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Domain Name System | kevin dunlap dec substantially revised dns implementation.mike karels phil almquist paul vixie maintained bind since then.early bind ported windows nt platform.in november rfc rfc superseded dns specifications.several additional request comments proposed extensions core dns protocols.structure domain name space domain name space consists tree data structure. |
Domain Name System | node leaf tree label zero resource records rr hold information associated domain name.domain name consists label concatenated name parent node right separated dot.the tree subdivides zones beginning root zone.dns zone may consist one domain may consist many domains subdomains depending administrative choices zone manager.dns also partitioned according class separate classes thought array parallel namespace trees.administrative responsibility zone may divided creating additional zones.authority new zone said delegated designated name server. |
Domain Name System | parent zone ceases authoritative new zone.domain name syntax internationalization definitive descriptions rules forming domain names appear rfc rfc rfc rfc .domain name consists one parts technically called labels conventionally concatenated delimited dots example.com.the rightmost label conveys toplevel domain example domain name belongs toplevel domain com.the hierarchy domains descends right left label left specifies subdivision subdomain domain right.example label example specifies subdomain com domain www subdomain example.com.tree subdivisions may levels.a label may contain zero characters. |
Domain Name System | null label length zero reserved root zone.full domain name may exceed length characters textual representation.internal binary representation dns maximum length requires octets storage also stores length name.although technical limitation exists prevent domain name labels using character representable octet hostnames use preferred format character set.characters allowed labels subset ascii character set consisting characters z z digits hyphen.rule known ldh rule letters digits hyphen. |
Domain Name System | domain names interpreted caseindependent manner.labels may start end hyphen.additional rule requires toplevel domain names allnumeric.the limited set ascii characters permitted dns prevented representation names words many languages native alphabets scripts.make possible icann approved internationalizing domain names applications idna system user applications web browsers map unicode strings valid dns character set using punycode.icann approved installation internationalized domain name country code toplevel domains cctlds. |
Domain Name System | addition many registries existing toplevel domain names tlds adopted idna system guided rfc rfc rfc rfc .name servers domain name system maintained distributed database system uses client–server model.nodes database name servers.domain least one authoritative dns server publishes information domain name servers domains subordinate it.top hierarchy served root name servers servers query looking resolving tld. |
Domain Name System | authoritative name server authoritative name server name server gives answers dns queries data configured original source example domain administrator dynamic dns methods contrast answers obtained via query another name server maintains cache data.an authoritative name server either primary server secondary server.historically terms masterslave primarysecondary sometimes used interchangeably current practice use latter form.primary server server stores original copies zone records.secondary server uses special automatic updating mechanism dns protocol communication primary maintain identical copy primary records.every dns zone must assigned set authoritative name servers.set servers stored parent domain zone name server ns records.an authoritative server indicates status supplying definitive answers deemed authoritative setting protocol flag called authoritative answer aa bit responses. |
Domain Name System | flag usually reproduced prominently output dns administration query tools dig indicate responding name server authority domain name question.when name server designated authoritative server domain name authoritative data presents type error called lame delegation lame response.operation address resolution mechanism domain name resolvers determine domain name servers responsible domain name question sequence queries starting rightmost toplevel domain label.for proper operation domain name resolver network host configured initial cache hints known addresses root name servers.hints updated periodically administrator retrieving dataset reliable source.assuming resolver cached records accelerate process resolution process starts query one root servers.typical operation root servers answer directly respond referral authoritative servers e.g.query referred org servers. |
Domain Name System | resolver queries servers referred iteratively repeats process receives authoritative answer.diagram illustrates process host named fully qualified domain name mechanism would place large traffic burden root servers every resolution internet required starting root.practice caching used dns servers offload root servers result root name servers actually involved relatively small fraction requests.recursive caching name server theory authoritative name servers sufficient operation internet.however authoritative name servers operating every dns query must start recursive queries root zone domain name system user system would implement resolver software capable recursive operation.to improve efficiency reduce dns traffic across internet increase performance enduser applications domain name system supports dns cache servers store dns query results period time determined configuration timetolive domain name record question.typically caching dns servers also implement recursive algorithm necessary resolve given name starting dns root authoritative name servers queried domain. |
Domain Name System | function implemented name server user applications gain efficiency design operation.the combination dns caching recursive functions name server mandatory functions implemented independently servers special purposes.internet service providers typically provide recursive caching name servers customers.addition many home networking routers implement dns caches recursion improve efficiency local network.dns resolvers client side dns called dns resolver.resolver responsible initiating sequencing queries ultimately lead full resolution translation resource sought e.g.translation domain name ip address. |
Domain Name System | dns resolvers classified variety query methods recursive nonrecursive iterative.resolution process may use combination methods.in nonrecursive query dns resolver queries dns server provides record either server authoritative provides partial result without querying servers.case caching dns resolver nonrecursive query local dns cache delivers result reduces load upstream dns servers caching dns resource records period time initial response upstream dns servers.in recursive query dns resolver queries single dns server may turn query dns servers behalf requester.example simple stub resolver running home router typically makes recursive query dns server run users isp.recursive query one dns server answers query completely querying name servers needed. |
Domain Name System | typical operation client issues recursive query caching recursive dns server subsequently issues nonrecursive queries determine answer send single answer back client.resolver another dns server acting recursively behalf resolver negotiates use recursive service using bits query headers.dns servers required support recursive queries.the iterative query procedure process dns resolver queries chain one dns servers.server refers client next server chain current server fully resolve request.example possible resolution would query global root server com server finally example.com server. |
Domain Name System | circular dependencies glue records name servers delegations identified name rather ip address.means resolving name server must issue another dns request find ip address server referred.name given delegation subdomain domain delegation provided circular dependency.in case name server providing delegation must also provide one ip addresses authoritative name server mentioned delegation.information called glue.delegating name server provides glue form records additional section dns response provides delegation authority section response. |
Domain Name System | glue record combination name server ip address.for example authoritative name server example.org ns.example.org computer trying resolve first resolves ns.example.org.ns contained example.org requires resolving example.org first presents circular dependency.break dependency name server top level domain org includes glue along delegation example.org.glue records address records provide ip addresses ns.example.org.resolver uses one ip addresses query one domains authoritative servers allows complete dns query. |
