cadmium chromium.contaminants potential make way groundwater.the migration metals metalloids groundwater affected several factors particular chemical reactions determine partitioning contaminants among different phases species.thus mobility metals primarily depends ph redox state groundwater. |
Groundwater pollution | pharmaceuticals trace amounts pharmaceuticals treated wastewater infiltrating aquifer among emerging groundwater contaminants studied throughout united states.popular pharmaceuticals antibiotics antiinflammatories antidepressants decongestantstranquilizers etc.normally found treated wastewater.wastewater discharged treatment facility often makes way aquifer source surface water used drinking water.trace amounts pharmaceuticals groundwater surface water far considered dangerous concern areas could increasing problem population grows reclaimed wastewater utilized municipal water supplies.others organic pollutants include range organohalides chemical compounds petroleum hydrocarbons various chemical compounds found personal hygiene cosmetic products drug pollution involving pharmaceutical drugs metabolites. |
Groundwater pollution | inorganic pollutants might include nutrients ammonia phosphate radionuclides uranium u radon rn naturally present geological formations.saltwater intrusion also example natural contamination often intensified human activities.groundwater pollution worldwide issue.study groundwater quality principal aquifers united states conducted showed domestic wells contaminants levels greater humanhealth benchmarks.another study suggested major groundwater pollution problems africa considering order importance nitrate pollution pathogenic agents organic pollution salinization acid mine drainage.causes causes groundwater pollution include details belownaturallyoccurring geogeniconsite sanitation systemssewage sewage sludgefertilizers pesticidescommercial industrial leakshydraulic fracturinglandfill leachateother naturallyoccurring geogenic “geogenic” refers naturally occurring result geological processes.the natural arsenic pollution occurs aquifer sediments contain organic matter generates anaerobic conditions aquifer. |
Groundwater pollution | conditions result microbial dissolution iron oxides sediment thus release arsenic normally strongly bound iron oxides water.consequence arsenicrich groundwater often ironrich although secondary processes often obscure association dissolved arsenic dissolved iron.. arsenic found groundwater commonly reduced species arsenite oxidized species arsenate acute toxicity arsenite somewhat greater arsenate.investigations indicated boreholes tested bangladesh arsenic concentrations exceeding μgl.the occurrence fluoride close related abundance solubility fluoridecontaining minerals fluorite caf.considerably high concentrations fluoride groundwater typically caused lack calcium aquifer.health problems associated dental fluorosis may occur fluoride concentrations groundwater exceed . |
Groundwater pollution | mgl guideline value since .the swiss federal institute aquatic science technology eawag recently developed interactive groundwater assessment platform gap geogenic risk contamination given area estimated using geological topographical environmental data without test samples every single groundwater resource.tool also allows user produce probability risk mapping arsenic fluoride.high concentrations parameters like salinity iron manganese uranium radon chromium groundwater may also geogenic origin.contaminants important locally widespread arsenic fluoride.onsite sanitation systems groundwater pollution pathogens nitrate also occur liquids infiltrating ground onsite sanitation systems pit latrines septic tanks depending population density hydrogeological conditions.factors controlling fate transport pathogens quite complex interaction among well understood.local hydrogeological conditions vary within space square kilometers ignored simple onsite sanitation infrastructures pit latrines cause significant public health risks via contaminated groundwater.liquids leach pit pass unsaturated soil zone completely filled water. |
Groundwater pollution | subsequently liquids pit enter groundwater may lead groundwater pollution.problem nearby water well used supply groundwater drinking water purposes.passage soil pathogens die adsorbed significantly mostly depending travel time pit well.pathogens die within days travel subsurface.the degree pathogen removal strongly varies soil type aquifer type distance environmental factors.example unsaturated zone becomes “washed” extended periods heavy rain providing hydraulic pathway quick pass pathogens. |
Groundwater pollution | difficult estimate safe distance pit latrine septic tank water source.case recommendations safe distance mostly ignored building pit latrines.addition household plots limited size therefore pit latrines often built much closer groundwater wells regarded safe.results groundwater pollution household members falling sick using groundwater source drinking water.sewage sewage sludge groundwater pollution caused untreated waste discharge leading diseases like skin lesions bloody diarrhea dermatitis. |
Groundwater pollution | common locations limited wastewater treatment infrastructure systematic failures onsite sewage disposal system.along pathogens nutrients untreated sewage also important load heavy metals may seep groundwater system.the treated effluent sewage treatment plants may also reach aquifer effluent infiltrated discharged local surface water bodies.therefore substances removed conventional sewage treatment plants may reach groundwater well.example detected concentrations pharmaceutical residues groundwater order mgl several locations germany.conventional sewage treatment plants micropollutants hormones pharmaceutical residues micropollutants contained urine feces partially removed remainder discharged surface water may also reach groundwater.groundwater pollution also occur leaking sewers observed example germany. |
Groundwater pollution | also lead potential crosscontamination drinkingwater supplies.spreading wastewater sewage sludge agriculture may also included sources fecal contamination groundwater.fertilizers pesticides nitrate also enter groundwater via excessive use fertilizers including manure spreading.fraction nitrogenbased fertilizers converted produce plant matter.remainder accumulates soil lost runoff.high application rates nitrogencontaining fertilizers combined high watersolubility nitrate leads increased runoff surface water well leaching groundwater thereby causing groundwater pollution. |
Groundwater pollution | excessive use nitrogencontaining fertilizers synthetic natural particularly damaging much nitrogen taken plants transformed nitrate easily leached.the nutrients especially nitrates fertilizers cause problems natural habitats human health washed soil watercourses leached soil groundwater.heavy use nitrogenous fertilizers cropping systems largest contributor anthropogenic nitrogen groundwater worldwide.feedlotsanimal corrals also lead potential leaching nitrogen metals groundwater.application animal manure may also result groundwater pollution pharmaceutical residues derived veterinary drugs.the us environmental protection agency epaand european commission seriously dealing nitrate problem related agricultural development major water supply problem requires appropriate management governance.runoff pesticides may leach groundwater causing human health problems contaminated water wells.pesticide concentrations found groundwater typically low often regulatory human healthbased limits exceeded also low.organophosphorus insecticide monocrotophos mcp appears one hazardous persistent soluble mobile bind minerals soils pesticides able reach drinkingwater source. |
Groundwater pollution | general pesticide compounds detected groundwater quality monitoring programs become extensive however much less monitoring conducted developing countries due high analysis costs.commercial industrial leaks wide variety inorganic organic pollutants found aquifers underlying commercial industrial activities.ore mining metal processing facilities primary responsible presence metals groundwater anthropogenic origin including arsenic.low ph associated acid mine drainage amd contributes solubility potential toxic metals eventually enter groundwater system.there increasing concern groundwater pollution gasoline leaked petroleum underground storage tanks usts gas stations.btex compounds common additives gasoline.btex compounds including benzene densities lower water gml. |
Groundwater pollution | similar oil spills sea nonmiscible phase referred light nonaqueous phase liquid lnapl “float” upon water table aquifer.chlorinated solvents used nearly industrial practice degreasing removers required.pce highly utilized solvent dry cleaning industry cleaning effectiveness relatively low cost.also used metaldegreasing operations.highly volatile frequently found groundwater surface water.tce historically used metal cleaning. |
Groundwater pollution | military facility anniston army dept anad united states placed epa superfund national priorities list npl groundwater contamination much million pounds tce.pce tce may degrade vinyl chloride vc toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon.many types solvents may also disposed illegally leaking time groundwater system.chlorinated solvents pce tce densities higher water nonmiscible phase referred dense nonaqueous phase liquids dnapl.reach aquifer sink eventually accumulate top lowpermeability layers.historically woodtreating facilities also release insecticides pentachlorophenol pcp creosote environment impacting groundwater resources.pcp highly soluble toxic obsolete pesticide recently listed stockholm convention persistent organic pollutants. |
Groundwater pollution | pahs semivocs common contaminants associated creosote.although nonmiscible lnapls dnapls still potential slowly dissolve aqueous miscible phase create plume thus become longterm source contamination.dnapls chlorinated solvents heavy pahs creosote pcbs tend difficult manage reside deep groundwater system.hydraulic fracturing recent growth hydraulic fracturing fracking wells united states raised concerns regarding potential risks contaminating groundwater resources.epa along many researchers delegated study relationship hydraulic fracturing drinking water resources.possible perform hydraulic fracturing without relevant impact groundwater resources stringent controls quality management measures place number cases groundwater pollution due improper handling technical failures observed.while epa found significant evidence widespread systematic impact drinking water hydraulic fracturing may due insufficient systematic pre post hydraulic fracturing data drinking water quality presence agents contamination preclude link tight oil shale gas extraction impact.despite epas lack profound widespread evidence researchers made significant observations rising groundwater contamination close proximity major shale oilgas drilling sites located marcellus british columbia canada. |
