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Elm | caused phytoplasmas infect phloem inner bark tree.infection death phloem effectively girdles tree stops flow water nutrients.disease affects wildgrowing cultivated trees.occasionally cutting infected tree disease completely establishes cleanup prompt disposal infected matter resulted plants survival via stumpsprouts.insects serious elm pests elm leaf beetle xanthogaleruca luteola decimate foliage although rarely fatal results.beetle accidentally introduced north america europe. |
Elm | another unwelcome immigrant north america japanese beetle popillia japonica.instances beetles cause far damage north america owing absence predators present native lands.australia introduced elm trees sometimes used foodplants larvae hepialid moths genus aenetus.burrow horizontally trunk vertically down.birds sapsucker woodpeckers great love young elm trees. |
Elm | development trees resistant dutch elm disease efforts develop dedresistant cultivars began netherlands continued uninterrupted world war ii .similar programmes initiated north america italy spain .research followed two paths species species cultivars north america careful selection produced number trees resistant ded also droughts cold winters occur within continent.research united states concentrated american elm ulmus americana resulting release dedresistant clones notably cultivars valley forge jefferson.much work also done selection diseaseresistant asiatic species cultivars.in mariam b. sticklen james l. sherald reported results experiments funded united states national park service conducted michigan state university east lansing designed apply genetic engineering techniques development dedresistant strains american elm trees. |
Elm | ae newhouse f schrodt state university new york college environmental science forestry syracuse reported young transgenic american elm trees shown reduced ded symptoms normal mycorrhizal colonization.in europe european white elm ulmus laevis received much attention.elm little innate resistance dutch elm disease favoured vector bark beetles thus becomes colonized infected choices rare situation western europe.research spain suggested may presence triterpene alnulin makes tree bark unattractive beetle species spread disease.however possibility conclusively proven.recently field elms ulmus minor highly resistant ded discovered spain form basis major breeding programme. |
Elm | hybrid cultivars owing innate resistance dutch elm disease asiatic species crossed european species asiatic elms produce trees highly resistant disease tolerant native climates.number false dawns approach produced range reliable hybrid cultivars commercially available north america europe.disease resistance invariably carried female parent.however cultivars notably siberian elm ulmus pumila ancestry lack forms iconic american elm english elm prized.moreover several exported northwestern europe proven unsuited maritime climate conditions notably intolerance anoxic conditions resulting ponding poorly drained soils winter.dutch hybridizations invariably included himalayan elm ulmus wallichiana source antifungal genes proven tolerant wet ground also ultimately reach greater size. |
Elm | however susceptibility cultivar lobel used control italian trials elm yellows raised question mark dutch clones.a number highly resistant ulmus cultivars released since institute plant protection florence commonly featuring crosses dutch cultivar plantijn siberian elm produce resistant trees better adapted mediterranean climate.cautions regarding novel cultivars elms take many decades grow maturity introduction diseaseresistant cultivars relatively recent longterm performance ultimate size form cannot predicted certainty.national elm trial north america begun nationwide trial assess strengths weaknesses leading cultivars raised us tenyear period european cultivars excluded.meanwhile europe american european cultivars assessed field trials started uk charity butterfly conservation.uses landscaping one earliest ornamental elms ballheaded graft narvan elm ulmus minor umbraculifera cultivated time immemorial persia shade tree widely planted cities much southwest central asia. |
Elm | th century early th century elms whether species hybrids cultivars among widely planted ornamental trees europe north america.particularly popular street tree avenue plantings towns cities creating hightunnelled effects.quick growth variety foliage forms tolerance airpollution comparatively rapid decomposition leaflitter fall advantages.in north america species commonly planted american elm ulmus americana unique properties made ideal use rapid growth adaptation broad range climates soils strong wood resistance wind damage vaselike growth habit requiring minimal pruning.europe wych elm ulmus glabra field elm ulmus minor widely planted countryside former northern areas including scandinavia northern britain latter south.hybrid two dutch elm u. |
Elm | × hollandica occurs naturally also commonly planted.much england english elm later came dominate horticultural landscape.commonly planted hedgerows sometimes occurred densities per square kilometre.southeastern australia new zealand large numbers english dutch elms well species cultivars planted ornamentals following introduction th century northern japan japanese elm ulmus davidiana var.japonica widely planted street tree. |
Elm | prized small ornamental elm parks gardens camperdown elm ulmus glabra camperdownii contorted weeping cultivar wych elm grafted nonweeping elm trunk give wide spreading weeping fountain shape large garden spaces.in northern europe elms moreover among trees tolerant saline deposits sea spray cause saltburning dieback.tolerance made elms reliable shelterbelt trees exposed sea wind particular along coastlines southern western britain low countries trees coastal towns cities.this belle époque lasted first world war consequence hostilities notably germany whence least cultivars originated outbreak time early strain dutch elm disease ophiostoma ulmi elm began slide horticultural decline.devastation caused second world war demise huge späth nursery berlin accelerated process.outbreak new three times virulent strain dutch elm disease ophiostoma novoulmi late brought tree nadir.since circa elm enjoyed renaissance successful development north america europe cultivars highly resistant ded.consequently total number named cultivars ancient modern exceeds although many older clones possibly lost cultivation. |
Elm | latter however todays standards inadequately described illustrated pandemic possible number survive regenerated unrecognised.enthusiasm newer clones often remains low owing poor performance earlier supposedly diseaseresistant dutch trees released s. netherlands sales elm cultivars slumped whilst uk four new american european releases commercially available .landscaped parks central park new york citys central park home approximately american elm trees constitute half trees park.oldest elms planted frederick law olmsted making among oldest stands american elms world.trees particularly noteworthy along mall literary walk four lines american elms stretch walkway forming cathedrallike covering. |