Domain Name System | record caching standard practice implementing name resolution applications reduce load domain name system servers caching results locally intermediate resolver hosts.results obtained dns request always associated time live ttl expiration time results must discarded refreshed.ttl set administrator authoritative dns server.period validity may vary seconds days even weeks.as result distributed caching architecture changes dns records propagate throughout network immediately require caches expire refreshed ttl.rfc conveys basic rules determining appropriate ttl values.some resolvers may override ttl values protocol supports caching sixtyeight years caching all. |
Domain Name System | negative caching i.e.caching fact nonexistence record determined name servers authoritative zone must include start authority soa record reporting data requested type exists.value minimum field soa record ttl soa used establish ttl negative answer.reverse lookup reverse dns lookup query dns domain names ip address known.multiple domain names may associated ip address. |
Domain Name System | dns stores ip addresses form domain names specially formatted names pointer ptr records within infrastructure toplevel domain arpa.ipv domain inaddr.arpa.ipv reverse lookup domain ip.arpa.ip address represented name reverseordered octet representation ipv reverseordered nibble representation ipv.when performing reverse lookup dns client converts address formats querying name ptr record following delegation chain dns query.example assuming ipv address ... assigned wikimedia represented dns name reverse order ....inaddr.arpa. |
Domain Name System | dns resolver gets pointer ptr request begins querying root servers point servers american registry internet numbers arin .inaddr.arpa zone.arins servers delegate ...inaddr.arpa wikimedia resolver sends another query ....inaddr.arpa results authoritative response.client lookup users generally communicate directly dns resolver.instead dns resolution takes place transparently applications web browsers email clients internet applications.application makes request requires domain name lookup programs send resolution request dns resolver local operating system turn handles communications required.the dns resolver almost invariably cache see containing recent lookups. |
Domain Name System | cache provide answer request resolver return value cache program made request.cache contain answer resolver send request one designated dns servers.case home users internet service provider machine connects usually supply dns server user either configured servers address manually allowed dhcp set however systems administrators configured systems use dns servers dns resolvers point separately maintained name servers organization.event name server thus queried follow process outlined either successfully finds result not.returns results dns resolver assuming found result resolver duly caches result future use hands result back software initiated request. |
Domain Name System | broken resolvers large isps configured dns servers violate rules disobeying ttls indicating domain name exist one name servers respond.some applications web browsers maintain internal dns cache avoid repeated lookups via network.practice add extra difficulty debugging dns issues obscures history data.caches typically use short caching times order one minute.internet explorer represents notable exception versions ie .x cache dns records hours default.internet explorer .x later versions ie decrease default timeout value half hour may changed modifying default configuration.when google chrome detects issues dns server displays specific error message.applications domain name system includes several functions features.hostnames ip addresses required match onetoone relationship. |
Domain Name System | multiple hostnames may correspond single ip address useful virtual hosting many web sites served single host.alternatively single hostname may resolve many ip addresses facilitate fault tolerance load distribution multiple server instances across enterprise global internet.dns serves purposes addition translating names ip addresses.instance mail transfer agents use dns find best mail server deliver email mx record provides mapping domain mail exchanger provide additional layer fault tolerance load distribution.the dns used efficient storage distribution ip addresses blacklisted email hosts.common method place ip address subject host subdomain higher level domain name resolve name record indicates positive negative indication.for examplethe address ... blacklisted.points ....blacklist.example resolves ....the address ... blacklisted points ....blacklist.example. |
Domain Name System | hostname either configured resolves ....email servers query blacklist.example find specific host connecting blacklist.many blacklists either subscriptionbased free cost available use email administrators antispam software.to provide resilience event computer network failure multiple dns servers usually provided coverage domain.top level global dns thirteen groups root name servers exist additional copies distributed worldwide via anycast addressing.dynamic dns ddns updates dns server client ip address onthefly example moving isps mobile hot spots ip address changes administratively.dns message format dns protocol uses two types dns messages queries replies format.message consists header four sections question answer authority additional space. |
Domain Name System | header field flags controls content four sections.the header section consists following fields identification flags number questions number answers number authority resource records rrs number additional rrs.field bits long appears order given.identification field used match responses queries.flag field consists subfields followsafter flag header ends four bit integers contain number records sections follow order.question section question section simpler format resource record format used sections. |
Domain Name System | question record usually one section contains following fieldsthe domain name broken discrete labels concatenated label prefixed length label.dns transport protocols dnsoverudp time origin quite recently dns primarily answered queries user datagram protocol udp port number .queries consist cleartext request sent single udp packet client responded cleartext reply sent single udp packet server.length answer exceeds bytes client server support extension mechanisms dns edns larger udp packets may used.use dnsoverudp limited among things lack transportlayer encryption authentication reliable delivery message length. |
Domain Name System | dnsovertcp dotcp rfc specified optional transmission control protocol tcp transport dns queries replies particularly zone transfers.via fragmentation long replies tcp allows longer responses reliable delivery reuse longlived connections clients servers.dnscrypt dnscrypt protocol developed outside ietf standards framework introduced dns encryption downstream side recursive resolvers wherein clients encrypt query payloads using servers public keys published dns rather relying upon thirdparty certificate authorities may turn protected dnssec signatures.dnscrypt uses either tcp udp port port https encrypted web traffic.introduced privacy regarding content query also significant measure firewalltraversal capability. |
Domain Name System | dnscrypt extended support anonymized mode similar proposed oblivious dns ingress node receives query encrypted public key different server relays server acts egress node performing recursive resolution.privacy userquery pairs created since ingress node know content query egress nodes know identity client.dnscrypt first implemented production opendns december .dnsovertls dot ietf standard encrypted dns emerged utilizing standard transport layer security tls protect entire connection rather dns payload.dot servers listen tcp port . |
Domain Name System | rfc specifies opportunistic encryption authenticated encryption may supported make either server client authentication mandatory.dnsoverhttps doh competing standard dns query transport introduced tunneling dns query data https turn transports http tls.doh promoted webfriendly alternative dns since like dnscrypt travels tcp port thus looks similar web traffic though easily differentiable practice.doh widely criticized decreasing user anonymity relative dot.dnsovertor like internet protocols dns may run vpns tunnels. |
Domain Name System | one use become common enough since warrant frequently used acronym dnsovertor.privacy gains oblivious dns garnered use preexisting tor network ingress egress nodes paired transportlayer encryption provided tls.oblivious dnsoverhttps odoh oblivious implementation doh proposed implemented draft form combining ingressegress separation https tunneling tls transportlayer encryption single defined protocol.resource records domain name system specifies database information elements network resources.types information elements categorized organized list dns record types resource records rrs. |
