title stringlengths 1 105 | content stringlengths 5 58.1k |
|---|---|
Naval Criminal Investigative Service | popular culture televisionin series ncis began spinoff jag features fictional representation major case response team consisting team ncis agents based washington navy yard washington d.c. david brant thomas betro two former directors ncis minor cameo appearances series respective tenures director.director omar lopez featured cameo role episode season aired april .in series spun ncis los angeles featuring fictional representation office special projects based los angeles specializes undercover assignments.former ncis director mark d. clookie minor cameo appearance third season series appearing ncis special agent clookie.andrew traver fifth director ncis also minor appearance seventh season series appearing ncis special agent gates.a second spinoff set small ncis resident agency new orleans part southeast field office ncis new orleans started concluded .a third spinoff began ncis hawaiʻi set hawaii field office.the pentagon channel aired documentary june entitled recon military csi crime scene investigation techniques used theater war ncis special agents.the national geographic channel filmed documentary entitled inside real ncis.investigation discovery filmed episode series called real ncis highlighting thirteen different crimes solved ncis special agents.in cbs began airing hours ncis extension hours investigative program focused real life ncis cases narrated rocky carroll ncis.filmthe film dangerous evidence lori jackson story based bestselling book dangerous evidence.book recounts true story nis agents accused framing africanamerican marine corporal crime commit. |
Naval Criminal Investigative Service | cbs news journalist ellis a. cohen covered story minutes wrote book produced lifetime movie.booksin richard marcinkos book rogue warrior details conflict nis.later nis investigation named iron eagle would result federal prison sentence.special agent vietnam naval intelligence memoir written former special agent douglass h. hubbard special agents vietnam war.hubbard served nis special agent vietnam .author mel odom authored ncis series novels entitled paid blood blood evidence bloodlines.the crisis dan lenson novel david poyer details adventures ncis special agents horn africa hoa.capturing jonathan pollard one notorious spies american history brought justice published .written retired ncis special agent ron olive recounts nis investigation pollard.the smack track ian mcphedran royal australian navy battles pirates gun runners drug smugglers seas persian gulf horn africa along infamous route known smack track.since ncis special agents routinely assigned law enforcement advisors afloat serve alongside australian sailors looking contraband.dick tracy u.s. comic strip featuring tough intelligent police detective created chester gould. |
Naval Criminal Investigative Service | prose novel max allan collins based strip dick tracy goes war tracy accepts direct commission lieutenant commander u.s. naval reserve go active duty agent office naval intelligence precursor ncis.comic strip detailed sequence pitting tracy axis spy alfred brow brau tracy commissioned position oni holds rank lieutenant.see also military criminal investigative organizations defense criminal investigative service dcisunited states air force office special investigations afosi osiunited states army counterintelligence aciunited states army criminal investigation division usacid cidunited states marine corps criminal investigation division usmccidcoast guard investigative service cgis federal law enforcement list united states federal law enforcement agenciesmasteratarms united states navyshore patrol usn usmccriminal investigation task force citfmilitary policenational oceanic atmospheric administration fisheries office law enforcement noaa olespecial agentu.s.coast guardu.s.diplomatic security service dss state department jag corps judge advocate generals corps u.s. navyu.s. |
Naval Criminal Investigative Service | marine corps judge advocate division intelligence marine corps intelligence activitymarine corps counterintelligenceoffice naval intelligence oniunited states army counterintelligence aciunited states army intelligence security command inscomcoast guard intelligence cgi references reading protecting americas heroesschmitt eric june .navy investigators face new attack.new york times.retrieved january .gives history criticisms ncisnis performance highprofile cases.shootingwire.com external links official websitenics turns stats show success fbi’s gun background check system—fbi |
Solar wind | plasma mostly consists electrons protons alpha particles kinetic energy .kev.composition solar wind plasma also includes mixture materials found solar plasma trace amounts heavy ions atomic nuclei c n ne mg si fe.also rarer traces nuclei isotopes p ti cr fe fe ni ni ni.superposed solarwind plasma interplanetary magnetic field. |
Solar wind | solar wind varies density temperature speed time solar latitude longitude.particles escape suns gravity high energy resulting high temperature corona turn result coronal magnetic field.at distance solar radii sun solar wind reaches speeds – kms supersonic meaning moves faster speed fast magnetosonic wave.flow solar wind longer supersonic termination shock.related phenomena include aurora northern southern lights plasma tails comets always point away sun geomagnetic storms change direction magnetic field lines.history observations earth existence particles flowing outward sun earth first suggested british astronomer richard c. carrington. |
Solar wind | carrington richard hodgson independently made first observations would later called solar flare.sudden localised increase brightness solar disc known often occur conjunction episodic ejection material magnetic flux suns atmosphere known coronal mass ejection.following day powerful geomagnetic storm observed carrington suspected might connection geomagnetic storm attributed arrival coronal mass ejection nearearth space subsequent interaction earths magnetosphere.irish academic george fitzgerald later suggested matter regularly accelerated away sun reaching earth several days.in british astrophysicist arthur eddington essentially suggested existence solar wind without naming footnote article comet morehouse.eddingtons proposition never fully embraced even though also made similar suggestion royal institution address previous year postulated ejected material consisted electrons whereas study comet morehouse supposed ions.the idea ejected material consisted ions electrons first suggested norwegian scientist kristian birkeland. |
Solar wind | geomagnetic surveys showed auroral activity almost uninterrupted.displays geomagnetic activity produced particles sun concluded earth continually bombarded rays electric corpuscles emitted sun.proposed physical point view probable solar rays neither exclusively negative positive rays kinds words solar wind consists negative electrons positive ions.three years later british physicist frederick lindemann also suggested sun ejects particles polarities protons well electrons.around scientists concluded temperature solar corona must million degrees celsius way extended space seen total solar eclipse.later spectroscopic work confirmed extraordinary temperature case. |
Solar wind | mids british mathematician sydney chapman calculated properties gas temperature determined corona superb conductor heat must extend way space beyond orbit earth.also german astronomer ludwig biermann became interested fact tail comet always points away sun regardless direction comet travelling.biermann postulated happens sun emits steady stream particles pushes comets tail away.german astronomer paul ahnert credited wilfried schröder first relate solar wind direction comets tail based observations comet whipplefedke g.american astrophysicist eugene parker realised heat flowing sun chapmans model comet tail blowing away sun biermanns hypothesis result phenomenon termed solar wind.parker showed although suns corona strongly attracted solar gravity good conductor heat still hot large distances sun. |
Solar wind | solar gravity weakens increasing distance sun outer coronal atmosphere able escape supersonically interstellar space.parker also first person notice weakening influence suns gravity effect hydrodynamic flow de laval nozzle inciting transition subsonic supersonic flow.strong opposition parkers hypothesis solar wind paper submitted astrophysical journal rejected two reviewers accepted editor subrahmanyan chandrasekhar.observations space january soviet spacecraft luna first directly observed solar wind measured strength using hemispherical ion traps.discovery made konstantin gringauz verified luna luna distant measurements venera . |