Groundwater pollution | within one kilometer specific sites subset shallow drinking water consistently showed higher concentration levels methane ethane propane concentrations normal.evaluation higher helium noble gas concentration along rise hydrocarbon levels supports distinction hydraulic fracturing fugitive gas naturally occurring background hydrocarbon content.contamination speculated result leaky failing improperly installed gas well casings.furthermore theorized contamination could also result capillary migration deep residual hypersaline water hydraulic fracturing fluid slowly flowing faults fractures finally making contact groundwater resources however many researchers argue permeability rocks overlying shale formations low allow ever happen sufficiently.ultimately prove theory would traces toxic trihalomethanes thm since often associated presence stray gas contamination typically cooccur high halogen concentrations hypersaline waters.besides highly saline waters common natural feature deep groundwater systems.while conclusions regarding groundwater pollution result hydraulic fracturing fluid flow restricted space time researchers hypothesized potential systematic stray gas contamination depends mainly integrity shale oilgas well structure along relative geological location local fracture systems could potentially provide flow paths fugitive gas migration.though widespread systematic contamination hydraulic fracturing heavily disputed one major source contamination consensus among researchers problematic sitespecific accidental spillage hydraulic fracturing fluid produced water. |
Groundwater pollution | far significant majority groundwater contamination events derived surfacelevel anthropogenic routes rather subsurface flow underlying shale formations.damage obvious much effort done prevent accidents occurring frequently lack data fracking oil spills continue leave researchers dark.many events data acquired leakage spillage often vague thus would lead researchers lacking conclusions.researchers federal institute geosciences natural resources bgr conducted model study deep shalegas formation north german basin.concluded probability small rise fracking fluids geological underground surface impact shallow groundwater.landfill leachate leachate sanitary landfills lead groundwater pollution. |
Groundwater pollution | chemicals reach ground water precipitation runoff.new landfills required lined clay another synthetic material along leachate protect surrounding ground water.however older landfills measures often close surface waters permeable soils.closed landfills still pose threat ground water capped impermeable material closure prevent leaking contaminants.love canal one widely known examples groundwater pollution.residents love canal neighborhood upstate new york noticed high rates cancer alarming number birth defects. |
Groundwater pollution | eventually traced organic solvents dioxins industrial landfill neighborhood built around infiltrated water supply evaporated basements contaminate air.eight hundred families reimbursed homes moved extensive legal battles media coverage.overpumping satellite data mekong delta vietnam provided evidence overpumping groundwater leads land subsidence well consequential release arsenic possibly heavy metals.arsenic found clay strata due high surface area volume ratio relative sandsized particles.pumped groundwater travels sands gravels low arsenic concentration. |
Groundwater pollution | however overpumping high vertical gradient pulls water lesspermeable clays thus promoting arsenic release water.groundwater pollution caused chemical spills commercial industrial operations chemical spills occurring transport e.g.spillage diesel fuels illegal waste dumping infiltration urban runoff mining operations road salts deicing chemicals airports even atmospheric contaminants since groundwater part hydrologic cycle.herbicide use contribute groundwater contamination arsenic infiltration.herbicides contribute arsenic desorption mobilization transportation contaminant.chlorinated herbicides exhibit lower impact arsenic desorption phosphate type herbicides. |
Groundwater pollution | help prevent arsenic contamination choosing herbicides appropriate different concentrations arsenic present certain soils.the burial corpses subsequent degradation may also pose risk pollution groundwater.mechanisms passage water subsurface provide reliable natural barrier contamination works favorable conditions.the stratigraphy area plays important role transport pollutants.area layers sandy soil fractured bedrock clay hardpan.areas karst topography limestone bedrock sometimes vulnerable surface pollution groundwater.earthquake faults also entry routes downward contaminant entry. |
Groundwater pollution | water table conditions great importance drinking water supplies agricultural irrigation waste disposal including nuclear waste wildlife habitat ecological issues.many chemicals undergo reactive decay chemical change especially long periods time groundwater reservoirs.noteworthy class chemicals chlorinated hydrocarbons trichloroethylene used industrial metal degreasing electronics manufacturing tetrachloroethylene used dry cleaning industry.chemicals carcinogens undergo partial decomposition reactions leading new hazardous chemicals including dichloroethylene vinyl chloride.interactions surface water although interrelated surface water groundwater often studied managed separate resources.interactions groundwater surface water complex. |
Groundwater pollution | surface water seeps soil becomes groundwater.conversely groundwater also feed surface water sources.example many rivers lakes fed groundwater.means damage groundwater aquifers e.g.fracking abstraction could therefore affect rivers lakes rely it. |
Groundwater pollution | saltwater intrusion coastal aquifers example interactions.a spill ongoing release chemical radionuclide contaminants soil located away surface water body may create point nonpoint source pollution contaminate aquifer creating toxic plume.movement plume may analyzed hydrological transport model groundwater model.prevention precautionary principle precautionary principle evolved principle rio declaration environment development important protecting groundwater resources pollution.precautionary principle provides “where threats irreversible damage lack full scientific certainty shall used reason postponing costeffective measures prevent environmental degradation.”.one six basic principles european union eu water policy application precautionary principle.groundwater quality monitoring groundwater quality monitoring programs implemented regularly many countries around world. |
Groundwater pollution | important components understand hydrogeological system development conceptual models aquifer vulnerability maps.groundwater quality must regularly monitored across aquifer determine trends.effective groundwater monitoring driven specific objective example specific contaminant concern.contaminant levels compared world health organization guidelines drinkingwater quality.rare limits contaminants reduced medical experience gained.sufficient investment given continue monitoring long term.problem found action taken correct it. |
Groundwater pollution | waterborne outbreaks united states decreased introduction stringent monitoring treatment requirements early s.the community also help monitor groundwater quality.scientists developed methods hazard maps could produced geogenic toxic substances groundwater.provides efficient way determining wells tested.land zoning groundwater protection development landuse zoning maps implemented several water authorities different scales around world.two types zoning maps aquifer vulnerability maps source protection maps.aquifer vulnerability map refers intrinsic natural vulnerability groundwater system pollution. |
Groundwater pollution | intrinsically aquifers vulnerable pollution aquifers.shallow unconfined aquifers risk pollution fewer layers filter contaminants.the unsaturated zone play important role retarding cases eliminating pathogens must considered assessing aquifer vulnerability.biological activity greatest top soil layers attenuation pathogens generally effective.preparation vulnerability maps typically involves overlaying several thematic maps physical factors selected describe aquifer vulnerability.indexbased parametric mapping method god developed foster hirata uses three generally available readily estimated parameters degree groundwater hydraulic confinement geological nature overlying strata depth groundwater.approach developed epa rating system named drastic employs seven hydrogeological factors develop index vulnerability depth water table net recharge aquifer media soil media topography slope impact vadose zone hydraulic conductivity.there particular debate among hydrogeologists whether aquifer vulnerability established general intrinsic way contaminants specifically pollutant. |
Groundwater pollution | source protection map refers capture areas around individual groundwater source water well spring especially protect pollution.thus potential sources degradable pollutants pathogens located distances travel times along flowpaths long enough pollutant eliminated filtration adsorption.analytical methods using equations define groundwater flow contaminant transport widely used.whpa semianalytical groundwater flow simulation program developed us epa delineating capture zones wellhead protection area.the simplest form zoning employs fixeddistance methods activities excluded within uniformly applied specified distance around abstraction points.locating onsite sanitation systems health effects toxic chemicals arise prolonged exposure risk health chemicals generally lower pathogens.thus quality source protection measures important component controlling whether pathogens may present final drinkingwater.onsite sanitation systems designed way groundwater pollution sanitation systems prevented occurring. |
