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Social media | american academy pediatrics also shown bullying making noninclusive friend groups sexual experimentation increased situations related cyberbullying issues privacy act sending sexual images messages someones mobile device.includes issues sexting revenge porn among minors resulting legal implications issues resulting risk trauma.hand social media also benefits youth communicate.adolescents learn basic social technical skills essential society.use social media kids young adults able strengthen relationships keeping touch friends family make friends participate community engagement activities services. |
Social media | criticism debate controversy criticisms social media range criticisms ease use specific platforms capabilities disparity information available issues trustworthiness reliability information presented impact social media use individuals concentration ownership media content meaning interactions created social media.although social media platforms servers decentralized fediverse offer users opportunity crosspost independently run servers using standard protocol activitypub dominant social network platforms criticized poor interoperability platforms leads creation information silos viz.isolated pockets data contained one social media platform.however also argued social media positive effects allowing democratization internet also allowing individuals advertise form friendships.others noted term social cannot account technological features platform alone hence level sociability determined actual performances users. |
Social media | dramatic decrease facetoface interactions social media platforms introduced threat cyberbullying online sexual predators including groomers prevalent.social media may expose children images alcohol tobacco sexual behaviors.regards cyberbullying proven individuals experience cyberbullying often better wellbeing individuals bullied online.twitter increasingly target heavy activity marketers.actions focused gaining massive numbers followers include use advanced scripts manipulation techniques distort prime idea social media abusing human trustfulness.britishamerican entrepreneur author andrew keen criticized social media book cult amateur writing anarchy suddenly became clear governing infinite monkeys inputting away internet law digital darwinism survival loudest opinionated. |
Social media | rules way intellectually prevail infinite filibustering.this also relative issue justice social network.example phenomenon human flesh search engine asia raised discussion privatelaw brought social network platform.comparative media professor josé van dijck contends book culture connectivity understand full weight social media technological dimensions connected social cultural.critically describes six social media platforms.one findings way facebook successful framing term sharing way third party use user data neglected favor intrauser connectedness.essena oneill attracted international coverage explicitly left social media. |
Social media | trustworthiness reliability speculation social media become perceived trustworthy source information large number people.continuous interpersonal connectivity social media example may lead people regarding peer recommendations indicators reliability information sources.trust exploited marketers utilize consumercreated content brands products influence public perceptions.the trustworthiness information improved factchecking.social media started employ this.evgeny morozov – yahoo fellow georgetown university contended information uploaded twitter may little relevance masses people use twitter.article magazine dissent titled iran downside twitter revolution morozov wroteby design twitter adds noise simply impossible pack much context characters. |
Social media | biases present well country like iran mostly prowestern technologyfriendly ipodcarrying young people natural frequent users twitter.tiny important extremely untypical segment iranian population number twitter users iran — country seventy million people — estimated less twenty thousand protests.in contrast united states twitter originated social network million accounts .professor matthew auer bates college casts doubt conventional wisdom social media open participatory.also speculates emergence antisocial media used instruments pure control.data harvesting data mining social media mining type data mining technique analyzing data detect patterns.social media mining process representing analyzing extracting actionable patterns data collected peoples activities social media. |
Social media | google mines data many ways including using algorithm gmail analyze information emails.use information affect type advertisements shown user use gmail.facebook partnered many data mining companies datalogix bluekai use customer information targeted advertising.massive amounts data social platforms allows scientists machine learning researchers extract insights build product features.ethical questions extent company able utilize users information called big data.users tend click terms use agreements signing social media platforms know information used companies. |
Social media | leads questions privacy surveillance user data recorded.social media outlets added capture time geotagging helps provide information context data well making data accurate.on april hearing held response revelations data harvesting cambridge analytica mark zuckerberg facebook chief executive faced questions senators variety issues privacy companys business model companys mishandling data.mr. zuckerbergs first appearance congress prompted revelation cambridge analytica political consulting firm linked trump campaign harvested data estimated million facebook users psychologically profile voters election.zuckerberg pressed account thirdparty partners could take data without users’ knowledge.lawmakers grilled yearold executive proliferation socalled fake news facebook russian interference presidential election censorship conservative media. |
Social media | critique activism new yorker writer malcolm gladwell role social media twitter facebook revolutions protests overstated.one hand social media makes easier individuals case activists express themselves.hand harder expression impact.gladwell distinguishes social media activism highrisk activism brings real changes.activism especially highrisk activism involves strongtie relationships hierarchies coordination motivation exposing oneself high risks making sacrifices. |
Social media | gladwell discusses social media built around weak ties argues social networks effective increasing participation — lessening level motivation participation requires.according facebook activism succeeds motivating people make real sacrifice motivating things people motivated enough make real sacrifice.disputing gladwells theory study perceptions social media politics testing slacktivism hypothesis kwak colleagues conducted survey found people politically expressive social media also likely participate offline political activity.ownership content social media content generated social media interactions done users site.always huge debate ownership content social media platforms generated users hosted company.added danger security information leaked third parties economic interests platform parasites comb data databases. |
Social media | privacy privacy rights advocates warn users social media collection personal data.information captured without users knowledge consent electronic tracking thirdparty applications.data may also collected law enforcement governmental purposes social media intelligence using data mining techniques.data information may also collected third party use.information shared social media information longer private. |
