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Workplace bullying	study violence occurs healthcare found alone occurrence abuse became four times likely.thought least part outcome conservative traditional hierarchical structures teaching methods medical profession may result bullying cycle.military bullying exists varying degrees military countries often involving various forms hazing abuse higher members military hierarchy.nursing bullying identified particularly prevalent nursing profession although reasons clear.thought relational aggression psychological aspects bullying gossiping intimidation relevant.
Workplace bullying	relational aggression studied amongst girls much amongst adult women.lot bullying directed towards nurses inflicted patients nurses higher risk patient exposure healthcare professional.especially today shortage nurses nurses seeing patients longer amounts time lead increased stress levels victim bullying.teaching school teachers commonly subject bullying also sometimes originators bullying within school environment.volunteering bullying common volunteering settings.
Workplace bullying	example one study found bullying significant factor complaints amongst volunteers.volunteers often access protections available paid employees laws may indicate bullying violation rights volunteers may means address it.forms tim field suggested workplace bullying takes formsserial bullying – source dysfunction traced one individual picks one employee another destroys moves on.probably common type bullying.secondary bullying – pressure deal serial bully causes general behaviour decline sink lowest level.pair bullying – takes place two people one active verbal often watching listening.gang bullying group bullying – serial bully colleagues.gangs occur anywhere flourish corporate bullying climates.
Workplace bullying	often called mobbing usually involves scapegoating victimisation.vicarious bullying – two parties encouraged fight.typical triangulation aggression gets passed around.regulation bullying – serial bully forces target comply rules regulations procedures laws regardless appropriateness applicability necessity.residual bullying – serial bully left fired behaviour continues.go years.legal bullying – bringing vexatious legal action control punish person.pressure bullying unwitting bullying – work unrealistic time scales inadequate resources.corporate bullying – employer abuses employee impunity knowing law weak job market soft.organizational bullying – combination pressure bullying corporate bullying.occurs organization struggles adapt changing markets reduced income cuts budgets imposed expectations extreme pressures.institutional bullying – entrenched accepted part culture.client bullying – employee bullied serve instance subway attendants public servants.cyberbullying – use information communication technologies support deliberate repeated hostile behaviour individual group intended harm others.adult bullying come assortment forms.five distinctive types adult bullies.
Workplace bullying	narcissistic bully described selfcentred person whose egotism frail possesses need put others down.impulsive bully someone acts bullying based stress upset moment.physical bully uses physical injury threat harm abuse victims verbal bully uses demeaning language cynicism debase victims.lastly secondary adult bully portrayed person start initial bullying participates afterwards avoid bullied adult bullying.emotional intelligence workplace bullying reported far prevalent perhaps commonly thought.
Workplace bullying	reason workplace bullying seems particularly widespread healthcare organizations nurses report experiencing workplace bullying.similar school environment children work environment typically places groups adult peers together shared space regular basis.situation social interactions relationships great importance function organizational structure pursuing goals.emotional consequences bullying put organization risk losing victimized employees.bullying also contributes negative work environment conducive necessary cooperation lessen productivity various levels.bullying workplace associated negative responses stress.
Workplace bullying	ability manage emotions especially emotional stress seems consistently important factor different types bullying.workplace general stressful environment negative way coping stress inability particularly damning.workplace bullies may high social intelligence low emotional intelligence ei.context bullies tend rank high social ladder adept influencing others.combination high social intelligence low empathy conducive manipulative behaviour hutchinson describes workplace bullying be.
Workplace bullying	working groups employees low ei workers persuaded engage unethical behaviour.bullies persuasion work group socialized way rationalizes behaviour makes group tolerant supportive bullying.hutchinson hurley make case ei leadership skills necessary bullying intervention workplace illustrates relationship ei leadership reductions bullying.ei ethical behaviour among members work team shown significant impact ethical behaviour nursing teams.higher ei linked improvements work environment important moderator conflict reactions conflict workplace.selfawareness selfmanagement dimensions ei illustrated strong positive correlations effective leadership specific leadership ability build healthy work environments work culture.
Workplace bullying	related concepts abusive supervision abusive supervision overlaps workplace bullying workplace context.research suggests workplace bullying incidents perpetrated hierarchically superior agents.abusive supervision differs related constructs supervisor bullying undermining describe intentions objectives supervisor.power control power control model developed workplace divided following categories workplace mobbing workplace mobbing overlaps workplace bullying.concept originated study animal behaviour.
Workplace bullying	concentrates bullying group.workplace incivility workplace bullying overlaps degree workplace incivility tends encompass intense typically repeated acts disregard rudeness.negative spirals increasing incivility organizational members result bullying isolated acts incivility conceptually bullying despite apparent similarity form content.bullying intent harm less ambiguous unequal balance power formal informal salient target bullying feels threatened vulnerable unable defend themself negative recurring actions.lateralvertical violence terms often used within nursing healthcare.
Workplace bullying	lateral violence also known horizontal violence refers bullying behaviours exhibited colleagues.vertical violence refers bullying behaviours exhibited supervisors employees hierarchically.despite use term violence terms often encompass physically aggressive behaviours.personality disorders dysfunctional personality characteristics executives psychologists belinda board katarina fritzon university surrey uk interviewed gave personality tests highlevel british executives compared profiles criminal psychiatric patients broadmoor hospital uk.found three eleven personality disorders actually common executives disturbed criminals.
Workplace bullying	werehistrionic personality disorder including superficial charm insincerity egocentricity manipulationnarcissistic personality disorder including grandiosity selffocused lack empathy others exploitativeness independence.obsessivecompulsive personality disorder including perfectionism excessive devotion work rigidity stubbornness dictatorial tendencies.they described business people successful psychopaths criminals unsuccessful psychopaths.according leading leadership academic manfred f.r.kets de vries seems almost inevitable days personality disorders senior management team.industrialorganizational psychology research also examined types bullying exist among business professionals prevalence form bullying workplace well ways measure bullying empirically.psychopathy narcissism lack selfregulation lack remorse lack conscience identified traits displayed bullies.traits shared psychopaths indicating theoreticalcrossover bullies psychopaths.bullying used corporate psychopaths tactic humiliate subordinates.