Elm | part new york citys urban ecology elms improve air water quality reduce erosion flooding decrease air temperatures warm days.while stand still vulnerable ded central park conservancy undertook aggressive countermeasures heavy pruning removal extensively diseased trees.efforts largely successful saving majority trees although several still lost year.younger american elms planted central park since outbreak dedresistant princeton valley forge cultivars.national mall several rows american elm trees national park service nps first planted line much .miles . |
Elm | km length national mall washington d.c. ded first appeared trees reached peak s. nps used number methods control epidemic including sanitation pruning injecting trees fungicide replanting dedresistant cultivars.nps combated diseases local insect vector smaller european elm bark beetle scolytus multistriatus trapping spraying insecticides.result population american elms planted mall surrounding areas remained intact years.uses wood elm wood valued interlocking grain consequent resistance splitting significant uses wagon wheel hubs chair seats coffins.bodies japanese taiko drums often cut wood old elm trees woods resistance splitting highly desired nailing skins set three often cut tree. |
Elm | elms wood bends well distorts easily making quite pliant.often long straight trunks favoured source timber keels ship construction.elm also prized bowyers ancient bows found europe large portion elm.middle ages elm also used make longbows yew unavailable.the first written references elm occur linear b lists military equipment knossos mycenaean period.several chariots elm πτερεϝα pterewa lists twice mention wheels elmwood. |
Elm | hesiod says ploughs ancient greece also made partly elm.the density elm wood varies species averages around kg per cubic metre.elm wood also resistant decay permanently wet hollowed trunks widely used water pipes medieval period europe.elm also used piers construction original london bridge.however resistance decay water extend ground contact.viticulture romans recently italians used plant elms vineyards supports vines.lopped three metres elms quick growth twiggy lateral branches light shade rootsuckering made ideal trees purpose. |
Elm | lopped branches used fodder firewood.ovid amores characterizes elm loving vine ulmus amat vitem vitis non deserit ulmum elm loves vine vine desert elm ancients spoke marriage elm vine.medicinal products mucilaginous inner bark slippery elm ulmus rubra long used demulcent still produced commercially purpose united states approval sale nutritional supplement u.s. food drug administration.fodder elms also long history cultivation fodder leafy branches cut feed livestock.practice continues today himalaya contributes serious deforestation. |
Elm | biomass fossil fuel resources diminish increasing attention paid trees sources energy.italy istituto per la protezione delle piante process releasing commerce fastgrowing elm cultivars able increase height ft per annum.food elm bark cut strips boiled sustained much rural population norway great famine .seeds particularly nutritious containing crude protein less fibre dry mass.alternative medicine elm listed one substances used prepare bach flower remedies kind alternative medicine. |
Elm | bonsai chinese elm ulmus parvifolia popular choice bonsai owing tolerance severe pruning.genetic resource conservation european union elm project initiated aim coordinate conservation elm genetic resources member states among things assess resistance dutch elm disease.accordingly clones selected propagated testing.notable elm trees many elm ulmus trees various kinds attained great size otherwise become particularly noteworthy.art many artists admired elms ease grace branching foliage painted sensitivity. |
Elm | elms recurring element landscapes studies example john constable ferdinand georg waldmüller frederick childe hassam karel klinkenberg george inness.mythology literature greek mythology nymph ptelea πτελέα elm one eight hamadryads nymphs forest daughters oxylos hamadryas.hymn artemis poet callimachus rd century bc tells age three infant goddess artemis practised newly acquired silver bow arrows made hephaestus cyclopes shooting first elm oak turning aim wild animalπρῶτον ἐπὶ πτελέην τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ἧκας ἐπὶ δρῦν τὸ τρίτον αὖτ᾽ ἐπὶ θῆρα.the first reference literature elms occurs iliad.eetion father andromache killed achilles trojan war mountain nymphs plant elms tomb περί δὲ πτελέας ἐφύτευσαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες κoῦραι διὸς αἰγιόχoιo.also iliad river scamander indignant sight many corpses water overflows threatens drown achilles latter grasps branch great elm attempt save ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην.the nymphs also planted elms tomb thracian chersonese greathearted protesilaus μεγάθυμου πρωτεσιλάου first greek fall trojan war.elms grew tallest known world topmost branches saw far ruins troy immediately withered great still bitterness hero buried loved laodamia slain hector. |
Elm | story subject poem antiphilus byzantium st century ad palatine anthologyθεσσαλὲ πρωτεσίλαε σὲ μὲν πολὺς ᾄσεται αἰώνtρoίᾳ ὀφειλoμένoυ πτώματος ἀρξάμενoν•σᾶμα δὲ τοι πτελέῃσι συνηρεφὲς ἀμφικoμεῦσηnύμφαι ἀπεχθoμένης ἰλίoυ ἀντιπέρας.δένδρα δὲ δυσμήνιτα καὶ ἤν ποτε τεῖχoς ἴδωσιtρώϊον αὐαλέην φυλλοχoεῦντι κόμην.ὅσσoς ἐν ἡρώεσσι τότ᾽ ἦν χόλoς oὗ μέρoς ἀκμὴνἐχθρὸν ἐν ἀψύχoις σώζεται ἀκρέμoσιν.thessalian protesilaos long age shall sing praisesof destined dead troy firstyour tomb thickfoliaged elms coveredthe nymphs across water hated ilion.trees full anger whenever wall seeof troy leaves upper crown wither fall.so great heroes bitterness stillremembers hostile soulless upper branches.protesilaus king pteleos πτελεός thessaly took name abundant elms πτελέoι region.elms occur often pastoral poetry symbolise idyllic life shade mentioned place special coolness peace.first idyll theocritus rd century bc example goatherd invites shepherd sit beneath elm δεῦρ ὑπὸ τὰν πτελέαν sing.beside elms theocritus places sacred water το ἱερὸν ὕδωρ springs nymphs shrines nymphs.aside references literal metaphorical elm vine theme tree occurs latin literature elm dreams aeneid.sibyl cumae leads aeneas underworld one sights stygian elmin medio ramos annosaque bracchia panditulmus opaca ingens quam sedem somnia vulgouana tenere ferunt foliisque sub omnibus haerent.spreads midst boughs agéd armsan elm huge shadowy vain dreams tis saidare wont roost every leaf closeclinging.virgil refers roman superstition vulgo elms trees illomen fruit seemed value.noted two elmmotifs arisen classical literature paradisal elm motif arising pastoral idylls elmandvine theme elm death motif perhaps arising homers commemorative elms virgils stygian elm. |