Social media | many cases young persons especially share personal information attract predators.important monitor share aware could potentially sharing information with.teens especially share significantly information internet past.teens much likely share personal information email address phone number school names.studies suggest teens aware posting much information accessed third parties.there arguments privacy dead social media growing heavy social media users appear become quite unconcerned privacy. |
Social media | others argue however people still concerned privacy ignored companies running social networks sometimes make profit sharing someones personal information.also disconnect social media users words actions.studies suggest surveys show people want keep lives private actions social media suggest otherwise.everyone leaves trail use social media.every time someone creates new social media account provide personal information include name birthdate geographic location personal interests. |
Social media | addition companies collect data user behaviors.data stored leveraged companies better target advertising users.another factor ignorance accessible social media posts are.social media users criticized inappropriate comments stated realize anyone outside circle friends would read posts fact social media sites unless user selects higher privacy settings content shared wide audience.according article diving topic sharing privately effect social media expectations privacy .billion people log facebook accounts million tweets sent million photos videos posted instagram day.much privacy concerns individuals face stem posts form social network. |
Social media | users choice share voluntarily ingrained society routine normative.social media snapshot lives community created behaviors sharing posting liking communicating.sharing become phenomenon social media networks uprooted introduced world.idea privacy redundant something posted accessibility remains constant even select potentially able view it.people desire privacy shape form yet also contribute social media makes difficult maintain privacy. |
Social media | mills offers options reform include copyright application law confidence radically change concept privacy itself.a pew research center survey found americans agree strongly agree people lost control personal information collected used kinds entities.social media users said concerned advertisers businesses accessing data share social media platforms said government regulate advertisers.according wall street journal published february according uk law facebook protect certain aspects user data.the us government announced banning tiktok wechat states national security concerns.shutdown announced september .access tiktok extended till november federal court ruling october blocked implementation restrictions would lead tiktoks shutdown.criticism commercialization commercial development social media criticized actions consumers settings become increasingly valuecreating example consumers contribute marketing branding specific products posting positive reviews. |
Social media | valuecreating activities also increase value specific product could according marketing professors bernad cova daniele dalli lead refer double exploitation.companies getting consumers create content companies websites consumers paid.as social media usage become increasingly widespread social media large extent come subjected commercialization marketing companies advertising agencies.christofer laurell digital marketing researcher suggested social media landscape currently consists three types places development consumerdominated places professionally dominated places places undergoing commercialization.social media becomes commercialized process shown create novel forms value networks stretching consumer producer combination personal private commercial contents created.debate addiction one biggest preoccupations among adolescents social media usage researchers began using term facebook addiction disorder f.a.d. |
Social media | form internet addiction disorder.fad characterized compulsive use social networking site facebook generally results physical psychological complications.disorder although classified latest diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders dsm world health organization subject several studies focusing negative effects social media use psyche.one german study published investigated correlation extensive use social networking site narcissism results published journal plos one.according findings fad significantly positively related personality trait narcissism negative mental health variables depression anxiety stress symptoms.while issues regarding social media addiction continuous increasing ways help reduce curb ones social media obsessions. |
Social media | turning social media notifications temporary longterm one solution reduce social media addiction reducing distraction struggle habit constantly refreshing social media platforms checking new notifications.some feel modern problems require modern solutions starting see modern approaches like dr. alok kanojia psychiatrist known online dr. k runs coaching program also youtube twitch channels called healthygamergg talks mental health gaming conducts interviews.debate use academic settings social media classroom controversial topic s. many parents educators fearful repercussions social media classroom.concerns social media tools misused cyberbullying sharing inappropriate content.result cell phones banned classrooms schools blocked many popular social media websites.many schools realized need loosen restrictions teach digital citizenship skills even incorporate tools classrooms. |
Social media | schools permit students use smartphones tablet computers class long students using devices academic purposes research.using facebook class allows integration multimodal content studentcreated photographs video urls texts platform many students already familiar with.twitter used enhance communication building critical thinking provides students informal back channel extend discussion outside class time.censorship governments social media often features political struggles control public perception online activity.countries internet police secret police monitor control citizens use social media. |
Social media | example social media banned turkey taksim gezi park protests.twitter youtube temporarily suspended country courts decision.new law passed turkish parliament granted immunity telecommunications directorate ti̇b personnel.ti̇b also given authority block access specific websites without need court order.yet ti̇bs blocking twitter ruled constitutional court violate free speech. |
Social media | recently thai coup détat public explicitly instructed share like dissenting views social media face prison.july year response wikileaks release secret suppression order made victorian supreme court media lawyers quoted australian media effect anyone tweets link wikileaks report posts facebook shares way online could also face charges.july egypt two women sentenced two years imprisonment posting tiktok videos government claims “violating family values”.decentralization open standards mastodon gnu social diaspora friendica compatible software packages operate loose federation mostly volunteeroperated servers called fediverse connect open source protocol activitypub.early mastodon successfully blocked spread violent rightwing extremism twitter alternative gab tried associate mastodon independent servers quickly contained dissemination.in december twitter ceo jack dorsey made similar suggestion stating efforts would taken achieve open decentralized standard social media. |