Workplace bullying	bullying also used tactic scare confuse disorient may threat activities corporate psychopath using meta data analysis hundreds uk research papers boddy concluded bullying incidents caused presence corporate psychopaths.according boddy two types bullyingpredatory bullying – bully enjoys bullying tormenting vulnerable people sake it.instrumental bullying – bullying purpose helping bully achieve goals.a corporate psychopath uses instrumental bullying goals promotion power result causing confusion divide rule.people high scores psychopathy rating scale likely engage bullying crime drug use people.hare babiak noted corporate psychopaths also bullies.research also shown people high scores psychopathy rating scale likely engage bullying indicating psychopaths tend bullies workplace.a workplace bully abuser often issues social functioning.types people often psychopathic traits difficult identify hiring promotion process.
Workplace bullying	individuals often lack anger management skills distorted sense reality.consequently confronted accusation abuse abuser aware harm done.narcissism researchers catherine mattice brian spitzberg san diego state university usa found narcissism revealed positive relationship bullying.narcissists found prefer indirect bullying tactics withholding information affects others performance ignoring others spreading gossip constantly reminding others mistakes ordering others work competence level excessively monitoring others work rather direct tactics making threats shouting persistently criticizing making false allegations.research also revealed narcissists highly motivated bully extent left feelings satisfaction bullying incident occurs.
Workplace bullying	machiavellianism according namie machiavellians manipulate exploit others advance perceived personal agendas.view machiavellianism represents one core components workplace bullying.health effects according gary ruth namie well tracy et al.workplace bullying harm health targets bullying.organizations beginning take note workplace bullying costs organization terms health employees.according scholars project wellness worklife arizona state university workplace bullying linked host physical psychological organizational social costs.
Workplace bullying	stress predominant health effect associated bullying workplace.research indicates workplace stress significant negative effects correlated poor mental health poor physical health resulting increase use sick days time work farrell geistmartin .the negative effects bullying severe posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd even suicide uncommon.tehrani found targets experience ptsd respondents experienced ptsd similar battered women victims child abuse.matthiesen einarsen found targets experience ptsd.in addition coworkers witness workplace bullying also negative effects fear stress emotional exhaustion.witness repetitive workplace abuse often choose leave place employment abuse took place.
Workplace bullying	workplace bullying also hinder organizational dynamics group cohesion peer communication overall performance.according survey conducted workplace bullying institute respondents anticipation next negative event common psychological symptom workplace bullying reported .panic attacks afflict .half targets reported diagnosed clinical depression.sleep disruption loss concentration mood swings pervasive sadness insomnia common ranging .nearly threequarters targets sought treatment physician.
Workplace bullying	half saw mental health professional workrelated symptoms.respondents reported symptoms exacerbated stress migraine headaches irritable bowel disorder chronic fatigue syndrome sexual dysfunction .depression workplace depression occur many companies various size profession negative effects positive profit growth.stress factors unique ones working environment bullying coworkers superiors poor social support high pressure occupations build time create inefficient work behavior depressed individuals.addition inadequate negative communication techniques drive employee become disconnected companys mission goals.
Workplace bullying	one way companies combat destructive consequences associated employee depression offer support counseling consider bringing experts educate staff consequences bullying.ignoring problem depression decreased workplace performance creates intergroup conflict lasting feelings disillusionment.financial costs employers several studies attempted quantify cost bullying organization.according national institute occupational safety health niosh mental illness among workforce leads loss employment amounting billion drop productivity billion.in report commissioned ilo hoel sparks cooper comprehensive analysis costs involved bullying.estimated cost .billion pounds plus cost lost productivity.based replacement cost leave result bullied witnessing bullying rayner keashly estimated organization people cost would .
Workplace bullying	million us.estimate include cost litigation victims bring suit organization.a recent finnish study hospital staff found bullied certified sickness absence bullied figures adjusted baseline measures one year prior survey kivimäki et al..according researchers figures probably underestimation many targets likely bullied already time baseline measures obtained.the city government portland oregon sued former employee hazing abuse job.victim sought damages named city well perpetrator jerry munson lead worker organization position authority.
Workplace bullying	suit stated supervisor aware issue failed take form immediate appropriate corrective action stop it.investigation municipal government settled us believed risk city may found liable.researcher tamara parris discusses employers need attentive managing various discordant behaviors bullying workplace create financial cost organization also erode companys human resource assets.effort bring change workplace flynn discusses employers need support regulations set place also need support staff instances occur.country workplace bullying known asian countries asjapan power harassmentsouth korea gapjilsingapore informal survey among employees singapore said experienced toxicity direct superior colleagues careers .experiencing daily basis.
Workplace bullying	reports failing agree boss considered trouble maker always give praise superior senior colleague tendency shout people.many respondents reported quit toxic environment.surveys clear company aware nothing.kantar survey suggested employees singapore likely made feel uncomfortable employers compared countries company polled.history research workplace bullying stems initial scandinavian investigations school bullying late s. legal aspects see also academic journals aglietta reberioux babiak p. psychopathic manipulation organizations pawns patrons patsies cooke forth newman j hare r eds international perspectives psychopathy british psychological society leicester pp.
Workplace bullying	–.aglietta m. reberioux a. babiak p. psychopathic manipulation work gacono c.b.ed clinical forensic assessment psychopathy practitioners guide erlbaum mahwah nj pp.–.references
Social media	challenges definition social media arise due variety standalone builtin social media services currently available common featuressocial media interactive web .internetbased applications.usergenerated content—such text posts comments digital photos videos data generated online interactions — lifeblood social media.users create servicespecific profiles website app designed maintained social media organization.social media helps development online social networks connecting users profile individuals groups.users usually access social media services webbased apps desktops download services offer social media functionality mobile devices e.g.smartphones tablets.users engage electronic services create highly interactive platforms individuals communities organizations share cocreate discuss participate modify usergenerated selfcurated content posted online.additionally social media used document memories learn explore things advertise oneself form friendships along growth ideas creation blogs podcasts videos gaming sites.