Elm | many references elm european literature renaissance onwards fit one categories.there two examples pteleogenesis birth elms world myths.germanic scandinavian mythology first woman embla fashioned elmwhile japanese mythology kamuy fuchi chief goddess ainu people born elm impregnated possessor heavens.the elm occurs frequently english literature one best known instances shakespeares midsummer nights dream titania queen fairies addresses beloved nick bottom using elmsimile.often elmandvine motif elm masculine symbolsleep thou wind thee arms.... female ivy soenrings barky fingers elm.o love thee dote theeanother famous kisses english literature paul helen start forsters howards end stolen beneath great wych elm.the elm tree also referenced childrens literature.elm tree three sisters norma sommerdorf childrens book three young sisters plant small elm tree backyard.politics cutting elm diplomatic altercation kings france england elm tree near gisors normandy felled. |
Elm | politics elm associated revolutions.england glorious revolution final victory parliamentarians monarchists arrival holland william iii mary ii dutch elm hybrid planting cultivar became fashion among enthusiasts new political order.in american revolution liberty tree american white elm boston massachusetts front first resistance meetings held british attempts tax american colonists without democratic representation.british knowing tree symbol rebellion felled americans took widespread liberty elm planting sewed elm symbols revolutionary flags.elmplanting american presidents later became something tradition.in french revolution les arbres de la liberté liberty trees often elms planted symbols revolutionary hopes first vienne isère priest inspired boston elm.lorme de la madeleine elm la madeleine faycelles département de lot planted around surviving day case point. |
Elm | contrast famous parisian elm associated ancien régime lorme de saintgervais place stgervais felled revolutionaries church authorities planted new elm place early thcentury elm stands site today.premier lionel jospin obliged tradition plant tree garden hôtel matignon official residence workplace prime ministers france insisted planting elm socalled tree left choosing new diseaseresistant hybrid clone ulmus wanoux vada.french republican calendar use th day month ventôse march officially named jour de lorme day elm.liberty elms also planted countries europe celebrate revolutions example lolmo di montepaone lalbero della libertà elm montepaone liberty tree montepaone calabria planted commemorate founding democratic parthenopean republic surviving brought recent storm since cloned replanted.greek revolution – thousand young elms brought athens missolonghi sacred city struggle turks scene lord byrons death planted – national garden.ironic development feral elms spread invaded grounds abandoned greek royal summer palace tatoi attica.in chance event linking elms revolution morning execution january walking scaffold palace whitehall king charles turned guards pointed evident emotion elm near entrance spring gardens planted brother happier days. |
Elm | tree said still standing s. local history place names name london neighborhood seven sisters derived seven elms stood time rural area planted circle walnut tree centre traceable maps back .propagation elm propagation methods vary according elm type location plantsmans needs.native species may propagated seed.natural setting native species wych elm european white elm central northern europe field elm southern europe set viable seed ‘favourable seasons.optimal conditions occur late warm spring. |
Elm | pollination seeds springflowering elms ripen fall start summer june remain viable days.planted sandy pottingsoil depth one centimetre germinate three weeks.slowgerminating american elm remain dormant second season.seeds autumnflowering elms ripen fall germinate spring.since elms may hybridize within species seedpropagation entails hybridisation risk. |
Elm | unfavourable seasons elm seeds usually sterile.elms outside natural range ulmus procera england elms unable pollinate pollensources genetically identical sterile propagated vegetative reproduction.vegetative reproduction also used produce genetically identical elms clones.methods include winter transplanting rootsuckers taking hardwood cuttings vigorous oneyearold shoots late winter taking rootcuttings early spring taking softwood cuttings early summer grafting ground air layering micropropagation.bottom heat degrees humid conditions maintained hard softwood cuttings. |
Elm | transplanting rootsuckers remains easiest commonest propagationmethod european field elm hybrids.specimen urban elms grafting wychelm rootstock may used eliminate suckering ensure stronger rootgrowth.mutantelm cultivars usually grafted ‘weeping elms camperdown horizontalis – – ft dwarf cultivars nana jacqueline hillier ground level.since siberian elm droughttolerant dry countries new varieties elm often rootgrafted species.organisms associated elm see also elm conflictlist elm cultivars hybrids hybrid cultivarslist elm species varieties scientific namelist lepidoptera feed elmsfab tree hab references monographs richens r. h. . |
Elm | elm.cambridge university press.isbn .scientific historical cultural study thesis elmclassification followed systematic survey elms england region region.illustrated.heybroek h. m. goudzwaard l kaljee h. . |
Elm | iep olm karakterboom van de lage landen elm tree character low countries.knnv uitgeverij.isbn .history elm planting netherlands concluding – page illustrated review ded – resistant cultivars commerce .reading clouston b. stansfield k. eds. |
Elm | .elm.london heinemann.isbn .general introduction history dutch elm disease proposals relandscaping aftermath pandemic. |
Elm | illustrated.coleman m. ed..wych elm.edinburgh.isbn . |
Elm | study species particular reference wych elm scotland use craftsmen.dunn christopher p. .elms breeding conservation diseasemanagement.new york boston mass.kluwer academic.isbn .wilkinson g. . |
Elm | epitaph elm.london hutchinson.isbn .photographic pictorial celebration general introduction.external links elm trials. |
Elm | northern arizona university.tree family ulmaceae diagnostic photos elm species morton arboretumlate th early thcentury photos elm species elwes henrys trees great britain ireland v. pdf..elm photo gallery.eichhorn markus may .elm – tree death.test tube.brady haran university nottingham. |
Elm | texts wikisourceripley george dana charles a. eds..elm.american cyclopædia.elm.new international encyclopedia. |
Elm | .elm.encyclopædia britannica th ed.. .elm.encyclopedia americana..elm.colliers new encyclopedia. |
Snow leopard | .listed vulnerable iucn red list global population estimated number fewer mature individuals expected decline .threatened poaching habitat destruction following infrastructural developments.inhabits alpine subalpine zones elevations – – ft ranging eastern afghanistan himalayas tibetan plateau southern siberia mongolia western china.northern part range also lives lower elevations.taxonomically snow leopard long classified monotypic genus uncia.since phylogenetic studies revealed relationships among panthera species considered member genus. |