Domain Name System | record type name number expiration time time live class typespecific data.resource records type described resource record set rrset special ordering.dns resolvers return entire set upon query servers may implement roundrobin ordering achieve load balancing.contrast domain name system security extensions dnssec work complete set resource record canonical order.when sent internet protocol network records use common format specified rfc name fully qualified domain name node tree.wire name may shortened using label compression ends domain names mentioned earlier packet substituted end current domain name.type record type. |
Domain Name System | indicates format data gives hint intended use.example record used translate domain name ipv address ns record lists name servers answer lookups dns zone mx record specifies mail server used handle mail domain specified email address.rdata data typespecific relevance ip address address records priority hostname mx records.well known record types may use label compression rdata field unknown record types must rfc .the class record set internet common dns records involving internet hostnames servers ip addresses.addition classes chaos ch hesiod hs exist.class independent name space potentially different delegations dns zones.in addition resource records defined zone file domain name system also defines several request types used communication dns nodes wire performing zone transfers axfrixfr edns opt. |
Domain Name System | wildcard dns records domain name system supports wildcard dns records specify names start asterisk label e.g..example.dns records belonging wildcard domain names specify rules generating resource records within single dns zone substituting whole labels matching components query name including specified descendants.example following configuration dns zone x.example specifies subdomains including subdomains subdomains x.example use mail exchanger mx a.x.example.record a.x.example needed specify mail exchanger ip address. |
Domain Name System | result excluding domain name subdomains wildcard matches additional mx record subdomain a.x.example well wildcarded mx record subdomains must also defined dns zone.the role wildcard records refined rfc original definition rfc incomplete resulted misinterpretations implementers.protocol extensions original dns protocol limited provisions extension new features.paul vixie published rfc superseded rfc extension mechanism called extension mechanisms dns edns introduced optional protocol elements without increasing overhead use.accomplished opt pseudoresource record exists wire transmissions protocol zone files.initial extensions also suggested edns increasing dns message size udp datagrams. |
Domain Name System | dynamic zone updates dynamic dns updates use update dns opcode add remove resource records dynamically zone database maintained authoritative dns server.feature described rfc .facility useful register network clients dns boot become otherwise available network.booting client may assigned different ip address time dhcp server possible provide static dns assignments clients.security issues originally security concerns major design considerations dns software software deployment early internet network open participation general public. |
Domain Name System | however expansion internet commercial sector changed requirements security measures protect data integrity user authentication.several vulnerability issues discovered exploited malicious users.one issue dns cache poisoning data distributed caching resolvers pretense authoritative origin server thereby polluting data store potentially false information long expiration times timetolive.subsequently legitimate application requests may redirected network hosts operated malicious intent.dns responses traditionally cryptographic signature leading many attack possibilities domain name system security extensions dnssec modify dns add support cryptographically signed responses.dnscurve proposed alternative dnssec.extensions tsig add support cryptographic authentication trusted peers commonly used authorize zone transfer dynamic update operations.some domain names may used achieve spoofing effects. |
Domain Name System | example paypal.com paypa.com different names yet users may unable distinguish graphical user interface depending users chosen typeface.many fonts letter l numeral look similar even identical.problem acute systems support internationalized domain names many character codes iso may appear identical typical computer screens.vulnerability occasionally exploited phishing.techniques forwardconfirmed reverse dns also used help validate dns results.dns also leak otherwise secure private connections attention paid configuration times dns used bypass firewalls malicious persons exfiltrate data since often seen innocuous.privacy tracking issues originally designed public hierarchical distributed heavily cached database dns protocol confidentiality controls. |
Domain Name System | user queries nameserver responses sent unencrypted enables network packet sniffing dns hijacking dns cache poisoning maninthemiddle attacks.deficiency commonly used cybercriminals network operators marketing purposes user authentication captive portals censorship.user privacy exposed proposals increasing level client ip information dns queries rfc benefit content delivery networks.the main approaches use counter privacy issues dnsvpns move dns resolution vpn operator hide user traffic local isptor replaces traditional dns resolution anonymous .onion domains hiding name resolution user traffic behind onion routing countersurveillanceproxies public dns servers move actual dns resolution thirdparty provider usually promises little request logging optional added features dnslevel advertisement pornography blocking.public dns servers queried using traditional dns protocol case provide protection local surveillance dnsoverhttps dnsovertls dnscrypt provide protectionsolutions preventing dns inspection local network operator criticized thwarting corporate network security policies internet censorship.also criticized privacy point view giving away dns resolution hands small number companies known monetizing user traffic centralizing dns name resolution generally perceived harmful internet.google dominant provider platform android browser chrome dns resolver ... service.would scenario case single corporate entity position overarching control entire namespace internet netflix already fielded app used dns resolution mechanism independent platform upon app running.facebook app included doh apples ios used dohresolution mechanism bypass local dns resolution steer dns queries apples platforms set appleoperated name resolvers domain name registration right use domain name delegated domain name registrars accredited internet corporation assigned names numbers icann organizations opennic charged overseeing name number systems internet. |
Domain Name System | addition icann toplevel domain tld maintained serviced technically administrative organization operating registry.registry responsible operating database names within authoritative zone although term often used tlds.registrant person organization asked domain registration.registry receives registration information domain name registrar authorized accredited assign names corresponding zone publishes information using whois protocol.usage rdap considered.icann publishes complete list tlds tld registries domain name registrars. |
Domain Name System | registrant information associated domain names maintained online database accessible whois service.country code toplevel domains cctlds domain registries maintain whois registrant name servers expiration dates etc.information.instance denic germany nic holds de domain data.generic toplevel domain gtld registries adopted socalled thick registry approach i.e. |
Domain Name System | keeping whois data central registries instead registrar databases.for toplevel domains com net thin registry model used.domain registry e.g.godaddy bigrock pdr verisign etc.etc.holds basic whois data i.e. |
Domain Name System | registrar name servers etc.. organizations registrants using org hand public interest registry exclusively.some domain name registries often called network information centers nic also function registrars endusers addition providing access whois datasets.toplevel domain registries domains com net org use registryregistrar model consisting many domain name registrars.method management registry manages domain name database relationship registrars.registrants users domain name customers registrar cases additional subcontracting resellers.rfc documents standards domain name system defined request comments rfc documents published internet engineering task force internet standards. |