Solar wind | three years later similar measurement performed american geophysicist marcia neugebauer collaborators using mariner spacecraft.the first numerical simulation solar wind solar corona including closed open field lines performed pneuman kopp .magnetohydrodynamics equations steady state solved iteratively starting initial dipolar configuration.in ulysses probe launched study solar wind high solar latitudes.prior observations made near solar systems ecliptic plane.in late ultraviolet coronal spectrometer uvcs instrument board soho spacecraft observed acceleration region fast solar wind emanating poles sun found wind accelerates much faster accounted thermodynamic expansion alone.parkers model predicted wind make transition supersonic flow altitude four solar radii approx.km photosphere surface transition sonic point appears much lower perhaps one solar radius approx. |
Solar wind | km photosphere suggesting additional mechanism accelerates solar wind away sun.acceleration fast wind still understood cannot fully explained parkers theory.however gravitational electromagnetic explanation acceleration detailed earlier paper nobel laureate physics hannes alfvén.the stereo mission launched study coronal mass ejections solar corona using stereoscopy two widely separated imaging systems.stereo spacecraft carried two heliospheric imagers highly sensitive widefield cameras capable imaging solar wind via thomson scattering sunlight free electrons.movies stereo revealed solar wind near ecliptic largescale turbulent flow.the voyager probe reached end solarwind bubble time detection solar wind dropped precipitously. |
Solar wind | similar observation made six years later voyager .in nasa launched parker solar probe named honor american astrophysicist eugene parker mission study structure dynamics solar corona attempt understand mechanisms cause particles heated accelerated solar wind.sevenyear mission probe make twentyfour orbits sun passing corona orbits perihelion ultimately passing within .astronomical units suns surface.first nasa spacecraft named living person parker age hand observe launch.acceleration early models solar wind relied primarily thermal energy accelerate material clear thermal acceleration alone cannot account high speed solar wind. |
Solar wind | additional unknown acceleration mechanism required likely relates magnetic fields solar atmosphere.the suns corona extended outer layer region plasma heated megakelvin.result thermal collisions particles within inner corona range distribution speeds described maxwellian distribution.mean velocity particles kms well solar escape velocity kms.however particles achieve energies sufficient reach terminal velocity kms allows feed solar wind.temperature electrons due much smaller mass reach escape velocity build electric field accelerates ions away sun.the total number particles carried away sun solar wind .× per second. |
Solar wind | thus total mass loss year –×− solar masses .–.million tonnes per second.equivalent losing mass equal earth every million years.however since suns formation .initial mass lost solar wind. |
Solar wind | stars much stronger stellar winds result significantly higher massloss rates.properties structure fast slow solar wind solar wind observed exist two fundamental states termed slow solar wind fast solar wind though differences extend well beyond speeds.nearearth space slow solar wind observed velocity – kms temperature mk composition close match corona.contrast fast solar wind typical velocity kms temperature mk nearly matches composition suns photosphere.slow solar wind twice dense variable nature fast solar wind.the slow solar wind appears originate region around suns equatorial belt known streamer belt coronal streamers produced magnetic flux open heliosphere draping closed magnetic loops. |
Solar wind | exact coronal structures involved slow solar wind formation method material released still debate.observations sun showed emission slow solar wind occurred latitudes –° solar minimum period lowest solar activity expanded toward poles solar cycle approached maximum.solar maximum poles also emitting slow solar wind.the fast solar wind originates coronal holes funnellike regions open field lines suns magnetic field.open lines particularly prevalent around suns magnetic poles.plasma source small magnetic fields created convection cells solar atmosphere. |
Solar wind | fields confine plasma transport narrow necks coronal funnels located km photosphere.plasma released funnel magnetic field lines reconnect.pressure wind exerts pressure au typically range – npa –×− nm although readily vary outside range.the ram pressure function wind speed density.formula p p ⋅ n ⋅ v .× − ⋅ n ⋅ v displaystyle pmpcdot ncdot v.times cdot ncdot v mp proton mass pressure p npa nanopascals n density particlescm v speed kms solar wind. |
Solar wind | coronal mass ejection fast slow solar wind interrupted large fastmoving bursts plasma called coronal mass ejections cmes.cmes caused release magnetic energy sun.cmes often called solar storms space storms popular media.sometimes always associated solar flares another manifestation magnetic energy release sun.cmes cause shock waves thin plasma heliosphere launching electromagnetic waves accelerating particles mostly protons electrons form showers ionizing radiation precede cme.when cme impacts earths magnetosphere temporarily deforms earths magnetic field changing direction compass needles inducing large electrical ground currents earth called geomagnetic storm global phenomenon. |
Solar wind | cme impacts induce magnetic reconnection earths magnetotail midnight side magnetosphere launches protons electrons downward toward earths atmosphere form aurora.cmes cause space weather.different patches sun known give rise slightly different speeds densities wind depending local conditions.isolation different wind streams would form spiral slightly different angle fastmoving streams moving directly slowmoving streams wrapping around sun.fastmoving streams tend overtake slower streams originate westward sun forming turbulent corotating interaction regions give rise wave motions accelerated particles affect earths magnetosphere way gently cmes.solar system effects suns lifetime interaction surface layers escaping solar wind significantly decreased surface rotation rate. |
Solar wind | wind considered responsible comets tails along suns radiation.solar wind contributes fluctuations celestial radio waves observed earth effect called interplanetary scintillation.magnetospheres solar wind intersects planet welldeveloped magnetic field earth jupiter saturn particles deflected lorentz force.region known magnetosphere causes particles travel around planet rather bombarding atmosphere surface.magnetosphere roughly shaped like hemisphere side facing sun drawn long wake opposite side. |
Solar wind | boundary region called magnetopause particles able penetrate magnetosphere region partial reconnection magnetic field lines.the solar wind responsible overall shape earths magnetosphere.fluctuations speed density direction entrained magnetic field strongly affect earths local space environment.example levels ionizing radiation radio interference vary factors hundreds thousands shape location magnetopause bow shock wave upstream change several earth radii exposing geosynchronous satellites direct solar wind.phenomena collectively called space weather.from european space agencys cluster mission new study taken place proposes easier solar wind infiltrate magnetosphere previously believed.group scientists directly observed existence certain waves solar wind expected. |
Solar wind | recent study shows waves enable incoming charged particles solar wind breach magnetopause.suggests magnetic bubble forms filter continuous barrier.latest discovery occurred distinctive arrangement four identical cluster spacecraft fly controlled configuration nearearth space.sweep magnetosphere interplanetary space back fleet provides exceptional threedimensional insights phenomena connect sun earth.the research characterised variances formation interplanetary magnetic field imf largely influenced kelvin–helmholtz instability occur interface two fluids result differences thickness numerous characteristics boundary layer.experts believe first occasion appearance kelvin–helmholtz waves magnetopause displayed high latitude downward orientation imf. |
Solar wind | waves seen unforeseen places solar wind conditions formerly believed undesired generation.discoveries show earths magnetosphere penetrated solar particles specific imf circumstances.findings also relevant studies magnetospheric progressions around planetary bodies.study suggests kelvin–helmholtz waves somewhat common possibly constant instrument entrance solar wind terrestrial magnetospheres various imf orientations.atmospheres solar wind affects incoming cosmic rays interacting planetary atmospheres. |
Solar wind | moreover planets weak nonexistent magnetosphere subject atmospheric stripping solar wind.venus nearest similar planet earth times denser atmosphere little geomagnetic field.space probes discovered cometlike tail extends earths orbit.earth largely protected solar wind magnetic field deflects charged particles however charged particles trapped van allen radiation belt.smaller number particles solar wind manage travel though electromagnetic energy transmission line earths upper atmosphere ionosphere auroral zones.time solar wind observable earth strong enough produce phenomena aurora geomagnetic storms.bright auroras strongly heat ionosphere causing plasma expand magnetosphere increasing size plasma geosphere injecting atmospheric matter solar wind. |