Snow leopard | two subspecies described based morphological differences genetic differences two confirmed.therefore regarded monotypic species.naming etymology latin name uncia english word ounce derived old french also used eurasian lynx lynx lynx.thought evolved earlier variant lynx false splitting lonce interpreted lonce l elided form french definite article la leaving perceived animals name.the word panther derives classical latin panthēra ancient greek πάνθηρ pánthēr used spotted cats.taxonomy evolution felis uncia scientific name used johann christian daniel von schreber described snow leopard based earlier description georgeslouis leclerc comte de buffon assuming cat occurred along barbary coast persia east india china. |
Snow leopard | genus name uncia proposed john edward gray asian cats long thick tail.felis irbis proposed christian gottfried ehrenberg skin female snow leopard collected altai mountains.also clarified several leopard p. pardus skins previously misidentified snow leopard skins.felis uncioides proposed thomas horsfield snow leopard skin nepal collection museum east india company.uncia uncia used reginald innes pocock reviewed skins skulls panthera species asia.also described morphological differences snow leopard leopard skins.panthera baikalensisromanii proposed russian scientist dark brown snow leopard skin petrovskzabaykalsky district southern transbaikal.the snow leopard long classified monotypic genus uncia.it subordinated genus panthera based results phylogenetic studies.until spring evidence available recognition subspecies.results phylogeographic analysis indicate three subspecies recognisedp.u. uncia range countries pamir mountainsp. |
Snow leopard | u. irbis mongolia andp.u. uncioides himalayas qinghai.this view contested supported different researchers.evolution based phylogenetic analysis dna sequence sampled across living felidae snow leopard forms sister group tiger p. tigris.genetic divergence time group estimated .. |
Snow leopard | million years ago.snow leopard tiger probably diverged ..million years ago.panthera originates likely northern central asia. |
Snow leopard | panthera blytheae excavated western tibets ngari prefecture oldest known panthera species exhibits skull characteristics similar snow leopard.the mitochondrial genomes snow leopard leopard lion p. leo similar nuclear genomes indicating ancestors hybridised point evolution.characteristics snow leopards fur whitish grey black spots head neck larger rosettes back flanks bushy tail.belly whitish.eyes pale green grey color.muzzle short forehead domed. |
Snow leopard | nasal cavities large.fur thick hairs cm ..long.body stocky shortlegged slightly smaller cats genus panthera reaching shoulder height cm ranging head body size cm in. |
Snow leopard | tail cm long.it weighs kg lb occasional large male reaching kg lb small female kg lb.its canine teeth .mm .long slender panthera species.in relation length skull width palate large nasal openings allow increasing volume air inhaled breath time warming humidifying cold dry air.especially adapted highaltitude hypoxia.the snow leopard shows several adaptations living cold mountainous environment.small rounded ears help minimize heat loss. |
Snow leopard | broad paws well distribute body weight walking snow fur undersides increase grip steep unstable surfaces also helps minimize heat loss.long flexible tail helps maintain balance rocky terrain.tail thick due fat storage covered thick layer fur allows cat use like blanket protect face asleep.the snow leopard differs panthera species shorter muzzle elevated forehead vertical chin less developed posterior process lower jaw.cannot roar despite partly ossified hyoid bone mm .short vocal folds provide little resistance airflow. |
Snow leopard | distribution habitat snow leopard distributed west lake baikal southern siberia kunlun mountains altai mountains sayan tannuola mountains tian tajikistan kyrgyzstan uzbekistan kazakhstan hindu kush eastern afghanistan karakoram northern pakistan pamir mountains tibetan plateau high elevations himalayas india nepal bhutan.mongolia inhabits mongolian gobi altai mountains khangai mountains.tibet occurs altyntagh north.it inhabits alpine subalpine zones elevations ft also lives lower elevations northern part range.potential snow leopard habitat indian himalayas estimated less km sq mi jammu kashmir ladakh uttarakhand himachal pradesh sikkim arunachal pradesh km sq mi considered good habitat .protected.beginning indian snow leopard population estimated roughly – individuals living across protected areas.in summer snow leopard usually lives tree line alpine meadows rocky regions elevations ft. winter descends elevations around ft. prefers rocky broken terrain move cm deep snow prefers use existing trails made animals.snow leopards recorded camera traps locations northeastern afghanistans isolated wakhan corridor. |
Snow leopard | behavior ecology snow leopards vocalizations include meowing grunting prusten moaning.purr exhaling.it solitary active mostly dawn early morning afternoons early evenings.mostly rests near cliffs ridges provide vantage points shade.nepals shey phoksundo national park home ranges five adult radiocollared snow leopards overlapped largely though rarely met.individual home ranges ranged size km . |
Snow leopard | .sq mi.males moved ..km . |
Snow leopard | .mi per day females ..km .. |
Snow leopard | mi measured straight lines survey points.since often zigzagged precipitous terrain actually moved km .mi single night.up individuals inhabit area km sq mi habitats sparse prey area km sq mi supports five individuals.a study gobi desert lasting revealed adult male snow leopards used mean home range – km – sq mi adult females ranged areas – km – sq mi.home ranges overlapped less .results indicate protected areas snow leopard range countries smaller home range single male snow leopard.snow leopards leave scent marks indicate territories common travel routes. |
Snow leopard | scrape ground hind feet depositing urine feces also spray urine onto rocks.urine contains many characteristic low molecular weight compounds diverse functional groups including pentanol hexanol heptanol octanone nonanal indole possibly play role chemical communication.hunting diet hemis national park snow leopard observed approaching prey using rocky cliffs cover distance ft prey walked rapidly ft ran last ft killed prey neck bite.squatting haunches ripped clumps hair abdomen opened first feed viscera.the snow leopard carnivore actively hunts prey.preferred wild prey species himalayan blue sheep pseudois nayaur himalayan tahr hemitragus jemlahicus argali ovis ammon markhor capra falconeri wild goat c. aegagrus. |
Snow leopard | also preys domestic livestock.prefers prey ranging weight kg lb also hunts smaller mammals himalayan marmot marmota himalayana pika vole species.diet depends prey availability varies across range season.himalayas preys mostly himalayan blue sheep siberian ibex c. sibirica whitebellied musk deer moschus leucogaster wild boar sus scrofa.karakoram tian altai mongolias tost mountains main prey consists siberian ibex thorolds deer cervus albirostris siberian roe deer capreolus pygargus argali. |