Domain Name System | following list rfcs define dns protocol.rfc domain names concepts facilitiesrfc domain names implementation specificationrfc requirements internet hosts—application supportrfc incremental zone transfer dnsrfc mechanism prompt notification zone changes dns notifyrfc dynamic updates domain name system dns updaterfc clarifications dns specificationrfc negative caching dns queries dns ncacherfc nonterminal dns name redirectionrfc secret key transaction authentication dns tsigrfc indicating resolver support dnssecrfc dnssec ipv aware serverresolver message size requirementsrfc dns extensions support ip version rfc handling unknown dns resource record rr typesrfc domain name system dns case insensitivity clarificationrfc role wildcards domain name systemrfc hmac sha tsig algorithm identifiersrfc dns name server identifier nsid optionrfc automated updates dns security dnssec trust anchorsrfc measures making dns resilient forged answersrfc internationalized domain names applications idnadefinitions document frameworkrfc internationalized domain names applications idna protocolrfc unicode code points internationalized domain names applications idnarfc righttoleft scripts internationalized domain names applications idnarfc extension mechanisms dns ednsrfc dns transport tcp implementation requirements proposed security standards rfc dns security introduction requirementsrfc resource records dns security extensionsrfc protocol modifications dns security extensionsrfc use sha dnssec delegation signer ds resource recordsrfc minimally covering nsec records dnssec online signingrfc dns security dnssec hashed authenticated denial existencerfc use sha algorithms rsa dnskey rrsig resource records dnssecrfc domain name system dns security extensions mapping extensible provisioning protocol epprfc use gost signature algorithms dnskey rrsig resource records dnssecrfc edns padding optionrfc specification dns transport layer security tlsrfc usage profiles dns tls dns dtlsrfc dns queries https doh experimental rfcs rfc new dns rr definitions best current practices rfc selection operation secondary dns servers bcp rfc classless inaddr.arpa delegation bcp rfc dns proxy implementation guidelines bcp rfc domain name system dns iana considerations bcp rfc dns root name service protocol deployment requirements bcp informational rfcs rfcs advisory nature may provide useful information despite defining neither standard bcp.rfc rfc choosing name computer fyi rfc domain name system structure delegationrfc common dns operational configuration errorsrfc naming hostsrfc application techniques checking transformation namesrfc .threat analysis domain name system dnsrfc requirements mechanism identifying name server instancerfc internationalized domain names applications idnabackground explanation rationalerfc mapping characters internationalized domain names applications idna rfc dns privacy considerationsrfc decreasing access time root servers running one loopbackrfc dns terminology unknown rfcs official status unknown due age clearly labeled such.rfc domain requirements – specified original toplevel domainsrfc domain administrators guiderfc domain administrators operations guiderfc dns encodings network names types see also references sources evans claire l. .broad band untold story women made internet.new york portfoliopenguin. |
Domain Name System | isbn .external links vixie paul .dns complexity.acm queue.archived original .zytrax.com open source guide – dns rocket scientists.internet governance domain name system issues congress congressional research serviceball james february . |
Government of India | meet seven people hold keys worldwide internet security.guardian.guardian news media limited.retrieved february .seat government located new delhi delhi.basic structure government india goi also known union india according article indian constitution modelled westminster system governing state union government mainly composed executive legislature judiciary powers vested constitution prime minister parliament supreme court.president india head state commanderinchief indian armed forces whilst elected prime minister acts head executive responsible running union government.parliament bicameral nature lok sabha lower house rajya sabha upper house.judiciary systematically contains apex supreme court high courts several district courts inferior supreme court.the basic civil criminal laws governing citizens india set major parliamentary legislation civil procedure code penal code criminal procedure code. |
Government of India | similar union government individual state governments consist executive legislative judiciary.legal system applicable union individual state governments based english common statutory law.full name country republic india.india bharat equally official short names republic india constitution names appears legal banknotes treaties legal cases.terms union government central government bhārat sarkār often used officially unofficially refer government india. |
Government of India | term new delhi commonly used metonym union government seat government new delhi.legislature powers legislature india exercised parliament bicameral legislature consisting rajya sabha lok sabha.two houses parliament rajya sabha council states considered upper house consists members appointed president elected state territorial legislatures.lok sabha house people considered lower house.the parliament complete control sovereignty laws subject judicial review supreme court.however exercise control executive. |
Government of India | members council ministers including prime minister either chosen parliament elected thereto within six months assuming office.council whole responsible lok sabha.lok sabha temporary house dissolved party power loses support majority house.rajya sabha permanent house never dissolved.members rajya sabha elected sixyear term. |
Government of India | executive executive government one sole authority responsibility daily administration state bureaucracy.division power separate branches government central republican idea separation powers.president executive power vested mainly president india per article constitution.president constitutional powers exercises directly subordinate officers per aforesaid article .president act accordance aid advice tendered prime minister leads council ministers described article constitution.the council ministers remains power pleasure president. |
Government of India | however practice council ministers must retain support lok sabha.president dismiss council ministers initiative might trigger constitutional crisis.thus practice council ministers cannot dismissed long holds support majority lok sabha.the president responsible appointing many high officials india.high officials include governors states chief justice judges supreme court high courts advice judges attorney general comptroller auditor general chief election commissioner election commissioners chairman members union public service commission officers india services ias ifos ips central civil services group ambassadors high commissioners countries recommendations council ministers.the president head state also receives credentials ambassadors countries whilst prime minister head government receives credentials high commissioners members commonwealth line historical tradition.the president de jure commanderinchief indian armed forces.the president india grant pardon reduce sentence convicted person particularly cases involving punishment death.decisions involving pardoning rights president independent opinion prime minister lok sabha majority. |
Government of India | cases however president exercises executive powers advice prime minister.presently president india ram nath kovind.vice president vice president second highest constitutional position india president.vice president represents nation absence president takes charge acting president incident resignation impeachment removal president.vice president also legislative function acting chairman rajya sabha. |
Government of India | vice president elected indirectly members electoral college consisting members houses parliament accordance system proportional representation means single transferable vote voting secret ballot conducted election commission.prime minister prime minister india addressed constitution india chief government chief adviser president head council ministers leader majority party parliament.prime minister leads executive government india.the prime minister senior member cabinet executive government parliamentary system.prime minister selects dismiss members cabinet allocates posts members within government presiding member chairman cabinet responsible bringing proposal legislation.resignation death prime minister dissolves cabinet.the prime minister appointed president assist latter administration affairs executive. |