Social media	changing relationship humans technology focus emerging field technological selfstudies.popular social media websites million registered users include facebook associated facebook messenger tiktok wechat instagram qzone weibo twitter tumblr baidu tieba linkedin.depending interpretation popular platforms sometimes referred social media services include youtube qq quora telegram whatsapp signal line snapchat pinterest viber reddit discord vk microsoft teams more.wikis examples collaborative content creation.many social media outlets differ traditional media e.g.print magazines newspapers tv radio broadcasting many ways including quality reach frequency usability relevancy permanence.
Social media	additionally social media outlets operate dialogic transmission system i.e.many sources many receivers traditional media outlets operate monologic transmission model i.e.one source many receivers.instance newspaper delivered many subscribers radio station broadcasts programs entire city.since dramatic expansion internet digital media digital rhetoric used represent identify culture.studying rhetoric exists digital environment become crucial new process many scholars.observers noted wide range positive negative impacts comes use social media.
Social media	social media help improve individuals sense connectedness real online communities effective communication marketing tool corporations entrepreneurs nonprofit organizations advocacy groups political parties governments.observers also seen rise social movements using social media tool communicating organizing times political unrest.despite much research focuses negative impact social media use social media connecting individuals new ties social network found increase entrepreneurship innovation especially individuals lack conventional information channels due lower socioeconomic background .history social media early computing plato system launched developed university illinois subsequently commercially marketed control data corporation.offered early forms social media features era innovations notes platos messageforum application termtalk instantmessaging feature talkomatic perhaps first online chat room news report crowdsourced online newspaper blog access lists enabling owner note file application limit access certain set users example friends classmates coworkers.arpanet first came online lates developed rich cultural exchange nongovernmentbusiness ideas communication evidenced network etiquette netiquette described handbook computing mits artificial intelligence laboratory.
Social media	arpanet evolved internet following publication first transmission control protocol tcp specification rfc specification internet transmission control program written vint cerf yogen dalal carl sunshine .became foundation usenet conceived tom truscott jim ellis university north carolina chapel hill duke university established .a precursor electronic bulletin board system bbs known community memory appeared .true electronic bbss arrived computer bulletin board system chicago first came online february .long major cities one bbs running trs apple ii atari ibm pc commodore sinclair similar personal computers.ibm pc introduced subsequent models mac computers pcs used throughout s. multiple modems followed specialized telecommunication hardware allowed many users online simultaneously.
Social media	compuserve prodigy aol three largest bbs companies first migrate internet s. mids mids bbses numbered tens thousands north america alone.message forums specific structure social media arose bbs phenomenon throughout early s. world wide web www web added internet mids message forums migrated web becoming internet forums primarily due cheaper perperson access well ability handle far people simultaneously telco modem banks.digital imaging semiconductor image sensor technology facilitated development rise social media.advances metaloxidesemiconductor mos semiconductor device fabrication reaching smaller micron submicron levels s–s led development nmos ntype mos activepixel sensor aps olympus complementary mos cmos activepixel sensor cmos sensor nasas jet propulsion laboratory jpl .cmos sensors enabled mass proliferation digital cameras camera phones bolstered rise social media.development socialmedia platforms development social media began simple platforms.
Social media	geocities one earliest social networking services launched november followed classmates.com december sixdegrees.com may .unlike instantmessaging clients e.g.icq aols aim chat clients e.g.irc ichat chat television sixdegrees first online business created real people using real names.according cbs news sixdegrees widely considered first social networking site included profiles friends lists school affiliations could used registered users.
Social media	research shows world spent online time social networks thus suggesting popularity social media platforms.speculated increase social medias popularity due widespread daily use smartphones.many .billion social media users worldwide found active smartphones october .definition features idea social media defined simply ability bring people together seen broad would suggest fundamentally different technologies like telegraph telephone also social media.
Social media	terminology unclear early researchers referring social media social networks social networking services mid s. recent paper reviewed prominent literature area identified four common features unique thencurrent social media servicessocial media web .internetbased applications.usergenerated content ugc lifeblood social media organism.users create servicespecific profiles site app designed maintained social media organization.social media facilitate development online social networks connecting users profile individuals groups.in merriamwebster defined social media forms electronic communication websites social networking microblogging users create online communities share information ideas personal messages content videos.while variety evolving standalone builtin social media services makes challenging define marketing social media experts broadly agree social media includes following typesblogs ex.huffington post boingboingbusiness networks ex.linkedin xingcollaborative projects ex.wikipedia mozillaenterprise social networks ex.
Social media	yammer socialcastforums ex.gaia online ign boardsmicroblogs ex.twitter tumblrphoto sharing ex.flickr photobucketproductsservices review ex.amazon elancesocial bookmarking ex.
Social media	delicious pinterestsocial gaming ex.world warcraft mafia warssocial networks ex.facebook googlevideo sharing ex.youtube vimeovirtual worlds ex.second life twinity mobile social media mobile social media refers use social media mobile devices smartphones tablet computers.
Social media	mobile social media useful applications mobile marketing creation exchange circulation usergenerated content assist companies marketing research communication relationship development.mobile social media differ others incorporate current location user locationsensitivity time delay sending receiving messages.social media promotes users share content others display content order enhance particular brand product.social media allows people creative share interesting ideas followers fans.certain social media applications twitter facebook instagram places users share specific political sports content.many reporters journalists produce updates information sports political news.
Social media	truly give users pertinent necessary information stay date relevant news stories topics.according andreas kaplan mobile social media applications differentiated among four typesspacetimers location timesensitive exchange messages relevance mostly one specific location one specific point time e.g.facebook places whatsapp foursquarespacelocators location sensitive exchange messages relevance one specific location tagged certain place read later others e.g.yelp qype tumblr fishbrainquicktimers time sensitive transfer traditional social media mobile apps increase immediacy e.g.posting twitter status updates facebookslowtimers neither location time sensitive transfer traditional social media applications mobile devices e.g.watching youtube video readingediting wikipedia article elements function viral content social media sites potential content posted spread virally social networks.