Groundwater pollution | detailed guidelines developed estimate safe distances protect groundwater sources pollution onsite sanitation.following criteria proposed safe siting i.e.deciding location onsite sanitation systemshorizontal distance drinking water source sanitation systemguideline values horizontal separation distances onsite sanitation systems water sources vary widely e.g.horizontal distance pit latrine groundwater wellsvertical distance drinking water well sanitation systemaquifer typegroundwater flow directionimpermeable layersslope surface drainagevolume leaking wastewatersuperposition i.e.need consider larger planning areaas general guideline recommended bottom pit least groundwater level minimum horizontal distance pit water source normally recommended limit exposure microbial contamination. |
Groundwater pollution | however general statement made regarding minimum lateral separation distances required prevent contamination well pit latrine.example even lateral separation distance might sufficient strongly karstified system downgradient supply well spring lateral separation distance completely sufficient well developed clay cover layer annular space groundwater well well sealed.legislation institutional legal issues critical determining success failure groundwater protection policies strategies.management options remediation contaminated groundwater grouped following categoriescontaining pollutants prevent migrating furtherremoving pollutants aquiferremediating aquifer either immobilizing detoxifying contaminants still aquifer insitutreating groundwater point useabandoning use aquifers groundwater finding alternative source water.pointofuse treatment portable water purification devices pointofuse pou water treatment systems field water disinfection techniques used remove forms groundwater pollution prior drinking namely fecal pollution. |
Groundwater pollution | many commercial portable water purification systems chemical additives available remove pathogens chlorine bad taste odors heavy metals like lead mercury.techniques include boiling filtration activated charcoal absorption chemical disinfection ultraviolet purification ozone water disinfection solar water disinfection solar distillation homemade water filters.arsenic removal filters arf dedicated technologies typically installed remove arsenic.many technologies require capital investment longterm maintenance.filters bangladesh usually abandoned users due high cost complicated maintenance also quite expensive.groundwater remediation groundwater pollution much difficult abate surface pollution groundwater move great distances unseen aquifers.nonporous aquifers clays partially purify water bacteria simple filtration adsorption absorption dilution cases chemical reactions biological activity however cases pollutants merely transform soil contaminants. |
Groundwater pollution | groundwater moves open fractures caverns filtered transported easily surface water.fact aggravated human tendency use natural sinkholes dumps areas karst topography.pollutants contaminants removed ground water applying various techniques thereby making safe use.ground water treatment remediation techniques span biological chemical physical treatment technologies.ground water treatment techniques utilize combination technologies.biological treatment techniques include bioaugmentation bioventing biosparging bioslurping phytoremediation. |
Groundwater pollution | chemical treatment techniques include ozone oxygen gas injection chemical precipitation membrane separation ion exchange carbon absorption aqueous chemical oxidation surfactantenhanced recovery.chemical techniques may implemented using nanomaterials.physical treatment techniques include limited pump treat air sparging dual phase extraction.abandonment treatment remediation polluted groundwater deemed difficult expensive abandoning use aquifers groundwater finding alternative source water option.examples africa lusaka zambia periurban areas lusaka capital zambia ground conditions strongly karstified reason – together increasing population density periurban areas – pollution water wells pit latrines major public health threat there. |
Groundwater pollution | asia india ganga river basin grb sacred body water hindus facing severe arsenic contamination.india covers grb thus numerous states affected.affected states include uttarakhand uttar pradesh delhi madhya pradesh bihar jharkhand rajasthan chhattisgarh punjab haryana west bengal.arsenic levels µgl groundwater µgl irrigation water µgkg food materials exceed united nations food agricultural organization’s standard irrigation water world health organization’s standards drinking water.result individuals exposed suffer diseases affect dermal neurological reproductive cognitive functioning even result cancer.in india government proceeded promote sanitation development order combat rise ground water contamination several regions country. |
Groundwater pollution | effort proved show results decreased groundwater pollution decreased chance sickness mothers children mainly affected issue.something greatly needed according study children five die every year due consuming polluted water.countries effort seen success economically developed sections country.north america hinkley u.s. town hinkley california u.s. groundwater contaminated hexavalent chromium starting resulting legal case pacific gas electric pge multimilliondollar settlement .legal case dramatized film erin brockovich released .san joaquin u.s.intensive pumping san joaquin county california resulted arsenic pollution. |
Groundwater pollution | san joaquin county faced serious intensive pumping caused ground san joaquin sink turn damaged infrastructure.intensive pumping groundwater allowed arsenic move groundwater aquifers supply drinking water least million residents used irrigation crops richest farmland us.aquifers made sand gravel separated thin layers clay acts sponge holds onto water arsenic.water pumped intensively aquifer compresses ground sinks leads clay releasing arsenic.study shows aquifers contaminated result pumping recover withdrawals stop. |
Windows Firewall | walkerton canada year groundwater pollution occurred small town walkerton canada leading seven deaths known walkerton e. coli outbreak.water supply drawn groundwater became contaminated highly dangerous oh strain e. coli bacteria.contamination due farm runoff adjacent water well vulnerable groundwater pollution.references external links united states geological survey office groundwateruk groundwater forumigrac international groundwater resources assessment centreiah international association hydrogeologistsargoss project british geological surveygroundwater pollution sanitation documents library sustainable sanitation allianceupgro – unlocking potential groundwater poorshow centered personal professional lives residents seaview circle culdesac suburb knots landing california.seasons episodes aired followed twopart miniseries nonfiction reunion special .series overview episodes season – season – season – season – season – season – season – season – season – season – season – season – season – season – knots landing back culdesac specials references external links knots landing imdbknotslanding.net official guide seriesfirst included windows xp windows server .prior release windows xp service pack known internet connection firewall.release windows version september renamed windows defender firewall.overview windows xp originally shipped october included limited firewall called internet connection firewall.disabled default due concerns backward compatibility configuration screens buried away network configuration screens many users never looked at. |
Windows Firewall | result rarely used.mid blaster worm attacked large number windows machines taking advantage flaws rpc windows service.several months later sasser worm something similar.ongoing prevalence worms resulted unpatched machines infected within matter minutes.incidents well criticisms microsoft active protecting customers threats microsoft decided significantly improve functionality interface windows xps builtin firewall rebrand windows firewall switched default since windows xp sp.one three profiles activated automatically network interfacepublic assumes network shared world restrictive profile.private assumes network isolated internet allows inbound connections public. |
Windows Firewall | network never assumed private unless designated local administrator.domain profile least restrictive.allows inbound connections allow file sharing etc.domain profile selected automatically connected network domain trusted local computer.security log capabilities included record ip addresses data relating connections originating home office network internet.record dropped packets successful connections.used instance track every time computer network connects website. |
Windows Firewall | security log enabled default administrator must enable it.windows firewall controlledconfigured com objectoriented api scriptable netsh command gui administration tool centrally group policies.features available regardless configured.versions windows neptune unreleased windows neptune firewall introduced.similar one found windows xp.windows xp windows firewall first introduced part windows xp service pack . |
Windows Firewall | every type network connection whether wired wireless vpn even firewire firewall enabled default builtin exceptions allow connections machines local network.also fixed problem whereby firewall policies would enabled network connection several seconds connection created thereby creating window vulnerability.number additions made group policy windows system administrators could configure windows firewall product companywide level.xps windows firewall cannot block outbound connections capable blocking inbound ones.windows firewall turned one two significant reasons dcom activation security many corporations upgrade service pack timely fashion.around time sps release number internet sites reporting significant application compatibility issues though majority ended nothing ports needed opened firewall components distributed systems typically backup antivirus solutions could communicate.windows firewall added ipv supported predecessor internet connection firewall.note dcom problem solved moving applications dcomlabs combridge protocol. |
