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Jawaharlal Nehru | charged breach salt law sentenced six months imprisonment central jail.he nominated gandhi succeed congress president absence jail gandhi declined nehru nominated father successor.nehrus arrest civil disobedience acquired new tempo arrests firing crowds lathi charges grew ordinary occurrences.salt satyagraha success salt satyagraha pressure reform passive resistance succeeded attracting world attention.indian british world opinion increasingly recognised legitimacy claims congress party independence.nehru considered salt satyagraha highwater mark association gandhi felt lasting importance changing attitudes indiansof course movements exercised tremendous pressure british government shook government machinery. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | real importance mind lay effect people especially village masses.... noncooperation dragged mire gave selfrespect selfreliance.... acted courageously submit easily unjust oppression outlook widened began think little terms india whole.... remarkable transformation congress gandhis leadership must credit it.electoral politics europe economics – nehrus trip europe happened turning point political economic mindset. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | visit sparked interest marxism socialist thought pattern.time later spent incarcerated enabled research marxism deeply.appealed ideas repelled tactics never could bring buy karl marxs words revealed gospel.however time benchmark economic view remained marxist adapted necessary indian circumstances.nehru spent early months switzerland visiting ailing wife lausanne died march.europe became concerned possibility another world war. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | time emphasised event war indias place alongside democracies though insisted india could fight support great britain france free country.at lucknow session despite opposition newly elected nehru party president congress party agreed contest provincial elections held government india act .elections brought congress party power majority provinces increased popularity power nehru.since muslim league muhammad ali jinnah become creator pakistan fared badly polls nehru declared two parties mattered india british colonial authorities congress.jinnahs statements muslim league third equal partner within indian politics widely rejected.nehru hoped elevate maulana azad preeminent leader indian muslims gandhi continued treat jinnah voice indian muslims undermined this.in leadership jayaprakash narayan narendra deo others congress socialist party group formed within inc. though nehru never joined group acted bridge gandhi. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | support leftwing congressmen maulana azad subhas chandra bose.trio combined oust rajendra prasad congress president .nehru elected place held presidency two years –.socialist colleagues bose – azad – succeeded him.nehrus second term general secretary congress proposed certain resolutions concerning foreign policy india. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | given carte blanche blank cheque framing foreign policy future indian nation.nehru worked closely bose developing good relations governments free countries world.nehru one first nationalist leaders realise sufferings people states ruled indian princes.nationalist movement confined territories direct british rule.helped make struggle people princely states part nationalist movement independence.nehru also given responsibility planning economy future india appointed national planning commission help frame policies. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | however many plans framed nehru colleagues would come undone unexpected partition india .the india states peoples conference aispc formed nehru supported cause people princely states many years made organisations president .opened ranks membership across political spectrum.aispc play important role political integration india helping indian leaders vallabhbhai patel v. p. menon nehru delegated integrating princely states india negotiate hundreds princes.nationalist movement – world war ii began viceroy linlithgow unilaterally declared india belligerent side britain without consulting elected indian representatives.nehru hurried back visit china announcing conflict democracy fascism sympathies must inevitably side democracy ... like india play full part throw resources struggle new order.after much deliberation congress nehru informed government would cooperate british certain conditions. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | first britain must give assurance full independence india war allow election constituent assembly frame new constitution second although indian armed forces would remain british commanderinchief indians must included immediately central government given chance share power responsibility.nehru presented lord linlithgow demands chose reject them.deadlock reached old game played nehru wrote bitterly gandhi background various epithets actors results must same.on october congress condemned viceroys attitude called upon congress ministries various provinces resign protest.crucial announcement nehru urged jinnah muslim league join protest jinnah declined.as nehru firmly placed india path democracy freedom time world threat fascism bose split late latter agreed seek help fascists driving british india.time nehru supported republicans fighting francisco francos forces spanish civil war. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | nehru aide v. k. krishna menon visited spain declared support republicans.benito mussolini dictator italy expressed desire meet nehru refused him.civil disobedience lahore resolution august offer march muhammad ali jinnah passed came known pakistan resolution declaring muslims nation according definition nation must homelands territory state.state known pakistan meaning land pure.nehru angrily declared old problems ... pale insignificance latest stand taken muslim league leader lahore. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | linlithgow made nehru offer october stated dominion status india objective british government.however referred neither date method accomplish this.jinnah received something precise british would contemplate transferring power congressdominated national government authority denied various elements indias national life.in october gandhi nehru abandoning original stand supporting britain decided launch limited civil disobedience campaign leading advocates indian independence selected participate one one.nehru arrested sentenced four years imprisonment.january gandhi statedsome say jawaharlal estranged. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | require much difference opinion estrange us.differences time became coworkers yet said years say rajaji jawaharlal successor.spending little year jail nehru released along congress prisoners three days bombing pearl harbor hawaii.japan attacks india cripps mission quit india japanese carried attack burma myanmar borders india spring british government faced new military threat decided make overtures india nehru originally desired.prime minister winston churchill dispatched sir stafford cripps member war cabinet known politically close nehru knew jinnah proposals settlement constitutional problem. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | soon arrived discovered india deeply divided imagined.nehru eager compromise hopeful gandhi not.jinnah continued opposing congress pakistan demand god declared muslim league newspaper dawn.cripps mission failed gandhi would accept nothing less independence.relations nehru gandhi cooled latters refusal cooperate cripps two later reconciled.in gandhi called british leave india nehru though reluctant embarrass allied war effort alternative join gandhi. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | following quit india resolution passed congress party bombay august entire congress working committee including gandhi nehru arrested imprisoned.congress working committee including nehru abdul kalam azad sardar patel incarcerated ahmednagar fort june .prison – period congress leaders jail muslim league jinnah grew power.april league captured governments bengal month later northwest frontier province.none provinces league previously majority—only arrest congress members made possible. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | muslim dominated provinces except punjab jinnahs control concept separate muslim state turning reality.however jinnahs power prestige waning.a general sympathy towards jailed congress leaders developing among muslims much blame disastrous bengal famine – two million died laid shoulders provinces muslim league government.numbers jinnahs meetings counted thousands soon numbered hundred.despair jinnah left political scene stay kashmir.prestige restored unwittingly gandhi released prison medical grounds may met jinnah bombay september. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | offered muslim leader plebiscite muslim areas war see whether wanted separate rest india.essentially acceptance principle pakistan—but many words.jinnah demanded exact words used.gandhi refused talks broke down.jinnah however greatly strengthened position league. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | influential member congress seen negotiate equal terms.cabinet mission interim government – nehru colleagues released prior arrival british cabinet mission india propose plans transfer power.agreed plan led elections provincial assemblies.turn members assemblies elected members constituent assembly.congress majority seats assembly headed interim government nehru prime minister. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | muslim league joined government later liaquat ali khan finance member.prime minister india – nehru served prime minister years first interim prime minister prime minister republic india.republicanism july nehru pointedly observed princely state could prevail militarily army independent india.january said independent india would accept divine right kings.may declared princely state refused join constituent assembly would treated enemy state. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | vallabhbhai patel v. p. menon conciliatory towards princes men charged integrating states successful task.drafting indian constitution many indian leaders except nehru favour allowing princely state covenanting state independent federal state along lines suggested originally government india act .drafting constitution progressed idea forming republic took concrete shape decided princely statescovenanting states would merge indian republic.nehrus daughter indira gandhi prime minister derecognised rulers presidential order decision struck supreme court india.eventually government th amendment constitution successful derecognising former rulers ending privy purse paid .independence dominion india – period independence early impaired outbreaks communal violence political disorder opposition muslim league led muhammad ali jinnah demanding separate muslim state pakistan. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | independence took office prime minister india august delivered inaugural address titled tryst destiny.long years ago made tryst destiny time comes shall redeem pledge wholly full measure substantially.stroke midnight hour world sleeps india awake life freedom.moment comes comes rarely history step old new age ends soul nation long suppressed finds utterance.fitting solemn moment take pledge dedication service india people still larger cause humanity.assassination mahatma gandhi january gandhi shot walking garden birla house way address prayer meeting. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | assassin nathuram godse hindu nationalist links extremist hindu mahasabha party held gandhi responsible weakening india insisting upon payment pakistan.nehru addressed nation radiofriends comrades light gone lives darkness everywhere quite know tell say it.beloved leader bapu called father nation more.perhaps wrong say nevertheless see seen many years run advice seek solace terrible blow millions millions country.yasmin khan argued gandhis death funeral helped consolidate authority new indian state nehru patel.congress tightly controlled epic public displays grief twoweek period—the funeral mortuary rituals distribution martyrs ashes millions participating different events. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | goal assert power government legitimise congress partys control suppress religious paramilitary groups.nehru patel suppressed rashtriya swayamsevak sangh rss muslim national guards khaksars arrests.gandhis death funeral linked distant state indian people helped understand need suppress religious parties transition independence indian people.later years emerged revisionist school history sought blame nehru partition india mostly referring highly centralised policies independent india jinnah opposed favour decentralised india.integration states adoption new constitution – british indian empire included presentday india pakistan bangladesh divided two types territories provinces british india governed directly british officials responsible viceroy india princely states rule local hereditary rulers recognised british suzerainty return local autonomy cases established treaty. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | territories princely states politically integrated indian union nehru sardar patel.merged existing provinces others organised new provinces rajputana himachal pradesh madhya bharat vindhya pradesh made multiple princely states including mysore hyderabad bhopal bilaspur became separate provinces.government india act remained constitutional law india pending adoption new constitution.the new constitution india came force january republic day made india sovereign democratic republic.new republic declared union states.election adoption constitution november constituent assembly continued act interim parliament new elections. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | nehrus interim cabinet consisted members diverse communities parties.first elections indian legislative bodies national parliament state assemblies new constitution india held .various members cabinet resigned posts formed parties contest elections.period congress party president purushottam das tandon also resigned post differences nehru since nehrus popularity needed winning elections.nehru prime minister elected president congress . |
Jawaharlal Nehru | election despite numerous competing parties congress party nehrus leadership large majorities state national level.first term prime minister – state reorganization december nehru appointed states reorganisation commission prepare creation states linguistic lines.headed justice fazal ali commission also known fazal ali commission.govind ballabh pant served nehrus home minister december oversaw commissions efforts.commission created report recommending reorganisation indias states.under seventh amendment existing distinction part part b part c part states abolished. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | distinction part part b states removed becoming known simply states.new type entity union territory replaced classification part c part state.nehru stressed commonality among indians promoted panindianism refusing reorganise states either religious ethnic lines.subsequent elections elections leadership nehru indian national congress easily second term power taking seats.gained extra seven seats size lok sabha increased five vote share increased . |