Government of India | cabinet ministries agencies union council ministers includes prime minister cabinet ministers ministers state mos.minister must member one houses parliament.cabinet headed prime minister advised cabinet secretary also acts head indian administrative service civil services.members council either union cabinet ministers heads various ministries ministers state junior members report directly one cabinet ministers often overseeing specific aspect government ministers state independent charges report cabinet minister.per article constitution every minister shall right speak take part proceedings either house joint sitting houses committee parliament may named member shall entitled vote house member. |
Government of India | secretaries secretary government india civil servant generally indian administrative service ias officer administrative head ministry department principal adviser minister matters policy administration within ministrydepartment.secretaries government india rank rd indian order precedence.secretaries higher level assisted one many additional secretaries assisted joint secretaries.middle assisted directorsdeputy secretaries secretaries.lower level section officers assistant section officers upper division clerks lower division clerks secretarial staff. |
Government of India | civil services civil services india civil services permanent bureaucracy india.executive decisions implemented indian civil servants.in parliamentary democracy india ultimate responsibility running administration rests elected representatives people ministers.ministers accountable legislatures also elected people basis universal adult suffrage.ministers indirectly responsible people themselves.handful ministers expected deal personally various problems modern administration. |
Government of India | thus ministers lay policy civil servants enforce it.cabinet secretary cabinet secretary iast maṃtrimaṇḍala saciva topmost executive official seniormost civil servant government india.cabinet secretary exofficio head civil services board cabinet secretariat indian administrative service ias head civil services rules business government.the cabinet secretary generally seniormost officer indian administrative service.cabinet secretary ranks th indian order precedence.cabinet secretary direct charge prime minister. |
Government of India | presently cabinet secretary india rajiv gauba ias.judiciary indias independent union judicial system began british concepts procedures resemble anglosaxon countries.supreme court india consists chief justice associate justices appointed president advice chief justice india.jury trials abolished india early famous case km nanavati v. state maharashtra reasons vulnerable media public pressure well misled.unlike united states counterpart indian justice system consists unitary system state union level.judiciary consists supreme court india high courts state level district courts sessions courts district level. |
Government of India | supreme court supreme court india situated new delhi capital region india.the supreme court highest judicial forum final court appeal constitution india highest constitutional court power constitutional review.consisting chief justice india sanctioned judges extensive powers form original appellate advisory jurisdictions.as final court appeal country takes appeals primarily verdicts high courts various states union courts tribunals.safeguards fundamental rights citizens settles disputes various governments country.advisory court hears matters may specifically referred constitution president.also may take cognisance matters suo moto without anyone drawing attention them. |
Government of India | law declared supreme court becomes binding courts within india also union state governments.per article duty president enforce decrees supreme court.in addition article constitution gives extensive original jurisdiction supreme court regard enforcing fundamental rights.empowered issue directions orders writs including writs nature habeas corpus mandamus prohibition quo warranto certiorari enforce them.supreme court conferred power direct transfer civil criminal case one state high court another state high court court subordinate another state high court supreme court.although proceedings supreme court arise judgment orders made subordinate courts late supreme court started entertaining matters interest public large involved. |
Government of India | may done individual group persons either filing writ petition filing counter court addressing letter chief justice india highlighting question public importance redress.known public interest litigations.elections voting india quasifederal form government called union central government elected officials union state local levels.national level head government prime minister appointed president india party coalition majority seats lok sabha.members lok sabha directly elected term five years universal adult suffrage firstpastthepost voting system. |
Government of India | members rajya sabha represents states elected members state legislative assemblies proportional representation except members nominated president.india currently largest democracy world around million eligible voters .state local governments state governments india governments ruling states india chief minister heads state government.power divided union government state governments.state governments legislature bicameral states unicameral rest.lower house elected years term upper house total members house gets elected every years year term.local governments function basic level. |
Government of India | third level government apart union state governments.consists panchayats rural areas municipalities urban areas.elected directly indirectly people.finance taxation india threetier tax structure wherein constitution empowers union government levy income tax tax capital transactions wealth tax inheritance tax sales tax service tax customs excise duties state governments levy sales tax intrastate sale goods tax entertainment professions excise duties manufacture alcohol stamp duties transfer property collect land revenue levy land owned.local governments empowered state government levy property tax charge users public utilities like water supply sewage etc. |
Government of India | half revenues union state governments come taxes come direct taxes.quarter union governments tax revenues shared state governments.the tax reforms initiated sought rationalise tax structure increase compliance taking steps following directionsreducing rates individual corporate income taxes excises customs making progressivereducing exemptions concessionssimplification laws proceduresintroduction permanent account number pan track monetary transactions states introduced value added tax vat april replace complex multiple sales tax systemthe nontax revenues central government come fiscal services interest receipts public sector dividends etc.nontax revenues states grants central government interest receipts dividends income general economic social services.interstate share union tax pool decided recommendations finance commission president.total tax receipts centre state amount approximately national gdp.compares figure – oecd.union budget finance minister india usually presents annual union budget parliament last working day february. |
Government of India | however f.y.– tradition changed.budget presented st day february.budget passed lok sabha come effect april start indias fiscal year.union budget preceded economic survey outlines broad direction budget economic performance country outgoing financial yearindias nondevelopment revenue expenditure increased nearly fivefold – since – tenfold since –. |
Government of India | interest payments single largest item expenditure accounted total nondevelopment expenditure – budget.defence expenditure increased fourfold period increasing defend difficult neighborhood external terror threats.indias defence budget stood ₹ crores us.billion.issues corruption several ministers accused corruption nearly quarter elected members parliament charged crimes including murder . |
Government of India | many biggest scandals since involved high level government officials including cabinet ministers chief ministers commonwealth games scam ₹ crore equivalent ₹.trillion us billion adarsh housing society scam coal mining scam ₹.lakh crore equivalent ₹.trillion us billion mining scandal karnataka cash vote scandal.see also foreign relations indianational portal indianational socialmedia portalparliamentary democracylist government india agenciesunion government ministries india references reading subrata k. mitra v.b. |
Government of India | singh .democracy social change india crosssectional analysis national electorate.new delhi sage publications.isbn x india hb isbn us hb.external links media related government india wikimedia commonsofficial portal indian government |