Social media | rather deplatforming standards would allow scalable customizable approach content moderation censorship involve number companies way email servers work.deplatforming deplatforming form internet censorship controversial speakers speech suspended banned otherwise shut social media platforms service providers normally provide venue free expression.kinds actions similar alternative dispute resolution.early platforms reddit began enforce selective bans based example terms service prohibit hate speech.according technology journalist declan mccullagh silicon valleys efforts pull plug dissenting opinions included twitter facebook youtube devising excuses suspend ideologically disfavored accounts.law professor glenn reynolds dubbed year deplatforming august article wall street journal. |
Social media | according reynolds internet giants decided slam gates number people ideas dont like.rely someone elses platform express unpopular ideas especially ideas right youre risk.reynolds cited alex jones gavin mcinnes dennis prager prominent victims deplatforming based political views noting extremists controversialists left relatively safe deplatforming.most people see social media platforms censoring objectionable political views.reproduction class distinctions according danah boyd media plays large role shaping peoples perceptions specific social networking services.looking site myspace adults started realize popular site becoming teens news media became heavily concerned teen participation potential dangers faced using site. |
Social media | result teens avoided joining site associated risks e.g.child predators lack control parents began publicly denounce site.ultimately site labeled dangerous many detracted interacting site.as boyd also describes facebook initially launched solely targeted college students access intentionally limited.facebook started harvardonly social networking service expanding ivy league schools.made way top universities ultimately wider range schools. |
Social media | origins saw facebook elite social networking service.open accepting seemed outlaw shun others didnt fit elite categorization.narratives propagated media influenced large movement teenage users one social networking service another.use extremist groups according likewar weaponization social media p.w.singer emerson t. brooking use effective social media marketing techniques limited celebrities corporations governments also extremist groups carry political objectives based extremist ideologies. |
Social media | use social media isis alqaeda used primarily influence operations areas operation gain attention sympathizers extremist ideologies.social media platforms like youtube twitter facebook various encryptedmessaging applications used increase recruiting members extremist groups locally internationally.larger platforms like youtube twitter various others received backlash allowing type content platform see use social media islamic state iraq levant.use social media extremist objectives limited islamic terrorism also extreme nationalist groups across world prominently right wing extremist groups based united states.storming united states capitol building many traditional social media platforms banned hate speech see online hate speech several platforms become popular among rightwing extremists carry planning communication thoughts organized events application became known alttech. |
Social media | platforms telegram parler gab used storming us capitol washington d.c. use social media used coordinate attacks capitol.several members within groups shared tips avoid law enforcement plans regards carrying objectives users called killings law enforcement politicians.deceased users social media content like content web continue persist unless user deletes it.brings inevitable question social media user dies longer access content.topic often left undiscussed important note social media platform e.g. |
Social media | twitter facebook instagram linkedin pinterest created guidelines users died.cases social media platforms require nextofkin prove user deceased give option closing account maintaining legacy status.ultimately social media users make decisions happens social media accounts pass make sure instructions passed nextofkin.see also references reading aral sinan .hype machine social media disrupts elections economy health—and must adapt. |
Social media | currency.isbn .benkler yochai .wealth networks.new yale university press.isbn . |
Social media | oclc .fuchs christian .social media critical introduction.london sage.isbn .gentle anne .conversation community social web documentation nd ed.. laguna hills ca xml press. |
Social media | isbn .oclc .hayat tsahi samuelazran tal .second screeners second screeners echo chambers u.s. elections primaries.journal broadcasting electronic media.–. |
Social media | doi.... scid .johnson steven berlin .everything bad good you.new york riverhead books.isbn .oclc .jue arthur l. jackie alcalde marr mary ellen kassotakis . |
Social media | social media work networking tools propel organizational performance st ed.. san francisco ca josseybass.isbn .lardi kamales fuchs rainer .social media strategy – stepbystep guide building social business st ed.. zurich vdf.isbn .li charlene bernoff josh .groundswell winning world transformed social technologies. |
Social media | boston harvard business press.isbn .oclc .mchale robert garulay eric .navigating social media legal risks safeguarding business.que. |
Social media | isbn .piskorski mikołaj jan .social strategy profit social media.princeton nj princeton university press.isbn .powell guy r. groves steven w. dimos jerry .roi social media improve return social marketing investment. |
Social media | new york john wiley sons.isbn .oclc .rheingold howard .smart mobs next social revolution st printing ed.. cambridge perseus pub.p. . |
Social media | isbn .scoble robert israel shel .naked conversations blogs changing way businesses talk customers.hoboken nj john wiley.isbn .oclc .shirky clay . |
Social media | comes everybody.new york penguin press.isbn .oclc .siegel alyssa september .social media affects relationships. |
Social media | psychology tomorrow.surowiecki james .wisdom crowds.new york anchor books.isbn .oclc .tapscott williams anthony d. . |
Social media | wikinomics.new york portfolio.isbn .oclc .watts duncan j. .six degrees science connected age. |
Social media | london vintage.p. .isbn .tedesco laura anne october .lascaux ca.b.c.. heilbrunn timeline art history. |
Social media | new york metropolitan museum art.agozzino alisa .building personal relationship social media study millenial students brand engagement.ohio communication journal.–.schoen harald gayoavello daniel takis metaxas panagiotis mustafaraj eni strohmaier markus gloor peter .power prediction social media. |
Social media | internet research.–.citeseerx ..... doi.intr.mateus samuel .social networks scopophilic dimension – social belonging spectatorship.observatorio obs journal special issue.jordan kasteler . |
Social media | use seo data social media strategy.schrape jf .reciprocal irritations social media mass media public sphere.society regulation governance.new modes shaping social change.pp. |
Social media | –.doi... isbn .okeeffe g.s.clarkepearson k. .impact social media children adolescents families.pediatrics. |
Social media | –.doi.peds.. pmid .blankenship .social media impact higher education.education digest.. |
Social media | proquest .alrahmi waleed mugahed othman mohd shahizan .impact social media use academic performance among university students pilot study.journal information systems research innovation –.beshears michael l. .effectiveness police social media use.american journal criminal justice. |