Jawaharlal Nehru | .. inc nearly five times votes communist party second largest party.in nehru led congress victory diminished majority.numbers voted communist socialist parties grew although rightwing groups like bharatiya jana sangh also well.popularity date nehru considered popular prime minister winning three consecutive elections around vote.pathé news archive video reporting nehrus death remarks neither political stage moral stature leadership ever challenged.book verdicts nehru ramachandra guha cited contemporary account described nehrus – indian general election campaign looked likealmost every place city town village wayside halt people waited overnight welcome nations leader. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | schools shops closed milkmaids cowherds taken holiday kisan helpmate took temporary respite dawntodusk programme hard work field home.nehrus name stocks soda lemonade sold even water became scarce ...special trains run outoftheway places carry people nehrus meetings enthusiasts travelling footboards also top carriages. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | scores people fainted milling crowds.in nehru admired world leaders british prime minister winston churchill us president dwight d. eisenhower.letter eisenhower nehru dated november read universally recognised one powerful influences peace conciliation world.believe world leader peace individual capacity well representative largest neutral nation.... churchill called nehru light asia greater light gautama buddha.nehru time described charismatic leader rare charm.vision governing policies according bhikhu parekh nehru regarded founder modern indian state. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | parekh attributes national philosophy nehru formulated india.modernisation national philosophy seven goals national unity parliamentary democracy industrialisation socialism development scientific temper nonalignment.parekhs opinion philosophy policies resulted benefited large section society public sector workers industrial houses middle upper peasantry.however failed benefit urban rural poor unemployed hindu fundamentalists.after exit subhash chandra bose mainstream indian politics support violence driving british india power struggle socialists conservatives congress party balanced out.however death vallabhbhai patel left nehru sole remaining iconic national leader soon situation became nehru could implement many basic policies without hindrance nehrus daughter indira gandhi able fulfil fathers dream nd amendment indian constitution india officially became socialist secular state emergency imposed. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | economic policies nehru implemented policies based import substitution industrialisation advocated mixed economy governmentcontrolled public sector would coexist private sector.believed establishment basic heavy industry fundamental development modernisation indian economy.government therefore directed investment primarily key public sector industries—steel iron coal power—promoting development subsidies protectionist policies.the policy nonalignment cold war meant nehru received financial technical support power blocs building indias industrial base scratch.steel mill complexes built bokaro rourkela assistance soviet union west germany.substantial industrial development. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | industry grew .annually —almost trebling industrial output making india worlds seventh largest industrial country.nehrus critics however contended indias import substitution industrialisation continued long nehru era weakened international competitiveness manufacturing industries.indias share world trade fell .– . |
Jawaharlal Nehru | –.however indias export performance argued showed actual sustained improvement period.volume exports grew annual rate .– .–.gdp gnp grew . |
Jawaharlal Nehru | .annually –.radical break british colonial period growth rates considered anaemic best compared industrial powers europe east asia.india lagged behind miracle economies japan west germany france italy.state planning controls regulations argued impaired economic growth. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | indias economy grew faster united kingdom united states low initial income rapid population increase meant growth inadequate sort catchup rich income nations.nehrus preference big statecontrolled enterprises created complex system quantitative regulations quotas tariffs industrial licenses host controls.system known india licence raj responsible economic inefficiencies stifled entrepreneurship checked economic growth decades liberalisation policies initiated congress government p. v. narasimha rao.agriculture policies nehrus leadership government attempted develop india quickly embarking agrarian reform rapid industrialisation.successful land reform introduced abolished giant landholdings efforts redistribute land placing limits landownership failed.attempts introduce largescale cooperative farming frustrated landowning rural elites formed core powerful rightwing congress considerable political support opposing nehrus efforts. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | agricultural production expanded early additional land brought cultivation irrigation projects began effect.establishment agricultural universities modelled landgrant colleges united states contributed development economy.universities worked highyielding varieties wheat rice initially developed mexico philippines began green revolution effort diversify increase crop production.time series failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages despite steady progress increase agricultural production.social policies education nehru passionate advocate education indias children youth believing essential indias future progress. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | government oversaw establishment many institutions higher learning including india institute medical sciences indian institutes technology indian institutes management national institutes technology.nehru also outlined commitment fiveyear plans guarantee free compulsory primary education indias children.purpose nehru oversaw creation mass village enrolment programs construction thousands schools.nehru also launched initiatives provision free milk meals children fight malnutrition.adult education centres vocational technical schools also organised adults especially rural areas. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | hindu marriage law nehru indian parliament enacted many changes hindu law criminalise caste discrimination increase legal rights social freedoms women.nehru specifically wrote article indian constitution directive principles state policy states state shall endeavor secure citizens uniform civil code throughout territory india.article formed basis secularism india.however nehru criticised inconsistent application law.notably allowed muslims keep personal law matters relating marriage inheritance.small state goa civil code based old portuguese family laws allowed continue nehru prohibited muslim personal law. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | resulted annexation goa india nehru promised people laws would left intact.led accusations selective secularism.while nehru exempted muslim law legislation remained unreformed passed special marriage act .idea behind act give everyone india ability marry outside personal law civil marriage.law applied india except jammu kashmir leading accusations selective secularism.many respects act almost identical hindu marriage act demonstrates secularised law regarding hindus become. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | special marriage act allowed muslims marry keep protections generally beneficial muslim women could found personal law.act polygamy illegal inheritance succession would governed indian succession act rather respective muslim personal law.divorce would governed secular law maintenance divorced wife would along lines set civil law.reservations sociallyoppressed communities system reservations government services educational institutions created eradicate social inequalities disadvantages faced peoples scheduled castes scheduled tribes.nehru convincingly succeeded secularism religious harmony increasing representation minorities government. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | language policy nehru led faction congress party promoted hindi lingua franca indian nation.exhaustive divisive debate nonhindi speakers hindi adopted official language india english continuing associate official language years hindi would become sole official language.efforts indian government make hindi sole official language unacceptable many nonhindi indian states wanted continued use english.dravida munnetra kazhagam dmk descendant dravidar kazhagam led opposition hindi.allay fears nehru enacted official languages act ensure continuing use english beyond . |