Solar wind | geomagnetic storms result pressure plasmas contained inside magnetosphere sufficiently large inflate thereby distort geomagnetic field.although mars larger mercury four times farther sun thought solar wind stripped away third original atmosphere leaving layer th dense earths.believed mechanism atmospheric stripping gas caught bubbles magnetic field ripped solar wind.nasa mars atmosphere volatile evolution maven mission measured rate atmospheric stripping caused magnetic field carried solar wind flows past mars generates electric field much turbine earth used generate electricity.electric field accelerates electrically charged gas atoms called ions mars upper atmosphere shoots space.maven mission measured rate atmospheric stripping grams ≈ lb per second. |
Solar wind | moons planetary surfaces mercury nearest planet sun bears full brunt solar wind since atmosphere vestigial transient surface bathed radiation.mercury intrinsic magnetic field normal solar wind conditions solar wind cannot penetrate magnetosphere particles reach surface cusp regions.coronal mass ejections however magnetopause may get pressed surface planet conditions solar wind may interact freely planetary surface.the earths moon atmosphere intrinsic magnetic field consequently surface bombarded full solar wind.project apollo missions deployed passive aluminum collectors attempt sample solar wind lunar soil returned study confirmed lunar regolith enriched atomic nuclei deposited solar wind.elements may prove useful resources future lunar colonies.outer limits solar wind blows bubble interstellar medium rarefied hydrogen helium gas permeates galaxy. |
Solar wind | point solar winds strength longer great enough push back interstellar medium known heliopause often considered outer border solar system.distance heliopause precisely known probably depends current velocity solar wind local density interstellar medium far outside plutos orbit.scientists hope gain perspective heliopause data acquired interstellar boundary explorer ibex mission launched october .the end heliosphere noted one ways defining extent solar system along kuiper belt finally radius suns gravitational influence matched stars.maximum extent influence estimated au lightyears compared edge heliopause outer edge heliosphere detected end au voyager spacecraft.the voyager spacecraft crossed shock five times august december .voyager crossed shock tm closer sun . |
Solar wind | tm distance voyager came upon termination shock.spacecraft moved outward termination shock heliosheath onward toward interstellar medium.notable events may may nasas advanced composition explorer ace wind spacecraft observed decrease solar wind density.allowed energetic electrons sun flow earth narrow beams known strahl caused highly unusual polar rain event visible aurora appeared north pole.addition earths magnetosphere increased times normal size.on december voyager determined velocity solar wind location . |
Solar wind | billion miles .billion kilometres earth slowed zero.gotten point wind sun always outward motion longer moving outward moving sideways end going tail heliosphere cometshapedlike object said voyager project scientist edward stone.see also references reading fox karen c. nasa study using cluster reveals new insights solar wind nasa.s.cuperman n. metzler role fluctuations interplanetary magnetic field heat conduction solar wind.j.geophys.res. |
Solar wind | – .s.cuperman n. metzler.astrophys.j.– .s. |
Solar wind | cuperman n. metzler solution fluid model equations anomalous transport coefficients thequiet solar wind.astrophys.j.– s. cuperman n. metzler m. spygelglass confirmation known numerical solutions thequiet solar wind equations.astrophys.j. |
Solar wind | – .s.cuperman n. metzler relative magnitude streaming velocities alpha particles protons au.astrophys.space sci.–.n.metzler. |
Solar wind | multifluid model stellar winds.proceedings l.d.de feiter memorial symposium study traveling interplanetary phenomena.afgltr air force systems command usaf .n.metzler m. dryer selfconsistent solution threefluid model solar wind.astrophys. |
Solar wind | j.– .s.cuperman n. metzler comments acceleration solar wind effects resonant nonresonant interactions transverse waves.j. geophys.res. |
Solar wind | na – n. metzler s. cuperman m. dryer p. rosenau timedependent twofluid model thermal conduction solar wind.astrophys.j.– .external links realtime plots solar wind activity advanced composition explorerget data a.c.e. |
Spiny dogfish | advanced composition explorer boost braincommon names may apply several species squalus acanthias distinguished two spines one anterior dorsal fin anal fin.lives shallow waters offshore parts world especially temperate waters.northern pacific ocean reevaluated found constitute separate species called pacific spiny dogfish squalus suckleyi.description behaviour spiny dogfish dorsal fins anal fin white spots along back.caudal fin asymmetrical lobes forming heterocercal tail.the species name acanthias refers sharks two spines. |
Spiny dogfish | used defensively.captured shark arch back pierce captor spines near dorsal fins secrete mild venom predator.this shark known hunt packs range thousands.aggressive hunters sizable diet range squid fish crab jellyfish sea cucumber shrimp invertebrates.males mature around years age growing – cm – length females mature – years slightly larger males reaching .– cm .–.in.sexes greyish brown color countershaded. |
Spiny dogfish | males identified pair pelvic fins modified spermtransfer organs claspers.male inserts one clasper female cloaca copulation.reproduction aplacental viviparous called ovoviviparity.fertilization internal.male inserts one clasper female oviduct orifice injects sperm along groove claspers dorsal section.immediately following fertilization eggs surrounded thin shells called candles one candle usually surrounding several eggs. |
Spiny dogfish | mating takes place winter months gestation lasting – months.litters range two eleven average six seven.spiny dogfish bottomdwellers.commonly found depths around – – ft found deeper ft.life span estimates based analysis vertebral centra annuli dorsal spines range years.commercial use spiny dogfish sold food europe united states canada new zealand venezuela chile.meat primarily eaten england france italy benelux countries germany. |
Spiny dogfish | fins tails processed fin needles cheaper versions shark fin soup chinese cuisine.england dogfish bought fish chip shops huss previously rock salmon term outlawed.france sold small salmon saumonette belgium germany sea eel zeepaling seeaal respectively.spiny dogfish bodies ground fertilizer liver oil pet food.availability cartilaginous skulls small sizes popular vertebrate dissection specimens high schools universities.reported catches varied tonnes tonnes .bottom trawlers sink gillnets primary tools. |
Spiny dogfish | midatlantic southern new england fisheries often caught larger groundfish classified bycatch discarded.recreational fishing accounts insignificant portion spiny dogfish catch.the cape cod commercial fishermens alliance promotes sustainable use dogfish restaurants fish markets cape cod area massachusetts paid national oceanographic atmospheric administration.aims persuade diners buy lesspopular fish.conservation status management abundant shark species world populations squalus acanthias declined significantly.classified iucn red list threatened species vulnerable globally critically endangered northeast atlantic meaning stocks around europe decreased least . |
Spiny dogfish | direct result overfishing supply northern europes taste rock salmon saumonette zeepaling.despite alarming figures management conservation measures place squalus acanthias.eu waters total allowable catch tac place since applied ices areas iia iv.also set well actual weight fish caught rendering meaningless.since maximum landing size one metre ft imposed order protect valuable mature females. |
Spiny dogfish | tac set tons ending targeted fishing species eu waters.remains seen populations able recover.in recent past european market spiny dogfish increased dramatically led overfishing decline species.drastic increase led creation implementation many fishery management policies placing restrictions fishing spiny dogfish.however since species latematuring fish takes rebuild population.in greenpeace international added spiny dogfish seafood red list.greenpeace international seafood red list list fish commonly sold supermarkets around world high risk sourced unsustainable fisheries. |
Spiny dogfish | year convention migratory species cms also known bonn convention listed species northern hemisphere populations annex migratory shark memorandum understanding.in recent years however us implemented fishing controls opened fishery.proposed quota .million kilograms .million lb trip limit kg lb increase past years quota ranged million kilograms million lb trip limits kg lb.noaa announced eastern us atlantic spiny dogfish stocks rebuilt concerns dogfish posing serious predatory threat stocks resulted emergency amendment quota nearly . |