Oath | –.doi.s.scid .external links media related social media wikimedia commonscommon legal substitute conscientiously object making sacred oaths give affirmation instead.nowadays even notion sanctity involved certain promises said loud ceremonial juridical purpose referred oaths.swear verb used describe taking oath making solemn vow.etymology word come anglosaxon āð judicial swearing solemn appeal deity witness truth promise protogermanic aiþaz source also old norse eiðr swedish ed old saxon old frisian eth middle dutch eet dutch eed german eid gothic aiþs oath pie oito oath source also old irish oeth oath.common celtic germanic possibly loanword one history obscure may ultimately nonindoeuropean reference careless invocations divinity late th century. |
Oath | divine oath oaths usually referred deity significant cultural sphere question.reciters personal views upon divinity aspects considered sacred predictated text oath may may taken account.might alternative personal proclamations mention sacred dogma question affirmations made.might mean impasse unwillingness edify dogma see untrue decline refer sacred matters subject hand.the essence divine oath invocation divine agency guarantor oath takers honesty integrity matter question.implication invokes divine displeasure oath taker fails sworn duties. |
Oath | therefore implies greater care usual act performance ones duty testimony facts matter court law.a person taking oath indicates number ways.usual explicit swear statement promise includes witness help something someone oathtaker holds sacred oath.many people take oath holding hand placing head book scripture sacred object thus indicating sacred witness action oath called corporal.however chief purpose act ceremony solemnity act make oath.historical development legal concept making vows taking oaths became symbolic concept law practice developed time different cultures. |
Oath | jewish tradition concept oaths deeply rooted within judaism.found genesis god swears never curse ground man never smite every living thing.repetition term never explained rashi preeminent biblical commentator serving oath citing talmud shavous ruling.the first personage biblical tradition take oath held eliezer chief servant abraham latter requested former take wife son isaac daughters canaan rather among abrahams family.the foundational text oath making numbers man voweth vow unto lord sweareth oath bind soul bond shall break word shall according proceedeth mouth.according rabbis neder usually translated vow refers object shâmar usually translated oath person.passage distinguishes neder shvua important distinction two halakha neder changes status external thing shvua initiates internal change one swears oath. |
Oath | roman tradition roman tradition oaths sworn upon iuppiter lapis jupiter stone located temple jupiter capitoline hill.iuppiter lapis held roman tradition oath stone aspect jupiter role divine lawmaker responsible order used principally investiture oathtaking office.according cyril bailey religion ancient rome instance sacred stone silex preserved temple iuppiter capitol brought play prominent part ceremony treatymaking.fetial occasion represented roman people solemn moment oathtaking struck sacrificial pig silex saying thou diespiter strike roman people strike pig today strike thou art greater stronger.doubt underlying notion merely symbolical origin stone god idea later religion expressed culttitle specially used connection iuppiter lapis.the punisher broken oaths infernal deity orcus.hindu tradition hindu epics like ramayana mahabharata oaths called pratigya taken seriously. |
Oath | mentioned people would give lives break vow.due king dasharatha took oath queen kaikeyi maid mantharas insistence thus exile favorite son lord rama along wife devi sita brother lakshmana fourteen years forest.in mahabharata devrata took oath celibacy satyavatis father would marry devratas father king shantanu.also took oath rule kingdom remain loyal king would descendant satyavati.thus devarata got name bhishma means someone taken terrible oath.many others also took oaths fulfilled. |
Oath | greek tradition walter burkert shown since lycurgus athens d. bce held oath holds democracy together religion morality political organization linked oath oath prerequisite altar become basis civil criminal well international law.in traditional greek folk songs dead brothers song significance oath highlighted.power oath transcends death deceased brother arises grave fulfill oath mother.christian tradition various religious groups objected taking oaths notably religious society friends quakers anabaptist groups like mennonites amish hutterites schwarzenau brethren.principally based matthew – antithesis law.christ reported said say swear all. |
Oath | james stated james brothers swear—not heaven earth anything else.let yes yes condemned.beyond scriptural authority quakers place importance truthful times testimony opposing oaths springs view taking legal oaths implies double standard truthfulness suggesting truthfulness legal contexts somehow important truthfulness nonlegal contexts truthfulness contexts therefore somehow less important.not christians interpret reading forbidding types oaths however.opposition oathtaking among groups christian caused many problems groups throughout history.quakers frequently imprisoned refusal swear loyalty oaths. |
Oath | testifying court also difficult george fox quakers founder famously challenged judge asked swear saying would judge could point bible passage jesus apostles took oaths — judge could allow fox escape punishment.legal reforms th century onwards mean everyone united kingdom right make solemn affirmation instead oath.united states permitted affirmations since founded explicitly mentioned constitution.president franklin pierce chosen affirm rather swear inauguration.as late charles bradlaugh denied seat mp parliament united kingdom professed atheism judged unable swear oath allegiance spite proposal swear oath matter form.islamic tradition islam takes fulfillment oaths extremely seriously. |
Oath | using anything god sacrality oath type shirk.god hold responsible mere utterance oaths holds responsible actual intentions.violate oath shall atone feeding ten poor people food offer family clothing freeing slave.cannot afford shall fast three days.atonement violating oaths swore keep.shall fulfill oaths. |
Oath | god thus explains revelations may appreciative.germanic tradition germanic warrior culture significantly based oaths fealty.a prose passage inserted eddic poem helgakviða hjörvarðssonar relates hedin coming home alone forest one yuleeve found trollwoman rode wolf snakes place bridle.asked hedin company.nay said he.said thou shalt pay bragarfull. |
Oath | evening great vows taken sacred boar brought men laid hands thereon took vows bragarfull.hedin vowed would sváva eylimis daughter beloved brother helgi great grief seized went forth wild paths southward land found helgi brother.such norse traditions directly parallel bird oaths late medieval france voeux du faisan oath pheasant fictional voeux du paon oath peacock.huizinga autumn middle ages ch.michel margue vogelgelübde hof des fürsten.ritterliches integrationsritual zwischen traditions und gegenwartsbezug . |
Oath | – .jahrhundert modern law modern law oaths made witness court law giving testimony usually newly appointed government officer people state taking office.however cases affirmation usually replaced written statement author swears statement true.statement called affidavit.oath given support affidavit frequently administered notary certify giving oath affixing seal document. |
Oath | willfully delivering false oath affirmation crime perjury.places confusion oath statements promises.example current olympic oath really pledge properly oath since promise appeal sacred witness.oaths may also confused vows vows really special kind oath.hand gestures instead addition holding ones hand upon object ceremonial importance customary person swearing oath hold raised hand specific gesture. |