Windows Firewall | windows vista windows vista improved firewall address number concerns around flexibility windows firewall corporate environmentthe firewall based windows filtering platform.a new management console snapin named windows firewall advanced security provides access many advanced options enables remote administration.accessed via start control panel administrative tools windows firewall advanced security running wf.mscoutbound packet filtering reflecting increasing concerns spyware viruses attempt phone home.outbound rules configured using management console.notifications shown however outbound connections.with advanced packet filter rules also specified source destination ip addresses port ranges.rules configured services service name chosen list without needing specify full path file name.ipsec fully integrated allowing connections allowed denied based security certificates kerberos authentication etc.encryption also required kind connection.improved interface managing separate firewall profiles. |
Windows Firewall | ability three separate firewall profiles computers domainjoined connected private network connected public network xp sp supports two profiles—domainjoined standard.support creation rules enforcing server domain isolation policies.windows server windows windows server contains firewall windows vista.firewall windows server r windows contains improvements multiple active profiles.windows changes component windows arethe change name occurred september update known fall creators update codename redstone .firewall service mpssvc cannot stopped anymore. |
Threatened species | see also list microsoft windows componentssecurity safety features new windows vistapersonal firewallcomparison firewalls references notes multiple vulnerabilities fixed microsoft course several months microsoft security bulletins ms ms ms cover detail.external links windows firewall advanced security microsoft technetspecies threatened sometimes characterised population dynamics measure critical depensation mathematical measure biomass related population growth rate.quantitative metric one method evaluating degree endangerment.iucn definition international union conservation nature iucn foremost authority threatened species treats threatened species single category group three categories depending degree threatenedvulnerable speciesendangered speciescritically endangered specieslessthanthreatened categories near threatened least concern longer assigned category conservation dependent.species evaluated ne sufficient data data deficient also considered threatened iucn.although threatened vulnerable may used interchangeably discussing iucn categories term threatened generally used refer three categories critically endangered endangered vulnerable vulnerable used refer least risk three categories.may used interchangeably contexts however vulnerable species threatened species vulnerable category threatened species atrisk categories threatened species namely endangered critically endangered must definition also qualify vulnerable species threatened species may also considered vulnerable.threatened species also referred redlisted species listed iucn red list threatened species.subspecies populations stocks may also classified threatened. |
Threatened species | country australia federal commonwealth australia federal government legislation categorising protecting endangered species namely environment protection biodiversity conservation act known short epbc act.act six categories extinct extinct wild critically endangered endangered vulnerable conservation dependent defined section act.could summarised asextinct reasonable doubt last member species diedextinct wild known survive cultivation despite exhaustive surveys seen wildcritically endangered extremely high risk extinction wild immediate futureendangered high risk extinction wild near futurevulnerable high risk extinction wild mediumterm future andconservation dependent focus specific conservation program without species would enter one categories.the epbc act also recognises protects threatened ecosystems plant communities ramsar convention wetlands used migratory birds.lists threatened species drawn act lists primary reference threatened species australia.species profile threats database sprat searchable online database species ecological communities listed epbc act.provides information species looks like population distribution habitat movements feeding reproduction taxonomic comments.a threatened mammal index publicly launched april combined june threatened bird index created threatened species index research collaboration national environmental science program’s threatened species recovery hub university queensland birdlife australia. |
Threatened species | show detailed data individual species shows overall trends data downloaded via webapp allow trends different taxonomic groups regions explored compared.index uses data visualisation tools show data clearly graphic form including graph present main index geographical representation monitoring consistency time series species accumulation.april mammal index reported decline third threatened mammal numbers years data also show targeted conservation efforts working.threatened mammal index compiled individual surveys contains population trends australias threatened nearthreatened terrestrial marine mammal species.states territories individual states territories australia bound epbc act may also legislation gives protection certain species example western australias wildlife conservation act . |
Threatened species | species lewins rail lewinia pectoralis listed threatened species epbc act may recognised threatened individual states territories.pests weeds climate change habitat loss key threatening processes faced native plants animals listed department planning industry environment new south wales.germany german federal agency nature conservation german bundesamt für naturschutz bfn publishes regional red list germany least animals plants fungi.scheme categorization similar iucn adds warning list includes species endangered unknown extend rare species endangered highly risk extinction due small population.philippines united states federal endangered species act united states threatened defined species likely become endangered species within foreseeable future throughout significant portion range.less protected two protected categories. |
Threatened species | bay checkerspot butterfly euphydryas editha bayensis example threatened subspecies protected endangered species act.states within u.s. state wildlife agencies authority esa manage species considered endangered threatened within state within states therefore included national list endangered threatened species.example trumpeter swan cygnus buccinator threatened state minnesota large populations still remain canada alaska.see also biodiversity action planiucn red listillegal loggingrare speciesred bluelistedslashandburnthreatened fauna australia notes references reading sharrock s. jones m. .conserving europes threatened plants botanic gardens conservation international bgci |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | declared sanctuary may covering area square kilometres sq mi principally protection sloth bear categorized vulnerable acdcdc ver .iucn red list.numbers declining wild threatened extinction.the name sloth said epithet travellers hunters india gave bear saw hanging upside branches trees consequently identified sloth animal hangs upside down.known sloth bear initially called bear sloth since game hunters identified species sloth south america physical characteristics arboreal habits species matched.towards later part th century scientific name ursine bradypus ursiform sloth bradypus ursinus. |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | early th century sloth bear housed zoo france examined scientists identified correctly bear species thereafter name changed bear sloth sloth bear.jessore hill back drop sanctuary also prefixed form full name jessore sloth bear sanctuary.ministry environment forests government india forest department gujarat well known institutes universities country stakeholders local communities around project area engaged conservation sustainable management dryland biodiversity north gujarat gefundp supported project objective conservation globally significant biodiversity.two projects identified programme demonstration project sites jessore balaramambaji sanctuaries.information gathered project respect jessore sloth bear sanctuary enhanced information base expected help building local establishments adopt novel ideas resolve threats faced sanctuary.geography sanctuary located jessore hills aravalli hills south thar desert. |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | declared sanctuary covering area .square kilometres .sq mi .sanctuary area lies desert ecosystem dry deciduous type ecosystem forested area helps arresting desertification advancement thar desert.the nearest airport ahmedabad kilometres mi away.nearest railway station palanpur kilometres mi away iqbalgadh village kilometres . |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | mi distance.sanctuary also houses two temples one kedarnath mahadev temple frequented large number pilgrims october–november protected sacred grove.flora fauna flora vegetation sanctuary consists arid semiarid dry deciduous thorny scrub.a undp sponsored study flora sanctuary identified species plants trees shrubs climbers herbs grasses six pteridophytes two bryophytes one epiphyte two fungi.analysis indicates families tree species shrubs herbs climbers .species reportedly belong threatened category per iucn pavonia arabica tecomella undulata capparis cartilaginea dendrocalamus strictus sterculia urens silver date palm ceropegia odorata endangered species. |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | six endemic species india recorded ogeissus sericea chlorophytum borivilianum sterculia urens tecomella undulata silver date palm dendrocalamus strictus.plants recorded medicinal properties.however forest area reportedly diminishing corridor hill area forests aravalli also reducing disrupting migration bears.result forest areas reported patches.prosopis juliflora called locally gando baval become dominant vegetation affecting spread local species growth goat cattle population forest fires per cent green cover lower areas per cent hilly regions covered weed.fauna apart sloth bear fauna reported