Spiny dogfish | million kilograms million lb added.in june new zealand department conservation classified squalus acanthias linnaeus threatened qualifier secure overseas new zealand threat classification system.fossil range cartilaginous fish shark tissues usually fossilize.squalus acanthias fossils date back miocene mya.references external links spiny dogfish animal diversity websqualus acanthias.integrated taxonomic information system.retrieved january .froese rainer pauly daniel eds. |
Common box turtle | .squalus acanthias fishbase.version.canadian shark research laboratoryd model spiny dogfish splanchnocraniumphotos spiny dogfish sealife collectionfound throughout eastern united states mexico.box turtle distinctive hinged lowered shell box allows completely enclose itself.upper jaw long curved.the turtle primarily terrestrial eats wide variety plants animals.females lay eggs summer.turtles northern part range hibernate winter.common box turtle numbers declining habitat loss roadkill capture pet trade. |
Common box turtle | species classified vulnerable threats survival iucn red list.three u.s. states name subspecies common box turtle official reptile.classification terrapene carolina first described carl linnaeus landmark th edition systema naturae.type species genus terrapene subspecies three species within genus.eastern box turtle subspecies one recognized linnaeus. |
Common box turtle | five subspecies first classified th century.addition one extinct subspecies t. c. putnami distinguished.subspeciesparentheses around name authority indicate originally described subspecies genus terrapene.description common box turtle terrapene carolina gets common name structure shell consists high domed carapace upper shell large hinged plastron lower shell allows turtle close shell sealing vulnerable head limbs safely within impregnable box.carapace brown often adorned variable pattern orange yellow lines spots bars blotches.plastron dark brown may uniformly coloured show darker blotches smudges.the common box turtle small moderately sized head distinctive hooked upper jaw. |
Common box turtle | majority adult male common box turtles red irises female yellowishbrown.males also differ females possessing shorter stockier curved claws hind feet longer thicker tails.there six living subspecies common box turtle differing slightly appearance namely colour patterning carapace possession either three four toes hind foot.subspecies terrapene carolina triunguis particularly distinctive males bright red head.distribution common box turtle inhabits open woodlands road sides road middles marshy meadows floodplains scrub forests brushy grasslands much eastern united states maine michigan eastern texas south florida.found canada southern ontario mexico along gulf coast yucatán peninsula. |
Common box turtle | species range continuous two mexican subspecies t. c. mexicana mexican box turtle t. c. yucatana yucatán box turtle separated us subspecies gap western texas.three us subspecies t. c. carolina eastern box turtle t. c. major gulf coast box turtle t. c. bauri florida box turtle occur roughly areas indicated names.t. c. triunguis threetoed box turtle found central united states.behavior common box turtles predominantly terrestrial reptiles often seen early day rain emerge shelter rotting leaves logs mammal burrow forage.turtles incredibly varied diet animal plant matter including earthworms slugs insects wild berries sometimes even animal carrion.in warmer summer months common box turtles likely seen near edges swamps marshlands possibly effort stay cool. |
Common box turtle | common box turtles become hot body temperature rises around °c smear saliva legs head saliva evaporates leaves comfortably cooler.similarly turtle may urinate hind limbs cool body parts unable cover saliva.courtship common box turtle usually takes place spring begins circling biting shoving phase.acts carried male female.following pushing shellbiting male grips back females shell hind feet enable lean back slightly beyond vertical mate female.remarkably female common box turtles store sperm four years mating thus need mate year.in may june july females normally lay clutch eggs flaskshaped nest excavated patch sandy loamy soil. |
Common box turtle | days incubation eggs hatch small hatchlings emerge nest late summer.northern parts range common box turtle may enter hibernation october november.burrow loose soil sand vegetable matter mud bottom streams pools may use mammal burrow remain chosen shelter cold winter passed.common box turtle known attain greatest lifespan vertebrate outside tortoises.one specimen lived least years age. |
Common box turtle | human interaction conservation although common box turtle wide range considered common many populations decline result number diverse threats.agricultural urban development destroying habitat human fire management degrading it.development brings additional threat form increased infrastructure common box turtles frequently killed roads highways.collection international pet trade may also impact populations areas.life history characteristics common box turtle long lifespan slow reproductive rate make particularly vulnerable threats. |
Common box turtle | common box turtle therefore classified vulnerable species iucn red list.common box turtle also listed appendix ii convention international trade endangered species cites meaning international trade species carefully monitored ensure compatible species survival.addition many u.s. states regulate prohibit taking species.this species also occurs number protected areas large enough protect populations threat development may also occur sierra del abra tanchipa biosphere reserve mexico.conservation recommendations common box turtle include establishing management practices urban developments sympathic species well research life history monitoring populations.state reptiles common box turtles official state reptiles four u.s. states. |
Common box turtle | north carolina tennessee honor eastern box turtle missouri names threetoed box turtle kansas adopted ornate box turtle .in pennsylvania eastern box turtle made one house legislature failed win final naming .virginia bills honor eastern box turtle failed .recent failure republican legislator characterized creature cowardly shell.however main problem virginia creature closely linked neighbor state north carolina.references article incorporates text arkive factfile common box turtle creative commons attributionsharealike . |
Common box turtle | unported license gfdl.citations bibliography dodd jr. c. kenneth .north american box turtles natural history.university oklahoma press.isbn .fritz uwe havaš peter . |
Common box turtle | checklist chelonians world pdf.vertebrate zoology.–.archived original pdf may .retrieved january .shearer benjamin f. shearer barbara s. . |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | state names seals flags symbols nd ed.. westport connecticut greenwood publishing group.isbn .external linksinvolve management ecosystems services reduce vulnerability human communities impacts climate change.convention biological diversity defines eba use biodiversity ecosystem services part overall adaptation strategy help people adapt adverse effects climate change.eba involves conservation sustainable management restoration ecosystems forests grasslands wetlands mangroves coral reefs reduce harmful impacts climate hazards including shifting patterns levels rainfall changes maximum minimum temperatures stronger storms increasingly variable climatic conditions.eba measures implemented combination engineered approaches construction water reservoirs dykes hybrid measures artificial reefs approaches strengthen capacities individuals institutions address climate risks introduction early warning systems.eba nested within broader concept naturebased solutions complements shares common elements wide variety approaches building resilience socialecological systems.approaches include communitybased adaptation ecosystembased disaster risk reduction climatesmart agriculture green infrastructure often place emphasis using participatory inclusive processes communitystakeholder engagement.concept eba promoted international fora including processes united nations framework convention climate change unfccc convention biological diversity cbd. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | number countries make explicit references eba strategies adaptation climate change nationally determined contributions ndcs paris agreement.while barriers widespread uptake eba public private sector stakeholders decision makers substantial cooperation toward generating greater understanding potential eba well established among researchers advocates practitioners nature conservation sustainable development groups.eba increasingly viewed effective means addressing linked challenges climate change poverty developing countries many people dependent natural resources lives livelihoods.overview ecosystembased adaptation eba describes variety approaches adapting climate change involve management ecosystems reduce vulnerability human communities impacts climate change storm flood damage physical assets coastal erosion salinisation freshwater resources loss agricultural productivity.eba lies intersection climate change adaptation socioeconomic development biodiversity conservation see figure .ecosystem services always used societies term ecosystembased adaptation coined international union conservation nature iucn member institutions un climate change convention conference . |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | eba officially defined un convention biological diversity conference.adaptation climate change hazards healthy ecosystems provide important ecosystem services contribute climate change adaptation.example healthy mangrove ecosystems provide protection impacts climate change often worlds vulnerable people absorbing wave energy storm surges adapting rising sea levels stabilizing shorelines erosion.eba focuses benefits humans derive biodiversity ecosystem services benefits used managing risk climate change impacts.adaptation climate change particularly urgent developing countries many small island developing states already experiencing severe impacts climate change economies highly sensitive disruptions lower adaptive capacity. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | making active use biodiversity ecosystem services eba involve wide range ecosystem management activities aim reduce vulnerability people climate change hazards rising sea levels changing rainfall patterns stronger storms using nature.example eba measures include coastal habitat restoration ecosystems coral reefs mangrove forests marshes protect communities infrastructure storm surges agroforestry increase resilience crops droughts excessive rainfall integrated water resource management cope consecutive dry days change rainfall patterns sustainable forest management interventions stabilise slopes prevent landslides regulate water flow prevent flash flooding see table figure .cobenefits eba deploying eba proponents cite many benefits people nature delivered simultaneously.correlated benefits include improved human health socioeconomic development food security water security disaster risk reduction carbon sequestration biodiversity conservation.example restoration ecosystems forests coastal wetlands contribute food security enhance livelihoods collection nontimber forest products maintain watershed functionality sequester carbon mitigate global warming. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | restoration mangrove ecosystems help increase food livelihood security supporting fisheries reduce disaster risk decreasing wave height strength hurricanes storms.implementation examples eba examples eba measures outcomes particular ecosystems provide variety specific climate change adaptation benefits services.suitable eba measures depend local context health ecosystem primary climate change hazard needs addressed.table provides overview factors common eba measures intended outcomes.principles standards implementing eba since evolution concept practice eba various principles standards developed guide best practices implementation. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | guidelines adopted cbd build efforts include set principles guide planning implementation.principles broadly clustered four themes building resilience enhancing adaptive capacity eba interventionsensuring inclusivity equity planning implementationconsideration multiple spatial temporal scales design eba interventionsimproving effectiveness efficiency eba example incorporating adaptive management identifying limitations tradeoffs integrating knowledge indigenous peoples local communities.these principles complemented safeguards social environmental measures avoid unintended consequences eba people ecosystems biodiversity.standards also developed help practitioners understand interventions qualify eba including elements helping people adapt climate change making active use biodiversity ecosystem services part overall adaptation strategy.challenges addressed greater adoption eba although interest ecosystembased adaptation grown metaanalyses case studies demonstrating efficacy costeffectiveness eba interventions recognised challenges addressed considered increase adoption approach.includepotential limitations ecosystem services changing climate. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | one challenge facing eba identification limits thresholds beyond eba might deliver adaptation benefits extent ecosystems provide ecosystem services changing climate.difficulty monitoring evaluation establishing evidence base effective eba.confusion around ecosystembased adaptation means led array different methodologies used assessments lack consistent comparable quantitative measures eba success failure makes difficult argue case eba socioeconomic terms.eba research also relied heavily western scientific knowledge without due consideration local traditional knowledge.addition difficult implement plan monitoring evaluation due potentially long timescales required observe impacts eba.governance institutional constraints.eba multisectoral policy issue challenges governing planning immense. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | due part fact eba involves sectors manage ecosystems benefit ecosystem services.economic financial constraints.broad macroeconomic considerations economic development poverty access financial capital implement climate adaptation options contributing factors constraints impeding greater uptake eba.public multilateral funding eba projects thus far available international climate initiative german federal ministry environment nature conservation nuclear safety global environment facility green climate fund european union department international development government united kingdom swedish international development cooperation agency danish international development agency among sources.social cultural barriers.clear factor constraining eba varying perceptions risks cultural preferences particular types management approaches cultural preferences particular landscape look like. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | potential stakeholders hold negative perceptions particular types eba strategies.policy frameworks several international policy fora acknowledged multiple roles ecosystems play delivering services addressing global challenges including related climate change natural disasters sustainable development biodiversity conservation.climate change policy paris agreement explicitly recognises natures role helping people societies address climate change calling parties acknowledge importance ensuring integrity ecosystems including oceans protection biodiversity recognised cultures mother earth articles include several references ecosystems natural resources forests.this notion translated highlevel national intent revealed comparative analyses nationally determined contributions ndcs submitted un framework convention climate change unfccc signatories paris agreement.unfccc also established national adaptation plan nap process way facilitate adaptation planning least developed countries ldcs developing countries.lower level development climate change risks magnify development challenges ldcs. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | disaster risk reduction policy measures interventions applied part eba often closely linked similar employed ecosystembased disaster risk reduction ecodrr.sendai framework disaster risk reduction acknowledges order strengthen disaster risk governance manage disaster risk risk reduction global regional levels important promote transboundary cooperation enable policy planning implementation ecosystembased approaches regard shared resources within river basins along coastlines build resilience reduce disaster risk including epidemic displacement risk.sustainable development policy sustainable development goals sdgs collection global goals set united nations general assembly .biodiversity ecosystems feature prominently across many sdgs associated targets.contribute directly human wellbeing development priorities. |
Ecosystem-based adaptation | biodiversity centre many economic activities particularly related crop livestock agriculture forestry fisheries.globally nearly half human population directly dependent natural resources livelihood many vulnerable people depend directly biodiversity fulfil daily subsistence needs.ecosystembased adaptation offers potential contribute towards implementation numerous sdgs including goals related climate adaptation sdg eliminating poverty hunger sdgs ensuring livelihoods economic growth sdg life land life water sdgs among others.biodiversity conservation policy strategic plan biodiversity aichi biodiversity targets convention biological diversity cbd aim halt loss biodiversity ensure ecosystems resilient continue provide essential services.recently conference parties adopted voluntary guidelines design effective implementation ecosystembased approaches adaptation disaster risk reduction.eba similar approaches called policy frameworks including united nations convention combat desertification unccd ramsar convention. |