Oath | often right hand raised.custom explained reference medieval practices branding palms.schwurhand serbian custom international customs scout sign made giving scout promise.scouting boys movements founder robert badenpowell instructed taking oath scout stand holding right hand raised level shoulder palm front thumb resting nail digitus minimus little finger three fingers upright pointing upwards.types oaths hippocratic oath oath historically taken physicians healthcare professionals swearing practice medicine honestly.oath allegiance oath whereby subject citizen acknowledges duty allegiance swears loyalty monarch country.oath citizenship oath taken immigrants officially naturalizes immigrants citizens.oath office oath affirmation person takes undertaking duties office.paupers oath sworn statement oath person completely without money property.veterinarians oath oath taken veterinarians practitioners veterinary medicine manner similar hippocratic oath. |
Oath | famous oaths antimodernist oathbhishmahittite military oathironclad oathlwów oathoaths freemasonryoath judaico jewishoaths strasbourgomertàscout oathtennis court oath fictional oaths oath eorloath fëanoroath peach gardenoath skull phantom see also aclu n.c. syidah matteen v. state north carolina court case state united states taking oaths different scriptures.results reversed several times.australasian police multicultural advisory bureau several publications australia dealing multifaith issues practical reference religious diversity operational police emergency services covers oaths well many topics review nd edition available.confirmationephebic oathperformativityso help godstatutory declarationsworn declarationvow notes references bailey cyril .religion ancient rome.london uk archibald constable co. ltd. source project gutenberg.accessed march external links oaths qurancourtroom oaths north dakota supreme court website jury oath witness oath onnorth carolina faith leaders supporting quran oathcomments john quincy adams oath officethe oath bbc radio discussion alan sommerstein paul cartledge mary beard time jan. |
Malicious Software Removal Tool | first released january ondemand antivirus tool ondemand means lacks realtime protection scans computer specific widespread malware tries eliminate infection.automatically distributed microsoft windows computers via windows update service also separately downloaded microsoft download center.reporting tool records results log file located windirdebugmrt.log.run manually times users start mrt.exe using windows command prompt run command start menu.examplewindowsrwindirsystemmrt.exe↵ enterthe tool configured report anonymized data detected infections microsoft. |
Malicious Software Removal Tool | reporting behavior disclosed tools eula disabled desired.results june microsoft report company claimed tool removed million instances malicious software .million million total unique windows computers since release january .report also stated average tool removes malicious software every computers runs.may microsoft claimed software removed password stealer threats machines.in august malicious software removal tool deleted old vulnerable versions tor client end spread sefnit botnet mined bitcoins without host owners approval later engaged click fraud. |
Malicious Software Removal Tool | approximately two million hosts cleaned october although slightly less half estimated infections rest suspected machines presumably automatic windows updates enabled manually run.compatibility updates microsoft releases updated tool every second tuesday every month commonly called patch tuesday windows update point runs automatically background reports malicious software found.tool also available standalone download.since support windows ended july microsoft stopped distributing tool windows users via windows update.last version tool could run windows .released may . |
Malicious Software Removal Tool | starting version .released june support windows dropped altogether.although windows xp support ended april updates windows xp version malicious software removal tool would provided august version .. latest version msrt windows vista .released april .despite microsoft ending general support windows operating system updates still provided windows users via standard windows update delivery mechanism.references reading external links official website |
Deterrence theory | topic gained increased prominence military strategy cold war regard use nuclear weapons related distinct concept mutual assured destruction models preventative nature fullscale nuclear attack would devastate parties nuclear war.central problem deterrence revolves around credibly threaten military action nuclear punishment adversary despite costs deterrer.deterrence widely defined use threats implicit explicit limited force intended dissuade actor taking action i.e.maintain status quo.deterrence unlike compellence attempt get actor state take action i.e.alter status quo. |
Deterrence theory | forms coercion.compellence characterized harder successfully implement deterrence.deterrence also tends distinguished defense use full force wartime.deterrence likely successful prospective attacker believes probability success low costs attack high.central problem deterrence credibly communicate threats.deterrence necessarily require military superiority.general deterrence considered successful actor might otherwise take action refrains due consequences deterrer perceived likely take. |
Deterrence theory | immediate deterrence considered successful actor seriously contemplating immediate military force action refrains so.scholars distinguish extended deterrence protection allies direct deterrence protection oneself.rational deterrence theory holds attacker deterred believe thatprobability deterrer carrying deterrent threat x costs threat carried probability attacker accomplishing action x benefits actionthis model frequently simplified ascosts x pcosts benefits x pbenefits history innovative work deterrence theory occurred late mids.historically scholarship deterrence tended focus nuclear deterrence.since end cold war extension deterrence scholarship areas specifically nuclear weapons.a distinction sometimes made nuclear deterrence conventional deterrence.the two prominent deterrent strategies denial denying attack benefits attack punishment inflicting costs attacker. |
Deterrence theory | concept use military threats means deter international crises war central topic international security research least years.the concept deterrence defined use threats limited force one party convince another party refrain initiating course action.arms influence schelling offers broader definition deterrence defines prevent action fear consequences.glenn snyder also offers broad definition deterrence argues deterrence involves threat sanction promise reward.a threat serves deterrent extent convinces target carry intended action costs losses target would incur.international security policy deterrence generally refers threats military retaliation directed leaders one state leaders another attempt prevent state resorting use military force pursuit foreign policy goals.as outlined huth policy deterrence fit two broad categories preventing armed attack states territory known direct deterrence preventing armed attack another state known extended deterrence.situations direct deterrence often occur territorial dispute neighboring states major powers like united states directly intervene. |