Summerland Peninsula | peninsula lies within gippsland plain bioregion site high conservation significance.as part protected area peninsula supports diverse array animal plant life including number species listed conservation concern international federal state bodies including international union conservation nature environment protection biodiversity conservation act epbc act flora fauna guarantee act ffg act birdlife international important bird area.home one largest little penguin eudyptula minor breeding colonies australia second largest breeding colony australian fur seals arctocephalus pusillus doriferus world one largest breeding colonies greater crested terns sterna bergii victoria important breeding ground shorttailed shearwaters puffinus tenuirostris.several plants regarded rare threatened either victoria australia recorded peninsula including river swamp wallabygrass amphibromus fluitans listed vulnerable australia.the peninsula significantly modified agricultural residential recreational developments causing overall ecosystem degradation however protection management restoration efforts past years seen areas biodiversity recover.today phillip island nature parks pinp manage peninsula area ecological significance crown land reserves act .peninsula also home two major state tourism assets managed pinp penguin parade nobbies centre receive visitors annually. |
Summerland Peninsula | notforprofit organisation operating revenue ecotourism activities fund conservation work across pinp managed land.region description summerland peninsula approximately hectares area exposed coastal plateau surrounded coastlines sandy basalt boulder beaches rock platforms among rocky basalt cliffs.major landforms include coastal dune system wetlands made freshwater lagoon swan lake swamp green lake.north coast peninsula faces calm waters western port bay south coast turbid waters bass strait.area includes offshore rock formations nobbies three small islands seal rocks seal rock black rock two rocky islets hectares . |
Summerland Peninsula | km western tip peninsula bass strait.the area temperate climate cool wet winters june – august hot dry summers december – february.majority rainfall occurs winter mm mm per year area exposed full force southwest gales.vegetation communities determined wind exposure saltspray soil composition geology presence seabird colonies past land management practices.ecological vegetation classes plateau include grassy woodland coastal tussock grassland steep exposed coastal cliffs peninsula consist coastal tussock grassland coastal dune scrub extensive areas bird colony succulent herbland found southern cliff faces cliff tops among little penguin shorttailed shearwater colonies including nobbies.history modification phillip island summerland peninsula began european settlement s. entire island approximately hectares cleared burning make way agriculture farmers settled peninsula cultivating chicory bringing cattle rabbits decimated land.residential developments recreational activities soon followed s. tourism late tourism became established business area three locals began taking tourists view nightly ‘penguin parade’ little penguins arrive ashore summerland beach head burrows rock cavities peninsula rest breed feed chicks moult. |
Summerland Peninsula | late penguin parade recognised one popular attractions victoria visitors annually.summerland estate peninsula subdivided residential allotments.buildings infrastructure erected within penguin colony area became known summerland estate.human activity grew introduced threats invasive weeds red foxes vulpes vulpes traffic negatively impacting biodiversity.slowly importance protecting areas natural values benefit wildlife tourism recognised large penguin reserve established government. |
Summerland Peninsula | scientific research little penguin breeding survival peninsula began formation volunteer penguin study group psg.little penguin population decline despite new focus conservation studies psg newly established scientific advisory committee revealed island’s penguin population decline due habitat destruction introduced plants animals road traffic disturbance penguin colony however direct impacts tourism slight.research indicated introduced predators namely foxes adversely effecting breeding success adult survival habitat reduction destruction due developments significantly depressing population.late nine phillip island’s ten little penguin colonies extinct last colony restricted summerland peninsula.ecological modelling estimated threats managed summerland peninsula penguin colony would also extinct penguin parade cease viable tourist attraction. |
Summerland Peninsula | preventing little penguin extinction presented research findings victorian state government accepted need urgent action assist penguin reserve committee management developed penguin protection plan.plan government instituted buyback program infrastructure summerland peninsula allocated funds substantial scientific research better understanding penguins land lives sea.in late revegetation penguin habitat installation artificial nesting boxes initiated well improved control tourists vehicles.fox control place improved strategies imperative reduce mortality predatorkilled penguins deaths attributed foxes .control visitors penguin parade improved installation boardwalks stands prevent trampling colony allowing penguin population viewed public – hours dusk.restoration summerland peninsula buyback completed subsequent summerland restoration project initiated . |
Summerland Peninsula | million grant state government victoria.program included undergrounding power demolition removal last remaining houses redundant infrastructure revegetation provision artificial nests pest predator control.these extensive conservation efforts helped little penguin population summerland peninsula grow estimated birds headed extinction estimated breeding individuals today.flora peninsula supports variety ecological vegetation communities conservation concern within gippsland plains bioregion.include grassy woodland endangered bird colony succulent herbland rare estuarine flats grassland endangered coastal tussock grassland vulnerable coastal dune scrub depleted.overall vegetation summerland peninsula dominated coast tussockgrass poa poiformis bower spinach tetragonia implexicoma seaberry saltbush rhagodia candolleana rounded noonflower disphyma crassifolium subsp. |
Summerland Peninsula | davellatum coastal teatree leptospermum laevigatum.several species plant found peninsula listed either rare threatened victoria australia including river swamp wallabygrass amphibromus fluitans listed vulnerable australia purple blowngrass lachnagrostis punicea subsp.filifolia listed vulnerable victoria paleflower cranesbill geranium sp.creeping rush juncus revolutus dune woodsorrel oxalis rubens dune poa poa poiformis var.ramifer listed rare victoria.pest plants weeds significant threat peninsula impacting wildlife habitat well threatened plant species vegetation communities.african boxthorn lycium ferocissimum gorse ulex europaeus kikuyu grass pennisetum clandestinum melaleuca species given priority management threaten seabird habitat provide shelter feral cats foxes. |
Summerland Peninsula | introduced species marram grass ammophila arenaria sea wheatgrass thinopyrum junceiforme become wellestablished many areas affecting dune development morphology.intensive revegetation weed control work continues peninsula aim restoring nearer preeuropean settlement environment plants planted works focused allocasuarina shrubs assist slowing spread melaleuca.fauna protection peninsula provides critical breeding nonbreeding habitat diverse range wildlife including native migratory birds mammals amphibians reptiles number listed conservation concern international federal state bodies treaties including japanaustralia migratory bird agreementjamba.lack native grounddwelling predators rich local marine resources provide plentiful resources seabirds breed.area recognised priority conservation area birdlife international globally significant bird populations little penguins shorttailed shearwaters pacific gulls larus pacificus pacificus also listed vulnerable victoria.iucn listed species include fairy tern sternula nereis listed vulnerable hooded plover thinornis cucullatus listed vulnerable visiting shy albatross thalassarche cauta listed near threatened. |
Summerland Peninsula | seabird species include kelp gull larus dominicanus sooty oystercatcher haematopus fuliginosus pied oystercatcher haematopus longirostris.the peninsula also supports black swamp wallaby wallabia bicolor cape barren goose cereopsis novaehollandiae shortbeaked echidna tachyglossus aculeatus copperhead snake austrelaps superbus blotched bluetongued lizard tiliqua nigrolutea threatened growling grass frog litoria raniformis found swan lake.surrounding waters feeding area great white shark carcharodon carcharias listed vulnerable australia epbc act.little penguin little penguin colony summerland peninsula one largest breeding colonies australia current population size estimated breeding individuals located within penguin parade area.extensive conservation work prevented population decline predicted extinction colony past years.see history.scientific research little penguins ongoing area years monitoring colony land sea better understand threats population breeding. |