sanctuary leopard sambar blue bull wild boar porcupine variety birds. |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | endangered species harboured sanctuary jungle cat asian palm civet caracal indian wolf striped hyena.the faunal study undp covered herpetofaunal group.species amphibians reptiles recorded list includes indian python python molurus endangered species indian flapshelled turtle lissemys punctata vulnerable category muggar crocodylus palustris varanus varanus bengalensis endangered category.threats faced species noted water shortage traffic hunting snake charmers.reptiles found also include cobra krait several types viper monitor lizard.avifauna studies avifauna sanctuary revealed species including migratory birds.list includes four near threatened category birds comprising grey jungle fowl gallus sonneratii whitebellied minivet pericrocotus erythropygus indian black ibis pseudibis papillosa painted stork mycturia leucocephala vulnerable category per iucn red list whitewinged black tit parus nuchalis asian openbill anastomus oscitans indian whiterumped vulture gyps bengalensis indian vulture gyps indicus redheaded vulture sarcogyps calvus rednecked falcon falco chicquera. |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | mammals species mammalian fauna identified.indian pangolin manis crassicaudata sloth bear melursus ursinus near threatened vulnerable respectively.threats threats faced sanctuary sloth bear particular disappearing forests due anthropogenic cattle pressures destruction termite hills source favourite food bear humans capturing training perform circuses popular dancing bears travelling shows fairs.poaching trade sloth bears parts also reported.even cubs captured removed sanctuary.the undp study also listed threats avifauna deterioration habitat overgrazing quarrying causes noise pollution dust damage ground vegetation invasive prosopis juliflora scarcity water hunting anthropogenic pressure resulting habitat destruction.however threat sloth bears also reported people crops. |
Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary | humansloth bear conflict scientifically examined one year june july jessore sanctuary also mount abu sanctuary revealed human casualties due attack bears.thirty attacks humans males forest villages crop fields reported study period summer season recording maximum number followed monsoon winter.crop damage varying degree bears also reported.caused fear among villagers.however conditions threat life crops bears may killed law protect life property. |
Outline of computer security | conservation proposals create biological corridor four protected areas aravalli hills conservation area namely jessore balaram ambaji gujarat banskantha sabarkantha mt.abu fulwarkinar districts udaipur sirohi rajasthan developed multiple use zones mooted since sanctuaries sloth bear.community participation also suggested plan.see also ratan mahal wildlife sanctuaryshoolpaneshwar wildlife sanctuary referencesfield covers processes mechanisms digital equipment information services protected unintended unauthorized access change destruction growing importance line increasing reliance computer systems societies worldwide.computer security includes measures taken ensure integrity files stored computer server well measures taken prevent unauthorized access stored data securing physical perimeter computer equipment authentication users computer accounts accessing data providing secure method data transmission.essence computer security computer security described followinga branch securitynetwork securityapplication security areas computer security access control – selective restriction access place resource.act accessing may mean consuming entering using.permission access resource called authorization.computer access control – includes authorization authentication access approval audit.authenticationknowledgebased authenticationintegrated windows authenticationpasswordpassword length parametersecure password authenticationsecure shellkerberos protocolspnegontlmsspaegis secureconnecttacacscyber security countermeasuredevice fingerprintphysical security – protecting property people damage harm theft espionage terrorist attacks. |
Outline of computer security | includes security measures designed deny unauthorized access facilities computer room equipment computer resources like data storage devices data computer.computer gets stolen data goes it.addition theft physical access computer allows ongoing espionage like installment hardware keylogger device on.data security – protecting data database destructive forces unwanted actions unauthorized users.information privacy – relationship collection dissemination data technology public expectation privacy legal political issues surrounding them.privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information sensitive information collected stored – digital form otherwise.improper nonexistent disclosure control root cause privacy issues.internet privacy – involves right mandate personal privacy concerning storing repurposing provision third parties displaying information pertaining oneself via internet. |
Outline of computer security | privacy entail either personally identifying information pii nonpii information site visitors behavior website.pii refers information used identify individual.example age physical address alone could identify individual without explicitly disclosing name two factors relate specific person.mobile security – security pertaining smartphones especially respect personal business information stored them.network security – provisions policies adopted network administrator prevent monitor unauthorized access misuse modification denial computer network networkaccessible resources.network security involves authorization access data network controlled network administrator.network security toolkitinternet security – computer security specifically related internet often involving browser security also network security general level applies applications operating systems whole.objective establish rules measures use attacks internet. |
Outline of computer security | internet represents insecure channel exchanging information leading high risk intrusion fraud phishing.different methods used protect transfer data including encryption.world wide web security – dealing vulnerabilities users visit websites.cybercrime web include identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.criminals web become preferred way spread malware.computer security threats variety threats combined rapid development new threats made cyber insecurity removal information assurance status quo. |
Outline of computer security | long man continues use computer man also takes interest manipulating modifying creating bypassing rules security standards.the common effective method violating computer security protocols phishing phishing process providing cloned login page site victim uses example googles gmail user enters hisher login information data captured access victims account gained.many corporations executives midranking managers even low level staff many current u.s. corporations idea malicious user quietly passively intercepting communications.strong motivation theft intellectual property.often victims phishing either never become aware privacy breached many months pass become aware privacy lost.methods computer network attack computer network exploitationsocial engineering frequent method attack take form phishing spear phishing corporate government world well counterfeit websites.password sharing insecure password practicespoor patch managementcomputer crime –computer criminals –hackers – context computer security hacker someone seeks exploits weaknesses computer system computer network.password cracking –software cracking –script kiddies –list computer criminals –identity theft –computer malfunction –operating system failure vulnerabilitieshard disk drive failure – occurs hard disk drive malfunctions stored information cannot accessed properly configured computer.disk failure may occur course normal operation due external factor exposure fire water high magnetic fields suffering sharp impact environmental contamination lead head crash.data recovery failed hard disk problematic expensive. |
Outline of computer security | backups essentialcomputer network surveillance –man middleloss anonymity – ones identity becomes known.identification people computers allows activity tracked.example persons name matched ip address using activity tracked thereafter monitoring ip address.http cookielocal shared objectweb bugspywareadwarecyber spying – obtaining secrets without permission holder information personal sensitive proprietary classified nature individuals competitors rivals groups governments enemies personal economic political military advantage using methods internet networks individual computers use cracking techniques malicious software including trojan horses spyware.may done online professionals sitting computer desks bases far away countries may involve infiltration home computer trained conventional spies moles may criminal handiwork amateur malicious hackers software programmers thieves.computer network eavesdroppinglawful interceptionwar drivingpacket analyzer aka packet sniffer – mainly used security tool many ways including detection network intrusion attempts packet analyzers also used spying collect sensitive information e.g.login details cookies personal communications sent network reverse engineer proprietary protocols used network. |
Outline of computer security | one way protect data sent network internet using encryption software.cyberwarfare –exploit – piece software chunk data sequence commands takes advantage bug glitch vulnerability order cause unintended unanticipated behavior occur computer software hardware something electronic usually computerized.behavior frequently includes things like gaining control computer system allowing privilege escalation denialofservice attack.trojancomputer viruscomputer wormdenialofservice attack – attempt make machine network resource unavailable intended users usually consisting efforts temporarily indefinitely interrupt suspend services host connected internet.one common method attack involves saturating target machine external communications requests much cannot respond legitimate traffic responds slowly rendered essentially unavailable.distributed denialofservice attack ddos – dos attack sent two persons.hacking toolmalwarehid spoofing keylogger computer viruscomputer wormkeylogger – program keystroke logging action recording logging keys struck keyboard typically covert manner person using keyboard unaware actions monitored.rootkit – stealthy type software typically malicious designed hide existence certain processes programs normal methods detection enable continued privileged access computer.term rootkit concatenation root traditional name privileged account unix operating systems word kit refers software components implement tool.spywaretrojandata loss –file deletion –data loss prevention softwarenatural disasters – fire flood etc.cause loss computers data. |