Deterrence theory | hand situations extended deterrence often occur great power becomes involved.latter case generated interest academic literature.building two broad categories huth goes outline deterrence policies may implemented response pressing shortterm threat known immediate deterrence strategy prevent military conflict shortterm threat arising known general deterrence.a successful deterrence policy must considered military terms also political terms international relations foreign policy diplomacy.military terms deterrence success refers preventing state leaders issuing military threats actions escalate peacetime diplomatic military cooperation crisis militarized confrontation threatens armed conflict possibly war.prevention crises wars however aim deterrence. |
Deterrence theory | addition defending states must able resist political military demands potential attacking nation.armed conflict avoided price diplomatic concessions maximum demands potential attacking nation threat war cannot claimed deterrence succeeded.furthermore jentleson et al.argue two key sets factors successful deterrence important defending state strategy balances credible coercion deft diplomacy consistent three criteria proportionality reciprocity coercive credibility minimizes international domestic constraints extent attacking states vulnerability shaped domestic political economic conditions.broad terms state wishing implement strategy deterrence likely succeed costs noncompliance impose benefits compliance offer another state greater benefits noncompliance costs compliance.deterrence theory holds nuclear weapons intended deter states attacking nuclear weapons promise retaliation possibly mutually assured destruction.nuclear deterrence also applied attack conventional forces. |
Deterrence theory | example doctrine massive retaliation threatened launch us nuclear weapons response soviet attacks.a successful nuclear deterrent requires country preserve ability retaliate responding weapons destroyed ensuring secondstrike capability.nuclear deterrent sometimes composed nuclear triad case nuclear weapons owned united states russia china india.countries united kingdom france seabased airbased nuclear weapons.proportionality jentleson et al.provides detail relation factors. |
Deterrence theory | proportionality refers relationship defending states scope nature objectives pursued instruments available use pursue them.defending state demands another state higher states costs compliance greater need defending states strategy increase costs noncompliance benefits compliance.challenge deterrence definition strategy limited means.george goes explain deterrence sometimes goes beyond threats actual use military force force actually used must limited fall short fullscale use succeed.the main source disproportionality objective goes beyond policy change regime change seen libya iraq north korea.defending states sought change leadership state policy changes relating primarily nuclear weapons programs. |
Deterrence theory | reciprocity secondly jentleson et al.outlines reciprocity involves explicit understanding linkage defending states carrots attacking states concessions.balance lies offering little late much return offering much soon little return.coercive credibility finally coercive credibility requires addition calculations costs benefits cooperation defending state convincingly conveys attacking state failure cooperate consequences.threats uses force coercive instruments economic sanctions must sufficiently credible raise attacking states perceived costs noncompliance. |
Deterrence theory | defending state superior military capability economic strength enough ensure credibility.indeed three elements balanced deterrence strategy likely achieved major international actors like un nato supportive opposition within defending states domestic politics limited.the important considerations outlined jentleson et al.must taken consideration domestic political economic conditions attacking state affecting vulnerability deterrence policies attacking states ability compensate unfavourable power balances.first factor whether internal political support regime security better served defiance domestic political gains made improving relations defending state.second factor economic calculation costs military force sanctions coercive instruments impose benefits trade economic incentives may carry. |
Deterrence theory | partly function strength flexibility attacking states domestic economy capacity absorb counter costs imposed.third factor role elites key domestic political figures within attacking state.extent actors interests threatened defending states demands act prevent block defending states demands.rational deterrence theory one approach theorizing deterrence entailed use rational choice gametheoretic models decision making see game theory.rational deterrence theory entailsrationality actors rationalunitary actor assumption actors understood unitarydyads interactions tend dyads triads statesstrategic interactions actors consider choices actorscostbenefit calculations outcomes reflect actors costbenefit calculationsdeterrence theorists consistently argued deterrence success likely defending states deterrent threat credible attacking state. |
Deterrence theory | huth outlines threat considered credible defending state possesses military capabilities inflict substantial costs attacking state armed conflict attacking state believes defending state resolved use available military forces.huth goes explain four key factors consideration rational deterrence theory military balance signaling bargaining power reputations resolve interests stake.the american economist thomas schelling brought background game theory subject studying international deterrence.schellings classic work deterrence presents concept military strategy longer defined science military victory.instead argued military strategy equally art coercion intimidation deterrence.schelling says capacity harm another state used motivating factor states avoid influence another states behavior. |
Deterrence theory | coercive deter another state violence must anticipated avoidable accommodation.therefore summarized use power hurt bargaining power foundation deterrence theory successful held reserve.in article celebrating schellings nobel memorial prize economics michael kinsley washington post op‑ed columnist one schellings former students anecdotally summarizes schellings reorientation game theory thus youre standing edge cliff chained ankle someone else.youll released one get large prize soon gives in.persuade guy give method disposal—threatening push cliff—would doom answer start dancing closer closer edge.way dont convince would something totally irrational plunge cliff. |
Deterrence theory | convince prepared take higher risk accidentally falling cliff.win.military balance deterrence often directed state leaders specific territorial goals seek attain either seizing disputed territory limited military attack occupying disputed territory decisive defeat adversarys armed forces.either case strategic orientation potential attacking states generally short term driven concerns military cost effectiveness.successful deterrence defending states need military capacity respond quickly strongly range contingencies. |
Deterrence theory | deterrence often fails either defending state attacking state underestimates overestimates others ability undertake particular course action.signaling bargaining power central problem state seeks communicate credible deterrent threat diplomatic military actions defending states incentive act determined resist attack hope attacking state back away military conflict seemingly resolved adversary.defending states incentives potential attacking states may discount statements made defending states along movement military forces merely bluffs.regard rational deterrence theorists argued costly signals required communicate credibility defending states resolve.actions statements clearly increase risk military conflict also increase costs backing deterrent threat. |