Summerland Peninsula | threats sea include disease impacts food supply well climate change.previously unknown herpes virus infected millions pilchards sardinops sagax across australia time increases little penguin moralities reported across western victoria numbers crossing summerland beach declined.scientists found penguins died starvation gastrointestinal parasitism due mass mortality one main food species also impacted penguin breeding success following season.research little penguin diets continues better understand impact prey mortalities biology foraging ecology.shorttailed shearwater approximately one million shorttailed shearwaters commonly known mutton birds australia return phillip island bering straits alaska breed burrows year. |
Summerland Peninsula | historically shearwaters harvested food oil protected victoria.threat fox predation colony largely reduced due control eradication however township light pollution ingestion marine plastic waste remain significant threats scientists currently researching.fledglings first flights sea attracted artificial lights disorientates path leaves many landing stranded roads.high mortality rates road traffic recorded shearwater protection program established remove relocate birds roads safer areas.recent study phillip island plastic ingestion shearwater fledglings found sampled birds contained plastic particles passed fish caught parents found shearwaters particularly high prevalence marine debris systems. |
Summerland Peninsula | australian fur seal protection seal rocks significant australian fur seal breeding nursery site national state protection seals australian waters dedicated scientific research helped population slowly recover effects commercial sealing late – subsequent culls fisheries.today seal rocks supports estimated individuals.marine debris identified threat colony recent research estimating entanglements occurring per year seal rocks pups juveniles risk due inquisitive playful nature.understanding effects marine debris population establish effective management debris sources well wildlife interacts it.major threats biodiversity current major threats biodiversity summerland peninsula include predation competition introduced species foxes feral cats felis catus rabbits oryctolagus cuniculus black rats rattus rattus well loss degradation native plant animal habitat invasive pest plants climate change disease impacts food supply fire oil spills general human disturbance.introduced predators particular foxes significant threat groundnesting colonial seabirds shorebirds summerland peninsula. |
Summerland Peninsula | foxes introduced phillip island various control methods implemented since none successful.fox monitoring control difficult foxes high breeding productivity wary humans highly mobile ecologically adaptable surplus kill hunting behaviour kill penguins night.pinp established dedicated fox eradication program aim removing foxes phillip island result decline penguin moralities foxes peninsula killed five killed subsequent four years.estimated foxes remaining across whole phillip island program successful phillip island largest island red foxes eradicated.the peninsula’s disturbed landscape makes particularly susceptible weed infestations threaten wildlife habitat threatened plant species ecological vegetation classes well areas vegetation addition introduction soil pathogens fungi pose threats habitat wildlife.pinp works community stakeholders strategic weed management prevention infestation well funding scientific research ecology dispersal invasive species help improve efficiency weed control programs.pinp responsible undertake possible measures prevent minimise dangers spread fires protection public visitors wildlife country fire authority act . |
Summerland Peninsula | addition pinp along state government response plans place manage threat oil spills wildlife environment.management summerland peninsula managed phillip island nature parks created state government victoria protect hectares crown land crown land reserves act “for conservation areas natural interest beauty scientific historic archaeological interest.pinp notforprofit organisation overseen board management appointed victorian minister environment climate change water.pinp reports department environment land water planning delwp.phillip island part bunurong country pinp acknowledges custodianship phillip island surrounds. |
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer | pinp manage four main visitor attractions across phillip island including penguin parade nobbies centre koala conservation centre churchill island.pinp’s role wildlife environment conservation includes seeking understand needs native species identifying management practices optimise size spread populations monitoring changes populations habitats” scientific research dedicated environmental management.pinp continues prioritise restoration summerland peninsula developing summerland peninsula special management area summerland peninsula master plan.april state government victoria awarded million upgrade pinps outdated penguin parade facilities built better equipped centre smaller environmental footprint also allow restoration eight hectares critical habitat back penguins.external links philip island factsheet birdlife.orgphilip island nature parksaustralia government department environment species profilesriver swamp wallabygrassgreater crested ternslittle penguinshorttailed shearwatersaustralian fur seals referencessecurity updates determined current version mbsa using windows update agent present windows computers since windows service pack .lesssecure settings often called vulnerability assessment va checks assessed based hardcoded set registry file checks.example va might permissions one directories wwwroot folder iis could set low level allowing unwanted modification files outsiders.version history versions .. run nt windows windows xp windows server provide support iis versions sql server internet explorer .. |
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer | microsoft office .security update assessment provided integrated version shavliks hfnetchk .scan tool.mbsa .. localized english german french japanese versions supported security assessment locale.version .retained hardcoded va checks replaced shavlik security assessment engine microsoft update technologies adds dynamic support microsoft products supported microsoft update. |
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer | mbsa .. released support revised windows update wu offline scan file wsusscn.cab.mbsa .added vista windows server support new vistastyled gui interface support latest windows update agent .new remote directory rd feature extended va checks x platforms.in august security bulletin webcast qa technet announced current version mbsa .support windows microsoft currently plans release updated version tool.in november mbsa . |
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer | released.release adds support windows windows .windows server windows server r. windows longer supported release.microsoft support updates mbsa ended.current version .offer official support windows windows server . |
Criticisms of globalization | microsoft mbsa webpage removed.mbsa differs microsoft update mbsa scans classes updates security updates service packs update rollups.critical optional updates left aside.see also belarc advisor references external links official websiteforummicrosoft office visio connector microsoft baseline security analyzer mbsa .httpstechnet.microsoft.comenussecuritycc.aspxwindowsversionmany views held antiglobalization movement.globalization created much global internal unrest many countries.dynamics capitalism changing country unique political makeup globalization setinstone program difficult implement without political unrest.globalization partly responsible current global economic crisis.case studies thailand arab nations view globalization show globalization threat culture religion harms indigenous people groups multinational corporations profit it. |
Criticisms of globalization | although globalization promised improved standard living economic development heavily criticized production negative effects.globalization simply economic project also heavily influences country environmentally politically socially well.economic impacts global economic crisis global economic crisis worst financial crisis since great depression partially attributed globalization.although globalization promised improved standard living actually worsened financial situation many homes made financial crisis global influences international financial institutions world bank.globalization limits development civilization path leads western capitalistic system. |