Outline of computer security | either fire water cause hard disk drive failure example.earthquakes cause data center go down.reason large web businesses use load balancing failover techniques ensure business continuity.payload malicious code delivered vulnerable computer often masquerading something elsephysical loss – losing computer example due fire leaving ones laptop bus results inke data loss unless backup.physical theft – someone takes property without authorization own.computer stolen data gone unless backup.laptop theft – stealing laptop computer.victims laptop theft lose hardware software essential data backed up. |
Outline of computer security | thieves also may access sensitive data personal information.systems authorize access based credentials stored laptop including mac addresses web cookies cryptographic keys stored passwords.vulnerabilitiesexploitable vulnerability – vulnerability exploit existsopen port – tcp udp port number configured accept packets.ports integral part internets communication model — channel applications client computer reach software server.services web pages ftp require respective ports open server order publicly reachable.open reachable enough communication channel established. |
Outline of computer security | needs application service listening port accepting incoming packets processing them.open ports vulnerable service listening firewall filtering incoming packets them.security bugzeroday attackhackers computer defenses security measures access control systemsauthenticationmultifactor authenticationauthorizationfirewalls internet securityfirewallfirewall pinholenat hole punchingtcp hole punchingudp hole punchingicmp hole punchingnextgeneration firewallvirtual firewallstateful firewallcontextbased access controldualhomedipfilterzone alarmlinux firewall capabilitiesdebianvyattavyosbsd router projectfreebsdmnwallipfirewallopnsensepfsenseintrusion detection systemintrusion prevention systemmobile secure gateway access control access control – selective restriction access place resource.act accessing may mean consuming entering using.permission access resource called authorization.computer access control – includes authorization authentication access approval audit.authorization – function specifying access rights computer resources.authorize define access policy. |
Outline of computer security | example human resources staff normally authorized access employee records policy may formalized access control rules computer system.operation computer system uses access control rules decide whether access requests authenticated consumers shall approved granted disapproved rejected.resources include individual files items data computer programs computer devices functionality provided computer applications.examples consumers computer users computer programs devices attempting access data computer.authentication – act confirming identity consumer.context consumer computer user computer program device attempting access data computeruser account – system id unique user. |
Outline of computer security | allows user authenticate log system granted authorization access resources provided connected system however authentication imply authorization.log account user typically required authenticate oneself password credentials purposes accounting security logging resource management.password – word string characters used user authentication prove identity access approval gain access resource example access code type password kept secret allowed access.access approval computer access control –audit –physical security – protecting property people damage harm theft espionage terrorist attacks.includes security measures designed deny unauthorized access facilities computer room equipment computer resources like data storage devices data computer.computer gets stolen data goes it.addition theft physical access computer allows ongoing espionage like installment hardware keylogger device on. |
Outline of computer security | examples physical security system components includelocks – locks may used secure building room computer in.may also used computer casings prevent opening computers remove swap parts install unauthorized components.may used computer disallow turned used without physical key.also locks attach cables laptops prevent taken.computer lock –security alarms –security barriers – fences walls.security guards –theft recovery software – lojack cars theft recovery software desktop laptop computers.application security application securityantivirus softwaresecure codingsecurity designsecure operating systems data security data security – protecting data database destructive forces unwanted actions unauthorized users. |
Outline of computer security | information privacy information privacy – relationship collection dissemination data technology public expectation privacy legal political issues surrounding them.privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information sensitive information collected stored – digital form otherwise.improper nonexistent disclosure control root cause privacy issues.internet privacy – involves right mandate personal privacy concerning storing repurposing provision third parties displaying information pertaining oneself via internet.privacy entail either personally identifying information pii nonpii information site visitors behavior website.pii refers information used identify individual. |
Outline of computer security | example age physical address alone could identify individual without explicitly disclosing name two factors relate specific person.mobile security mobile security – security pertaining smartphones especially respect personal business information stored them.network security network security – provisions policies adopted network administrator prevent monitor unauthorized access misuse modification denial computer network networkaccessible resources.network security involves authorization access data network controlled network administrator.internet security – computer security specifically related internet often involving browser security also network security general level applies applications operating systems whole.objective establish rules measures use attacks internet. |
Outline of computer security | internet represents insecure channel exchanging information leading high risk intrusion fraud phishing.different methods used protect transfer data including encryption.virtual private network vpn – extends private network across public network internet.enables computer networkenabled device send receive data across shared public networks directly connected private network benefiting functionality security management policies private network.vpn created establishing virtual pointtopoint connection use dedicated connections virtual tunneling protocols traffic encryptions.ipsec – protocol suite securing internet protocol ip communications authenticating encrypting ip packet communication session.ipsec includes protocols establishing mutual authentication agents beginning session negotiation cryptographic keys used session. |
Outline of computer security | ipsec used protecting data flows pair hosts hosttohost pair security gateways networktonetwork security gateway host networktohost.openvpn – opensource software application implements virtual private network vpn techniques creating secure pointtopoint sitetosite connections routed bridged configurations remote access facilities.uses custom security protocol utilizes ssltls key exchange.capable traversing network address translators nats firewalls.written james yonan published gnu general public license gpl.world wide web security world wide web security – dealing vulnerabilities users visit websites. |
Outline of computer security | cybercrime web include identity theft fraud espionage intelligence gathering.criminals web become preferred way spread malware.history computer security timeline computer security hacker history computer security industry computer security software antivirus softwarelist antivirus software comparisonencryption softwarelist cryptographic file systemspretty good privacyfirewalllist firewalls comparisonlist router firewall distributions testing labs avtest –independent organization evaluates rates antivirus security suite software microsoft windows android operating systems according variety criteria.every month researchers publish results testing list products awarded certification.organisation based magdeburg germany.icsa labs – independent division verizon business tests certifies computer security software including antispyware antivirus firewall products fee.virus bulletin – magazine conducts tests antivirus software. |
Outline of computer security | magazine prevention detection removal malware spam.regularly features analyses latest virus threats articles exploring new developments fight viruses interviews antivirus experts evaluations current antimalware products.west coast labs – tests computer security products fee.checkmark certification program reports test results public.computer security companies mcafee inc. intel security – american global computer security software company headquartered santa clara california worlds largest dedicated security technology company.february mcafee became wholly owned subsidiary intel. |