Social media	term analogy concept viral infections spread rapidly individual individual.social media context content websites viral go viral greater likelihood users reshare content posted another user social network leading sharing.cases posts containing popular content fastbreaking news rapidly shared reshared huge number users.businesses particular interest viral marketing tactics viral campaign achieve widespread advertising coverage particularly viral reposting makes news fraction cost traditional marketing campaign typically uses printed materials like newspapers magazines mailings billboards television radio commercials.nonprofit organizations activists may similar interests posting content social media sites aim going viral.many social media sites provide specific functionality help users reshare also known reblogging content twitters retweet button pinterests pin function facebooks share option tumblrs reblog function.resharing case retweeting especially popular component feature twitter allowing users keep important events stay connected peers well contributing various ways throughout social media.
Social media	certain posts become popular start get retweeted becoming viral.hashtags used tweets also used take count many people used hashtag.bots bots automated programs operate internet grown demand due ability automate many communication tasks leading creation new industry bot providers.chatbots social bots programmed mimic natural human interactions liking commenting following unfollowing social media platforms.companies aim greater market shares increased audiences internet bots also developed facilitate social media marketing.existence social bots chatbots however marketing industry also met analytical crisis bots make difficult differentiate human interactions automated bot interactions.
Social media	instance marketing data negatively affected bots causing digital cannibalism social media marketing.additionally bots violate terms use many social media platforms instagram result profiles taken banned.cyborgs—either botassisted humans humanassisted bots—are used number different purposes legitimate illegitimate spreading fake news creating marketing buzz.common legitimate use includes using automated programs post social media specific time.cases often human writes post content bot schedules time posting.cases cyborgs nefarious e.g.
Social media	contributing spread fake news misinformation.often accounts blend human bot activity strategic way automated account publicly identified human half cyborg able take could protest account used manually along.many cases accounts used illegitimate fashion try pose real people particular number friends followers resemble real person.cyborgs also related sock puppet accounts one human pretends someone else also include one human operating multiple cyborg accounts.new social media technology rapid growth number u.s. patent applications cover new technologies related social media number published growing rapidly past five years.
Social media	published patent applications united states.many applications may currently file including published yet however slightly applications issued patents largely due multiyear backlog examination business method patents i.e.patents outline claim new methods business.platform convergence instance technological convergence various social media platforms different kinds adapted functionality beyond original scope increasingly overlapping time albeit usually implemented completely dedicated platforms.examples social hub site facebook launching integrated video platform may instagram whose original scope lowresolution photo sharing introducing ability share quarterminute × pixel videos later extended minute increased resolution acting like minimal video platform without video seek bar.instagram later implemented stories short videos selfdestructing hours concept popularized snapchat well igtv seekable videos ten minutes one hour depending account status.
Social media	stories later adapted dedicated video platform youtube although access restricted mobile apps excluding mobile desktop websites.twitter whose original scope textbased microblogging later adapted photo sharing functionality deprecating thirdparty services twitpic later video sharing second time limit view counter manual quality selection subtitles like dedicated video platforms originally available mobile app users later implemented website front ends.media studio feature business users resembles youtubes creator studio.the discussion platform reddit added integrated image hoster june reddit users commonly relied external standalone image sharing platform imgur internal video hoster around year later.july ability share multiple images single post image galleries feature known imgur implemented.imgur implemented sharing videos seconds may later extended one minute.starting dedicated video platform youtube rolled community feature accessible channel tab usurps previous discussion channel tab textonly posts well polls shared.enabled channels pass subscriber count threshold lowered time.
Social media	statistics usage membership according statista estimated around .billion people using social media around globe .billion .number expected increase .billion .
Social media	popular social networking services following list popular social networking services based number active users january per statista.usage covid pandemic study suggests may individual differences help explain uses social media extraversion openness positive relationship social media emotional stability negative sloping relationship social media.separate study found people higher social comparison orientation appear use social media heavily people low social comparison orientation.data common sense media suggested children age united states use social networking services despite fact many social media sites policies state one must least yearsold older join.common sense media conducted nationally representative survey parents children birth age found children age used social media sites instagram snapchat nowdefunct musical.ly “often” “sometimes.” different nationally representative survey common sense surveyed young americans ages – found children ages – ever use social media snapchat instagram facebook.survey american teens ages – asked started using social media said started use yearsold.
Social media	however median age starting use social media yearsold.usage covid pandemic amount usage minors june covid pandemic nationally representative survey cartoon network cyberbullying research center surveyed americans tweens ages – found popular overall application past year youtube .general age increased tweens likely used major social media apps games.similarly nationally representative survey common sense media conducted americans ages – found youtube also popular social media service used yearold americans past year.children grow older utilize certain social media services frequent basis often use application youtube consume content.
Social media	use social media certainly increases people grow older become customary thing instagram twitter account.reasons use adults adults already using social media covid pandemic started using additional reasons particularly stay socially connected get updates pandemic.social media become popularly use seek medical information fascinated general public collect information regarding corona virus pandemics various perspectives.days people forced stay home social media connected supported awareness pandemic updates.this also made healthcare workers systems aware social media place people getting health information pandemicduring covid pandemic social media use accelerated point becoming ubiquitous part modern healthcare systems.though also led spread disinformation indeed december cdc put call action managing infodemic.some healthcare organizations even used hashtags interventions published articles twitter data promotion joint usage pedsicu covid throughout international pediatric critical care community tweets relevant coronavirus disease pandemic pediatric critical care.however others medical community concerned social media addiction due increasingly important context therefore source social validation reinforcement unsure increased social media use coping mechanism harmful.
Social media	use organizational level governments governments may use social media exampleinform opinions publicinteract citizensfoster citizen participationfurther open governmentanalyzemonitor public opinion activitieseducate public risks public health.law enforcement investigations social media used extensively civil criminal investigations.also used assist searches missing persons.police departments often make use official social media accounts engage public publicize police activity burnish law enforcements image conversely video footage citizendocumented police brutality misconduct sometimes posted social media.in united states u.s. immigration customs enforcement identifies track individuals via social media also apprehended people via social media based sting operations.u.s. customs border protection also known cpb united states department homeland security use social media data influencing factors visa process continue monitor individuals entered country.