Sadie Creese | eba knowledge exchange platforms following alphabetical list eba networks working groups platforms exchanging knowledge experiences effort address overcome challenges implementing eba.selection exhaustive.adaptationcommunitycoastal ebaeba communityfriends ebainternational eba community practicepanorama solutions – eba portalwe adapt referencesprofessor cybersecurity department computer science university oxford director global cyber security capacity centre oxford martin school codirector universitys cyber security centre martin schools institute future computing fellow worcester college oxford.biography b.sc.mathematics philosophy m.sc.computation d.phil.computer science university oxford. |
Sadie Creese | doctoral thesis title data independent induction csp model checking arbitrary sized networks thesis adviser bill roscoe.creese worked qinetiq director strategic programmes trusted information management division professor director esecurity international digital laboratory university warwick moving oxford.research interests include threat modelling detection particular interest insider threat threat ai visual analytics cybersecurity risk propagation logics communication resilience strategies business privacy requirements vulnerability distributed ledgers blockchains understanding cyberharm emerges single organisations nations potential systemic cyberrisk cyber security capacity maturity model nations teaches operational aspects cybersecurity including threat detection risk assessment security architectures.also lectures cybersecurity blavatnik school government saïd business school.the engineering physical sciences research council recognised rise leader recognising inspirational scientists engineers.references external links sadie creese publications indexed google scholarsadie creese.university oxford department computer science.global cyber security capacity centre. |
Workplace bullying | oxford martin school.includes min video creese talking centretype workplace aggression particularly difficult unlike typical school bully workplace bullies often operate within established rules policies organization society.majority cases bullying workplace reported done someone authority victim.however bullies also peers rarely subordinates.research also investigated impact larger organizational context bullying well grouplevel processes impact incidence maintenance bullying behaviour.bullying covert overt.may missed superiors may known many throughout organization. |
Workplace bullying | negative effects limited targeted individuals may lead decline employee morale change organizational culture.also take place overbearing supervision constant criticism blocking promotions.definitions universally accepted formal definition workplace bullying researchers even question whether uniform definition possible due complex multifaceted forms several researchers endeavoured define itaccording widely used definition olweus workplace bullying situation one persons systematically long period time perceive receiving end negative treatment part one persons situation persons exposed treatment difficulty defending treatment.according einarsen hoel zapf cooper bullying work means harassing offending socially excluding someone negatively affecting someones work tasks.order label bullying mobbing applied particular activity interaction process occur repeatedly regularly e.g.weekly period time e.g. |
Workplace bullying | six months.bullying escalated process course person confronted ends inferior position becomes target systematic negative social acts.according tracy lutgensandvik alberts researchers associated arizona state universitys project wellness worklife workplace bullying often combination tactics numerous types hostile communication behaviour usedgary ruth namie define workplace bullying repeated healthharming mistreatment verbal abuse conduct threatening humiliating intimidating sabotage interferes work combination three.pamela lutgensandvik expands definition stating workplace bullying persistent verbal nonverbal aggression work includes personal attacks social ostracism multitude painful messages hostile interactions.catherine mattice karen garman define workplace bullying systematic aggressive communication manipulation work acts aimed humiliating degrading one individual create unhealthy unprofessional power imbalance bully targets result psychological consequences targets coworkers cost enormous monetary damage organizations bottom linethe common type complaint filed u.s. equal employment opportunity commission involves retaliation employer harasses bullies employee objecting illegal discrimination.patricia barnes author surviving bullies queen bees psychopaths workplace argues employers bully critical often overlooked aspect problem united states.because occur variety contexts forms also useful define workplace bullying key features behaviours possess.bullying characterized byrepetition occurs regularlyduration enduringescalation increasing aggressionpower disparity target lacks power successfully defend themselvesattributed intentthis distinguishes bullying isolated behaviours forms job stress allows term workplace bullying applied various contexts behaviours meet characteristics.many observers agree bullying often repetitive behaviour. |
Workplace bullying | however experts dealt great many people report abuse also categorize onceonly events bullying example cases appear severe sequelae.expanding common understanding bullying include single severe episodes also parallels legal definitions sexual harassment us.according pamela lutginsandvik lack unifying language name phenomenon workplace bullying problem without unifying term phrase individuals difficulty naming experiences abuse therefore trouble pursuing justice bully.unlike sexual harassment named specific problem recognized law many countries including u.s. workplace bullying still established relevant social problem need specific vernacular.euphemisms intended trivialize bullying impact bullied people include incivility disrespect difficult people personality conflict negative conduct ill treatment.bullied people labelled insubordinate resist bullying treatment.there exact definition bullying behaviours workplace different terms definitions common.example mobbing commonly used term france germany refers mob bullies rather single bully phenomenon often seen countries. |
Workplace bullying | united states aggression emotional abuse frequently used terms whereas harassment term preferred finland.workplace bullying primarily used australia uk northern europe.terms harassment mobbing often used describe bullying behaviors workplace bullying tends commonly used term research community.statistics approximately bullies outrank victims.prevalence research suggests significant number people exposed persistent workplace bullying majority studies reporting prevalence europe north america. |
Workplace bullying | figure vary dramatically upon definition workplace bullying used.statistics wbizogby survey show u.s. employees report bullied currently say bullied past additional say witnessed workplace bullying.nearly half american workers report affected workplace bullying either target witnessed abusive behaviour coworker.although socioeconomic factors may play role abuse researchers project wellness worklife suggest workplace bullying definition explicitly connected demographic markers sex ethnicity.according national health interview survey occupational health supplement nhisohs national prevalence rate workers reporting threatened bullied harassed anyone job ..in dr. judy fisherblando wrote doctoral research dissertation aggressive behaviour workplace bullying effect job satisfaction productivity.scientific study determined almost employees surveyed affected workplace bullying whether target witness.research showed types bullying behaviour organizational support.gender terms gender workplace bullying institute states women appear greater risk becoming bullying target reported targeted abuse women. |
Workplace bullying | men likely participate aggressive bullying behaviour however bully woman target likely woman well .in national health interview survey found higher prevalence women workers threatened bullied harassed men.however varying results found.research samnani singh reviews findings years literature claims inconsistent findings could support differences across gender.carter et al.found male staff reported higher prevalence workplace bullying within uk healthcare.it important consider may gender differences level reporting.race race also may play role experience workplace bullying. |