Snow leopard | snow leopard feces collected northern pakistan also contained remains rhesus macaque macaca mulatta masked palm civet paguma larvata cape hare lepus capensis house mouse mus musculus kashmir field mouse apodemus rusiges grey dwarf hamster cricetulus migratorius turkestan rat rattus pyctoris.snow leopard photographed carrying freshly killed woolly flying squirrel eupetaurus cinereus near gangotri national park.mongolia domestic sheep comprises less snow leopard diet although wild prey reduced interactions people common.snow leopards actively pursue prey steep mountainsides using momentum initial leap chase animals ft. drag prey safe location consume edible parts carcass.survive single himalayan blue sheep two weeks hunting one adult individual apparently needs – adult blue sheep per year.snow leopards recorded hunt successfully pairs especially mating pairs.the snow leopard capable killing animals range probable exception adult male yak. |
Snow leopard | also eats significant amount vegetation including grass twigs.reported attack humans easily driven away livestock readily abandons kills often without defending itself.reproduction life cycle snow leopards become sexually mature two three years normally live – years wild.captivity live years.oestrus typically lasts five eight days males tend seek another partner mating probably short mating season allow sufficient time. |
Snow leopard | paired snow leopards mate usual felid posture times day.unusual among large cats welldefined birth peak.usually mate late winter marked noticeable increase marking calling.females gestation period – days cubs born april june.litter usually consists two three cubs exceptional cases also seven.the female gives birth rocky den crevice lined fur shed underside. |
Snow leopard | cubs blind helpless birth although already thick coat fur weigh g ..oz.eyes open around seven days cubs walk five weeks fully weaned weeks.cubs leave den around two four months age. |
Snow leopard | three radiocollared snow leopards mongolia’s tost mountains gave birth late april late june.two female cubs started part mothers age months reunited several times days period – months.one male cub separated mother age months stayed vicinity month moved natal range months age.the snow leopard generation length eight years.threats major threat snow leopard populations poaching illegal trade skins body parts.three live snow leopard cubs skins confiscated traps destroyed poachers arrested kyrgyzstan. |
Snow leopard | undercover operations country revealed illegal trade network links russia china via kazakhstan.major skin trade center region city kashgar xinjiang.tibet mongolia skins used traditional dresses meat traditional tibetan medicine cure kidney problems bones used traditional chinese mongolian medicine treating rheumatism injuries pain human bones tendons.skins found wildlife markets tourist shops mongolia.skins traded skins confiscated. |
Snow leopard | china animals poached every year mongolia pakistan india tajikistan .survey chinese websites revealed advertisements snow leopard products dealers offered skins canine teeth claws tongue.nine snow leopard skins found market survey september afghanistan.greenhouse gas emissions likely cause shift treeline himalayas shrinking alpine zone may reduce snow leopard habitat .where snow leopards prey domestic livestock subject conflict humans.loss natural prey due overgrazing livestock poaching defense livestock major drivers decreasing population snow leopard.conservation snow leopard listed cites appendix i. listed threatened extinction schedule convention conservation migratory species wild animals since .hunting snow leopards prohibited kyrgyzstan since s. india snow leopard granted highest level protection wildlife protection act hunting sentenced imprisonment – years. |
Snow leopard | nepal legally protected since penalties – years prison fine poaching trading it.since listed soviet union’s red book still inscribed today red data book russian federation threatened extinction.hunting snow leopards permitted purposes conservation monitoring eliminate threat life humans livestock.smuggling snow leopard body parts punished imprisonment fine.hunting snow leopards prohibited afghanistan since .in china protected law since hunting trading snow leopards body parts constitute criminal offence punishable confiscation property fine sentence least years prison.it protected bhutan since .at end cameras installed outskirts almaty kazakhstan hopes catch footage snow leopards.november announced russian world wildlife fund wwf snow leopards spotted times cameras transili alatau mountains since cameras installed.snow leopards inhabit following protected areasin kazakhstan aksuzhabagly nature reservein russia katun nature reserve sayanoshushenski nature reservein kyrgyzstan sarychatertash state nature reserve sarychelek nature reserve beshtash state nature national park kyrgyzata national park karakol national park chychkan wildlife refugein uzbekistan chatkalskiy state nature reserve zaamin national park ugamchatkal national park hissar national reservein tajikistan pamir national parkin mongolia altai tavan bogd national park tsambagarav uul national park har us nuur national park gobi gurvansaikhan national parkin china chang tang nature reserve qomolangma national nature preserve sanjiangyuan national nature reserve tibetan plateau tomur national conservation zone western tianshan mountains qilianshan national nature reserve qilian mountainsin pakistan chitral national park khyberpakhtunkhwa region central karakoram national park khunjerab national park gilgitbaltistan deosai national park naltar wildlife sanctuary baltistan wildlife sanctuary several protected areas smaller km sq miin india hemis national park kishtwar national park dachigam national park gulmarg wildlife sanctuary hirpora wildlife sanctuary rangdum wildlife reserve overaaru kanji gyamiru baltalthajwas wildlife sanctuaries ladakh jammu kashmir pin valley national park great himalayan national park rupibhaba wildlife sanctuary sechu tuan nala wildlife sanctuary kibber wildlife sanctuary himachal pradesh nanda devi national park gangotri national park valley flowers national park uttarakhand khangchendzonga national park dibang wildlife sanctuary eastern himalayasin nepal api nampa conservation area dhorpatan hunting reserve shey phoksundo national park annapurna conservation area manaslu conservation area langtang national park sagarmatha national park makalu barun national park kanchenjunga conservation areain bhutan bumdeling wildlife sanctuary jigme dorji national park wangchuck centennial national park. |