Deterrence theory | states bluff unwilling cross certain threshold threat military action fear committing armed conflict.reputations resolve three different arguments developed relation role reputations influencing deterrence outcomes.first argument focuses defending states past behavior international disputes crises creates strong beliefs potential attacking state defending states expected behaviour future conflicts.credibilities defending states policies arguably linked time reputations resolve powerful causal impact attacking states decision whether challenge either general immediate deterrence.second approach argues reputations limited impact deterrence outcomes credibility deterrence heavily determined specific configuration military capabilities interests stake political constraints faced defending state given situation attempted deterrence. |
Deterrence theory | argument school thought potential attacking states likely draw strong inferences defending states resolve prior conflicts potential attacking states believe defending states past behaviour reliable predictor future behavior.third approach middle ground first two approaches argues potential attacking states likely draw reputational inferences resolve past behaviour defending states certain conditions.insight expectation decisionmakers use certain types information drawing inferences reputations attacking state updates revises beliefs defending states unanticipated behavior cannot explained casespecific variables.an example shows problem extends perception third parties well main adversaries underlies way attempts deterrence fail even backfire assumptions others perceptions incorrect.interests stake although costly signaling bargaining power well established arguments rational deterrence theory interests defending states well known.attacking states may look beyond shortterm bargaining tactics defending state seek determine interests stake defending state would justify risks military conflict. |
Deterrence theory | argument defending states greater interests stake dispute resolved use force willing endure military losses secure interests.even less wellestablished arguments specific interests salient state leaders military interests economic interests.furthermore huth argues supporters critics rational deterrence theory agree unfavorable assessment domestic international status quo state leaders undermine severely test success deterrence.rational choice approach expected utility using force reduced declining status quo position deterrence failure likely since alternative option using force becomes relatively attractive.tripwires international relations scholars dan reiter paul poast argued socalled tripwires deter aggression.tripwires entail small forces deployed abroad assumption attack trigger greater deployment forces. |
Deterrence theory | dan altman argued tripwires work deter aggression citing western deployment forces berlin – deter soviet aggression successful example.a study brian blankenship erik lingreenberg found highresolve lowcapability signals tripwires viewed reassuring allies lowresolve highcapability alternatives forces stationed offshore.study cast doubt reassuring value tripwires.nuclear deterrence theory schelling prescriptive outlining impact development nuclear weapons analysis military power deterrence.analysis widespread use assured second strike capability immediate reprisal form ssbn submarines schelling argues nuclear weapons give nations potential destroy enemies also rest humanity without drawing immediate reprisal lack conceivable defense system speed nuclear weapons deployed.nations credible threat severe damage empowers deterrence policies fuels political coercion military deadlock produce proxy warfare.according kenneth waltz three requirements successful nuclear deterrencepart states nuclear arsenal must appear able survive attack adversary used retaliatory second strikethe state must respond false alarms strike adversarythe state must maintain command controlthe stability–instability paradox key concept rational deterrence theory. |
Deterrence theory | states two countries nuclear weapons probability direct war greatly decreases probability minor indirect conflicts increases.occurs rational actors want avoid nuclear wars thus neither start major conflicts allow minor conflicts escalate major conflicts—thus making safe engage minor conflicts.instance cold war united states soviet union never engaged warfare fought proxy wars korea vietnam angola middle east nicaragua afghanistan spent substantial amounts money manpower gaining relative influence third world.bernard brodie wrote credible nuclear deterrent must always ready never used.stages us policy deterrence us policy deterrence cold war underwent significant variations.containment early stages cold war generally characterized containment communism aggressive stance behalf us especially developing nations sphere influence. |
Deterrence theory | period characterized numerous proxy wars throughout globe particularly africa asia central america south america.one notable conflict korean war.george f. kennan taken founder policy long telegram asserted never advocated military intervention merely economic support ideas misinterpreted espoused general public.détente drawdown vietnam normalization us relations china sinosoviet split policy containment abandoned new policy détente established peaceful coexistence sought united states soviet union.although factors contributed shift important factor probably rough parity achieved stockpiling nuclear weapons clear capability mutual assured destruction mad. |
Deterrence theory | therefore period détente characterized general reduction tension soviet union united states thawing cold war lasted late start s. doctrine mutual nuclear deterrence characterized relations united states soviet union relations russia onset new cold war early s. since relations less clear.reagan era third shift occurred us president ronald reagans arms buildup s. reagan attempted justify policy concerns growing soviet influence latin america regime iran established iranian revolution .similar old policy containment us funded several proxy wars including support saddam hussein iraq iran–iraq war support mujahideen afghanistan fighting independence soviet union several anticommunist movements latin america overthrow sandinista government nicaragua.funding contras nicaragua led irancontra affair overt support led ruling international court justice united states nicaragua v. united states.while army dealing breakup soviet union spread nuclear technology nations beyond united states russia concept deterrence took broader multinational dimension.us policy deterrence cold war outlined document called essentials post–cold war deterrence. |
Deterrence theory | explains relations russia continue follow traditional characteristics mad us policy deterrence towards nations minor nuclear capabilities ensure threats immense retaliation even preemptive action threaten united states interests allies.document explains threats must also used ensure nations without nuclear technology refrain developing nuclear weapons universal ban precludes nation maintaining chemical biological weapons.current tensions iran north korea nuclear programs caused partly continuation policy deterrence.cyber deterrence since early increased focus cyber deterrence.cyber deterrence two meaningsthe use cyber actions deter statesthe deterrence adversarys cyber operationsscholars debated cyber capabilities alter traditional understandings deterrence given may harder attribute responsibility cyber attacks barriers entry may lower risks costs may lower actors conduct cyber attacks may harder signal interpret intentions advantage offense defense weak actors nonstate actors develop considerable cyber capabilities. |