Jawaharlal Nehru | text act satisfy dmk increased scepticism future administrations might honour assurances.congress government headed indira gandhi eventually amended official languages act guarantee indefinite use hindi english official languages.effectively ensured current virtual indefinite policy bilingualism indian republic.foreign policy throughout long tenure prime minister nehru also held portfolio external affairs.idealistic approach focused giving india leadership position nonalignment. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | sought build support among newly independent nations asia africa opposition two hostile superpowers contesting cold war.commonwealth independence nehru wanted maintain good relations britain british commonwealth countries.prime minister dominion india signed london declaration india agreed remain within commonwealth nations becoming republic january recognise british monarch symbol free association independent member nations head commonwealth.nations commonwealth recognised indias continuing membership association.nonaligned movement international scene nehru opponent military action military alliances. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | strong supporter united nations except tried resolve kashmir question.pioneered policy nonalignment cofounded nonaligned movement nations professing neutrality rival blocs nations led us ussr.recognising peoples republic china soon founding western bloc continued relations taiwan nehru argued inclusion united nations refused brand chinese aggressors conflict korea.sought establish warm friendly relations china hoped act intermediary bridge gulf tensions communist states western bloc.nehru key organiser bandung conference april brought newly independent nations together asia africa designed galvanise nonalignment movement nehrus leadership.envisioned key leadership opportunity world stage would bring together emerging nations. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | instead chinese representative zhou enlai downplayed revolutionary communism acknowledged right nations choose economic political systems including even capitalism upstaged him.nehru top foreignpolicy aide v.k.krishna menon contrast gained international reputation rude undiplomatic.zhou said privately never met arrogant man mr. nehru.senior indian foreign office official characterised menon outstanding world statesman worlds worst diplomat adding often overbearing churlish vindictive. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | defence nuclear policy averse war nehru led campaigns pakistan kashmir.used military force annex hyderabad goa .laying foundation stone national defence academy statedwe generations talked attempted everything peaceful way practised nonviolence sense glorifying army navy air force.means lot.though odd yet simply reflects oddness life. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | though life logical face contingencies unless prepared face go under.greater prince peace apostle nonviolence mahatma gandhi...but yet said better take sword surrender fail run away.cannot live carefree assuming safe.human nature such.cannot take risks risk hardwon freedom. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | prepared modern defense methods wellequipped army navy air force.nehru entrusted homi j. bhabha nuclear physicist complete authority nuclearrelated affairs programs answerable prime minister.many hailed nehru working defuse global tensions threat nuclear weapons korean war –.commissioned first study effects nuclear explosions human health campaigned ceaselessly abolition called frightful engines destruction.also pragmatic reasons promoting denuclearization fearing nuclear arms race would lead overmilitarisation would unaffordable developing countries own.defending kashmir lord mountbattens urging nehru promised hold plebiscite kashmir auspices un.kashmir disputed territory india pakistan two gone war . |
Jawaharlal Nehru | however pakistan failed pull back troops accordance un resolution nehru grew increasingly wary un declined hold plebiscite .policies kashmir integrating state india frequently defended united nations aide v. k. krishna menon earned reputation india passionate speeches.in nehru orchestrated ouster arrest sheikh abdullah prime minister kashmir previously supported suspected harbouring separatist ambitions bakshi ghulam mohammad replaced him.menon instructed deliver unprecedented eighthour speech defending indias stand kashmir date speech longest ever delivered united nations security council covering five hours nd meeting january two hours fortyeight minutes th reportedly concluding menons collapse security council floor.filibuster nehru moved swiftly successfully consolidate indian power kashmir great unrest.menons passionate defence indian sovereignty kashmir enlarged base support india led indian press temporarily dubbing hero kashmir.nehru peak popularity india minor criticism came farright. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | china nehru signed china five principles peaceful coexistence known india panchsheel sanskrit words panch five sheel virtues set principles govern relations two states.first formal codification treaty form agreement china india recognised chinese sovereignty tibet.enunciated preamble agreement exchange notes trade intercourse tibet region china india signed peking april .negotiations took place delhi december april delegation peoples republic china prc government delegation indian government relations two countries regarding disputed territories aksai chin south tibet.chinese premier zhou enlai also persuaded nehru accept chinese position tibet thus depriving tibet possible ally possibility receiving military aid india. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | treaty disregarded five principles came seen important china–india relations generally norms relations states.became widely recognised accepted throughout region premiership indira gandhi threeyear rule janata party –.although five principles peaceful coexistence basis sinoindian border treaty later years nehrus foreign policy suffered increasing chinese assertiveness border disputes decision grant asylum th dalai lama.dag hammarskjöld second secretarygeneral united nations said nehru superior moral point view zhou enlai skilled realpolitik.united states nehru criticised joint invasion suez canal british french israelis.role indian prime minister leader nonaligned movement significant tried evenhanded two sides vigorously denouncing anthony eden cosponsors invasion. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | nehru powerful ally us president dwight eisenhower relatively silent publicly went extent using americas clout international monetary fund make britain france back down.suez crisis nehrus righthand man menon attempted persuade recalcitrant gamal nasser compromise west instrumental moving western powers towards awareness nasser might prove willing compromise.the us hoped court nehru intervention favour nasser suez crisis.however cold war suspicions american distrust nehruvian socialism cooled relations india us suspected nehru tacitly supporting soviet union.nehru maintained good relations britain even suez crisis.accepted uk world banks arbitration signing indus waters treaty pakistani ruler ayub khan resolve longstanding disputes sharing resources major rivers punjab region. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | goa years failed negotiations nehru authorised indian army invade portuguesecontrolled portuguese india goa formally annexed india.increased popularity india criticised communist opposition india use military force.sinoindian war process accelerated nehru adopted forward policy setting military outposts disputed areas sinoindian border including outposts territory previously controlled india.china attacked outposts sinoindian war began india lost.china withdrew prewar lines eastern zone tawang retained aksai chin within british india handed india independence. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | later pakistan handed portion kashmir near siachen controlled pakistan since china.the war exposed unpreparedness indias military could send troops war zone opposition much larger chinese army nehru widely criticised governments insufficient attention defence.response nehru sacked defence minister v. k. krishna menon sought us military aid.nehrus improved relations us john f. kennedy proved useful war president pakistan closely aligned americans ayub khan made guarantee neutrality regarding india threatened communist aggression red china.indias relationship soviet union criticised rightwing groups supporting freemarket policies also seemingly validated.nehru would continue maintain commitment nonaligned movement despite calls settle one permanent ally.the aftermath war saw sweeping changes indian military prepare similar conflicts future placed pressure nehru seen responsible failing anticipate chinese attack india. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | american advice american envoy john kenneth galbraith made ran american policy war top policymakers us absorbed coincident cuban missile crisis nehru refrained using indian air force beat back chinese advances.cia later revealed time chinese neither fuel runways long enough use air force effectively tibet.indians general became highly sceptical china military.many indians view war betrayal indias attempts establishing longstanding peace china started question nehrus usage term hindichini bhaibhai indians chinese brothers.war also put end nehrus earlier hopes india china would form strong asian axis counteract increasing influence cold war bloc superpowers.the unpreparedness army blamed defence minister menon resigned government post allow someone might modernise indias military further. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | indias policy weaponization using indigenous sources selfsufficiency began earnest nehru completed daughter indira gandhi later led india crushing military victory rival pakistan .toward end war india increased support tibetan refugees revolutionaries settled india fighting common enemy region.nehru ordered raising elite indiantrained tibetan armed force composed tibetan refugees served distinction future wars pakistan .during conflict nehru wrote two urgent letters us president john f. kennedy requesting squadrons fighter jets modern radar system.jets seen necessary increase indian air strength airtoair combat could initiated safely indian perspective bombing troops seen unwise fear chinese retaliatory action.nehru also asked aircraft manned american pilots indian airmen trained replace them. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | kennedy administration involved cuban missile crisis sinoindian war rejected requests leading cooling indous relations.according former indian diplomat g parthasarathy got nothing us arms supplies soviet union india commence.according time magazines editorial war however may case.editorial stateswhen washington finally turned attention india honoured ambassadors pledge loaded us planes worth automatic weapons heavy mortars land mines.twelve huge c hercules transports complete us crews maintenance teams took new delhi fly indian troops equipment battle zone. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | britain weighed bren sten guns airlifted tons arms india.canada prepared ship six transport planes.australia opened indian credits worth munitions.assassination attempts security four known assassination attempts nehru.first attempt made partition visiting northwest frontier province pakistan car. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | second baburao laxman kochale knifewielding rickshawpuller near nagpur .third attempt took place bombay fourth failed bombing attempt train tracks maharashtra .despite threats life nehru despised much security around like disrupt traffic movements.death nehrus health began declining steadily spent months recuperating kashmir .historians attribute dramatic decline surprise chagrin sinoindian war perceived betrayal trust. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | upon return dehradun may feeling quite comfortable went bed usual.restful night .soon returned bathroom nehru complained pain back.spoke doctors attended brief almost immediately collapsed.remained unconscious died early afternoon. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | death announced lok sabha local time may cause death believed heart attack.draped indian national tricolour flag body jawaharlal nehru placed public viewing.raghupati raghava rajaram chanted body placed platform.may nehru cremated accordance hindu rites shantivan banks yamuna witnessed .million mourners flocked streets delhi cremation grounds.nehrus death left india clear political heir leadership later lal bahadur shastri succeeded prime minister. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | death announced indian parliament words similar nehrus time gandhis assassination light out.indias future prime minister atal bihari vajpayee famously delivered nehru acclaimed eulogy.hailed nehru bharat matas favourite prince likened mythological warriorking rama.key cabinet members associates nehru served prime minister eighteen years first interim prime minister – last year british raj prime minister independent india august may .b.r. ambedkar law minister interim cabinet also chaired constitution drafting committee.vallabhbhai patel served home minister interim government. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | instrumental getting congress party working committee vote partition.also credited integrating peacefully princely states india.patel longtime comrade nehru died leaving nehru unchallenged leader india death .abul kalam azad first minister education indian government minister human resource development september ministry education.contribution establishing education foundation india recognised celebrating birthday national education day across india.jagjivan ram became youngest minister nehrus interim government india labour minister also member constituent assembly india member dalit caste ensured social justice enshrined constitution.went serve minister various portfolios nehrus tenure shastri indira gandhi governments.morarji desai nationalist anticorruption leanings socially conservative probusiness favour free enterprise reforms opposed prime minister jawaharlal nehrus socialistic policies. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | serving chief minister bombay state joined nehrus cabinet finance minister india.held position along senior ministers nehru cabinet resigned kamaraj plan.theplan proposed madras chief minister k.kamaraj revert back government ministers party positions acertain tenure vice versa.with nehrus age health failing early desai considered possible contender position prime minister.later desai alleged nehru used kamaraj plan remove possible contenders ‘from path daughter indira gandhi.desai succeeded indira gandhi prime minister selected victorious janata alliance parliamentary leader.govind ballabh pant – key figure indian independence movement later pivotal figure politics uttar pradesh indian government.pant served nehrus cabinet union home minister death . |