Social media	cpb officers also documented performing searches electronics social media behavior border searching citizens noncitizens without first obtaining warrant.government reputation management social media gained momentum among younger generations governments began using improve image especially among youth.january egyptian authorities found using instagram influencers part media ambassadors program.program designed revamp egypt’s image counter bad press egypt received countrys human rights record.saudi arabia united arab emirates participated similar programs.
Social media	similarly dubai also extensively relied social media influencers promote tourism.however restrictive laws dubai always kept influencers within limits offend authorities criticize city politics religion.content foreign influencers controlled make sure nothing portrays dubai negative light.businesses high distribution social media private environment drives companies deal application possibilities social media customerorganizational level intraorganizational level.marketplace actors use social media tools marketing research communication sales promotionsdiscounts informal employeelearningorganizational development relationship developmentloyalty programs ecommerce.often social media become good source information andor explanation industry trends business embrace change.
Social media	trends socialmedia technology usage change rapidly making crucial businesses set guidelines apply many social media platforms.companies increasingly using socialmedia monitoring tools monitor track analyze online conversations web brand products related topics interest.prove useful public relations management advertisingcampaign tracking allowing analysts measure return investment social media ad spending competitorauditing public engagement.tools range free basic applications subscriptionbased indepth tools.financial industries utilize power social media tool analyzing sentiment financial markets.range marketing financial products gaining insights market sentiment future market predictions tool identify insider trading.social media become effective process called building social authority.one foundation concepts social media become one cannot completely control ones message social media rather one simply begin participate conversation expecting one achieve significant influence conversation.
Social media	social media marketing social media marketing use social media platforms websites promote product service also establish connection customers.social media marketing increased due growing active user rates social media sites.though numbers exponential.example facebook .billion users twitter million active users instagram million users.
Social media	facebook .billion users twitter million users.similar traditional advertising social media marketing divided three types paid media earned media owned media.paid social media firm directly buys advertising social media platform.earned social media firms something impresses consumers stakeholders spontaneously post content social media.
Social media	owned social media firm owns social media channel creates content followers.one main uses interact audiences create awareness company organization main idea creating twoway communication system audience andor customers interact e.g.customers provide feedback firms products.however since social media allows consumers spread opinions share experiences peertopeer fashion shifted power organization consumers since messages transparent honest.least appear influencers.social media also used directly advertise placing advert facebooks newsfeed example provide exposure brand large number people.social media platforms also enable targeting specific audiences advertising.
Social media	users social media able like share comment advert turns passive advertising consumers active advertising producers since pass adverts message friends.companies using social media marketing keep different social media platforms stay top ongoing trends.since different platforms trends attract different audiences firms must strategic use social media attract right audience.moreover tone content affect efficacy social media marketing.companies fast food franchise wendys used humor shitposting advertise products poking fun competitors mcdonalds burger king.
Social media	particular example spawned lot fanart wendys mascot circulated widely online particularly sites like deviantart increasing effect marketing campaign.companies juul used hashtags ejuice eliquid promote products.social media personalities often referred influencers internet celebrities employed andor sponsored marketers promote products online.research shows digital endorsements seem successfully attracting social media users especially younger consumers grown digital age.united kingdom advertising standards authority asa began advise celebrities sports stars make clear paid tweet product service using hashtag spon ad within tweets containing endorsements us federal trade commission issued similar guidelines.practice harnessing social media personalities market promote product service following commonly referred influencer marketing.
Social media	cambridge dictionary defines influencer person personality blogger journalist celebrity ability affect opinions behaviors purchases others use social media.marketing efforts also take advantage peer effects social media.consumers tend treat content social media differently traditional advertising print ads messages may part interactive marketing strategy involving modeling reinforcement social interaction mechanisms.study focused communication described communication peers social media affect purchase intentions direct impact conformity indirect impact stressing product engagement.study indicated social media communication peers product positive relationship product engagement.politics social media range uses political processes activities.
Social media	social media championed allowing anyone access internet connection become content creatorand empowering users.role social media democratizing media participation proponents herald ushering new era participatory democracy users able contribute news comments may fall short ideals given many often follow likeminded individuals noted philip pond jeff lewis.onlinemedia audiencemembers largely passive consumers content creation dominated small number users post comments write new content.online engagement always translate realworld action howard busch sheets argued digital divide north america continents history culture geography.younger generations becoming involved politics due increase political news posted social media.political campaigns targeting millennials online via socialmedia posts hope increase political engagement.
Social media	social media influential widespread attention given revolutionary outbreaks middle east north africa .tunisian revolution people used facebook organize meetings protests.however debate persists extent social media facilitated kind political change.socialmedia footprints candidates political office grown last decade united states presidential election provided good examples.dounoucos et al.noted twitter use candidates unprecedented election cycle.candidates united states twitter account.
Social media	public also increased reliance socialmedia sites political information.european union social media amplified political messages.militant groups begun see social media major organizing recruiting tool.islamic state iraq levant also known isil isis daesh used social media promote cause.alleyesonisis went viral arabic twitter.isis produces online magazine named islamic state report recruit fighters.
Social media	statesponsored cybergroups weaponized socialmedia platforms attack governments united states european union middle east.although phishing attacks via email commonly used tactic breach government networks phishing attacks social media rose .increasing political influence social media saw several campaigns running one political side another.often foreignoriginated socialmedia campaigns sought influence political opinion another country.example twitter campaign run saudi arabia produced thousands tweets hillary clintons trending hillaryemails supporters mohammed bin salman.also involved riyadhs socialmarketing firm smaat history running campaigns twitter.politicians use social media advantage spread campaign messages influence voters.due growing abuse human rights bahrain activists used social media report acts violence injustice.
Social media	publicized brutality government authorities police detaining torturing threatening many individuals.hand bahrains government using social media track target rights activists individuals critical authorities government stripped citizenship activists punishment.hiring employers examine job applicants social media profiles part hiring assessment.issue raises many ethical questions consider employers right others consider discrimination.many westerneuropean countries already implemented laws restrict regulation social media workplace.