Snow leopard | global snow leopard forum government leaders officials countries encompassing snow leopards range afghanistan bhutan china india kazakhstan kyrgyzstan mongolia nepal pakistan russia tajikistan uzbekistan came together global snow leopard forum gslf initiated thenpresident kyrgyzstan almazbek atambayev state agency environmental protection forestry government kyrgyzstan.meeting held bishkek countries agreed snow leopard high mountain habitat need transboundary support ensure viable future snow leopard populations safeguard fragile environment.event brought together many partners including ngos like snow leopard conservancy snow leopard trust nature biodiversity conservation union.also supporting initiative snow leopard network world banks global tiger initiative united nations development programme world wild fund nature united states agency international development global environment facility.at gslf meeting range countries signed bishkek declaration stated acknowledge snow leopard irreplaceable symbol nations natural cultural heritage indicator health sustainability mountain ecosystems recognize mountain ecosystems inhabited snow leopards provide essential ecosystem services including storing releasing water origins river systems benefitting onethird world’s human population sustaining pastoral agricultural livelihoods local communities depend biodiversity food fuel fodder medicine offering inspiration recreation economic opportunities.captivity moscow zoo exhibited first captive snow leopard caught turkestan. |
Snow leopard | kyrgyzstan live snow leopards caught exported zoos around world.first captive bred snow leopard cubs born beijing zoo.the snow leopard species survival plan initiated american zoos held individuals.cultural significance snow leopard widely used heraldry emblem central asia.long used political symbol aq bars white leopard tatars kazakhs bulgars.snow leopard depicted official seal almaty former kazakhstani tenge banknote. |
Snow leopard | mythical winged aq bars depicted national coat arms tatarstan seal city samarqand uzbekistan old coat arms nursultan.kyrgyzstan used highly stylized form modern emblem capital bishkek art integrated badge kyrgyzstan girl scouts association.crowned snow leopard features arms shushensky district russia.it state animal ladakh himachal pradesh india.see also list largest cats references reading jackson r. hillard d. june .tracking elusive snow leopard. |
Snow leopard | national geographic.vol.no..pp. |
Snow leopard | –.oclc .janczewski d. n. modi w. s. stephens j. c. obrien s. j. july .molecular evolution mitochondrial rna cytochrome b sequences pantherine lineage felidae.molecular biology evolution.–. |
Snow leopard | doi.oxfordjournals.molbev.a.pmid .external links snow leopard network.snow leopard network.ensuring snow leopard survival conserving mountain landscapes expanding environmental awareness sharing innovative practices community stewardship partnerships.snow leopard conservancy.snow leopard program. |
Telegram (software) | panthera.snow leopard.iucnssc cat specialist group.service also provides endtoend encrypted video calling voip file sharing several features.launched ios august android october .servers telegram distributed worldwide decrease frequent data load five data centers different regions operational center based dubai united arab emirates.various client apps available desktop mobile platforms including official apps android ios windows macos linux although registration requires ios android device working phone number.also two official telegram web twin apps webk webz numerous unofficial clients make use telegrams protocol. |
Telegram (software) | telegrams official components open source exception server closedsourced proprietary.telegram provides endtoend encrypted voice video calls optional endtoend encrypted secret chats.cloud chats groups encrypted app server isps thirdparties network cant access data telegram server can.users send text voice messages make voice video calls share unlimited number images documents gb per file user locations animated stickers contacts audio files.january telegram surpassed million monthly active users.downloaded app worldwide january billion downloads globally late august . |
Telegram (software) | history development telegram launched brothers nikolai pavel durov.previously pair founded russian social network vk left claiming taken president putins allies.pavel durov sold remaining stake vk left russia resisting government pressure.nikolai durov created mtproto protocol basis messenger pavel durov provided financial support infrastructure digital fortress fund.telegram messenger states end goal bring profit structured nonprofit organization.telegram registered american llc. |
Telegram (software) | disclose rents offices legal entities uses rent citing need shelter team unnecessary influence protect users governmental data requests.pavel durov said service headquartered berlin germany early moved different jurisdictions failing obtain residence permits everyone team.pavel durov left russia said moving country country small group computer programmers consisting core members.according press reports telegram employees saint petersburg.telegram team based dubai . |
Telegram (software) | users report apps issues recommend development ideas dedicated bugs suggestions platform.usage numbers october telegram announced daily active users.march telegram announced reached million monthly users million daily active users.october south korean governmental surveillance plans drove many citizens switch telegram.december telegram announced million active users generating billion daily messages million new users signing service every week traffic doubled five months billion daily messages. |
Telegram (software) | september telegram announced app million active users delivered billion daily messages.in february telegram announced million monthly active users new users signing every day delivering billion messages daily.december telegram reached million monthly active users.march telegram reached million monthly active users.march pavel durov claimed million new users signed telegram within last hours.durov specify prompted flood new signups period matched prolonged technical outage experienced facebook family apps including instagram.according u.s. securities exchange commission number monthly telegram users october million people worldwide.on april telegram announced reached million monthly active users. |
Telegram (software) | january durov announced blog post telegram reached million monthly active users.on october telegram gained million new users result outage affected facebook affiliates.features account telegram accounts tied telephone numbers verified sms.account creation requires ios android device regardless platform intended used.users add multiple devices account receive messages them.connected devices removed individually once. |
Telegram (software) | associated number changed time users contacts receive new number automatically.addition user set username alias allows send receive messages without exposing phone number.telegram accounts deleted time deleted automatically six months inactivity default optionally changed month shortest months range between.users replace exact last seen timestamps broader messages last seen recently.the default method authentication telegram uses logins smsbased singlefactor authentication.onetime passcode sent via sms users phone number required log account default. |
Telegram (software) | users also option create password form twostep verification.telegram allows groups bots channels verified social media wikipedia page verified user accounts.cloudbased messages telegrams default messages cloudbased accessed users connected devices.users share photos videos audio messages files gigabytes per file.users send messages users individually groups members.sent messages edited hours sent deleted time sides. |