Jawaharlal Nehru | home minister chief achievement reorganisation states along linguistic lines.also responsible establishment hindi official language central government states.tenure home minister pant awarded bharat ratna.c.d. deshmukh one five members planning commission constituted cabinet resolution.deshmukh succeeded john mathai union finance minister mathai resigned protest transfer certain powers planning commission. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | finance minister deshmukh remained member planning commission.deshmukhs tenure—during delivered six budgets interim budget—is noted effective management indian economy steady growth saw recover impacts events s. deshmukhs tenure state bank india formed nationalisation amalgamation imperial bank several smaller banks.accomplished nationalisation insurance companies formation life insurance corporation india life insurance corporation india act .deshmukh resigned governments proposal move bill parliament bifurcating bombay state gujarat maharashtra designating city bombay union territory.v.k. krishna menon – close associate nehru described second powerful man india nehrus tenure prime minister. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | nehru served indias high commissioner uk un ambassador union minister defence.forced resign debacle china war.in years following independence nehru frequently turned daughter indira gandhi managing personal affairs.indira moved nehrus official residence attend became constant companion travels across india world.would virtually become nehrus chief staff.towards end indira gandhi served president congress. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | capacity instrumental getting communist led kerala state government dismissed .indira elected congress party president aroused criticism alleged nepotism although nehru actually disapproved election partly considered smacked dynasticism said indeed wholly undemocratic undesirable thing refused position cabinet.indira loggerheads father policy notably used oftstated personal deference congress working committee push dismissal communist party india government state kerala objections.nehru began embarrassed ruthlessness disregard parliamentary tradition hurt saw assertiveness purpose stake identity independent father.relationships kamalas death nehru rumoured relationships several women. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | included shraddha mata padmaja naidu edwina mountbatten.countess mountbattens daughter lady pamela hicks acknowledged nehrus platonic relationship lady mountbatten.lady edwina mountbattens burial sea nehru requested indian navy frigate ins trishul escort hms wakeful burial took place cast wreath mark respect held india.british historian philip ziegler access private letters diaries concludes relationshipwas endure edwina mountbattens death intensely loving romantic trusting generous idealistic even spiritual.physical element minor importance either party.indias governorgeneral mountbattens reaction one pleasure....he liked admired nehru useful prime minister find attractions governorgenerals home agreeable find edwina almost permanently good temper advantages alliance obvious.nehrus sister vijaya lakshmi pandit told pupul jayakar indira gandhis friend biographer padmaja naidu nehru lived together many years. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | religion personal beliefs described hindu agnostic styling scientific humanist nehru thought religious taboos preventing india moving forward adapting modern conditions country people slaves dogma dogmatic mentality progress unhappily country people become extraordinarily dogmatic littleminded.the spectacle called religion rate organised religion india elsewhere filled horror frequently condemned wished make clean sweep it.almost always seemed stand blind belief reaction dogma bigotry superstition exploitation preservation vested interests.as humanist nehru considered afterlife mystical heaven reincarnation practical achievements life lived fully fellow human beings “…nor greatly interested life death.find problems life sufficiently absorbing fill mind” wrote.last testament wrote “i wish declare earnestness want religious ceremonies performed death.believe ceremonies submit even matter form would hypocrisy attempt delude others.”in autobiography analysed christianity islam impact india. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | wanted model india secular country secularist policies remain subject debate.legacy indias first prime minister external affairs minister jawaharlal nehru played major role shaping modern indias government political culture along sound foreign policy.praised creating system providing universal primary education reaching children farthest corners rural india.nehrus education policy also credited development worldclass educational institutions like india institute medical sciences indian institutes technology indian institutes management.in addition nehrus stance unfailing nationalist led implement policies stressed commonality among indians still appreciating regional diversities.proved particularly important postindependence differences surfaced since british withdrawal subcontinent prompted regional leaders longer relate one another allies common adversary. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | differences culture especially language threatened unity new nation nehru established programs national book trust national literary academy promoted translation regional literatures languages organised transfer materials regions.pursuit single unified india nehru warned integrate perish.historian ramachandra guha writes nehru retired would remembered indias best prime minister one great statesmen modern world.nehru thus left behind disputed legacy either adored architect modern india reviled indias progress lack it.commemoration lifetime jawaharlal nehru enjoyed iconic status india widely admired across world idealism statesmanship.nehrus ideals policies continue shaping congress partys manifesto core political philosophy. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | birthday november celebrated india bal divas childrens day recognition lifelong passion work welfare education development children young people.children across india remember chacha nehru uncle nehru.nehru remains popular symbol congress party frequently celebrates memory.people often emulate style clothing especially gandhi cap nehru jacket.nehrus preference sherwani ensured continues considered formal wear north india today. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | many public institutions memorials across india dedicated nehrus memory.jawaharlal nehru university delhi among prestigious universities india.jawaharlal nehru port near city mumbai modern port dock designed handle huge cargo traffic load.nehrus residence delhi preserved teen murti house nehru memorial museum library one five nehru planetariums set mumbai delhi bangalore allahabad pune.complex also houses offices jawaharlal nehru memorial fund established chairmanship sarvepalli radhakrishnan president india. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | foundation also gives away prestigious jawaharlal nehru memorial fellowship established .nehru family homes anand bhavan swaraj bhavan also preserved commemorate nehru familys legacy.nehru ranked number four outlooks poll greatest indian.st century nehru policies faced criticism hindu nationalists bjp led rightleaning nda government came power india.words liberal progressive leftleaning secular scientific temper intelligentsia socialism elite colloquially considered nehruvian. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | nehru remains popular figure among contemporary academia.certain nehruvian intellectual ecosystemacademia political discourse considered warring side hindu nationalism.popular culture many documentaries nehrus life portrayed fictionalised films.canonical performance probably roshan seth played three times richard attenboroughs film gandhi shyam benegals television series bharat ek khoj based nehrus discovery india tv film entitled last days raj.benegal directed documentary film nehru covering political career. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | indian film director kiran kumar made film nehru titled nehru jewel india starring partap sharma titular role.ketan mehtas film sardar benjamin gilani portrayed nehru.naunihal lit.young man indian hindilanguage drama film raj marbros follows raju orphan believes jawaharlal nehru relative sets meet him.similarly film ab dilli dur nahin lit. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | delhi far away amar kumar rattan young boy travels delhi seeks avert death sentence wrongly convicted father asking prime minister nehru help.girish karnads historical play tughlaq allegory nehruvian era.staged ebrahim alkazi national school drama repertory purana qila delhi later festival india london .writings nehru prolific writer english wrote discovery india glimpses world history autobiography released united states toward freedom letters father daughter written jail.letters comprised letters written daughter indira priyadarshani nehru later gandhi years old studying boarding school mussoorie.attempted instruct natural history world civilisations.nehrus books widely read. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | autobiography particular critically acclaimed.john gunther writing inside asia contrasted gandhis autobiography mahatmas placid story compares nehrus cornflower orchid rhyming couplet sonnet macleish auden water pistol machine gun.nehrus autobiography subtle complex discriminating infinitely cultivated steeped doubt suffused intellectual passion.lord halifax said one could understand india without reading kind education henry adams written superlative prose—hardly dozen men alive write english well nehru ...michael brecher considered nehru intellectual ideas important aspects indian nationalism wrote political leadership charisma nehru bengurion thcentury political leaders nehru’s books scholarly intended be.trained historian feel flow events capacity weave together wide range knowledge meaningful pattern give books qualities high order. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | works also revealed sensitive literary style.... glimpses world history illuminating nehru intellectual.first trilogy glimpses series thinly connected sketches story mankind form letters teenage daughter indira later prime minister india.... despite polemical character many sections shortcomings impartial history glimpses work great artistic value worthy precursor noble magnanimous autobiograpy.michael crocker thought autobiography would given nehru literary fame political fame eluded himit years prison owe three main books ... nehru’s writings illustrate cerebral life power selfdiscipline altogether ordinary.words million bubbled fullness mind spirit. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | never prime minister india would famous author autobiography autobiographical parts discovery india.autobiography least excisions likely read generations.... instance characteristic touches truism anticlimax strange man could think best write well ...nehrus speech tryst destiny rated british newspaper guardian among great speeches thcentury.ian jack wrote introduction speech dressed golden silk jacket red rose buttonhole nehru rose speak.sentences finely made memorable – nehru good writer discovery india stands well level reached politicianwriters. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | ... nobility nehrus words – sheer sweep – provided new india lodestone ambitious humane.postcolonialism began well indian democracy since outlived many expectations death.awards honours nehru conferred honorary doctorate university mysore.later received honorary doctorates university madras columbia university keio universityin nehru awarded bharat ratna indias highest civilian honour.president rajendra prasad awarded honour without taking advice prime minister would normal constitutional procedure nehru prime minister then. |
Jawaharlal Nehru | see also foreign relations indialist political familieslist indian writersscientific temper phrase popularised nehru references notes citations bibliography gopal s. amd uma iyengar eds essential writings jawaharlal nehru oxford university press isbn autobiography toward freedom oxford university pressletters nation jawaharlal nehru chief ministers penguin uk .letters father daughter jawaharlal nehru childrens book trust independence collection important speeches jawaharlal nehru september may .delhi publications division government india.a tryst destiny historic speech made jawaharlal nehru august baru sanjaya april .indias power elite class caste cultural revolution.penguin random house india private limited.isbn . |
CompTIA | prime minister modi decided alter character premises part campaign liberate india nehruvian intellectual inheritance.reading external links th anniversary indian independence – nehrus birthday dinner programme – uk parliament living heritageprofile nehru india todaynehru communalismjawaharlal nehru materials south asian american digital archive saadaworks jawaharlal nehru open library jawaharlal nehru imdbconsidered one industrys top trade associations.based downers grove illinois comptia issues vendorneutral professional certifications countries.organization releases industry studies annually track industry trends changes..million people earned comptia certifications since association established. |
CompTIA | history comptia created association better computer dealers abcd.abcd later changed name computing technology industry association.in comptia moved world headquarters downers grove illinois.building designed meet leed ci certification standards.the comptia portal moved hybrid version openaccess model april exclusive content duespaying members.move expanded organizations reach engage broader diverse set members within year comptias membership grew members .close organization boasted members worldwide.comptia launched dream program provide resources girls women united states interested industry. |
CompTIA | october program expanded uk.skillsboost comptias online resource schools launched june .contained resources students parents teachers promote importance computer skills.comptia held first annual channelcon vendor summit .vendor summit exclusive people attending channelcon industrys premier conference collaboration education networking.addresses issues within industry.in january comptia launched professional association built acquisition association information technology professionals. |
CompTIA | trustmarks comptia offers trustmarks businesses certify security capabilities credentials.comptia security trustmark based nist cybersecurity framework demonstrates compliance key industry regulations pcidss ssae hipaa others reliant nist framework.based thirdparty assessment security policies procedures operations.comptia offered additional trustmarks managed services trustmark managed print trustmark retired sept. .certifications comptia administers vendorneutral certification exams pearson vue testing centers.note casp one renew extend certification satisfying cases ceus a.k.a. |
CompTIA | continuing education units threeyear period.basic certifications comptia fundamentals certification covers foundational concepts basic literacy terminology concepts industry.considered first step toward certification.comptia also offers cloud essentials certification pathway cloud credential.professional level certifications earned accreditation american national standards institute ansi .certification represents entrylevel competency computer technician vendor neutral certification covers various technologies operating systems. |
CompTIA | one million people worldwide earned certification.expires years.certification prior january considered goodforlife gfl expire.cloud released october including cloud computing virtualization.accredited ansi maps dod standards.expires years.cysa cybersecurity analyst released february . |