Social media	states including arkansas california colorado illinois maryland michigan nevada new jersey new mexico utah washington wisconsin passed legislation protects potential employees current employees employers demand provide usernames andor passwords social media accounts.use social media young people caused significant problems applicants active social media try enter job market.survey young people six countries found people aged rejected job online comments made social media websites.for potential employees using social media publicly may alter shape patterns deception resumes.science use social media science communications offers extensive opportunities exchanging scientific information ideas opinions publications.scientists use social media share scientific knowledge new findings platforms researchgate linkedin facebook twitter academia.edu.
Social media	among common type social media scientists use twitter blogs.found twitter increased scientific impact community.use social media improved elevated interaction scientists reporters general public.opinions shared twitter related science one year september august increase compared past years.science related blogs motivate public interest learning following discussing science.
Social media	blogs use textual depth graphical videos provide reader dynamic way interact scientific information.twitter blogs written quickly allow reader interact real time authors.however popularity social media platforms changes quickly scientists need keep pace changes social media.terms organized uses scientific social media one study context climate change shown climate scientist scientific institutions played minimal role online debate nongovernmental organizations played larger role.academia signals social media used assess academic publications well different scientific approaches.
Social media	another study found health science students acquiring academic materials others social media.school admissions issue workplace issue postsecondary school admissions well.situations students forced give social media passwords school administrators.inadequate laws protect students social media privacy organizations aclu pushing privacy protection invasion.urge students pressured give account information tell administrators contact parent lawyer take matter further.
Social media	although students still right keep passwordprotected information private.according journal social media admissions officials united states used sat standardized test scores extracurricular activities letters recommendation high school report cards determine whether accept deny applicant.colleges universities still used traditional methods evaluate applicants institutions increasingly accessing applicants social media profiles learn character activities.according kaplan inc corporation provides higher education preparation admissions officers used google learn applicant checking facebook.students whose social media pages include offensive jokes photos racist homophobic comments photos depicting applicant engaging illegal drug use drunkenness may screened admission processes.one survey july american association college registrars admissions officers found percent respondents said refused admit applicant based social media content.includes percent public institutions first amendment applies.
Social media	survey found percent institutions acknowledged reviewing personal social media accounts applicants least time.court cases social media comments images used range court cases including employment law child custodychild support insurance disability claims.apple employee criticized employer facebook fired.former employee sued apple unfair dismissal court seeing mans facebook posts found favor apple mans social media comments breached apples policies.heterosexual couple broke man posted violent rap lyrics song talked fantasies killing rappers exwife made threats him.
Social media	court found guilty sentenced jail.disability claims case woman fell work claimed permanently injured employer used social media posts travels activities counter claims.courts always admit social media evidence part screenshots faked tampered with.judges taking emojis account assess statements made social media one michigan case person alleged another person defamed online comment judge disagreed noting emoji comment indicated joke.case ontario police officer regarding alleged assault protester g summit court rejected crowns application use digital photo protest anonymously posted online metadata proving photo taken could digitally altered.use individuals news source march united states users look online news weather first foremost percentage seeking national news sports news entertainment celebrity news.
Social media	according cnn people got news forwarded email social media posts whereas people shared news item via facebook twitter.facebook twitter make news participatory experience people share news articles comment peoples posts.rainie wellman argued media making become participation work changes communication systems.however respondents worry accuracy story blog.poll pew research center found americans wary ways social media sites share news certain content.
Social media	wariness accuracy rise social media sites increasingly exploited aggregated new sources stitch together multiple feeds develop plausible correlations.hemsley colleagues refer phenomenon pseudoknowledge develop false narratives fake news supported general analysis ideology rather facts.social media news source questioned spikes evidence surround major news events captured united states presidential election covid pandemic.social tool social media used fulfill perceived social needs socializing friends family well romance flirting needs fulfilled social media.example article found lonely individuals likely use internet emotional support lonely.
Social media	nationally representative survey common sense media found american teens ages – thought social media “extremely” “very” important keep friends daytobasis.survey found teens said social media extremely important meaningful conversations close friends teens said social media extremely important document share highlights lives.recently gallup poll may showed adult social media users united states thought social media moderately important way keep touch cannot otherwise see inperson due social distancing measures related covid pandemic.sherry turkle explores topic book alone together discusses people confuse social media usage authentic communication.posits people tend act differently online less afraid hurt others feelings.additionally online behaviors cause stress anxiety due permanence online posts fear hacked universities employers exploring social media pages.
Social media	turkle also speculates people beginning prefer texting facetoface communication contribute feelings loneliness.nationally representative surveys found case teens united states mexico.researchers also found exchanges involved direct communication reciprocation messages correlated fewer feelings loneliness.however study showed passively using social media without sending receiving messages make people feel less lonely unless lonely begin with.the term social media stalking creeping popularized years refers looking persons timeline status updates tweets online bios find information activities.social media creeping common considered poor form admit new acquaintance new date looked social media posts particularly older posts indicate going old history.
Social media	subcategory creeping creeping expartners social media posts breakup investigate new partner new dating lead preoccupation ex rumination negative feelings postpone recovery increase feelings loss.catfishing become prevalent since advent social media.relationships formed catfish lead actions supporting money catfish typically make excuses cannot meet viewed camera.despite much research focuses negative impact social media use social media connecting individuals new ties social network found increase entrepreneurship innovation especially individuals lack conventional information channels due lower socioeconomic background .selfpresentational tool time people spend facebook less satisfied feel life.selfpresentation theory explains people consciously manage selfimage identity related information social contexts.fact critical aspect social networking sites time invested customizing personal profile encourage sort social currency based likes followers comments.
Social media	users also tend segment audiences based image want present pseudonymity use multiple accounts across platform remain popular ways negotiate platform expectations segment audiences.however users may feel pressure gain peers acceptance selfpresentation.example peerreviewed article trudy hui hui chua leanne chang authors found teenage girls manipulate selfpresentation social media achieve sense beauty projected peers.authors also discovered teenage girls compare peers social media present certain ways effort earn regard acceptance.however users feel like reached regard acceptance actually lead problems selfconfidence selfsatisfaction.nationally representative survey american teens ages – common sense media found said getting “likes” posts least somewhat important least somewhat agreed feel bad nobody comments “likes” photos.