Outline of computer security | early intel announced would rebrand mcafee intel security .secunia – american computer security company software offerings vulnerability management pc security patch management.computer security publications journals magazines hacker quarterly – technical political articles interest internet security communityvirus bulletin – magazine prevention detection removal malware spam.regularly features analyses latest virus threats articles exploring new developments fight viruses interviews antivirus experts evaluations current antimalware products.books computer security art deceptionthe art intrusioncrypto code rebels beat government—saving privacy digital agethe cuckoos egg tracking spy maze computer espionage – book written clifford stoll.first person account hunt hacker broke computer lawrence berkeley national laboratory.cypherpunksfirewalls internet securitythe hacker crackdownthe hackers handbookhacking art exploitationout inner circleunderground books cryptography books cryptography cyber security community cyber security communities uk cyber security community – computer security organizations academic cerias – center research education information security computing communication infrastructures located purdue university.cert coordination center – program carnegiemellon university develops advanced methods technologies counter largescale sophisticated cyber threats partnership academic programs government law enforcement agencies. |
Outline of computer security | cert knowledgebase compiles information information security incidents.georgia tech information security center – department georgia tech deals information security issues cryptography network security trusted computing software reliability privacy internet governance.oulu university secure programming group – studies evaluates develops methods implementing testing application system software order prevent discover eliminate implementation level security vulnerabilities proactive fashion.focus implementation level security issues software security testing.commercial australian information security association – also known aisa paid members branches located throughout australia monitor condition information security.microsoft digital crimes unit – microsoft sponsored team international legal technical experts stop interfere cyber crime cyber threats.government agencies arnes – academic research network slovenia responsible development operation management communication information network education research.includes sicert slovenian computer emergency response team.canadian cyber incident response centre – also known ccirc canadian government program ministry public safety. |
Outline of computer security | program monitors threats coordinates national responses protects national critical infrastructure cyber incidents.norwegian cyber defence force – branch norwegian armed forces responsible military communications offensive defensive cyberwarfare norway.law enforcement agencies internet police – police secret police departments law enforcement agencies charge policing internet.major purposes internet police depending state fighting cybercrime well censorship propaganda monitoring manipulating online public opinion.air force cyber command provisional – proposed u.s. air force command existed provisional status.october air forces cyberspace mission transferred uscybercom.department defense cyber crime center – also known dc united states department defense agency provides digital forensics support dod law enforcement agencies.dcs main focus criminal counterintelligence counterterrorism fraud investigations.fbi criminal cyber response services branch – also known ccrsb service within federal bureau investigation responsible investigating certain crimes including computerbased crime related counterterrorism counterintelligence criminal threats united states.fbi cyber division – federal bureau investigation division heads national effort investigate prosecute internet crimes including cyber based terrorism espionage computer intrusions major cyber fraud. |
Outline of computer security | division fbi uses information gathers investigation inform public current trends cyber crime.focuses around three main priorities computer intrusion identity theft cyber fraud.created .fbis ability address national security cyber intrusion threat p. pdf archived wayback machinerefnational security agency – united states bureau responsible national cybersecurity military communications protection.uscert – also known united states computer emergency readiness team organization within department homeland securitys dhs national protection programs directorate nppd branch office cybersecurity communications csc national cybersecurity communications integration center nccic.uscert responsible analyzing reducing cyber threats vulnerabilities disseminating cyber threat warning information coordinating incident response activities.uscybercom – armed forces subunified command subordinate united states strategic command. |
Outline of computer security | unit centralizes command cyberspace operations organizes existing cyber resources synchronizes defense u.s. military networks.independent nonprofits australian information security association – organisation individuals rather companies aims maintain unbiased view information security australia.hosts conferences annually.information card foundation – created equifax google microsoft novell oracle corporation paypal others promote information card approach.information cards personal digital identities people use online key component identity metasystems.information systems security association –international computer security association –internet watch foundation –owasp – independent websites attrition – information securityrelated website updated least weekly allvolunteer staff.errata section devoted pointing inaccuracies omissions problems mainstream media related computer security hacking. |
Outline of computer security | additionally staff members publish opinion pieces security rants pointing problems computer security industry.wiretapped.net – persons influential computer security john mcafee – founded mcafee associates later called mcafee inc. intel security resigned company .def con conference las vegas nevada august warned americans use smartphones suggesting apps used spy clueless consumers read privacy user agreements.phil zimmermann – creator pretty good privacy pgp widely used email encryption software world.also known work voip encryption protocols notably zrtp zfone.principal designer cryptographic key agreement protocol association model wireless usb standard.ross j. andersonannie antonadam backdaniel j. bernsteinstefan brandsl.jean camplorrie cranorcynthia dwork microsoft research cryptographer. |
Outline of computer security | among achievements responsible technology behind bitcoin.deborah estrinjoan feigenbaumian goldbergshafi goldwasserlawrence a. gordonpeter gutmannpaul kochermonica s. lam stanford university computer science professor director mobisocial computing laboratory involved programmable open mobile internet national science foundation.brian lamacchiakevin mitnickbruce schneierdawn songgene spaffordmoti yung—israeli cryptographer currently google research.see also rubberhose cryptanalysis references external links outline computer security curliethe layered defense approach security malay upadhyay cyberoam january arcos sergio.social engineering.sancho rivera.trends cyber security dan geer author november participating safety guide electronic security threats viewpoint civil liberties organisations.licensed gnu free documentation license.article information security hard — economic perspective ross andersonthe information security glossarythe sans top internet critical security controlsamit singh taste computer security slowdown sight cyber attacks .july. |
World Wide Web | usa todaycyber security dictionarycybersecurity authoritative reports resources topic congressional research servicewindows securitythe ultimate guide windows securitywindows securitymac securitylinux securitysecurity indepth linux software preventing mitigating security bugs pdfthreat alerts vulnerability tracking listslists advisories product lists known unpatched vulnerabilities secuniavulnerabilities securityfocus including bugtraq mailing list.list vulnerabilities maintained government usaresources web transferred via hypertext transfer protocol http may accessed users software application called web browser published software application called web server.world wide web built top internet predated web two decades.english scientist tim bernerslee coinvented world wide web along robert cailliau.wrote first web browser employed cern near geneva switzerland.browser released outside cern research institutions starting january general public august .web began enter everyday use – websites general use started become available. |
World Wide Web | world wide web central development information age primary tool billions people use interact internet.web resources may type downloaded media web pages hypertext documents formatted hypertext markup language html.special html syntax displays embedded hyperlinks urls permits users navigate web resources.addition text web pages may contain references images video audio software components either displayed internally executed users web browser render pages streams multimedia content.multiple web resources common theme usually common domain name make website.websites stored computers running web server program responds requests made internet web browsers running users computer.website content provided publisher interactively usergenerated content. |
World Wide Web | websites provided myriad informative entertainment commercial governmental reasons.history underlying concept hypertext originated previous projects hypertext editing system hes brown university ted nelsons project xanadu douglas engelbarts online system nls.nelson engelbart turn inspired vannevar bushs microfilmbased memex described essay may think.tim bernerslees vision global hyperlinked information system became possibility second half s. global internet began proliferate europe domain name system upon uniform resource locator built came being.first direct ip connection europe north america made bernerslee began openly discuss possibility weblike system cern.while working cern bernerslee became frustrated inefficiencies difficulties posed finding information stored different computers. |