Workplace bullying | according workplace bullying institute comparison reported combined bullying current plus ever bullied prevalence percentages usa reveals pattern leasthispanics .blacks whites .asian .the reported rates witnessing bullying wereasian .blacks .hispanics whites .the percentages reporting neither experienced witnessed mistreatment wereasians .whites .hispanics .blacks .research psychologist tony buon published one first reviews bullying china pku business review .marital status higher prevalence rates experiencing hostile work environment identified divorced separated workers compared married workers widowed workers never married workers.education higher prevalence rates experiencing hostile work environment identified workers college education workers high school diploma ged compared workers less high school education.age lower prevalence rates experiencing hostile work environment identified workers aged older compared workers age groups.with respect age conflicting findings reported.study einarsen skogstad indicates older employees tend likely bullied younger ones. |
Workplace bullying | industry prevalence hostile work environment varies industry.broad industry category highest prevalence healthcare social assistance .according bureau labor statistics workers private industry experienced physical trauma nonfatal workplace violence .occupation prevalence hostile work environment varies occupation.occupation groups highest prevalence protective services community social services .within uk healthcare found staff experienced bullying witnessed bullying managers common source bullying. |
Workplace bullying | disability individuals disabilities also higher risk experiencing workplace bullying.profiling researchers caitlin buon tony buon suggest attempts profile bully damaging.state bully profile bully always aware deliberately sets harm victims targets particular individual type person kind underlying personality flaw insecurity disorder.unproven lacks evidence.researchers suggest referring workplace bullying generic harassment along forms nonspecific harassment would enable employees use less emotionally charged language starting dialogue experiences rather repelled define experiences victims. |
Workplace bullying | tony buon caitlin buon also suggest perception profile workplace bully facilitate interventions.suggest make significant progress achieve longterm behaviour change organisations individuals need embrace notion everyone potentially houses bully within organisations.exists workplace cultures belief systems interactions emotional competencies cannot transformed externalization demonization problem profiling bully rather talking behaviours interpersonal interactions.relationship among participants based research h. hoel c.l.cooper perpetrators supervisors. |
Workplace bullying | second common group peers followed subordinates customers.three main relationships among participants workplace bullying supervisor subordinateamong coworkersemployees customersbullying may also occur organization employees.bullying behaviour supervisors toward subordinates typically manifests abuse power supervisor workplace.bullying behaviours supervisors may associated culture bullying management style supervisors.authoritative management style specifically often includes bullying behaviours make subordinates fearful allow supervisors bolster authority others.if organization wishes discourage bullying workplace strategies policies must put place dissuade counter bullying behavior.lack monitoring punishmentcorrective action result organizational culture supportstolerates bullying.in addition supervisor – subordinate bullying bullying behaviours also occur colleagues. |
Workplace bullying | peers either target perpetrator.workplace bullying happens among coworkers witnesses typically choose sides either target perpetrator.perpetrators usually win since witnesses want next target.outcome encourages perpetrators continue bullying behaviour.addition sense injustice experienced target might lead person become another perpetrator bullies colleagues less power thereby proliferating bullying organization.maarit varitia workplace bullying researcher found interviewees experienced workplace bullying attributed targeted different others.the third relationship workplace employees customers. |
Workplace bullying | although less frequent cases play significant role efficiency organization.overly stressed distressed employees may less able perform optimally impact quality service overall.the fourth relationship workplace organization system employees.article andreas liefooghe notes many employees describe employer bully.these cases issue simply organizational culture environmental factors facilitating bullying bullyinglike behaviour employer employee.tremendous power imbalances organization employees enables employer legitimately exercise power e.g.monitoring controlling employees manner consistent bullying.although terminology bullying traditionally implies interpersonal relationship perpetrator target organizations collectives actions constitute bullying definition impacts targets. |
Workplace bullying | however defining bullying interpersonal phenomenon considered legitimate classifying incidences employer exploitation retaliation abuses power employee form bullying often taken seriously.organizational culture bullying seen prevalent organizations employees managers feel support least implicit blessing senior managers carry abusive bullying behaviour.vertical violence specific type workplace violence based hierarchical managerial structure present many healthcare based establishments.type workplace violence “is usually generated power imbalance whether due real hierarchical structure perceived professionals.generates feelings humiliation vulnerability helplessness victims limiting ability develop competency defend themselves” pérezfuentes et. |
Workplace bullying | al pg furthermore new managers quickly come view form behaviour acceptable normal see others get away even rewarded it.when bullying happens highest levels effects may far reaching.people may bullied irrespective organizational status rank including senior managers indicates possibility negative domino effect bullying may cascade downwards targeted supervisors might offload aggression onto subordinates.situations bullying scenario boardroom may actually threaten productivity entire organisation.workplace bullying occupational stress relationship occupational stress bullying drawn matter uk health safety executive hse issuing improvement notice west dorset general hospital nhs trust.followed complaint raised hse employee sick suffered bullying workplace. |
Workplace bullying | managers responded telling event returning work unlikely anything would done bullying.hse found trust occupational stress policy directed create one accordance soon published hse management standards.standards managers meet work ensure safe workplace required health safety work act amended management health safety work regulations latter directing risks workplace must identified assessed controlled.risks include hazards known cause occupational stress.one six standards relates managing relationships employees matter trust shown deficient. |
Workplace bullying | uk legal protection workplace bullying six hse management standards define set behaviours managers address main reported causes occupational stress.managers operate standards readily identified workplace bullies i.e.regard demands remove control whenever possible let struggle allow bullying run uncontrolled never let know going happen next mushroom management i.e.show charge.standards define main known causes occupational stress accord dcs model also provide bullying checklist. |
Workplace bullying | hse management standards demands – includes issues workload work patterns work environmentcontrol – much say person way worksupport – includes encouragement sponsorship resources provided organisation line management colleaguesrelationships – includes promoting positive working avoid conflict dealing unacceptable behaviourrole – whether people understand role within organisation whether organisation ensures conflicting roleschange – organisational change large small managed communicated organisation geographical culture research investigating acceptability bullying behaviour across different cultures e.g.power et al.clearly shows culture affects perception acceptable behaviour.national background also influences prevalence workplace bullying harvey et al.hoel et al. |
Workplace bullying | lutgensandvik et al..humane orientation negatively associated acceptability workrelated bullying.performance orientation positively associated acceptance bullying.future orientation negatively associated acceptability bullying.culture femininity suggests individuals live work kind culture tend value interpersonal relationships greater degree.three broad dimensions mentioned relation workplace bullying power distance masculinity versus femininity individualism versus collectivism lutgensandvik et al..in confucian asia higher performance orientation latin america subsaharan africa bullying may seen acceptable price pay performance. |