Social media	evidence suggests perceived rejection may lead feeling emotional pain may partake online retaliation online bullying.conversely according research ucla users reward circuits brains active photos liked peers.literature suggests social media breed negative feedback loop viewing uploading photos selfcomparison feelings disappointment perceived social success achieved disordered body perception.fact one study shows microblogging platform pinterest directly associated disordered dieting behavior indicating frequently look exercise dieting pins greater chance engage extreme weightloss dieting behavior.health behavior change reinforcement tool social media also function supportive system adolescents health using social media adolescents able mobilize around health issues deem relevant.example clinical study among adolescent patients undergoing treatment obesity participants expressed social media could find personalized weightloss content well social support among adolescents obesity.
Social media	whilst social media provide information considerable amount uninformed incorrect sources promote unhealthy dangerous methods weight loss.stated national eating disorder association high correlation weight loss content disorderly eating among women influenced negative content.therefore need people evaluate identify reliable health information competencies commonly known health literacy.led efforts governments public health organizations use social media interact users limited success.other social media proanorexia sites found studies cause significant risk harm reinforcing negative healthrelated behaviors social networking especially adolescents.social media effects way person views themselves.
Social media	constant comparison edited photos individuals living situations ican cause many negative emotions.lead eating isolation.people continue use social media wrong reasons increases feeling loneliness adults.during coronavirus pandemic spread information throughout social media regarding treatments virus also influenced different health behaviors.. example people use social media belief conspiracy theory social media covid pandemic worse mental health predictive compliance health behaviors handwashing pandemic .effects individual collective memory news media television journalism key feature shaping american collective memory much th century.indeed since colonial era united states news media influenced collective memory discourse national development trauma.
Social media	many ways mainstream journalists maintained authoritative voice storytellers american past.documentarystyle narratives detailed exposés positions present make prime sources public memory.specifically news media journalists shaped collective memory nearly every major national event—from deaths social political figures progression political hopefuls.journalists provide elaborate descriptions commemorative events u.s. history contemporary popular cultural sensations.many americans learn significance historical events political issues news media presented popular news stations.
Social media	however journalistic influence grown less important whereas social networking sites facebook youtube twitter provide constant supply alternative news sources users.as social networking becomes popular among older younger generations sites facebook youtube gradually undermine traditionally authoritative voices news media.example american citizens contest media coverage various social political events see fit inserting voices narratives americas past present shaping collective memories.example public explosion trayvon martin shooting sanford florida.news media coverage incident minimal social media users made story recognizable constant discussion case.approximately one month martins death online coverage everyday americans garnered national attention mainstream media journalists turn exemplifying media activism.
Social media	ways spread tragic event alternative news sources parallels emmett till—whose murder lynching became national story circulated africanamerican communist newspapers.negative interpersonal interactions social media use sometimes involves negative interactions users.angry emotional conversations lead realworld interactions get users dangerous situations.users experienced threats violence online feared threats manifesting offline.related issues include cyberbullying online harassment trolling.
Social media	according cyberbullying statistics isafe foundation half adolescents teens bullied online number engaged cyberbullying.bully victim negatively affected intensity duration frequency bullying three aspects increase negative effects them.social comparison one phenomenon commonly studied social media issue social comparison.people compare lives lives friends friends posts.people motivated portray way appropriate situation serves best interests often things posted online positive aspects peoples lives making people question lives exciting fulfilling.
Social media	one study found problematic social media use i.e.feeling addicted social media related lower life satisfaction selfesteem scores authors speculate users may feel life exciting enough put online good friends family.studies shown selfcomparison social media dire effects physical mental health give us ability seek approval compare ourselves.one study women reported social media influential sources body image satisfaction men reported second impacting factor.social media allowed people constantly surrounded aware celebrity images influencers hold strong online presence number followers have.constant online presence meant people far aware others look like body comparisons become issue people far aware desired body type is.study produced king university showed women men compared images found social media.there efforts combat negative effects use tag instagramversusreality instagramversusreallife used promote body positivity.
Social media	related study women aged – shown posts using hashtag contained sidebyside images women clothes setting one image enhanced instagram unedited “realistic” version.women participated experiment noted decrease body dissatisfaction.sleep disturbance according study released researchers university pittsburgh link sleep disturbance use social media clear.concluded blue light part play—and often logged rather time spent social media sites higher predictor disturbed sleep suggesting obsessive checking.strong relationship social media use sleep disturbance significant clinical ramifications young adults health wellbeing.
Social media	recent study learned people highest quartile social media use per week report sleep disturbance.median number minutes social media use per day minutes.lastly learned females inclined experience high levels sleep disturbance males.many teenagers suffer sleep deprivation spend long hours night phones turn could affect grades tired unfocused school.study found time spent facebook strong negative relationship overall gpa unclear related sleep disturbances.
Social media	since blue light increasingly become issue smartphone developers added night mode feature cause much strain eyes blue light would.emotional effects one studied emotional effect social media facebook depression type depression affects adolescents spend much free time engaging social media sites.may lead problems reclusiveness negatively damage ones health creating feelings loneliness low selfesteem among young people.using phone look social media bed become popular trend among teenagers led lack sleep inability stay awake school.social media applications curate content encourages users keep scrolling point lose track time.
Social media	study almost adolescent students showed selfreported addictionlike symptoms social media use likely report low selfesteem high levels depressive symptoms.different study conducted used multiple social media platforms three times risk depression anxiety people used fewest .a second emotional effect social media burnout defined bo han ambivalence emotional exhaustion depersonalization.ambivalence refers users confusion benefits get using social media site.emotional exhaustion refers stress user using social media site.depersonalization refers emotional detachment social media site user experiences.
Social media	three burnout factors negatively influence users social media continuance.study provides instrument measure burnout user experience social media friends generating overwhelming amount useless information e.g.dinner now.a third emotional effect fear missing fomo defined pervasive apprehension others might rewarding experiences one absent.fomo classified form social anxiety.associated checking updates friends activities social media.