CompTIA | certification focuses cyberthreat detection tools analysis identify vulnerabilities risks.csa accredited ansi.january certification renamed csa cysa due trademark issues.expires years.linux single exam known xk renewable ce program certification covers linux operating systems installation use basics applicable free software open source licenses.formerly twopart exam lx lx partnership linux professional institute.network accredited ansi . |
CompTIA | entrylevel certification used measure skill network technician.expires years.certification prior january considered goodforlife gfl expire.pentest intermediatelevel certification focusing penetration testing.released july pentest covers risk analysis threat detection penetration testing ethical hacking tools methodologies.pentest ansi iso accredited currently aligns dod standard. |
CompTIA | expires years.project comptia acquired project project management certification program gartner group.program previously called project updated .security also earned ansi accreditation .security entrylevel vendorneutral security certification builds network security knowledge covered network certification.expires years. |
CompTIA | certification prior january considered goodforlife gfl expire.server focuses serverspecific hardware operating systems environments disaster recovery business continuity.developed updates released update planned .master level certification comptia advanced security practitioner casp highest level certification comptia’s cybersecurity pathway security cysa pentest.casp certification accredited international organization standardization iso american national standards institute ansi december .casp exam certify successful candidate technical knowledge skills required conceptualize design engineer secure solutions across complex enterprise environments. |
CompTIA | march department defense approved certification baseline certification accepted information assurance technical level iii manager level ii ia systems architect engineer levels ii.specialty certifications certified document imaging architect cdia certification competency document imaging document management enterprise content management.the certified technical trainer ctt certification vendorneutral certification applicable training professionals industries.originally administered chauncey institute ctt program acquired comptia renamed ctt.created collaboration information technology training association inc. itta computer education management association cedma.the comptia healthcare technician certificate focused healthcare industry aimed professionals install maintain electronic health record systems.retired . |
CompTIA | stackable certifications january comptia released stackable certifications comptia infrastructure career pathway specialistcomptia operations specialist anetworkcomptia systems support specialist alinuxprofessionalcomptia cloud admin professional networkcloudcomptia network infrastructure professional networkservercomptia linux network professional networklinux comptia cybersecurity career pathway specialistcomptia secure infrastructure specialist anetworksecurityprofessionalcomptia secure cloud professional securitycloudcomptia security analytics professional securitycysacomptia network vulnerability assessment professional securitypentestcomptia network security professional securitypentestcysaexpertcomptia security analytics expert securitycysacaspcomptia security infrastructure expert securitycysapentestcasp sled public sector council state local government education sled division comptia consortium executives leading technology companies focused advancing interests industry sled market.right repair comptia initially lobbied right repair.february comptia posted statement relation prior position right repair legislationon february comptia permanently stepped back lobbying activity related right repair legislation.philanthropy comptia established c charitable foundation called creating futures.creating futures worked wounded warrior project provide comptia certification testing vouchers injured military veterans. |
CompTIA | certification expiration previously comptia marketed flagship network security certifications valid lifetime.january comptia changed status certifications would expire every three years.proposal certified individuals would recertify exams pay yearly maintenance fee ceu continuing education units system.comptia modified guidelines certificates received january would need renewed every three years however certain amount documented hours geared towards use certification automatically renew certification.unexpirable certificates issued officially called goodforlife getting updated expirable certification replace goodforlife one – professional both. |
Domain Name System | see also strata examcomputer repair technicianlist computer security certifications references external links comptia curliecomptia official websiteresource records contained dns associate domain names forms information.commonly used map humanfriendly domain names numerical ip addresses computers need locate services devices using underlying network protocols extended time perform many functions well.domain name system essential component functionality internet since .function oftenused analogy explain domain name system serves phone book internet translating humanfriendly computer hostnames ip addresses.example domain name translates addresses ... ipv c ipv. |
Domain Name System | dns quickly transparently updated allowing services location network change without affecting end users continue use hostname.users take advantage use meaningful uniform resource locators urls email addresses without know computer actually locates services.an important ubiquitous function dns central role distributed internet services cloud services content delivery networks.user accesses distributed internet service using url domain name url translated ip address server proximal user.key functionality dns exploited different users simultaneously receive different translations domain name key point divergence traditional phonebook view dns.process using dns assign proximal servers users key providing faster reliable responses internet widely used major internet services.the dns reflects structure administrative responsibility internet. |
Domain Name System | subdomain zone administrative autonomy delegated manager.zones operated registry administrative information often complemented registrys rdap whois services.data used gain insight track responsibility given host internet.history using simpler memorable name place hosts numerical address dates back arpanet era.stanford research institute sri international maintained text file named hosts.txt mapped host names numerical addresses computers arpanet. |
Domain Name System | elizabeth feinler developed maintained first arpanet directory.maintenance numerical addresses called assigned numbers list handled jon postel university southern californias information sciences institute isi whose team worked closely sri.addresses assigned manually.computers including hostnames addresses added primary file contacting sri network information center nic directed feinler telephone business hours.later feinler set whois directory server nic retrieval information resources contacts entities.team developed concept domains. |
Domain Name System | feinler suggested domains based location physical address computer.computers educational institutions would domain edu example.team managed host naming registry .by early maintaining single centralized host table become slow unwieldy emerging network required automated naming system address technical personnel issues.postel directed task forging compromise five competing proposals solutions paul mockapetris.mockapetris instead created domain name system .the internet engineering task force published original specifications rfc rfc november .in four uc berkeley students douglas terry mark painter david riggle songnian zhou wrote first unix name server implementation berkeley internet name domain commonly referred bind. |
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