Workplace bullying | value latin america holds personal connections employees higher humane orientation subsaharan africa may help explain distaste bullying.culture individualism us implies competition may increase likelihood workplace bullying situations.culture fear ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides leadership identified referred petty tyrants i.e.leaders exercise tyrannical style management resulting climate fear workplace.partial intermittent negative reinforcement create effective climate fear doubt. |
Workplace bullying | employees get sense bullies get away climate fear may result.several studies confirmed relationship bullying one hand autocratic leadership authoritarian way settling conflicts dealing disagreements other.authoritarian style leadership may create climate fear little room dialogue complaining may considered futile.professions workplace bullying common employees receive sufficient support coworkers managers often generates feelings resignation lead believe abuse normal inevitable part job.study publicsector union members approximately one five workers reported considered leaving workplace result witnessing bullying taking place. |
Workplace bullying | rayner explained figures pointing presence climate fear employees considered reporting unsafe bullies got away previously despite management knowing presence bullying.kiss kick workplace bully may respectful talking upper management opposite comes relationship supervise kiss kick personality.bullies tend ingratiate bosses intimidating subordinates.may socially popular others management including determine fate.often workplace bully mastered kiss kick tactics hide abusive side superiors review performance.as consequence kiss kick strategya bullys mistakes always concealed blamed underlings circumstances beyond controla bully keeps target constant stressa bullys power base fear respecta bully withholds information subordinates keeps information flow topdown onlya bully blames conflicts problems subordinates lack competence poor attitude character flawsa bully creates unnatural work environment people constantly walk eggshells compelled behave ways normally would notthe flow blame organization may primary indicator organizations robustness integrity. |
Workplace bullying | blame flowing downwards management staff laterally professionals partner organizations indicates organizational failure.blame culture problemsolving replaced blameavoidance.confused roles responsibilities also contribute blame culture.blame culture reduces capacity organization take adequate measures prevent minor problems escalating uncontrollable situations.several issues identified organizations blame culture contradicts high reliability organizations best practices. |
Workplace bullying | blame culture considered serious issue healthcare organizations world health organization recommends promote noblame culture culture means increase patients safety.fight flight typical reactions workplace bullying survival instinct – fight flight – probably victims healthier responses bullying.flight often response bullying.common especially organizations upper management cannot deal bullying.hard economic times however flight may option fighting may choice.fighting bullying require near heroic action especially bullying targets one two individuals. |
Workplace bullying | also difficult challenge.times confrontation called for.first always chance bully boss labouring impression way get things done recognize havoc wrought subordinates.typology bullying behaviours variations following typology workplace bullying behaviours adopted number academic researchers.typology uses five different categories.threat professional status – including belittling opinions public professional humiliation accusations regarding lack effort intimidating use discipline competence procedures.threat personal standing – including undermining personal integrity destructive innuendo sarcasm making inappropriate jokes target persistent teasing name calling insults intimidation.isolation – including preventing access opportunities physical social isolation withholding necessary information keeping target loop ignoring excluding.overwork – including undue pressure impossible deadlines unnecessary disruptions.destabilisation – including failure acknowledge good work allocation meaningless tasks removal responsibility repeated reminders blunders setting target fail shifting goal posts without telling target. |
Workplace bullying | tactics research workplace bullying institute suggests following common workplace bullying tacticsfalsely accused someone errors actually made .stared glared nonverbally intimidating clearly showing hostility .unjustly discounted persons thoughts feelings oh thats silly meetings .used silent treatment ice separate others .exhibited presumably uncontrollable mood swings front group .madeup rules fly even follow .disregarded satisfactory exemplary quality completed work despite evidence discrediting .harshly constantly criticized different standard target .started failed stop destructive rumours gossip person .encouraged people turn person tormented .singled isolated one person coworkers either socially physically .publicly displayed gross undignified illegal behaviour .yelled screamed threw tantrums front others humiliate person .stole credit work done others plagiarism .abused evaluation process lying persons performance .declared target insubordinate failing follow arbitrary commands .used confidential information person humiliate privately publicly .retaliated person complaint filed .made verbal putdownsinsults based gender race accent age language disability .assigned undesirable work punishment .created unrealistic demands workload deadlines duties person singled .launched baseless campaign oust person effort stopped employer .encouraged person quit transfer rather face mistreatment .sabotaged persons contribution team goal reward .ensured failure persons project performing required tasks signoffs taking calls working collaborators abusive workplace behaviours according bassman common abusive workplace behaviours aredisrespecting devaluing individual often disrespectful devaluing language verbal abuseoverwork devaluation personal life particularly salaried workers compensatedharassment micromanagement tasks timeover evaluation manipulating information example concentration negative characteristics failures setting subordinate failure.managing threat intimidationstealing credit taking unfair advantagepreventing access opportunitiesdowngrading employees capabilities justify downsizingimpulsive destructive behaviouraccording hoel cooper common abusive workplace behaviours areignoring opinions viewswithholding information order affect targets performanceexposing target unmanageable workloadgiving tasks unreasonable impossible targets deadlinesordering target work competenceignoring presenting hostility target approacheshumiliation ridicule connection workexcessive monitoring targets work see micromanagementspreading gossipinsulting making offensive remarks targets person i.e.habits background attitudes private liferemoving replacing key areas responsibility trivial unpleasant tasks.according faghihi abusive workplace behaviors includeexcessive workloadplacement area less experience uncomfortablelow salaryworking overtime without benefitspoor work environmentincrease stress workplacelack facilitiesabusive cyberbullying workplace serious socioeconomic psychological consequences victim.workplace cyberbullying lead sick leave due depression turn lead loss profits organisation.specific professions academia several aspects academia generally decentralized nature academic institutions particular recruitment career procedures lend practice bullying discourage reporting mitigation.bluecollar jobs bullying identified prominent blue collar jobs including oil rigs mechanical areas machine shops warehouses factories. |
Workplace bullying | thought intimidation fear retribution cause decreased incident reports socioeconomic cultural milieu industries would likely lead vicious circle.often used combination manipulation coercion facts gain favour among higher ranking administrators.example investigation conducted following hazing incident portland bureau transportation within city government portland oregon found ritual hazing kept hidden years guise snitching whistleblowing punished loyalty praised.twothirds interviewed employees investigation declared deemed best way found deal workplaces bad behaviors get involved feared retaliation intervene report problems.information technology culture bullying common information technology leading high sickness rates low morale poor productivity high staff turnover. |
Workplace bullying | deadlinedriven project work stressedout managers take toll workers.legal profession bullying legal profession believed common professions.believed adversarial hierarchical tradition contributes towards this.women trainees solicitors qualified five years less impacted ethnic minority lawyers lesbian gay bisexual lawyers.medicine bullying medical profession common particularly student trainee doctors. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.