World Wide Web | march submitted memorandum titled information management proposal management cern system called mesh referenced enquire database software project built used term web described elaborate information management system based links embedded text imagine references document associated network address thing referred reading document could skip click mouse.system explained could referred using one existing meanings word hypertext term says coined s. reason proposal continues hypertext links could encompass multimedia documents including graphics speech video bernerslee goes use term hypermedia.with help colleague fellow hypertext enthusiast robert cailliau published formal proposal november build hypertext project called worldwideweb one word abbreviated w web hypertext documents viewed browsers using client–server architecture.point html http already development two months first web server month completing first successful test.proposal estimated readonly web would developed within three months would take six months achieve creation new links new material readers authorship becomes universal well automatic notification reader new material interest himher become available.readonly goal met accessible authorship web content took longer mature wiki concept webdav blogs web . |
World Wide Web | rssatom.the proposal modelled sgml reader dynatext electronic book technology spinoff institute research information scholarship brown university.dynatext system licensed cern key player extension sgml iso hypermedia within hytime considered expensive inappropriate licensing policy use general high energy physics community namely fee document document alteration.next computer used bernerslee worlds first web server also write first web browser .christmas bernerslee built tools necessary working web first web browser worldwideweb web editor well first web server.first website described project published december .the first web page may lost paul jones uncchapel hill north carolina announced may bernerslee gave says oldest known web page visit unc . |
World Wide Web | jones stored magnetooptical drive next computer.august bernerslee published short summary world wide web project newsgroup alt.hypertext.date sometimes confused public availability first web servers occurred months earlier.another example confusion news media reported first photo web published bernerslee image cern house band les horribles cernettes taken silvano de gennaro gennaro disclaimed story writing media totally distorting words sake cheap sensationalism.the first server outside europe installed december stanford linear accelerator center slac palo alto california host spireshep database.bernerslees breakthrough marry hypertext internet.book weaving web explains repeatedly suggested members technical communities marriage two technologies possible. |
World Wide Web | one took invitation finally assumed project himself.process developed three essential technologiesa system globally unique identifiers resources web elsewhere universal document identifier udi later known uniform resource locator url uniform resource identifier urithe publishing language hypertext markup language htmlthe hypertext transfer protocol http.the world wide web several differences hypertext systems available time.web required unidirectional links rather bidirectional ones making possible someone link another resource without action owner resource.also significantly reduced difficulty implementing web servers browsers comparison earlier systems turn presented chronic problem link rot.unlike predecessors hypercard world wide web nonproprietary making possible develop servers clients independently add extensions without licensing restrictions. |
World Wide Web | april cern announced world wide web would free anyone fees due.coming two months announcement server implementation gopher protocol longer free use produced rapid shift away gopher toward web.early popular web browser violawww unix x window system.the web began enter general use – websites everyday use started become available.historians generally agree turning point web began introduction mosaic graphical web browser developed national center supercomputing applications university illinois urbana–champaign ncsauiuc.development led marc andreessen funding came us highperformance computing communications initiative high performance computing act one several computing developments initiated us senator al gore. |
World Wide Web | release mosaic graphics commonly mixed text web pages web less popular older protocols gopher wide area information servers wais.mosaics graphical user interface allowed web become far popular protocol internet.world wide web consortium wc founded tim bernerslee left european organization nuclear research cern october .founded massachusetts institute technology laboratory computer science mitlcs support defense advanced research projects agency darpa pioneered internet year later second site founded inria french national computer research lab support european commission dg infso third continental site created japan keio university.end total number websites still relatively small many notable websites already active foreshadowed inspired todays popular services.connected internet websites created around world. |
World Wide Web | motivated international standards development protocols formatting.bernerslee continued stay involved guiding development web standards markup languages compose web pages advocated vision semantic web.world wide web enabled spread information internet easytouse flexible format.thus played important role popularising use internet.although two terms sometimes conflated popular use world wide web synonymous internet. |
World Wide Web | web information space containing hyperlinked documents resources identified uris.implemented client server software using internet protocols tcpip http.bernerslee knighted queen elizabeth ii services global development internet.never patented invention.function terms internet world wide web often used without much distinction.however two terms mean thing. |
World Wide Web | internet global system computer networks interconnected telecommunications optical networking.contrast world wide web global collection documents resources linked hyperlinks uris.web resources accessed using http https applicationlevel internet protocols use internets transport protocols.viewing web page world wide web normally begins either typing url page web browser following hyperlink page resource.web browser initiates series background communication messages fetch display requested page.using browser view web pages—and move one web page another hyperlinks—came known browsing web surfing channel surfing navigating web. |
World Wide Web | early studies new behavior investigated user patterns using web browsers.one study example found five user patterns exploratory surfing window surfing evolved surfing bounded navigation targeted navigation.the following example demonstrates functioning web browser accessing page url httpexample.orghome.html.browser resolves server name url example.org internet protocol address using globally distributed domain name system dns.lookup returns ip address ... dbe.browser requests resource sending http request across internet computer address. |
World Wide Web | requests service specific tcp port number well known http service receiving host distinguish http request network protocols may servicing.http normally uses port number https normally uses port number .content http request simple two lines textthe computer receiving http request delivers web server software listening requests port .webserver fulfill request sends http response back browser indicating successfollowed content requested page.hypertext markup language html basic web page might look like thisthe web browser parses html interprets markup title p paragraph surrounds words format text screen. |
World Wide Web | many web pages use html reference urls resources images embedded media scripts affect page behaviour cascading style sheets affect page layout.browser makes additional http requests web server internet media types.receives content web server browser progressively renders page onto screen specified html additional resources.html hypertext markup language html standard markup language creating web pages web applications.cascading style sheets css javascript forms triad cornerstone technologies world wide web.web browsers receive html documents web server local storage render documents multimedia web pages. |
World Wide Web | html describes structure web page semantically originally included cues appearance document.html elements building blocks html pages.html constructs images objects interactive forms may embedded rendered page.html provides means create structured documents denoting structural semantics text headings paragraphs lists links quotes items.html elements delineated tags written using angle brackets.tags img input directly introduce content page. |
World Wide Web | tags p surround provide information document text may include tags subelements.browsers display html tags use interpret content page.html embed programs written scripting language javascript affects behavior content web pages.inclusion css defines look layout content.world wide web consortium wc maintainer html css standards encouraged use css explicit presentational html since .linking web pages contain hyperlinks related pages perhaps downloadable files source documents definitions web resources. |
World Wide Web | underlying html hyperlink looks like thisa hrefhttpexample.orghome.htmlexample.org homepageasuch collection useful related resources interconnected via hypertext links dubbed web information.publication internet created tim bernerslee first called worldwideweb original camelcase subsequently discarded november .the hyperlink structure web described webgraph nodes web graph correspond web pages urls directed edges hyperlinks.time many web resources pointed hyperlinks disappear relocate replaced different content.makes hyperlinks obsolete phenomenon referred circles link rot hyperlinks affected often called dead links.ephemeral nature web prompted many efforts archive websites. |
World Wide Web | internet archive active since best known efforts.www prefix many hostnames used world wide web begin www longstanding practice naming internet hosts according services provide.hostname web server often www way may ftp ftp server news nntp usenet news server.hostnames appear domain name system dns subdomain names use www required technical policy standard many web sites use first web server nxoc.cern.ch.according paolo palazzi worked cern along tim bernerslee popular use www subdomain accidental world wide web project page intended published info.cern.ch intended cern home page however dns records never switched practice prepending www institutions website domain name subsequently copied. |
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