Social media	speculate checking updates friends activities social media may associated negative influences peoples psychological health wellbeing could contribute negative mood depressed feelings.looking friends stories posts various social media applications lead users feel left become upset fun others.common issue teen users certain apps continues effect personal wellbeing.on hand social media sometimes supportive effect individuals use it.twitter used medical community.twitter facilitate academic discussion among health professionals students also provide supportive community individuals fostering sense community allowing individuals support tweets likes comments.
Social media	social impacts disparity digital divide measure disparity level access technology households socioeconomic levels demographic categories.people homeless living poverty elderly people living rural remote communities may little access computers internet contrast middle class upperclass people urban areas high rates computer internet access.models argue within modern information society individuals produce internet content others consume could result disparities education system teachers integrate technology classroom teach critical thinking.social media differences among age groups study united states found racial divide.zerorating programs offer subsidized data access certain websites lowcost plans.
Social media	critics say anticompetitive program undermines net neutrality creates walled garden platforms like facebook zero.study found nigerians indonesians indians agree statement facebook internet compared us.eric ehrmann contends social media form public diplomacy create patina inclusiveness covers traditional economic interests structured ensure wealth pumped top economic pyramid perpetuating digital divide postmarxian class conflict.also voices concern trend finds social utilities operating quasilibertarian global environment oligopoly requires users economically challenged nations spend high percentages annual income pay devices services participate social media lifestyle.neil postman also contends social media increase information disparity winners – able use social media actively – losers – familiar modern technologies access them.people high social media skills may better access information job opportunities potential new friends social activities area may enable improve standard living quality life.
Social media	political polarization according pew research center majority americans least occasionally receive news social media.algorithms social media filter display news content likely match users political preferences known filter bubble potential impact receiving news social media includes increase political polarization due selective exposure.political polarization refers individuals stance topic likely strictly defined identification specific political party ideology factors.selective exposure occurs individual favors information supports beliefs avoids information conflicts beliefs.study hayat samuelazran conducted u.s. presidential election observed echo chamber effect selective exposure among twitter users following content cable news shows.
Social media	twitter users observed study found little interaction users content whose beliefs different possibly heightening polarization effects.another study using u.s. elections conducted evans clark revealed gender differences political use twitter candidates.whilst politics male dominated arena social media situation appears opposite women discussing policy issues higher rate male counterparts.study concluded increase female candidates directly correlates increase amount attention paid policy issues potentially heightening political polarization.efforts combat selective exposure social media may also cause increase political polarization.study examining twitter activity conducted bail et al.
Social media	paid democrat republican participants follow twitter handles whose content different political beliefs republicans received liberal content democrats received conservative content sixweek period.end study democrat republican participants found increased political polarization favor parties though republican participants increase statistically significant.though research shown evidence social media plays role increasing political polarization also shown evidence social media use leads persuasion political beliefs.online survey consisting u.s. participants conducted diehl weeks gil de zuñiga found individuals use social media likely political beliefs persuaded not.particular using social media means receive news likely political beliefs changed.diehl et al.
Social media	found persuasion reported participants influenced exposure diverse viewpoints experienced content saw well political discussions participated in.similarly study hardy colleagues conducted students midwestern state university examined persuasive effect watching political comedy video facebook.hardy et al.found watching facebook video comedianpolitical commentator john oliver performing segment show participants likely persuaded change viewpoint topic watched either payday lending ferguson protests one closer opinion expressed oliver.furthermore persuasion experienced participants found reduced viewed comments facebook users contradicted arguments made oliver.research also shown social media use may effect polarization all.
Social media	u.s. national survey participants conducted lee et al.found participants used social media likely exposed diverse number people amount opinion although using social media correlated change political polarization participants.in study examining potential polarizing effects social media political views users mihailidis viotty suggest new way engaging social media must occur avoid polarization.authors note media literacies described methods give people skills critique create media important using social media responsible productive way state literacies must changed order effectiveness.order decrease polarization encourage cooperation among social media users mihailidis viotty suggest media literacies must focus teaching individuals connect people caring way embrace differences understand ways social media real impact political social cultural issues society part of.stereotyping recent research demonstrated social media media general power increase scope stereotypes children people ages.
Social media	spain three researchers blanquerna university spain examined adolescents interact social media specifically facebook.suggest interactions website encourage representing oneself traditional gender constructs helps maintain gender stereotypes.authors noted girls generally show emotion posts frequently change profile pictures according psychologists lead selfobjectification.hand researchers found boys prefer portray strong independent powerful.example men often post pictures objects rarely change profile pictures using pages entertainment pragmatic reasons.
Social media	contrast girls generally post images include friends things emotional ties researchers attributed higher emotional intelligence girls younger age.authors sampled girls boys ages – spain effort confirm beliefs.researchers concluded masculinity commonly associated positive psychological wellbeing femininity displays less psychological wellbeing.furthermore researchers discovered people tend completely conform either stereotype encompass desirable parts both.users facebook generally use profiles reflect normal person.
Social media	study social media found uphold gender stereotypes feminine masculine.researchers also noted traditional stereotypes often upheld boys girls.authors described neither stereotype entirely positive people viewed masculine values positive.effects youth communication social media allowed mass cultural exchange intercultural communication.different cultures different value systems cultural themes grammar world views also communicate differently.
Social media	emergence social media platforms fused together different cultures communication methods blending together various cultural thinking patterns expression styles.social media affected way youth communicate introducing new forms language.abbreviations introduced cut time takes respond online.commonly known lol become globally recognized abbreviation laugh loud thanks social media use people ages particularly people grow up.another trend influences way youth communicates use hashtags.introduction social media platforms twitter facebook instagram hashtag created easily organize search information.hashtags used people want advocate movement store content tweets movement future use allow social media users contribute discussion certain movement using existing hashtags.
Social media	using hashtags way advocate something online makes easier accessible people acknowledge around world.hashtags tbt throwback thursday become part online communication influenced way youth share communicate daily lives.changes linguistics communication etiquette researchers media semiotics found altered youths communications habits more.social media offered new platform peer pressure positive negative communication.facebook comments likes instagram youth communicate socially acceptable heavily based social media.social media make kids young adults susceptible peer pressure.

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