Deterrence theory | scholars also debated feasibility launching highly damaging cyber attacks engaging destructive cyber warfare scholars expressing skepticism cyber capabilities enhanced ability states launch highly destructive attacks.prominent cyber attack date stuxnet attack irans nuclear program.publicly acknowledged case cyber attack causing power outage ukraine power grid hack.there various ways engage cyber deterrencedenial preventing adversaries achieving military objectives defending thempunishment imposition costs adversarynorms establishment maintenance norms establish appropriate standards behaviorescalation raising probability costs imposed adversaryentanglement interdependence interdependence actors deterrent effectthere risk unintended escalation cyberspace due difficulties discerning intent attackers complexities statehacker relationships.according political scientists joseph brown tanisha fazal states frequently neither confirm deny responsibility cyber operations avoid escalatory risks come public credit also signaling cyber capabilities resolve achieved intelligence agencies governments believe responsible.according lennart maschmeyer cyber weapons limited coercive effectiveness due trilemma whereby speed intensity control negatively correlated.constraints pose trilemma actors gain one variable tends produce losses across two variables. |
Deterrence theory | intrawar deterrence intrawar deterrence deterrence within war context.means war broken actors still seek deter certain forms behavior.words caitlin talmadge intrawar deterrence failures... thought causing wars get worse way.examples intrawar deterrence includes deterring adversaries resort nuclear chemical biological weapons attacks attacking civilian populations indiscriminately.broadly involve prevention escalation. |
Deterrence theory | criticism deterrence theory criticized numerous scholars various reasons.prominent strain criticism argues rational deterrence theory contradicted frequent deterrence failures may attributed misperceptions.scholars also argued leaders behave ways consistent predictions nuclear deterrence theory.it argued suicidal psychotic opponents may deterred either forms deterrence.also diplomatic misunderstandings andor opposing political ideologies may lead escalating mutual perceptions threat subsequent arms race elevates risk actual war scenario illustrated movies wargames dr. strangelove .arms race inefficient optimal output countries involved expend resources armaments would created others expended resources form positive feedback. |
Deterrence theory | besides escalation perceived threat make easier certain measures inflicted population government restrictions civil liberties creation military–industrial complex military expenditures resulting higher taxes increasing budget deficits.in recent years many mainstream politicians academic analysts retired military leaders also criticized deterrence advocated nuclear disarmament.sam nunn william perry henry kissinger george shultz called upon governments embrace vision world free nuclear weapons three wall street journal opeds proposed ambitious program urgent steps end.four created nuclear security project advance agenda.organisations global zero international nonpartisan group world leaders dedicated achieving nuclear disarmament also established.four featured documentary film entitled nuclear tipping point. |
Deterrence theory | film visual historical depiction ideas laid forth wall street journal opeds reinforces commitment world without nuclear weapons steps taken reach goal.kissinger puts new danger cannot addressed deterrence way classical notion deterrence consequences aggressors evildoers would recoil.world suicide bombers calculation doesnt operate comparable way.shultz said think people suicide attacks people like get nuclear weapon almost definition deterrable.as opposed extreme mutually assured destruction form deterrence concept minimum deterrence state possesses nuclear weapons necessary deter adversary attacking presently common form deterrence practiced nuclear weapon states china india pakistan britain france.pursuing minimal deterrence arms negotiations united states russia allows state make nuclear stockpile reductions without state becoming vulnerable noted comes point reductions may undesirable minimal deterrence reached reductions beyond point increase states vulnerability provide incentive adversary expand nuclear arsenal secretly.senior european statesmen women called action addressing problems nuclear weapons proliferation nuclear deterrence far less persuasive strategic response world potential regional nuclear arms races nuclear terrorism cold war.paul virilio criticized nuclear deterrence anachronistic age information warfare since disinformation kompromat current threats suggestible populations.calls wound inflicted unsuspecting populations integral accidentthe first deterrence nuclear deterrence presently superseded second deterrence type deterrence based call information bomb associated new weaponry information communications technologies. |
Deterrence theory | thus near future stress important point longer war continuation politics means dubbed integral accident continuation politics means.a former deputy defense secretary strategic arms treaty negotiator paul nitze stated washington post oped nuclear weapons obsolete new world disorder dissolution soviet union advocated reliance precision guided munitions secure permanent military advantage future adversaries.in frank c. zagare made case deterrence theory logically inconsistent empirically accurate deficient theory.place classical deterrence rational choice scholars argued perfect deterrence assumes states may vary internal characteristics especially credibility threats retaliation.in january article wall street journal veteran cold war policy makers henry kissinger bill perry george shultz sam nunn reversed previous position asserted far making world safer nuclear weapons become source extreme risk.rationale conclusion based old world nuclear players instability many states technologies lack wherewithal proper maintenance upgrading existing weaponsthe risk accidents misjudgments unauthorised launches argued growing acute world rivalries relatively new nuclear states lacked security safeguards developed many years america soviet union.emergence pariah states north korea possibly soon joined iran armed nuclear weapons adding fear declared ambition terrorists steal buy build nuclear device.according economist senior european statesmen women called action addressing problems nuclear weapons proliferation nuclear deterrence far less persuasive strategic response world potential regional nuclear arms races nuclear terrorism cold war.research focused predominantly theory rational deterrence analyze conditions conventional deterrence likely succeed fail.alternative theories however challenged rational deterrence theory focused organizational theory cognitive psychology. |
Deterrence theory | see also notes references u.s. department defenses deterrence operations joint operating concept.archived original word .retrieved .reading schultz george p. goodby james e. war must never fought hoover press isbn .freedman lawrence.. |
Deterrence theory | deterrence.new york polity press.jervis robert richard n. lebow janice g. stein..psychology deterrence.baltimore johns hopkins university press. |
Deterrence theory | pp.morgan patrick..deterrence now.new york cambridge university press.t.v.paul patrick m. morgan james j. wirtz complex deterrence strategy global age university chicago press isbn .garcia covarrubias jaime. |
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