Telegram (software) | messages chats including groups channels set autodelete hours days month although apply messages sent autodelete timer enabled.telegram offers drafts sync across user devices user starts typing message one device later continue another.draft persist editing area device sent removed.chats including groups channels sorted custom folders set user.users option schedule messages personal chats sent side comes online.users also import chat history including messages media whatsapp line kakaotalk due data portability either making new chat hold messages adding existing one.the transmission cloud messages telegrams servers encrypted services mtproto protocol secret chats use endtoend encryption based protocol. |
Telegram (software) | according telegrams privacy policy data stored heavily encrypted encryption keys case stored several data centers different jurisdictions.way local engineers physical intruders cannot get access users data.telegrams local message database encrypted default.telegram clients allow users encrypt local message database setting passphrase.telegram users share live location chat either minutes one hour eight hours.multiple users share live location within group shown interactive map. |
Telegram (software) | sharing live location stopped time.secret chats messages also sent clienttoclient encryption socalled secret chats.messages encrypted services mtproto protocol.unlike telegrams cloudbased messages messages sent within secret chat accessed device upon secret chat initiated device upon secret chat accepted.messages sent within secret chats principle deleted time optionally selfdestruct.secret chats initiated accepted via invitation upon encryption keys session exchanged. |
Telegram (software) | users secret chat verify maninthemiddle attack occurred comparing pictures visualize public key fingerprints.according telegram secret chats supported perfect forward secrecy since december .encryption keys periodically changed key used times use week.old encryption keys destroyed.secret chats available android ios macos clients app.channels september telegram added channels.channels form oneway messaging admins able post messages users not. |
Telegram (software) | user able create subscribe channels.channels created broadcasting messages unlimited number subscribers.channels publicly available alias permanent url anyone join.users join channel see entire message history.users join leave channels time. |
Telegram (software) | depending channels settings messages may signed channels name username admin posted them.nonadmin users unable see users whove subscribed channel.admin channel view statistics channel activity message view counter showing many users seen message including views forwarded messages.may creator channel add discussion group separate group messages channel automatically posted subscribers communicate.enables comments posts channel.in december bloomberg moved messengerbased newsletter service whatsapp telegram former banned bulk automated messaging. |
Telegram (software) | news service attempting grow audience outside u.s.in december content protection features introduced allow admins private channels groups disable screenshots message forwarding saving data communities.video voice calls end march telegram introduced endtoend encrypted voice calls.connection established peertopeer whenever possible otherwise closest server client used.according telegram neural network working learn various technical parameters call provide better quality service future uses.telegram added group voice chats december .group channel admin launch chat open members ongoing even one currently using it. |
Telegram (software) | admins mute members default selectively well create invite links add people muted default.members use raise hand button signal desire speak.pushtotalk option available mobile versions well key shortcuts mute unmute oneself telegram desktop.admins groups channels option join group channel hiding personal account.users also record chats red dot shown warning recording period.telegram announced april would include group video calls end year. |
Telegram (software) | august telegram added video calling endtoend encryption.pictureinpicture mode also available users option use functions app remaining call.june telegram implemented group video calls across clients.users stream video camera share screen simultaneously.company stated group calls capped people temporarily limit raised soon. |
Telegram (software) | group calls support selective screen sharing split screen view improved noise suppression.july update telegram introduced ability people watch streamed video.livestreams updated unlimited participants.bots june telegram launched platform thirdparty developers create bots.bots telegram accounts operated programs. |
Telegram (software) | respond messages mentions invited groups integrated programs.also accepts online payments credit cards apple pay.dutch website tweakers reported invited bot potentially read group messages bot controller changes access settings silently later point time.telegram pointed considered implementing feature would announce status change within relevant group.also inline bots used chat screen. |
Telegram (software) | order activate inline bot user needs type message field bots username query.bot offer content.user choose content send within chat.bots also handle transactions provided paymentwall yandex.money stripe ravepay razorpay qiwi google pay different countries.bots also power telegrams gaming platform utilizes html games loaded ondemand needed like ordinary webpages.games work iphones newer android .devices newer.people use internet things iot services twoways interaction ifttt implemented within telegram.in april payments . |
Telegram (software) | upgrade enabled bot payments within chat using thirdparty services sberbank tranzoo payme click liqpay ecommpay process credit card information.in february telegram launched social login feature users named telegram login.features website widget could embedded websites allowing users sign third party website telegram account.gateway sends users telegram name username profile picture website owner users phone number remains hidden.gateway integrated bot linked developers specific website domain.comments.app tool commenting pages channel posts lets add comments widget website.with widget place telegram users able log two taps leave comments text photos well like dislike reply comments others.they also subscribe comments get notifications discussbot.widgets configurable. |
Telegram (software) | developers change color theme use different colors names change design dark theme change maximum number comments page change height assign moderators block user spam mode filled outlined icons also supported.in june update introduced new bot menu users browse send commands chat bot.instant view instant view way view web articles zero page load time.instant view telegram users read articles mass media blogs uniform readable way.instant view pages support text media type work even original website optimized mobile devices.on top instant view pages extremely lightweight cached telegram servers load instantly pretty much connection.telegraph telegraph publishing tool used create formatted posts photos embedded media. |