Criticisms of globalization | political structural differences countries implementation globalization detrimental many countries.political impacts globalization american hegemony john gray described globalization postcold war american triumphalism stated global laissez faire american project.globalization project american ideals values executed implemented countries.however effort criticized mainly examination united states today.united states high levels economic social inequalities gap rich poor great. |
Criticisms of globalization | furthermore u.s. highest rates incarceration anxiety due economic uncertainty great.criticism follows implementation american system countries may reproduce negative effects.scholars critics say washington consensus played role solidifying united states one core nationstates heart system global capitalism postcold war era.power transnational corporations process implementing globalization developing countries creation winners losers often predetermined.multinational corporations often benefit globalization poor indigenous locals negatively affected. |
Criticisms of globalization | power transnational companies inflicts major threat indigenous tribes.transnational companies exploited local family land businesses.globalization seen new form colonization imperialism economic inequality rise unemployment followed implementation.globalization criticized benefiting already large power risk growing vulnerability countries’ indigenous population.furthermore globalization nondemocratic enforced topdown methods. |
Criticisms of globalization | sovereignty globalization requires country give sovereignty sake executing western ideals country.result sovereignty belongs select whose views ideals implemented.name free markets promise improved standard living countries give political social powers international organizations.thus globalization causes greater empowerment international organizations diminishing influence local state institutions.environmental impacts case study thailand’s pak mun river late hydropower dam projects conducted order recreate thailands economy exportoriented economy. |
Criticisms of globalization | projects funded loans world bank part globalization efforts.local villagers project would directly affect notified world bank disregarded concerns.result building dams villages heavily depended river lost livelihood means economic gains i.e.fishing.projects contaminated river made river unfit villagers drink bathe laundry without experiencing negative health conditions rashes. |
Criticisms of globalization | furthermore projects resulted extinction edible plant species mushroom species bamboo species income local markets dependent important medical usage.furthermore decline fish population exterminated fishermens ways life different fish species affected species became extinct.globalization efforts thailand resulted environmental impacts affected social economic welfare indigenous populations.social impacts prejudice professor conor gearty london school economics suggested global freedom movement brought globalization increased scope prejudice within societies.psychological impacts identity collision global local cultures created challenges adapting reconciling two. |
Criticisms of globalization | globalization introduction western culture different countries shown produce bicultural identities identity confusion selfselected cultures.bicultural identity defined one adapting global culture simultaneously familiar local traditions.result two identities formed global identity local identity.ones global identity allows himher participate succeed globally able relate outside hisher local sphere.ones local identity allows himher still relevant family friends nearby.often experiencing globalization country seen develop hybrid identity identity merges global local identities. |
Criticisms of globalization | also seen immigrants.however adapting cultures may difficult especially distance two cultures great.cases globalization may cause identity confusion preventing proper development identity self eriksons theory identity formation.similarly globalization may create crisis john berry calls “marginalization” one unable identify local culture due heavy exposure globalization western influences however heshe also excluded global culture well.the implementation globalization requires certain degree culture shedding global culture alters disrupts preexisting local culture.also leads identity confusion primarily adolescents.cultural impacts urban adolescent issues many times countries globalization introduced problems arise among adolescents often blamed intrusion western culture ideals globalization. |
Criticisms of globalization | adolescents vulnerable receptive introduction new cultures.developing countries western values technology introduced aware current events taking place countries adolescents youths seen copying american fashion music styles.therefore western media blamed rise premarital sex teenage pregnancies follow globalization introduced.globalization claims improved countries’ global status.however companies attempting compete globally exploited workers global competition achieved poor working conditions.furthermore due global influences juvenile crimes increased disruption traditional norms. |
Criticisms of globalization | arab muslim countries arab islamic countries see globalization attempt instill western superiority threat preservation cultural identity.although differing views globalization exist among arab nations large percentage muslims see imperialistic cultural invasion attempts destroy heritage cultural beliefs.despite differing opinions globalization almost acknowledge believe globalization simply americanism— implementation american cultures ideals countries.globalization especially threatening arab nations islam simply religious practice dominates laws social norms marriages spending habits.since globalization seen way secularizing nation muslims also see cultural religious invasion requiring separation religion daily life.radicalists see perversion pure islamic doctrine globalization seen merge domain islam dar alislam domain infidelity daralkufr.the western influence media also unwelcome.western control media viewed way brainwash young muslims strip nationality cultural heritage. |
Natural hazard | also oppose creation new global hegemonic culture referencing quran states god purposefully divided mankind different nations tribes.arab intellectuals stated globalization rids earth human cultural diversity civilizations’ peculiarities many see barbaric.authors publishers expressed fear western ideals penetrating nations.see also criticism capitalismcriticism neoliberalismcriticism world bankcriticism world trade organizationdevelopment criticismdisneyficationnationalismnew world order conspiracy theorynew world order politics referencesnatural hazard events classified two broad categories geophysical biological.an example distinction natural hazard disaster earthquake hazard caused san francisco earthquake disaster.natural hazards provoked affected anthropogenic processes e.g.landuse change drainage construction.geological hazards avalanche avalanche occurs large snow rock mass slides mountainside.avalanche example gravity current consisting granular material. |
Natural hazard | avalanche much material mixtures different types material fall slide rapidly force gravity.avalanches often classified size severity consequences resulting event.earthquake seismic waves earths surface earthquakes may manifest shaking displacement ground earthquake occurs seafloor resulting displacement ocean sea water sometimes result tsunami.worlds earthquakes largest take place kmlong horseshoeshaped zone called circumpacific seismic belt also known pacific ring fire part bounds pacific plate.many earthquakes happen day large enough cause significant damage. |
Natural hazard | coastal erosion coastal erosion physical process shorelines coastal areas around world shift change primarily response waves currents influenced tides storm surge.coastal erosion result longterm processes see also beach evolution well episodic events tropical cyclones severe storm events.lahar lahar type natural event closely related volcanic eruption involves large amount material originating eruption glaciated volcano including mud melted ice rock ash sliding side volcano rapid pace.flows destroy entire towns seconds kill thousands people form flood basalt.this based natural events.landslide landslide mass displacement sediment usually slope. |
Natural hazard | caused pressure pulling natural objects declining hill.sinkhole sinkhole localized depression surface topography usually caused collapse subterranean structure cave.although rare large sinkholes develop suddenly populated areas lead collapse buildings structures.volcanic eruption volcanic eruption point volcano active releases power eruptions come many forms.range daily small eruptions occur places like kilauea hawaii megacolossal eruption supervolcanic event lake toba reduced human population even breeding pairs creating bottleneck human evolution. |
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