Telegram (software) | designed minimalist style article pages contain controls.article website separate possibility merge articles groups hierarchies.article author specifies title optionally subtitle usually used authors name.addition title article indicates date first publication author article cannot influence.text formatting options also minimal two levels headings singlelevel lists bold italics quotes hyperlinks supported.authors upload images videos page limit mb. |
Telegram (software) | author adds links youtube vimeo twitter service allows embed content directly article.when article first published url generated automatically title.nonlatin characters transliterated spaces replaced hyphens date publication added address.example article titled telegraph blog platform published november would receive url telegraphblogplatform.stickers animated emoji telegram stickers.stickers cloudbased highresolution images intended provide expressive emoji. |
Telegram (software) | typing emoji user offered send respective sticker instead.stickers come collections called packs multiple stickers offered one emoji.telegram comes one default sticker pack users install additional sticker packs provided thirdparty contributors.sticker sets installed one client become automatically available clients.sticker images use webp file format better optimized transmitted internet. |
Telegram (software) | telegram clients also support animated emoji.reallife identification july telegram introduced online authorisation identity management system telegram passport platforms require reallife identification.asks users upload official documents passport identity card driver license etc.online service requires identification documents verification forwards information platform users permission.telegram stated access data platform share information authorised recipient. |
Telegram (software) | however service criticised vulnerable online brute force attacks.polls polls available android ios desktop applications.polls option anonymous visible.user enter multiple options poll.quiz mode also enabled user select right answer poll leave group guess. |
Telegram (software) | quiz bots also added track correct answers even provide global leaderboard.people nearby groups nearby people nearby help users meet new friends turning phone gps location optingin contacts groups nearby people create local group adding location data groups.architecture encryption scheme telegram uses symmetric encryption scheme called mtproto.protocol developed nikolai durov developers telegram based bit symmetric aes encryption bit rsa encryption diffie–hellman key exchange.servers instant messaging protocols telegram uses centralized servers. |
Telegram (software) | telegram messenger llp servers number countries throughout world improve response time service.telegrams serverside software closedsource proprietary.pavel durov said would require major architectural redesign serverside software connect independent servers telegram cloud.for users signed european economic area eea united kingdom general data protection regulations gdpr supported storing data servers netherlands designating londonbased company responsible data controller.client apps telegram various client apps developed telegram messenger llp community.free opensource released gnu general public licence version . |
Telegram (software) | official clients support sending file format extensions.builtin media viewer supports common media formats jpeg png webp images h. hevc videos mp container mp flac vorbis opus aac audio.in telegram team announced direct build android app.telegram android available directly telegram website.it automatically updated likely get new versions faster apps play store app store.also distinctive feature version ability view channelsgroups specific topic without censorship cannot viewed app distributed google play apple store due policies.common specificationsno cloud backup option secret chat apis telegram public apis developers access functionality telegrams official apps build messaging applications.february creators unofficial whatsapp client released telegram plus app later renamed plus messenger original project got ceaseanddesist order whatsapp.september samsung released messaging application based apis.telegram also offers api allows developers create bots accounts controlled programs. |
Telegram (software) | bots used among things emulate play old games app inform users vaccine availability covid.in addition telegram offers functions making payments directly within platform alongside external service stripe.monetization funding company initially supported ceos personal funds sale stake vk.january launched ico collected .billion investors kleiner perkins sequoia capital benchmark.shutdown ton project company needed repay investors money spent development beginning project active.on march telegram conducted years public bonds placement worth billion. |
Telegram (software) | funding required cover debts amounting .million including million investors bought futures gram tokens included purchasers david yakobashvili.march telegram also sold additional bonds worth million abu dhabi mubadala investment company abu dhabi catalyst partners.day later mubadala investment company stated russias sovereign wealth fund participated deal undisclosed russiauae joint investment platform buy convertible bonds.telegram spokesperson stated rdif list investors sold bonds to. |
Telegram (software) | wouldn’t open transaction fund funds invest including mubadala confirmed us rdif among lps.according contract holders bonds provided option convert shares discount company conducts open ipo.companys ceo stated move aimed enable telegram continue growing globally sticking values remaining independent.according press reports prior bonds placement durov rejected investment offer stake company well several undisclosed ones valuing company – billion range.advertising paid features telegram stated company never serve advertisements private chats. |
Telegram (software) | late durov announced company working ad platform integrate nontargeted ads public onetomany channels already sell display ads form regular messages.ads began appear channels followers october .durov stated telegram considering paid subscription would hide ads allowing users directly support app.durov announced telegram also consider adding paid features aimed enterprise clients.according features require bandwidth added cost covered feature prices addition covering costs incurred regular users.telegram open network attempt monetize telegram without advertising company began development blockchain platform dubbed either open network telegram open network ton native cryptocurrency gram. |
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